Functions, Roles and Duties of Police in General

Chapter 1

Functions, Roles and Duties of Police in General

Introduction
1. Police are one of the most ubiquitous organisations of the society. The policemen,
therefore, happen to be the most visible representatives of the government. In an hour
of need, danger, crisis and difficulty, when a citizen does not know, what to do and
whom to approach, the police station and a policeman happen to be the most
appropriate and approachable unit and person for him. The police are expected to be
the most accessible, interactive and dynamic organisation of any society. Their roles,
functions and duties in the society are natural to be varied, and multifarious on the one
hand; and complicated, knotty and complex on the other. Broadly speaking the twin
roles, which the police are expected to play in a society are maintenance of law and
maintenance of order. However, the ramifications of these two duties are numerous,
which result in making a large inventory of duties, functions, powers, roles and
responsibilities of the police organisation.

Role, Functions and Duties of the Police in General
2. The role and functions of the police in general are:
(a) to uphold and enforce the law impartially, and to protect life, liberty, property,
human rights, and dignity of the members of the public;
(b) to promote and preserve public order;
(c) to protect internal security, to prevent and control terrorist activities, breaches
of communal harmony, militant activities and other situations affecting
Internal Security;
(d) to protect public properties including roads, railways, bridges, vital
installations and establishments etc. against acts of vandalism, violence or any
kind of attack;
(e) to prevent crimes, and reduce the opportunities for the commission of crimes
through their own preventive action and measures as well as by aiding and
cooperating with other relevant agencies in implementing due measures for
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prevention of crimes;
(f) to accurately register all complaints brought to them by a complainant or his
representative, in person or received by post, e-mail or other means, and take
prompt follow-up action thereon, after duly acknowledging the receipt of the
complaint;
(g) to register and investigate all cognizable offences coming to their notice
through such complaints or otherwise, duly supplying a copy of the First
Information Report to the complainant, and where appropriate, to apprehend
offenders, and extend requisite assistance in the prosecution of offenders;
(h) to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community, and as far as
possible prevent conflicts and promote amity;
(i) to provide, as first responders, all possible help to people in situations arising
out of natural or man-made disasters, and to provide active assistance to other
agencies in relief and rehabilitation measures;
(j) to aid individual, who are in danger of physical harm to their person or
property, and to provide necessary help and afford relief to people in distress
situations;
(k) to facilitate orderly movement of people and vehicles, and to control and
regulate traffic on roads and highways;
(l) to collect intelligence relating to matters affecting public peace, and all kind of
crimes including social offences, communalism, extremism, terrorism and
other matters relating to national security, and disseminate the same to all
concerned agencies, besides acting, as appropriate on it themselves.
(m) To take charge, as a police officer on duty, of all unclaimed property and take
action for their safe custody and disposal in accordance with the procedure
prescribed.
(n) To train, motivate and ensure welfare of police personnel
Sec (57), Model Police Act 2006

Social Responsibilities of the Police
3. Every police officer shall:
(a) behave with the members of the public with due courtesy and decorum,
particularly so in dealing with senior citizens, women, and children;
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(b) guide and assist members of the public, particularly senior citizen, women,
children, the poor and indigent and the physically or mentally challenged
individuals, who are found in helpless condition on the streets or other public
places or otherwise need help and protection;
(c) provide all requisite assistance to victims of crime and of road accidents, and
in particular ensure that they are given prompt medical aid, irrespective of
medico-legal formalities, and facilities their compensation and other legal
claims;
(d) ensure that in all situations, especially during conflict between communities,
classes, castes and political groups, the conduct of the police is always
governed by the principles of impartiality and human rights norms, with
special attention to protection of weaker sections including minorities;
(e) prevent harassment of women and children in public places and public
transport, including stalking, making objectionable gestures, signs, remarks or
harassment caused in any way;
(f) render all requisite assistance to the members of the public, particularly
women, children, and the poor and indigent persons, against criminal
exploitation by any person or organised group; and
(g) arrange for legally permissible sustenance and shelter to every person in
custody and making known to all such persons provisions of legal aid
schemes available from the Government and also inform the authorities
concerned in this regard.
(h) preserve, promote and protect human rights and interests of weaker sections,
backward classes, poor, weak and the downtrodden.

Maintenance of Essential Services
4. When the State Government declares any specified service to be an essential
service to the community, it shall be the duty of the police to maintain the essential
services and every police officer must obey any order given by any officer superior to
him in connection with the service specified in the declaration by the government.

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Senior Police Officer Performing Duties of a Subordinate Officer
5. A senior police officer may perform any duty assigned by law or by a lawful order
to any officer subordinate to him, and may aid, supplement, supersede or prevent any
action of the subordinate by his own action or that of any person lawfully acting under
his command or authority, whenever the same shall appear necessary or expedient for
giving more complete or convenient effect to the law or for avoiding any infringement
thereof.

