6. The sounds we use in speaking:
Phonetics:
The physical description of the actual sounds
used in human languages.
The surface manifestation of spoken language.
Phonology:
The way that the sounds we use are organized
into various patterns and styles.
The underlying organization of the sounds of
the language.
The abstract system organizing the surface
sounds.
Phonology controls the usage of sounds
(phonetics)
7. Examples:
1- How many vowels in
English?
2- Are those words similar:
(HATE, HART, HAT)
3- What are the differences
between:
(TUCK, STUCK,CUT, DUCK)
8. • Answers:
• The number of vowels are between 16 to 20
• (hate heɪt, hart hɑːrt, hat hæt)
• The differences between (tuck, stuck, cut, duck):
- tuck: (outrush of air as huh) aspiration
- stuck: no aspiration
- cut: stoppage of air, glottal stop, cough-like
- duck: vibrating the vocal cords (though d and t same articulation)
• Summary:
• phonetically: four different sounds (though t sounds are still related)
• phonologically: only two different sounds.
9. 9
Phonetics Phonology
Focus Physical description of all human speech
sounds
Abstract system of sounds in a
specific language
Goal - Describe how sounds are produced and
perceived.
- Accurate sound description, speech
processing.
- Analyze how sounds function
within a language.
- Understanding the sound system
of a language.
Unity of analysis Actual speech sounds.
*[t] sounds in "top", "stop", and "button"
differ physically.
Phonemes and sound patterns.
*The t sounds are considered
variations of the same phoneme /t/.
Key concepts Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory Phoneme, tone, stress, intonation
Example - compares the sound [r] across English,
French, and Arabic.
- [l] is clear (light) but [l] is dark (velarized /ɫ/)
in (full)
Describes the acoustic/articulatory
- examines how [r] behaves within
English—does it affect meaning?
where does it appear?
- Considers both as part of the same
phoneme /l/ with contextual
Definition the study of speech sounds as physical events the study of how these
sounds are
(production, transmission, and perception) organized in a particular
language.
10. Phonetics
It deals with speech sounds themselves:
1- Articulatory phonetics: how they are made.
2- Auditory phonetics: how they are perceived.
3- Acoustic phonetics: the physics used.
Phonology
It deals with how speech sounds are organized into
sysyems for each language:
1- How are combined
2- The relations between them.
3-How the affect each other.
10
13. What English allows? Sign Language
• IT IS NOT THE PHONETICS, CAN BE PRONUNCED
BY ANY HUMAN
• IT IS PHONOLOGY: THE SYSTEMATIC
ORGANIZATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS IN ENGLISH
• THE CONSEQUENCE OF THE WAY SPEECH SOUNDS
ARE ORGANIZED IN A SPECISIC LANGUAGE.
• IN ENGLICH: NO TL COME INITIALLY, BUT
ALLOWED IN MIDDLE E.G. ATLAS. Design is simple
and easy to use, compared to the complex designs
of the competitors
• Instead of sounds, gestures are used.
• Then, phonetics are needed rather than
phonology.
13
14. Generative Grammar:
• It was associated by the American linguist Noam Chomsky.
• (1950s- 1960s)
• Grammar is a technical term. Only few rules e.g. plural.
• Generative does not mean (production or creation).
• Generative linguistics is the complete description of a language, specifying as allowable or not
within a language.
• i.e: what the sounds are and how they combine, what the words are and how they combine,
what the meanings of the words are and how they combine…etc.
• It consists of a set of formal statements that delimit ALL and only ALL the possible structures
that are part of a certain language.
14
15. Core of Generative Grammar:
• Competence Performance
• Competence: it is the native speaker competence. It is the idealized unconscious knowledge a
speaker has of the organization of his or her language.
• Performance: it is the actual use of a language.
• All context is not related to generative grammar becomes it has to do with the situations that
affect our speaking, not the real knowledge of our language regardless of the context.
• So, Generative Grammar deals with native speaker’s competence rather than performance.
• G.G. serves to linkmediate between the two levels of structure (Competence and Performance).
16. What exactly are the things that we KNOW about
our language?
What are the things that Generative Grammar must
ACCOUNT for?
16
18. The Structure of a Language.
1- Syntax:. It refers to the rules governing the arrangement of words in sentences.
