Fisheries-and-Aquaculture-A-Global-Perspective (1) (1).pdf
- 1. Fisheries and Aquaculture: A Global Perspective Fisheries and aquaculture play a vital role in food security, nutrition, and livelihoods worldwide. This sector has seen dramatic growth over the past 70 years, with global fish production increasing from 19.3 million tonnes in 1950 to 210.90 million tonnes in 2018. As a major source of protein for billions of people, fisheries contribute significantly to economies and well-being of coastal communities.
- 2. Definition and Scope of Fisheries In biology, fish are strictly defined as animals with a vertebral column, gills for respiration throughout life, and fins as limbs. However, the term "fish" in fisheries is used more broadly to include mollusks and other aquatic life. A fishery refers to organized human efforts to catch fish or other aquatic species, known as fishing. It also encompasses the science of producing fish and aquatic resources for human food, sport, ornamental purposes, or other products like fish oil. 1 True Fish Animals with vertebral column, gills, and fins 2 Broader Definition Includes mollusks and other aquatic life 3 Fishery Purposes Food production, sport, ornamental fish, fish products
- 3. Types of Fisheries Fisheries can be categorized in various ways based on location, methods, and target species. The two main categories are inland (freshwater) fisheries and marine fisheries. Other classifications include coastal, oceanic, pelagic, demersal, riverine, and reservoir fisheries. Fisheries can also be divided into capture fisheries (obtaining aquatic organisms from natural resources) and culture fisheries (rearing desired varieties in specific water bodies). Location-based • Inland/Freshwater • Marine • Coastal • Oceanic Method-based • Capture fisheries • Culture fisheries Species-based • Prawn fishery • Mackerel fishery • Shell fishery • Cod fishery
- 4. Importance of Fisheries in India Fisheries is a crucial sector in India, providing nutritional security and livelihood support to over 15 million people. It contributes 1.21% to the national GDP and 5.37% to the agricultural GDP. India's extensive coastline and Exclusive Economic Zone offer diverse marine fishery resources with an annual harvestable potential of about 4.4 million metric tonnes. The sector has witnessed spectacular growth of over 1100% in the last six decades, from 0.75 MT to 10.79 MT. Nutritional Security Major source of protein for millions Employment Supports over 15 million people Economic Contribution 1.21% to national GDP, 5.37% to agricultural GDP
- 5. Indian Fisheries Resources India's fisheries resources are vast and diverse. The country has a coastline of 8,118 km, an Exclusive Economic Zone of 2.02 million sq. km, and a continental shelf of 0.530 million sq. km. Inland water resources include 195,210 km of rivers and canals, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 2.414 million ha of ponds and tanks, and 0.798 million ha of flood plains and derelict waters. Additionally, there are 1.24 million ha of brackish waters available for fisheries development. Resource Extent Coastline 8,118 km Exclusive Economic Zone 2.02 million sq. km Continental Shelf 0.530 million sq. km Rivers and Canals 195,210 km Reservoirs 3.15 million ha
- 6. Marine Fisheries in India India's marine fisheries sector is significant, with 3,288 marine fishing villages and 1,511 marine fish landing centers across 9 maritime states and 2 union territories. The total marine fisherfolk population is about 4 million, comprising 864,550 families, with 61% of families under the BPL category. India's marine capture fish production has increased from 520,000 tonnes in 1950 to 3.15 million tonnes in 2007, with a diverse catch including oil sardines, shrimp, Indian mackerel, and Bombay duck. Fishing Villages 3,288 marine fishing villages across India Landing Centers 1,511 marine fish landing centers Fisherfolk Population About 4 million people in 864,550 families Production Growth From 520,000 tonnes in 1950 to 3.15 million tonnes in 2007
- 7. Indian Fishing Fleet The Indian fishing fleet is diverse, ranging from traditional catamarans and masula boats to modern motorized fiberglass boats and mechanized trawlers. As of the latest census, there were 194,490 crafts in the fishery, with 37% mechanized, 37% motorized, and 26% non-motorized. Of the 167,957 crafts fully owned by fisherfolk, 53% were non-motorized, 24% motorized, and 23% mechanized. Among mechanized crafts owned by fishermen, 29% were trawlers, 43% gillnetters, and 19% dolnetters. 1 Traditional Catamarans, masula boats, plank-built boats, dugout canoes 2 Transitional Machwas, dhonis 3 Modern Motorized fiberglass boats, mechanized trawlers, gillnetters