The Inventory of Police Duties, Functions & Jobs
6. In the light of above mentioned description of police work and functioning, an
inventory of police duties, functions and jobs can be prepared in the following
manner:
1. Investigation related duties and jobs
2. Crime prevention and preservation of peace and security
3. Crime detection work
4. Order maintenance and security jobs
5. Enforcement of Social Legislation, Minor, Major and Special Acts
6. Collection of Intelligence
7. Democratic and election related duties
8. Natural calamities, disaster management and emergency duties
9. Maintenance of Police Records
10. PRO duties
11. Assistance to other departments
12. Miscellaneous duties and functions

1. Investigation related duties and jobs
This would include police functions like:
(a) crime registration
(b) guarding, protecting visit to the scene of crime
(c) lifting, handling and packing of exhibits and sending them to various
places like the PS, SP office, FSL and other places calling witnesses
and serving notices to them
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(d) calling witnesses and serving notices to them
(e) arresting criminals and suspects
(f) search and seizure proceedings during an investigation
(g) interrogation of suspects, witnesses and criminals
(h) collection and recording of various types of evidences i.e. oral,
documentary and expert opinion etc.
(i) taking criminals to courts for police/judicial custody and trial
(j) raids for various purposes.

2. Crime prevention and preservation of peace and security
This would include:
a) gast and patrolling, including nakabandi, performing picket
and ambush jobs, checking vehicles and frisking passengers
b) surveillance and checking of bad characters
c) preventive arrests
d) collection and transmission of criminal intelligence

3. Crime detection work
The crime detection job profile would include:
(a) collection of information/intelligence about criminals of various types
and taking notes from the CIG.
(b) Creation of mukhbirs/informers and creating contacts with the
members of criminal tribes and other segments of society so as to
obtain useful information with regard to the detection of various
property and other offences like murder, dacoity, robbery etc.

4. Order maintenance and security jobs
This profile would include among other things the following tasks:
a) surveillance, watch and action to be taken during peaceful
processions, demonstrations and strikes of various types
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b) action to be taken on agitating and unruly mobs. This would
include pushing off agitators, stopping them with improvised
barricades and effective intervention to contain mobs under
the instructions of senior officers and the use of force
whenever needed
c) protection of vital installations during the spate of crimes and
emergencies of various types
d) VIP security and performance of various duties during VIP
visits in different capacities.

5. Enforcement of Social Legislation, Minor, Major and Special Acts
Performance of this role would require the police:
a) to know the significance and importance of various social legislations like
Child Marriage Restraint Act, Protection of Civil Rights Act, anti-dowry,
guest-control and other social legislations which provide a positive and
adequate push to social change in a development-oriented society like India.
The role of a constable in the implementation of these acts has to be an
integral part of the job profile of the constabulary.
b) to know the significance and importance of various local, special and minor
acts along with the role of constabulary in the effective execution of the
various provisions thereof.

6. Collection of Intelligence
Police are required to collect intelligence about:
a) any incident of law and order
b) political activities
c) labour activities
d) student activities and agitations thereof
e) communal tensions and events
f) employees' associations and strikes by them
g) criminal activities
h) miscellaneous activities and events tending to destroy peace
and tranquility.
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7. Democratic and election related duties
In order to perform their role adequately the police must know:
a) importance of elections
b) types of elections
c) the role of police in ensuring the conduct of free, fair and
impartial elections
d) various duties of a constable during different types of
elections.

8. Natural calamities, Disaster and emergency duties
Various jobs like saving life and property, providing shelter, rehabilitation, evacuation
of people from crisis situations and their transportation during:
a) fires
b) floods
c) famines
d) the spread of an epidemic
e) the breakout of war or external aggression
f) internal disorders like communal riots, struggle between
various classes, castes and sects and other clashes

9. Maintenance of Police Records
This would include:
(a) proper handling of the record
(b) upkeep and maintenance of the record
(c) preparation, destruction, revision and modification of the record of
various police units

10. PRO duties
Police are the most visible and effective PROs of the police department. They should
thereof understand
a) the importance of PCR and its present state in the area of
their operations and functions and
b) the role of constables in improving PCR and police image
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11. Assistance to other departments
This would include assistance to
(a) the education department during examinations, students, and
employees' strikes and other situations of disorder,
(b) the revenue department and loaning organizations for recovery of loans
revenue collection etc.,
(c) the departments like banks and municipalities for guards etc for the
removal of encroachments etc, and
(d) the other departments as and when the need arises.

12. Miscellaneous duties and functions
This would include:
a) ceremonial duties
b) discharging regulatory duties and regulation of traffic and
traffic management duties.
c) comprehension of the norms of loyalty, commitment,
neutrality and impartiality in the discharge of one's functions
d) obligation and commitment to the Govt. and to the police
organization
e) contribution of constables during anti-dacoity operations,
raids, emergencies, rounding up of and controlling of goonda
and anti-social elements

Conflict Resolution Contexts of Police Role
7. Confronting, facing and handling of conflicting situations of various sorts happen
to be an integral part of police role performance and police working. Police have to
face numerous situations, where the contending parties on various issues, put up
conditions before them, which in some way or the other, obtain the shape of conflicts.
In most cases which the police handle, whether during investigations or maintenance
of order, there are often two or more contending individuals, parties and issues which
are expected to be resolved by police. Conflict resolution, thus, becomes an essential
part of overall police functioning. Needless to say that policemen will be able to
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discharge their various duties and functions better, if they obtain good understanding
of the philosophy, principles and tenets of conflict resolution and conflict
management.