2- Morphology: The study of meaningful sound sequences. This includes things like the
tense of verbs, plurals and compound words.
3- Semantics: The study of linguistic meaning. It examines what meaning is, how words get
their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts.
4- Phonology: The study of the sounds. And how they are organized.
5- Lexicon: Alphabetic arrangement of words and their definitions. A term often used to
describe the list of allowable words for a speech recognition system.
19. 19
Syntactic knowledge:
1- a, the, dog, cat, chased.
2- Yesterday, blue, ,found, American, car, was.
3- Tired, were, too, to, study, we.
4- Fly, if, I, bird, were, would, a, I,
20. Morphology:
“The internal make-up of words”
What is the correct order and root of the following:
1- lyintertynationies.
2- altionformtrans.
3- extractelectrotion.
20
22. Semantics:
The meanings of words, how words can be related and combined to allow sentences to be interpreted.
1- Big, large, huge, massive…etc.
2- Hot and cold, love and hate, study and play.
3- Read v2 and red, two and too, write and right
22
24. LEXICON
A book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words
in a language and their definitions.
- It determines what is predictable or arbitrary?
- It contains a lexical entry (all syntactic, morphological, phonological
and semantic information of a certain word.)
- It specifies allowable surface structures that the lexical entry can be
part of, thus what is or not part of a language.
- e.g. (the very cat dog) 24
25. Example: Lexicon Entry (from a linguistic resource)
Headword: run
Part of Speech: Verb
Phonetic form: /r n/
ʌ
Root: run
Inflections: runs, ran, running
Meaning 1: move swiftly on foot
Example: “She runs every morning.”
Meaning 2: operate or function (for machines)
Example: “The computer runs smoothly.”
Meaning 3: manage or lead something
Example: “He runs a small business.”
Summary:
What Makes This a "Lexicon" Entry? It’s not just definitions — it includes:
Grammatical roles Morphological structure (like roots, derivations) Phonetics
Syntactic behavior Semantic roles
26. 26
DIFFERNCES:
Dictionary Lexicon
Definition: A reference book or electronic
resource containing words of a language, their
definitions, spellings, pronunciations, and
additional information.
AUDIENCE: General public, including language
learners and everyday users.
PURPOSE: To provide a comprehensive
understanding and usage of language.
SCOPE: Broad, covering common and rare
words across all subjects.
USAGE: Learning new words, spelling,
pronunciation, and understanding usage.
Definition: A collection of words and phrases of a
language or in a particular field, often without
extensive definitions.
AUDENCE: Professionals, scholars, or enthusiasts in
specific fields.
PURPOSE: To compile vocabulary specific to a language
or field of study.
SCOPE: Focused, centered on a specific field or subject.
USAGE: Reference for understanding specialized terms
within a field.
27. G.G. serves to linkmediate between the two levels of structure:
Competence:
The underlying
mental elements of
the language, the
linguistic structures
in the speaker’s
mind which the
speaker is not
consciously aware
of
Performance:
The surface physical
realizations of these
elements, the actual
sounds made by the
speaker when
uttering a word
30. 30
Riddles
What word contains all of the twenty-six letters?
Can you name three consecutive days without using the words Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, or Sunday?
![9
Phonetics Phonology
Focus Physical description of all human speech
sounds
Abstract system of sounds in a
specific language
Goal - Describe how sounds are produced and
perceived.
- Accurate sound description, speech
processing.
- Analyze how sounds function
within a language.
- Understanding the sound system
of a language.
Unity of analysis Actual speech sounds.
*[t] sounds in "top", "stop", and "button"
differ physically.
Phonemes and sound patterns.
*The t sounds are considered
variations of the same phoneme /t/.
Key concepts Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory Phoneme, tone, stress, intonation
Example - compares the sound [r] across English,
French, and Arabic.
- [l] is clear (light) but [l] is dark (velarized /ɫ/)
in (full)
Describes the acoustic/articulatory
- examines how [r] behaves within
English—does it affect meaning?
where does it appear?
- Considers both as part of the same
phoneme /l/ with contextual
Definition the study of speech sounds as physical events the study of how these
sounds are
(production, transmission, and perception) organized in a particular
language.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/firstlecture-250725184750-bfe6c617/85/first-lecture-phonetics-and-phonology-pptx-9-320.jpg)