- 8. State-wise Marine Landings in India (2019) In 2019, India's marine fish production reached a record 3.56 million tonnes. The value of marine fish landings at landing centers across the country was estimated at Rs.60,881 crore, a 15.6% increase over 2018. Tamil Nadu led with 7.75 lakh tonnes, followed by Gujarat (7.49 LT), Kerala (5.44 LT), and Maharashtra (0.944 LT). Other significant contributors included West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Goa. Tamil Nadu 7.75 lakh tonnes Gujarat 7.49 lakh tonnes Kerala 5.44 lakh tonnes Maharashtra
- 9. Marine Fishery Resources in India India's marine fishery resources are categorized into three main groups: pelagic, demersal, and oceanic. Pelagic resources, including oil sardine, ribbon fish, and mackerel, account for 48% of the potential. Demersal resources, such as shrimps, cephalopods, perches, and croakers, make up 47%. Oceanic resources, including tuna, bill fishes, and sharks, represent 5% of the potential. This diverse resource base supports India's position as the third-largest fish producer globally. Pelagic (48%) • Oil sardine • Ribbon fish • Mackerel Demersal (47%) • Shrimps • Cephalopods • Perches • Croakers Oceanic (5%) • Tuna • Bill fishes • Sharks
- 10. Aquaculture Development in India Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector in India, with an annual growth rate exceeding 7%. Freshwater aquaculture contributes over 95% of the total annual aquaculture production of 5.77 million tonnes. The country has established 429 Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) and 39 Brackishwater Fish Farms Development Agencies (BFDAs) to promote aquaculture. The annual carp seed production has reached 40 billion fry, while shrimp production is about 54 billion post-larvae, with increasing species diversification. Growth Rate Over 7% annually Production 5.77 million tonnes Agencies 429 FFDAs, 39 BFDAs
- 11. Freshwater Fish Species in India India's freshwater fish fauna is incredibly diverse, with over 400 species identified in Indian rivers. These species are categorized into various groups based on their characteristics and economic importance. The main categories include Indian major carps, mahseer, minor carps, large catfish, featherbacks, air-breathing catfish, murrels, weed fish, and exotic fish species introduced for aquaculture purposes. Indian Major Carps Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla Mahseer Tor tor, T. putitora, T. khudree Catfish Aorichthys aor, Wallago attu, Heteropneustes fossilis Exotic Species Oreochromis mossambicus, Cyprinus carpio, Tilapia
- 12. Carp Polyculture in India The development of induced carp breeding and polyculture techniques has significantly boosted freshwater aquaculture production in India. The polyculture system typically involves three Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala) along with three exotic carps (including Cyprinus carpio) in ponds and tanks. This 'composite carp culture' has led to increased productivity, with optimal yields ranging from 3-6 tonnes per hectare per year. 1 Induced Breeding Development of techniques for controlled reproduction of carps 2 Species Selection Combination of Indian major carps and exotic carps 3 Polyculture Rearing multiple species together in ponds and tanks 4 Increased Yield Productivity boost to 3-6 tonnes per hectare per year
- 13. Leading Aquaculture States in India Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal have emerged as the top producers of freshwater fish through aquaculture in India. These states have leveraged their natural resources, implemented advanced aquaculture techniques, and benefited from supportive policies to achieve high production levels. Their success has contributed significantly to India's position as the second-largest aquaculture country in the world, next only to China. Andhra Pradesh Known for extensive carp culture in large water bodies and innovative farming practices West Bengal Utilizes diverse water resources including ponds, tanks, and wetlands for fish farming Key Factors • Natural resources • Advanced techniques • Supportive policies