Conflict Resolution Scenario of Police
8. Police, particularly at the field level, face following situations, in addition to others,
pertaining to conflict resolution :
a)

Citizens come to police with various complaints against one others which
are in the form of conflicts.

b) There are issues, which themselves are in the nature of conflicts and the
citizens expect the police to resolve them.
c)

In almost all cases which the police handle there are two or more
contending parties, and there are adversarial situations which generate
conflicts.

d) The contending parties can create inter-group or intra-group conflicts like
the complainant(s) or accused person(s) could be separate and well marked
groups contending on separate and specific issues, and at times, there
might be conflicting situations among these groups themselves which may
give rise to intra-group conflicts.
e)

The conflicts, which the police face and handle, could be issue, individual
and law based.

f)

In most conflict cases before police, they are often not themselves part of
the conflicting situations, but at times, they while handling these cases
come in clash with the issues, parties and situations, and, thus, they
become part of the conflict and their status and position in the context of
conflict resolution become topsy-turvy.

g) In order to avoid such situations and for empowering police to handle and
resolve the conflicts in a better way, they should be well-equipped in
academic, administrative, psychological and legal contexts.

Conflict : Conceptualization
9. The realism of the term conflict is quite fluid, dynamic and ambiguous in nature. It
may mean different things to different people. The gamut of conflict is also quite vast.
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It may range from a simple situation like a debate or an argument on an issue to
varied situations like disagreement, contest, dispute, quarrel, struggle, unrest,
confrontation, turmoil and chaos. The situation of conflict, thus, is opposite to
cooperation, harmony, accord and peace. A conflict arises when parties disagree about
the distribution of material or symbolic resources, or an issue and act on the basis of
their perceived incompatibilities may also become subject matter of a conflicting
situation. A conflict, therefore, is a perceptual and behavioural reality which is a result
of an individual’s or a group’s perception of incompatibility about an issue or a
situation. These perceptions of the incompatibility may be subjective in nature. A
conflict is a generic phenomenon and happens to be interactive and dynamic process
rather than a static condition or an event. A policeman should view the conflict in its
totality for its appropriate resolution.

Causes of Conflict
10. There can be an end number of reasons for emergence and birth of various
conflicts. Women, wealth, property, rights, claims, interests, ego, resource allocation,
religion, ideologies, governance, partisan attitudes, etc, etc. can be some of the
reasons which may give rise to conflicts. These causes could be classified in two
categories i.e. underlying causes and immediate causes. The basis of various conflicts
could be personal, social, cultural, political, religious, psychological, anthropological,
administrative and legal. The police officer handling a conflict should go into its roots
and should see the various facets of the conflict and should also look into the various
legal aspects while bringing about its resolution.

Stages of Conflict
11. A conflict is a dynamic situation and it passes through various stages. These
stages move through in a life cycle situation, from its emergence to its resolution.
These stages could be : Formation, Escalation, Endurance, Improvement, Settlement
or Resolution, Reconstruction and Reconciliation.

11.1 At the formation stage, a situation of conflict moves from its latent state to
manifest state. At the latent state, a conflict remains in the nature of social tensions,
differences and disagreements which are hidden and under developed. At the manifest
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state a conflict becomes more prominent and more central in its overall dynamics. At
this stage a conflict reaches threshold of confrontation, clash and even violence. A
police officer should keep a close watch on the latent state of conflicts, particularly
the ones which have Law and Order, communal and terrorism overtones. If these
situations are handled effectively at the stage of formation, great damage can be
avoided, if the dormant situations of criminality and Law and Order are not tackled
efficiently and timely, they might not only get manifested in graver forms and may
even degenerate into worse forms and may obtain its next stage called escalation. The
police officers should make best of their efforts when the situations of conflict are in a
state of escalation, because if they are not properly handled at this stage, they will
obtain a state of resistance and endurance. Handling of conflict, at this stage, indeed,
is a tough and difficult task. Use of force might be required. With appropriate use of
force, the deteriorating situations may be put to a state of improvement, which would
reduce the persisting endurance and resistance to a de-escalating state. When a
conflict reaches this stage, its settlement and resolution will become smoother and
easier. A conflict resolution would require the following seven dimensional
mechanism.
• Completeness - the issues in the conflict have disappeared or cease to be
important
• Acceptability - the outcome is acceptable to all parties, not just to one or to their
elites
• Self supporting - there is no necessity for third party sanctions to maintain the
agreement
• Satisfactory - all parties perceive the outcome as just according to their value
system
• Uncompromising - no goals have been sacrificed in the form of compromise
solutions
• Innovative - the solution establishes new, positive and legitimate relations
between the parties
• Unforced - the agreement was arrived at without imposition by an outside force.

11.2 These criteria are extremely demanding and few conflicts can be said to have
ended so completely. A satisfactory settlement of a conflict is often the best result
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that can be attained. However, keeping the various desirable aspects of conflict
resolution in mind, may help in producing settlements that are more satisfactory
and likely to lead, in the long run to a genuine resolution.

Intervention Levels
12. For an effective resolution of conflicts timely intervention at the following
levels is required :
• Personal
• Local
• National
• Regional
• International or Global

12.1 Intervention for conflict resolution should adopt the following strategies :
• Step-by-step
• Procedural framework
• End picture
12.2 The step-by-step, procedural framework and the end picture strategies of
intervention focus on different aspects of conflict resolution on different time scales.
These aspects need to be integrated in a comprehensive process of conflict resolution
and transformation. These strategies are, thus, complementary to one another.

