Foot and mouth disease
- 1. Foot and Mouth Disease Trina Johnson, Cari Ostrom, Carolyn Ritter, Craig Spray, and Lindsay Wilson
- 2. What is Foot and Mouth? • Acute viral infectious disease • Begins with fever, followed by the development of vesicles on mouth and feet • Very infectious and spreads rapidly • Wild and domesticated cloven hoofed animals are affected • Rarely fatal, but pregnant animals often abort and dairy cattle may dry up
- 3. Illustration
- 4. Universal Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease • Shivering • Tender and sore feet • Slobbering and smacking lips • Blisters on hoof, feet, snout, or tongue
- 5. Illustration
- 6. Clinical disease and diagnosis All species of cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible to FMD, including domestic livestock and wild ungulates. Clinical signs are essentially similar in all species although the severity may vary.
- 7. Specific signs in Cattle • Slobbering and smacking lips • Shivering • Tender and sore feet • Reduced milk yield • Sores and blisters on feet • Raised body temperature
- 8. Specific signs in Sheep • Sudden, severe lameness • Lying down frequently and unwillingness to rise • Reluctance to move • Blisters found on the hoof, dental pad and sometimes tongue
- 9. Specific signs in Swine • Sudden lameness • Preference to lie down • Loud squeal and hobbling when set into motion • Blisters may develop on snout, tongue and/or hoof
- 10. Important!! Swine Vesicular Disease has identical symptoms to FMD. Therefore anyone who sees blisters in pigs must report the sighting as suspected FMD, until laboratory tests prove otherwise.
- 11. How it’s spread! Although there are numerous ways this disease can be spread, three surface to the top.
- 12. Most predominant paths of transmission are….. • Human intervention • Animal to Animal contact • Airborne transmission
- 13. Human intervention • People wearing contaminated clothing, or footwear • Using contaminated equipment I.e. veterinary tools, shovels, etc. • Contaminated vehicles traveling from farm to farm • Using contaminated facilities to house susceptible animals
- 14. Animal to Animal contact • Animals carrying the virus are introduced to susceptible herds • Susceptible cows inseminated by infected bulls • Direct contact with infected wildlife
- 15. Airborne transmission • Through the air in aerosols from infected animals • Birds can play a substantial role in transmission as well
- 16. Ways to Control Foot and Mouth Disease • Vaccination • Surveillance programs • Quarantine procedures • Establishment of control zones • Strict Biosecurity • Reporting of confirmed cases • Using All-In/All-Out • Cleansing and disinfection – Over 250 approved disinfectants (www.ahda.org.uk/disinfectants.htm)
- 17. Vaccine Choice • Safe • Potent – Proven protection • Appropriate – Consult National or International Reference laboratory or a manufacturer about the most appropriate strain to use
- 18. Vaccine Strains Have Been Selected For Their: • Immunogenicity • Ability to grow well in tissue culture • Broad antigenic spectrum
- 19. Individual Herd Vaccination • Reduces the morbidity in adults • Reduces mortality in young • Reduces likelihood of incursion • Can reduce the severity and duration of the disease due to raising the herds immunity level • Combined with good biosecurity control
- 20. Advice to Farmers • Keep Livestock separate • Deal with sheep last • Keep yourself clean • Keep the farm secure • Keep unnecessary vehicles away • Clean and disinfect • Avoid visiting other farms • Look for early signs of disease
- 21. Eradication of FMD • Slaughter and disposal is essential to eliminate the source • A rapid and complete elimination is necessary
- 22. Disposal • Cremation (preferred) • Burial • Rendering
- 23. Movement controls • Infected area • Protection zone • Surveillance zone
- 24. Emergency Vaccine (Two Objectives) • Dampening down vaccinations • Protective emergency vaccinations to produce an immune belt
- 25. Questions?