- 14. Growth of Indian Fisheries Sector The Indian fisheries sector has experienced remarkable growth since independence. Total fish production has increased from a mere 7.5 lakh tonnes in 1950-51 to 11.41 million tonnes in 2016-17. This growth is attributed to both inland and marine sectors, with the inland sector contributing 7.77 million tonnes and the marine sector 3.64 million tonnes. This significant increase reflects the sector's importance in food security and economic development. 1950-51 7.5 lakh tonnes total production Steady Growth Expansion of both inland and marine sectors 2016-17 11.41 million tonnes total production Sector Split 7.77 MT inland, 3.64 MT marine
- 15. Global Fish Production Trends The global fisheries and aquaculture sectors have undergone dramatic development in the last 70 years. Total world fish production increased from 19.3 million tonnes in 1950 to 163 million tonnes in 2009, and further to 210.90 million tonnes in 2018. This growth reflects the increasing importance of fish as a source of food, nutrition, and livelihood worldwide. 1 1950 19.3 million tonnes global fish production 2 2009 163 million tonnes global fish production 3 2018 210.90 million tonnes global fish production 4 2023 230.5 million tonnes global fish production (estimate)
- 16. Global Capture Fisheries Production In 2023, global capture fisheries production reached 99.2 million tonnes, an increase of 2.9 percent from 2018. This increase was primarily driven by marine capture fisheries, with production from marine areas rising to 87.1 million tonnes in 2023, up from 84.4 million in 2018. China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, the United States, and Vietnam were the top contributors, accounting for 52% of global capture production. Total Production 99.2 million tonnes in 2023 Growth Rate 2.9% increase from 2018 Marine Capture 87.1 million tonnes in 2023 Top Contributors China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, USA, Vietnam (52% of total)
- 17. Most Popular Captured Fish Species In global capture fisheries, certain species dominate the catch due to their abundance and commercial value. In 2023, the most popular fish species caught were Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) with over 7.2 million tonnes, followed by Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) at 3.6 million tonnes, and Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) ranking third at 3.4 million tonnes. Tuna and tuna-like species continued their year-on-year increase, reaching over 8.2 million tonnes in 2023, primarily due to catches in the Western and Central Pacific. Anchoveta Over 7.2 million tonnes Alaska Pollock 3.6 million tonnes Skipjack Tuna 3.4 million tonnes
- 18. Global Aquaculture Production Aquaculture has become a significant contributor to global fish production. In 2023, world aquaculture production reached 120.3 million tonnes in live weight, with a total farmgate sale value of USD 280.2 billion. This production consisted of 87.4 million tonnes of aquatic animals, 32.9 million tonnes of aquatic algae, and 27,000 tonnes of ornamental seashells and pearls. Inland aquaculture produced 54.1 million tonnes of aquatic animals, accounting for 62.9 percent of the world's farmed food fish production. Aquatic Animals 87.4 million tonnes Aquatic Algae 32.9 million tonnes Ornamentals 27,000 tonnes
- 19. Leading Aquaculture Producers Asia has dominated world aquaculture production of farmed aquatic animals, maintaining an 89 percent share over the last two decades. Among major producing countries, China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Egypt, Norway, and Chile have consolidated their share in regional or world production to varying degrees. These countries have invested heavily in aquaculture technology, infrastructure, and policies to boost their production capacities. Asia's Dominance 89% share of global aquaculture production Top Producers China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh Other Key Players Egypt, Norway, Chile Success Factors Technology, infrastructure, supportive policies
- 20. Global Fisheries and Aquaculture Employment The fisheries and aquaculture sector is a major source of employment worldwide. In 2023, an estimated 62.3 million people were engaged in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture. Of this total, about 22.1 million people were employed in aquaculture and 40.2 million in fisheries. Asia continues to dominate the global workforce in this sector, accounting for 86 percent of the world total. Notably, women play a crucial role throughout the fish value chain, although they account for just 15 percent of the 62.3 million people engaged in the primary sector. Total Employment 62.3 million people Sector Split 22.1 million in aquaculture 40.2 million in fisheries Regional Distribution 86% of workers in Asia