Methods, Modalities and Strategies of Conflict Resolution
13. Conflict resolution is a comprehensive outcome in which underlying causes of the
conflict are removed so that no latent and residual elements are left unattended to
avoid triggering off and recurrence of the conflict. The various methods, modalities
and strategies of conflict resolution could take recourse to the following points, in
addition to others, which are deemed fit and proper, with regard to the conflict in
question.
a)

Early warning and prevention

b) Reconstruction and reconciliation
c)

Conflict transformation

d) Negative and positive peace
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e)

Consultation

f)

Conciliation

g) Mediation
h) Negotiation
i)

Arbitration

j)

Problem solving

k) People-participation in conflict resolution
l)

Multi-track interventions

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Approach
14. The concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) encompasses a variety of
methods or techniques that are used as alternatives to full-scale court processes. This
involves participation and role of a neutral third person to resolve conflict that persists
between the two parties. The third person assists and helps the contending parties in
developing a workable solution to their problems outsides the court room. ADR, thus,
is a procedure that is used to resolve issues in any controversy including, but not
limited to, conciliation, facilitation, mediation, fact-finding, quasi or mini trial,
arbitration and use of ombudsman or any combination of the above. Most common of
the ADR techniques are arbitration and mediation.

Various Facets and Features of ADR
15. Some of the important facets and features of ADR are following:
• ADR provides a private, non-adversarial approach to resolving conflicts and
disputes. This is a useful option and alternative to the traditional litigation forms
in the public courts.
• It does not subject contending parties to the rigor of the adversarial court
system.
• Over a period

of time, ADR as a mechanism of justice has found a niche in

democratic, social and justice contexts.
• ADR integrates a myriad of cooperative measures which enrich the quality of
information exchange between the contending parties and fosters cooperation,
promotes efficient settlements and agreements, develops outcomes of mutual
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gains, reduces legal costs; improve the quality and acceptability of outcomes.
• ADR has a positive potential to affect the long term of relationships of
contending parties.
• ADR has been successfully applied in issues concerning labor management and
employment matters, family discord and domestic strife, petty criminal cases,
business affairs, public disputes, environmental concerns and intellectual
differences.
• ADR has provided a useful alternative to the adversarial justice system and has
given relief to various vulnerable groups like women, juvenile, workers etc.
• ADR presents an effective alternative to resolve disputes and includes in its
ambit the collaborative approaches to reach agreements such as unassisted
negotiations and assisted problems solving, as well as, voluntary third party
decision making procedures.
• The spirit of ADR mechanism is to create a Win-Win- situation in place of WinLose situation of the adversarial system.

Objective of ADR
16. Some of the goals and objectives of ADR are following:

a)

To reduce delay in the resolution of disputes

b) To by-pass ineffective and discredited court procedure and system
c)

To increase popular satisfaction with dispute resolution

d) To increase access to justice for disadvantaged groups
e)

To support and complement court efforts

f)

To reduce the cost of resolving disputes

g) To provide individual satisfaction, individual autonomy, social control,
social justice, social solidarity and personal transformation

Police Prerequisites in the ADR Contexts
17. ADR, as a mechanism of conflict resolution is not very popular and acceptable in
the police working because police are an integral part of the adversarial system in
India. If the ADR is required to be made part of the police functioning, following
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prerequisites are needed to be introduced and implemented.
• Awareness
• Acceptability
• Utility
• Adoption
• Cooperation
• Coordination
• Participation

18. Since the policemen are expected to work and function in the given legal frame
work, their awareness about the ADR mechanism is quite inadequate. Consequently,
the acceptability level and the level of the use and utility about the ADR mechanism
is also quite inadequate. If ADR is to be adopted for the police department, and for
their functioning, the level of awareness, acceptability and utility shall have to be
improved. Police department, by dint of their role, functions and overall contribution
to the justice system are in a position to cooperate, coordinate and participate in the
ADR system. This is an appropriate time for introducing and adopting ADR in the
police department. An appropriate committee should be set up to examine the extent,
nature and scope of ADR in the police department.

Precautions
19. Following precautions should be taken for using and utilizing the ADR
mechanism in the police department.

i.

Police are not meant to be a pure mechanism of ADR. However, their
working, performance and functioning do have an intrinsic worth and value
which can be used and utilized for ADR in a restricted, disciplined and
limited manner.

ii.

Police can put in sincere and honest efforts to facilitate the contending
parties to reach solution of their disputes, at their own level, particularly in
petty, compoundable and ordinary criminal cases.

iii.

While playing the role of a facilitator, helping the parties to the ADR, the
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police should always remain fair, impartial and neutral and must always
avoid a partisan attitude and approach.
iv.

Their approach and attitude should not be infected with ulterior motives and
vested interest.

v.

ADR approach to police working can be usefully utilized in the area of Law
and Order maintenance, non-cognizable cases and the cases which have
overtones of being resolved by ADR efforts.

vi.

Police personnel at all ranks should be suitably re-oriented to the concept,
application and areas relevant to police functioning with regard to the
realism of application of conflict resolution techniques to various facets of
police roles, duties and working.

vii.

This re-orientation is possible by exposing police personnel to various
academic courses, like the one, available at The Vardhaman Mahaveer Open
University, Kota (Rajasthan) on conflict resolution or alternatively short
term specialized courses on the subject can be organized in collaboration
with the police training schools and the open universities like The VMOU,
Kota (Raj.).

