Food as Medicine: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum
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The document discusses the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), its origins, nutrient composition, and the health benefits of lycopene, a key phytochemical found in tomatoes. It highlights lycopene's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, while noting mixed results from clinical studies regarding its effectiveness. The European Food Safety Authority and the FDA have provided inconclusive findings on the health benefits of lycopene, prompting further research in this area.
Food as Medicine: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum
- 1. FOOD AS MEDICINE: TOMATO, SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM By Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD Former Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology University of Miami, Miami, FL. USA Email: [email protected] A Slide Presentation for HealthCare Provider Seminar Nov. 2019
- 2. Outline of Lecture ▪ History of origin of tomato ▪ Production and consumption ▪ Scientific classification ▪ Anatomy, nutrient composition ▪ Lycopene ▪ Bioavailability ▪ Pharmacology ▪ Meta-analysis ▪ Summary
- 3. How did the tomato get its name? ▪ The tomato is the edible, red, berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant. ▪ The species originated in western South America and Central America. ▪ The Nahuatl (Aztec language) word tomatl gave rise to the Spanish word tomate, from which the English word tomato derived. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato
- 4. Milestones in the history of tomato Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato
- 5. Number of publications on lycopene, lycopene-prostate, lycopene-cancer and lycopene-cardiovascular in PubMed from 1980 to 2018 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=lycopene+cancer
- 6. World Map for Largest tomato producing countries https://gardeningfan.com/top-10-tomato-producing-countries-tomato-production/
- 7. Top Tomato Consuming Countries in the World (2015) https://www.indexbox.io/blog/which-country-consumes-the-most-tomato-in-the-world/
- 8. Top 10 vegetables sold in the U.S. 2018 https://www.pma.com/content/articles/2017/05/top-20-fruits-and-vegetables-sold-in-the-us Tomato
- 9. Classification of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=SOLY2
- 10. What Are the Different Types of Tomatoes? ▪ Tomato plant sizes ▪ Indeterminate tomato plants: vining plants that continue growing in length throughout the growing season. ▪ Determinate tomato plans: grow to a fixed mature size and ripen all their fruit in a short period, usually about 2 weeks. ▪ Hybrid vs Heirloom ▪ Hybrid tomato plants: crossbreed plants made by man. ▪ Heirloom tomato plants: open pollinated plants. https://www.slideshare.net/GrowYourOwnNevada/gr ow-your-own-nevada-spring-2013-seeds-vs-starts
- 11. Difference between Determinate and Indeterminate Tomatoes Determinate Indeterminate https://www.thespruce.com/determinate-and-indeterminate-tomatoes-2540020
- 12. TOMATO FLOWER & FRUIT STRUCTURE https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/tomato-flower-fruit-structure-fertilized-ovary/
- 13. Nutrient composition of raw ripe tomato based on 100 g https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/342502/nutrients
- 14. Groups of bioactive compounds of tomatoes. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/111142/2/257843.pdf Leaf and stem
- 15. Phytochemical composition of raw ripe tomato based on 100 g raw ripe tomato https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/342502/nutrients Lycopene
- 16. Concentration of lycopene depending on variety and stage of tomato maturity. (2018) PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 72 (2018), No. 2 (713), pp. 85–90. DOI: 10.2478/prolas-2018-0014
- 17. Effects of heating method on lycopene content in tomato waste https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijps.2018.63.70
- 18. What is Lycopene? ▪ Lycopene is a chemical compound found in tomatoes, red fruits and vegetables. ▪ It is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon with no vitamin A activity. ▪ It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids.