- 21. World's Fishing Fleet In 2023, the total number of fishing vessels across the world was estimated to be 4.8 million. Asia continues to have the largest fleet, reflecting its high number of workers in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The Asian fleet comprises 3.3 million vessels, accounting for 69 percent of the global total. Of the global fleet, an estimated 3.1 million vessels, or 65 percent, are motorized. This diverse fleet ranges from small-scale artisanal boats to large industrial vessels, reflecting the varied nature of fishing operations worldwide. Total Fleet 4.8 million vessels Asian Fleet 3.3 million vessels (69%) Motorized Vessels 3.1 million (65%)
- 22. Global Fish Utilization In 2023, about 88 percent of the 182 million tonnes of total fish production was utilized for direct human consumption. The remaining 12 percent was used for non-food purposes, such as fishmeal and fish oil production. Fresh or chilled fish represented the largest share of fish utilized for direct human consumption, accounting for 44 percent. Fishmeal and fish oil are considered the most nutritious and digestible ingredients for farmed fish, with fish oil being the richest source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total Production 182 million tonnes Human Consumption 88% (160.16 million tonnes) Non-food Uses 12% (21.84 million tonnes) Fresh/Chilled Fish 44% of human consumption
- 23. Fish Contribution to Global Nutrition Fish plays a crucial role in global nutrition, providing about 3.3 billion people with almost 20 percent of their average per capita intake of animal protein. In 2017, fish accounted for about 17 percent of total animal protein and 7 percent of all proteins consumed globally. Per capita fish food consumption has risen significantly, from 9.0 kg (live weight equivalent) in 1961 to 20.3 kg in 2017, with preliminary estimates for 2018 standing at 20.5 kg. This increase reflects the growing importance of fish in global diets and food security. 1 1961 9.0 kg per capita fish consumption 2 2017 20.3 kg per capita fish consumption 3 2018 (Estimate) 20.5 kg per capita fish consumption
- 24. Global Fish Trade Fish and fish products are among the most traded food items in the world. In 2023, 72 million tonnes of fish (live weight equivalent) were traded internationally for a total export value of USD 172 billion. This represents almost 40 percent of all fish caught or farmed worldwide. China is the main exporter of fish and fish products, followed by Norway and Vietnam. The extensive trade network reflects the global nature of the fisheries and aquaculture sector and its importance in international commerce. Trade Volume 72 million tonnes (live weight equivalent) Export Value USD 172 billion Trade Percentage 40% of all fish caught or farmed Top Exporters China, Norway, Vietnam
- 25. Future Projections for Global Fisheries World fish production, consumption, and trade are expected to increase, but with a growth rate that will slow over time. Total fish production is projected to expand from 179 million tonnes in 2018 to 190 million tonnes in 2023 and 204 million tonnes in 2030. Aquaculture production is expected to reach 103 million tonnes in 2023 and 109 million tonnes in 2030, an increase of 29% (24 million tonnes) and 32% (26 million tonnes) respectively over 2018. These projections indicate continued growth in the sector, albeit at a more moderate pace than in previous decades. 2018 179 million tonnes total fish production 2023 (Projected) 190 million tonnes total fish production 2030 Projection 204 million tonnes total fish production Aquaculture in 2023 103 million tonnes (29% increase from 2018) Aquaculture in 2030 109 million tonnes (32% increase from 2018)
- 26. Global Seafood Market Trends The global seafood market is experiencing significant growth and is expected to expand considerably over the next several years. In 2017, the global seafood market was valued at 125.2 billion U.S. dollars and is projected to grow to 155.32 billion dollars by 2023. This growth reflects increasing consumer demand for seafood products, driven by factors such as population growth, rising incomes, and growing awareness of the health benefits of fish consumption. 1 2017 Global seafood market valued at $125.2 billion 2 Growth Period Increasing consumer demand and market expansion 3 2023 Projection Market expected to reach $155.32 billion