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Chapter 2

Functions, Roles and Duties of
Superior Police Officers
Introduction
20. The hierarchy of the police organisation can broadly be divided in two categories
i.e. Superior Officers and Junior Officers. The superior officers work in the
supervisory and controlling capacity with regard to the units which they occupy at a
particular point of time. They issue instructions, guidance and orders, which help and
assists the junior officers in the discharge of their various functions. Every senior
officer is empowered to exercise the powers vested in his subordinate officers and
men. In addition, they have extra powers and responsibilities, which make them
accountable for their actions in a more articulated way. The superior officers can be
categorized as Central services officers and State service officers. The Central service
officers are called IPS officers and the State service officers are designated in
accordance with the State to which they belong. The IPS officers work as top
management officers and middle management officers. The DGs, Additional DGs and
IGPs belong to the top management level, whereas, DIGs and SPs belong to the
middle management level. The State service officer belongs to the level of junior
management. The powers, duties and functions of the superior police officers are
following:

Director General of Police
21. The Director General and Inspector General of Police is the head of the Police
Department in whom is vested the administration of the Police throughout the State.
He is the adviser to Government in all matters relating to the administration of the
Police force. He is responsible to Government for the internal economy, equipment,
training and discipline of the force, for its efficient organisation as a means of
preventing and detecting crime and maintaining law and order and for the efficient
discharge of duties by officers of all ranks. It is therefore, his duty to decide or advice
the Government on all spheres of police administration and on the state of crime and
all activities having a bearing on law and order.
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Subject to approval of the Government, he may from time to time frame such orders
not inconsistent with the Police Act, as he shall deem expedient, relating to the
general administration and distribution of the force, the places of residence, the
inspection of units, the collection and communication of intelligence, modernization
and such other matters with a view to keeping the force efficient in the discharge of
all its duties.

21.1 The Director General of Police is empowered to make Rules and Orders under
Police Act. Important Orders and Rules involving radical changes may be issued by
the Director General and Inspector General of Police with the prior approval of the
Government.

21.2 He is the central authority to direct operations necessitated by strikes, industrial
disputes, riots, disorders or political movements spread over a wide area. Police action
and dispositions necessary to combat such disturbances or movements will be under
his general direction and control. In times of serious law and order problems he may
deploy the reserve police to such areas as he deems necessary.

21.3 The Director General of Police will send in advance copies of his tour
programme to the Chief Minister, Home Minister, Chief Secretary and Home
Secretary. Copies will also be sent to the Commissioners of Police, Addl. Directors
General of Police, Inspectors General of Police, Dy. Inspectors General of Police,
Superintendents of Police and other related officers.

Additional Directors General of Police
22. The Addl. Directors General of Police will assist the Director General of Police in
looking after Administration, law and order, Crime, Technical and Specialised
Services in the Department. Their functions, powers and responsibilities will be laid
down in the form of Standing Orders by the State Government.

Inspector General of Police
23. Inspectors General of Police work either in the Ranges or in other units to assist
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the Director General of Police or the Addl. Director General of Police in the
Administration of matters of the Police Department which come within the purview of
the Units of the Department, placed under their charge. They may exercise all the
administrative and financial powers delegated to the head of the department. They
shall inspect all the units under their charge in accordance with the scale of
inspections prescribed by the Director General of Police. Whenever they go on tour
within the jurisdiction they shall send in advance the copies of their tour programme
to the Addl. Director General of Police and Director General of Police and to the
concerned Police officers.

Inspector General of Police In-Charge of Zone/Ranges
24. The Inspector General of Police in charge of a Zone/Range is a link in the chain of
responsibility between the Director General of Police and the District Officer. He
shall by regular personal inspection endeavour to establish and maintain efficiency
and discipline ensure uniformity of procedure and practice, and secure co-operation
between the Police of his several Ranges/Districts. He shall control, instruct and
advise Range DIGs and Superintendents of Police to be careful and not to supersede
one another in their legitimate functions. He will advise, and if necessary supersede
Range DIG and Superintendents of Police in times of grave disorder by taking over
full control of the situation. He will pay particular attention to the training of and the
discipline in the Armed Reserves so that as high a standard of efficiency as possible
may be reached and maintained. It shall also be his duty to instruct the Officers under
him regarding man-management and propriety in their conduct and performance of
duties.

24.1 The Inspector General of Police is responsible for the maintenance of strict
discipline among officers of all ranks. He should be kept promptly informed of all
serious cases of misconduct among officers occurring in his range. He is responsible
for guiding and directing the efforts of Range DIGs and Superintendents of Police in
dealing with such cases, for scrutinizing their reports and for making personal
enquiries in cases where exigencies of the matter so demand.

24.2 The Inspector General of Police has a large measure of administrative control
within his division/zone. His powers in the matters of appointments, postings, leave,
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rewards, punishments and appeals will be in accordance with the instructions, orders
and rules notified by the Government. He can exercise the financial and
administrative powers of a head of department.

24.3 The Inspector General of Police shall be easily accessible to all members of the
public. He shall hear their grievances and do his best to redress them. He shall meet
the members of the public at convenient centers in various taluks, and take steps to
improve police-public relations.