- 19. Two shapes of Lycopene Shape bent straight Absorption 55 x more needs solubilization Tissue mostly cis form 95% in red tomatoes https://www.aicr.org/cancer-research-update/2015/10_14/cru_Heat-Shape-and-Type-Increasing-Lycopene-Absorption.html
- 20. Isomer composition of lycopene from various sources (as % of total lycopene) http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agns/pdf/jecfa/cta/67/lycopene.pdf
- 21. Bioavailability and Kinetics of Lycopene (2017) ▪ The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers. ▪ It is believed that lycopene was absorbed by passive diffusion as lipids. ▪ Once inside the enterocyte, lycopene is packaged with other dietary lipids into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system for transport to the liver. ▪ It is transported by the lipoproteins into the plasma for distribution to the different organs. ▪ The elimination half-life for total lycopene ranged from 28.1 to 61.6 h. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lycopene
- 22. Absorption and distribution of lycopene Systemic circulation 10 mg all-trans lycopene cis-lycopene > all-trans lycopene in tissues Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lycopene 10-30% absorption
- 24. Pharmacological actions of Lycopene (2018) ▪ Antioxidant ▪ Anti-inflammatory ▪ Anti-cancer ▪ Anti-diabetic ▪ Cardioprotective ▪ Endothelia function modulation ▪ Anti-hypertensive ▪ Anti-platelet aggregation ▪ Anti-hyperlipidemic ▪ Anti-atherosclerosis Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974099/
- 25. Enhanced absorption of formulated LYSOSOME GA LYCOPENE Enhanced absorption https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.734 5X
- 26. Enhanced absorption of LYSOSOME GA LYCOPENE suppressed inflammation and oxidized LDL Enhanced absorption https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.734 5X
- 27. Anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene on the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated SW480 cells (2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5376536/
- 28. Lycopene reduces cholesterol absorption through the downregulation of Niemann‐Pick C1‐like 1 in Caco‐2 cells (2015) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.201500221 cholesterol This study provides the first evidence that lycopene inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestinal cells Caco-2 cells has been used as a model for intestinal absorption
- 29. Lycopene inhibition of molecular pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism. (2012) https://www.karger.com/article/pdf/342077
- 30. Lycopene suppresses inflammatory TNF-α in cancer cells normal prostatic epithelial cells: PrEC carcinoma cancer cells : LNCaP, PC3, DU145 http://www.ajandrology.com/viewimage.asp?img=AsianJAndrol_2019_21_1_80_240740_f2.jpg
- 31. Lycopene inhibits growth of human colon cancer cells via suppression of the Akt signaling pathway. (2008) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537129
- 32. Possible lycopene intervention in the carcinogenic process Inflammatory cytokines https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Multiple-Molecular-and-Cellular-Mechanisms-of-of- in-Trejo-Sol%C3%ADs-Pedraza-Chaverri/c49c99c989ef65f2b4070d286837858e750db19f
- 33. TOMATO AND HUMAN HEALTH ▪ Tomato Consumption Improves the Oxidative Status ▪ Tomato Suppresses the NF-κB Activation and Reduces Inflammation ▪ Tomato Reduces Inflammation Linked to Obesity, Diabetes and Cholesterol ▪ Tomato Prevents Cardiovascular Diseases, Atherosclerosis and Hypertension ▪ Tomato has Antitumour and Anticarcinogenic Properties ▪ Tomato Protects Liver from Hepatotoxicity and Hepatocarcinogenesis https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/111142/2/257843.pdf
- 34. Dietary sources of lycopene https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopene
- 35. Recommended dosage of lycopene ▪ There is no recommended daily intake of lycopene ▪ Lycopene administered as a pure compound has been studied in clinical trials at dosages of 8 to 75 mg/day. ▪ Lycopene is primarily available in capsule and softgel form, with dosage guidelines from manufacturers ranging from 10 to 30 mg taken twice daily with meals. ▪ The synthetic lycopene contains approximately 70% of all-trans-lycopene, up to 23% of 5-cis-lycopene, and minor quantities of other cis-isomers. https://www.drugs.com/npp/lycopene.html
- 36. Meta-analysis of effect of lycopene on cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases ▪ Prostate cancer ▪ Ovarian cancer ▪ Colorectal cancer ▪ Type 2 diabetes mellitus ▪ Hyperlipidemia ▪ High Blood pressure ▪ Cardiovascular disease
- 37. What is meta-analysis: evidence-based medicine https://rdfeinman.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/meta-anal_whatis.png
- 38. Example of a Meta-analysis: Hierarchy of evidence in clinical studies use of statistical methods to summarise the results of these studies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049418/ Example
- 39. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/pcan201725?draft=journal
- 40. Overall analysis of the association between tomato consumption and prostate cancer risk. (2016) https://www.nature.com/articles/srep37091
- 41. Association between blood α-carotene and lycopene levels and risk of advanced Prostate Cancer (2015) https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140415
- 42. The association between dietary lycopene and ovarian cancer (2014) https://www.nature.com/articles/srep04885
- 43. Lycopene Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies (2016) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472298
- 44. Effect of lycopene on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis (2011) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22411366
- 45. Effect of lycopene on serum cholesterol and blood pressure: Meta-analyses of intervention trials (2010) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512210004469
- 46. Lycopene Supplement and Blood Pressure: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Intervention Trials (2013) Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798929/ WMD=weighted mean difference
- 47. Dietary and circulating lycopene and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies (2014) https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05031
- 48. Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence 2019 High-intakes or high-serum concentration of lycopene are associated with significant reductions in the ▪ risk of stroke (26%), ▪ mortality (37%) and ▪ CVDs (14%). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/10408398.2017.1362630?scroll=top&needAccess=true
- 49. Lycopene status in Europe and the United States ▪ European Food Safety Authority concluded that evidence was insufficient for lycopene having antioxidant effects in humans, particularly in skin, heart function, or vision protection from ultraviolet light ▪ The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that there was no credible evidence supporting a beneficial relationship between lycopene consumption and cancers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopene
- 50. Summary ▪ The tomato is the edible red, berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant. ▪ A raw ripe tomato contains macronutrients, micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and phytochemicals. ▪ Lycopene is the major phytochemical with antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective properties. ▪ However, the results of clinical studies are mixed and no conclusion has been provided by European Food Safety Authority and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
- 51. ANY QUESTION? Please contact Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD Email: [email protected] 51