The document details the Node.js fs module, which enables file system operations such as creating, updating, deleting, and renaming files through methods like fs.appendFile(), fs.open(), fs.writeFile(), fs.unlink(), and fs.rename(). Each method is outlined with examples demonstrating how to append content, open files for writing, replace file content, delete files, and rename files. This provides a comprehensive overview for manipulating files in a Node.js environment.