24.4 Whenever the Zonal Inspector General of Police visits a range or district
headquarters, he shall make it a point to see all superior Police Officers who are still
on probation so that he can assess the progress of their training and check the work
done by them. It is the duty of the Inspector General of Police to ensure that steps are
taken for the prevention of crime and particularly, adequate arrangements are made
for dealing with any unusual outbreak of crimes. It is also his duty to exercise
constant supervision over the course of investigation of cases and ensure that Superior
officers take adequate part therein. He shall closely watch the investigation of
complicated and important cases. He shall aid and control his Range DIGs and
Superintendents of Police in the investigation of important cases and the
Superintendent of Police should be able to rely on him for encouragement,
instructions and advice.

24.5 Every Inspector General of Police in charge of a zone/division should send
copies of his tour programme to the Director General of Police, the Addl. Director
General of Police, Law and Order and to the Superintendents of Police under him. He
will also forward to the Director General of Police and Addl. Director General of
Police, Law and Order by the5th of each month a report showing the details of his
touring and inspections done during the previous month.

Deputy Inspectors General In-Charge of Range or Special Units
25. Where the Inspector General of Police is the in-charge of a Division/Zone, the
range will be headed by an officer of the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police
and his powers, duties and responsibilities will be similar to the powers, duties and
functions of the Zone/Division IGP.
20

25.1 The Deputy Inspectors General in charge of special units shall assist the Director
General or the Additional Director General or the Inspector General, as the case may
be, in the efficient discharge of all the duties which come within the purview of their
jurisdiction. The general power, duties and responsibilities of the Deputy Inspectors
General of Police are applicable to the Deputy Inspectors General of Police in charge
of Special Units also.

Superintendent of Police
26. The administration of the Police throughout a district or part thereof shall be fully
vested in the superintendent of Police. His work is of varied nature and in doing it, he
should keep in view the following essential requirements:a) to keep the district peaceful and the public satisfied with the security
afforded to persons and property;
b) to keep the force under control, in good discipline, well-trained,
efficient and contented;
c) to maintain cordial relations with the magistracy and other officials and
non-officials;
d) to ensure that the transport, arms and ammunition, stores and buildings
belonging to the department are maintained in good condition;
e) to promote good police-public relations;
f) to organize good intelligence arrangements.
g) To acquire full and detailed knowledge of the district and its current
problems from the Police point of view;
h) to participate, to the extent possible and permissible, in welfare
activities sponsored by official and non-official agencies;
i) to gain the confidence and loyalty of sub-ordinates by personal
integrity, impartiality, devotion to duty, and a high sense of justice;
j) to ensure by consistent supervision that the prevention, investigation
and detection of crime in his district are properly and efficiently dealt
with by the force under his command;
k) to get to know all officers and men serving under him, redress their
grievances if any, encourage those who are promising and effectively
deal with those who are guilty of misconduct or remiss in the discharge
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of duty;
l) to ensure the honesty and integrity of his subordinate officers;
m) to study crimes and criminals in his district as a whole; and
n) to pay surprise visits to the police stations at irregular intervals and
check up whether officers and men are alert.

26.1 The Superintendent of Police should consider it a part of his duty, as far as
possible to give the Sub-Divisional Officers the benefit of his personal guidance and
instruction whenever necessary. A Sub-division, wherein an officer is acting for the
first time as sub-divisional Police Officer, should be visited as soon as possible after
the latter has settled down. The sub-divisions in-charge of junior officers should be
visited frequently.

26.2 When in headquarters the Superintendent of Police shall attend office on all
workdays and shall ordinarily transact all official business in his office. He may
however discuss confidential matters in his home-office. He shall be easily accessible
to officials and members of the public generally. The Superintendent of Police shall
make necessary arrangements for the transaction of all urgent and important work
during the period of casual leave availed by him or by any of his sub-Divisional
Officers. The Superintendent of Police shall take steps to ensure that the prosecuting
and investigating officers show due interest in the prosecution of cases in court and
that no case fails on account of apathy or neglect.

26.3 The Superintendent of Police should be fully informed of all activities in his
districts that have a bearing on law and order and he must take precautions to ensure
that such activities do not result in breach of peace. He should also require his
subordinates to keep him fully informed of all the developments and he should use his
District Special Branch staff to secure information in regard to such developments.
The Superintendent of Police is personally responsible to prevent problems arising out
of communal tensions and to take prompt action whenever there is any communal
problem.

26.4 The Superintendent of Police may withdraw subordinate Police Officers
temporarily from any of the Police Stations in his district for duty in other Police
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Stations in the same district at which extra force is required to deal with an emergency
or to make arrangements in connection with fairs, festivals, meetings, processions or
the visit of VIPs. The Superintendent of Police is responsible for ensuring that his
assistants and deputies work efficiently, and it is his duty to bring to the notice of the
Inspector General and DIG and the Director General of Police, any defects of
character or temperament or want of zeal, which detract them from their utility as
Police Officers.

26.5 The Superintendent of Police should deal with crime as a whole, studying the
criminal problems of districts, rather than merely visiting individual scenes of
offences, a duty which more properly falls upon the Sub-Divisional Police Officers
and other subordinates who have the main responsibility to ensure that investigations
are conducted in the manner prescribed. The Superintendent of Police should visit the
scene of offences and supervise the investigation of SR case like: Dacoity, Highway
robbery, Murder, Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder, H.B. and theft of a
sensational nature, Any disturbances, riot, or affray of heinous nature, Theft of a
sensational nature, Case of counterfeit coins and currency notes, Offences under
section 400 and 401 IPC, Conspiracy case, Any case of specially heinous nature.

26.6 The Superintendent of Police should immediately visit the scenes and enquire
personally into serious occurrences endangering life and property such as heavy
floods, train or boat disasters and fires which involve heavy loss of life or property.

26.7 The Superintendent of Police should tour all parts of his district, remaining
longer in the troublesome localities. In addition to inspecting the police stations, he
should visit villages and make himself acquainted with the members of the Village
Defence Parties, Citizens Committees, Village officials and principal inhabitants,
endeavoring to gain their confidence and co-operation and at the same time
ascertaining the state of crime and enquiring into the work of his subordinates.

26.8 He should take special steps to improve the rapport between the police and the
public by holding conferences of important and influential members of the public at
convenient centres. He should take the assistance of District and Taluk level
integration Committees with a view to promoting peace and understanding among
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different communities. He will ensure that the services of Citizens Committees
constituted by Station House Officers are utilized for prevention of crime and
maintenance of law and order. He will also meet the members of weaker section and
hear their grievances and take steps to redress them. He should satisfy himself by
public contact that his subordinates are doing their duties faithfully and with integrity.
His tours should not be rushed but so regulated that he becomes acquainted with the
conditions in all important villages. During his visits to villages, he should also make
enquiries about the current activities of the known criminals.

26.9 The Superintendent of Police should maintain a diary which should contain
details of all the movements and every type of duty performed by him whether of a
routine nature or otherwise and whether in headquarters or on tour. Police Motor
Transport should be given personal attention by the Superintendent of Police, who
should inspect all Motor Vehicles at least once in a month to ensure timely repairs and
maintenance. The Superintendent of Police will send a monthly report to the Director
General of Police through the Inspector General and Deputy Inspector General of
Police.

Additional Superintendents of Police
27. Additional Superintendent of Police in the districts will assist the Superintendent
of Police. In such cases the powers, duties and responsibilities will be laid down in a
Standing Order to be issued by the Director General of Police with the approval of the
Government. They will work under the control and direction of the Superintendent of
Police of the District.

Sub-Divisional Police Officers
28. The duties of an Assistant or Deputy Superintendent of Police in charge of a SubDivision are similar, subject to their limitations, to those of the Superintendent of
Police. These Officers function subject to the orders of the Superintendent of Police,
whom they are bound to keep fully informed of their doings and of what is going on
in the Sub-Division, and to consult him in all matters of difficulty. Correspondence,
other than matters of routine, with other departments should be routed through the
Superintendent of Police.
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(a) Supervision of Investigation
29. Sub-Divisional Police Officers shall as a rule visit the scenes of crime and
supervise the investigations in the heinous cases. They shall also take up personal
investigation in complicated or important cases. Dowry Death cases unless taken over
by the special cell, will be investigated by the Deputy Superintendent of Police of the
Sub-Division.

29.1 On reaching the scene of crime a Sub-Divisional Police Officer shall inspect it
and examine all the witnesses. He shall then study the case thoroughly and discuss the
evidence available and further evidence to be collected and ensure that the case
dairies are written promptly and correctly under his supervision. He should normally
remain in the scene of occurrence with the Investigating Officer and continue to
supervise till the investigation is virtually completed. In cases where definite clues are
not forthcoming, the Sub-Divisional Police Officer and the Circle Inspector of Police
should camp in the village of occurrence till the case is detected or till, even after
sustained and vigorous efforts, it is decided for want of further time, to leave further
investigation to the local Officers. They should, however, resume the supervision of
the investigation as soon as possible if necessary. In case the Sub-Divisional Police
Officer receives information about the occurrence of another heinous crime while
engaged in the supervision of the investigation of a case, he should decide whether the
second case requires his immediate attention and if he feels that it is necessary for him
to proceed for the supervision of the investigation of the second case immediately, he
should give detailed instruction to the Circle Inspector of Police and the Sub-Inspector
regarding the lines of further investigation to be pursued before leaving the place of
offence. If necessary, he should return to the supervision of the investigation of the
first case after completing the supervision of investigation of the second case. If, on
the other hand, he feels that the investigation of the first case is more important than
that of the second, he should continue the supervision of investigation of the first case
and proceed after its completion for the supervision of investigation of the second
case.

29.2 In case the Sub-Divisional Officer receives information about the occurrence of a
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heinous crime while engaged in inspection, he should stop his inspection, proceed to
the scene of offence, and resume inspection after his visit to the scene of heinous
offence.

(b) Heinous Crime Report
30. immediately after visiting the scene in a heinous crime, and in any case not later
than a week of the issue of the FIR the Sub-Divisional Police Officer should send a
detailed report in duplicate to the Superintendent of Police, who will forward one
copy to the Range Dy. Inspector General. A grave crime report should be sent by the
Sub-Divisional Police Officer in a heinous crime even if it has not been investigated
by him and even if it is treated as false or as a mistake of fact.

(c) Progress Report
31. Progress reports should be sent in duplicate every week till the final disposal of
the case to the Superintendent of Police, who will forward a copy of it to the Dy.
Range Inspector General of Police. It is open to the Superintendent and the Range
Officers to order the discontinuance of progress reports in any particular case.
Detailed progress reports received by the Range Dy. Inspector General of Police
should be filed in his office, where a watch should be maintained over the progress
and disposal of cases. Copies of grave crime reports and their progress reports should
not be sent to the office of the Director General.

(d) Weekly Diary
32. The Sub-Divisional Police Officer should prepare and maintain a diary which
should be written in ink in his own handwriting or typed with his initials on each page
and it should be written on day-to-day basis, the entries for the previous day being
made on the morning of the following day. The diary should contain details of all
movements and every type of duties performed by him whether of a routine nature or
not and whether in headquarters or on tour. The Sub-Divisional Police Officer will
send a weekly report which is a true copy of the diary to the Superintendent of Police
and Range DIG. The weekly report should commence from Monday of the week. The
copies of the Weekly reports should be sent to the concerned officers with the
superscription “Weekly Report” and they should be opened by the addresses only and
none else on their behalf. All the case diaries received from the Inspectors should be
26

scrutinized by the Sub-Divisional Police Officer and necessary instructions should be
passed upon them and communicated to the Investigating Officer. A crime registers to
watch the receipt of the case diaries and the progress reports.

27

Chapter 3

Functions, Roles and Duties of
Junior Police Officers
Introduction
33. The various ranks, functionaries and positions of the police organisation can be
classified broadly into two categories i.e. gazetted Officers and non-Gazetted
employees or Junior Officers. The Gazetted and the senior/superior officers, who
belong to the IPS or State service cadres function in the supervisory capacity, whereas
the Junior/Subordinate Officers work as field officers and most of the police functions
and duties are performed by them in person with the assistance of other ranks. The
Junior/Subordinate Officers are known as Inspectors/Sub-Inspectors, Assistant SubInspectors, Head Constables and Constables. The functions, role and duties of these
officers are following:

(A) Inspector of Police
34. An Inspector of Police works in the capacity of a Circle Inspector, SHO, Staff
Officer or as part of some unit of the police organisation. His functions and duties as
Circle Inspector or in various capacities are following:
i.

The main duties of Inspector of Police are investigation of important cases,
supervision of police work of his circle and branches, maintain discipline
among subordinates, and to keep the Superintendent of Police and the Sub
Divisional Police Officer informed of the state of circle, its crime and law and
order situation on a regular basis from time to time.

ii.

The Inspector must thoroughly inspect each PS of his circle once in a year,
should constantly and systematically tour throughout his circle. He should
make enquiries about bad characters, the state of crime, community policing
and general efficiency of police work. He should visit each of his Police
Stations once in a month, check the current work of the Station, and give
necessary instructions, pointing out errors, entering the same in the visitors'
note book and sending a copy to the SDPO. He shall enter in the visitors’ book
the details of cases in which instructions issued relating to delay in
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investigation, finalization, and trials. He shall discuss with the Sub
Inspector(s) and IOs, the cases under investigation, clues for detection and
assist in the progress of the cases in finalizing them without unnecessary
delay. He should also supervise the prosecutions of cases, for quick disposal,
and see that the witnesses are produced in courts regularly and co-ordinate
with prosecutors and enlist co-ordination in the success of cases.
iii.

During his visits to the Police Stations, he shall scrutinize the station crime
history and see whether all cases have been entered correctly and the register
is maintained property. He should peruse duty roster to see whether beats are
properly detailed and checked. He should also check beats himself and visit as
many villages as possible and see that he visits all villages once in a year. The
villages visited by the Inspector shall be noted in the village roster maintained
by him. The SDPO must watch the progress of village visits by the Inspector.

iv.

The inspector must inspect twice a year, the books, shops, premises and stocks
of all licenced manufactures and vendors of arms, ammunition and military
stores. He shall also inspect all licenced revolvers/pistols at the licencee’s
residence in the first quarter of each year.

v.

The Inspector shall assume charge of investigation in all grave crimes and be
responsible from the initial stages till the finalization and prosecution of the
cases. He shall personally investigate any other important case, or if the SDPO
or Superintendent of Police orders him to do so. He shall write the case diaries
in all cases that are investigated by him. On the occurrence of a crime of any
importance, the Inspector should proceed to the spot without delay, to
supervise and guide the investigation and take charge of the direction and coordination of all work. Where the Inspector takes up the investigation, he shall
continue till it takes a definite shape. If however he has to leave the
investigation for some unavoidable reasons, to be recorded in writing, he must
come back as soon as possible and continue the investigation till the case takes
a definite shape. In case he has to leave a case during investigation he should
record in his case diary the opinion he has formed of the cases so far as well as
detailed instructions regarding the line of further action.

vi.

If a serious breach of the peace is anticipated the Inspector shall promptly
proceed to the locality and take measures to prevent it. In the absence of any
senior officer, he shall take command of the police engaged in suppressing any
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riot taking place in his presence. The Inspector should be present on the
occasion of large festivals and public assemblies and supervise the police
arrangements.

He should plan, co-ordinate and organize anti-terrorist

operations by collecting useful information about terrorists, their hide outs,
shelters, financiers, modules etc.
vii.

At the close of the week, the Inspector shall submit a weekly diary. He should
enter in it the work done by him and any other matter of departmental interest.
When the Inspector leaves his headquarters, his halting places and the village
visited, the distance traveled and the manner of performing journey should be
given. The weekly diary should be dispatched on Monday containing the
details up to previous Saturday night. If any thing of importance has occurred
on Sunday or in a journey undertaken by him on Sunday, the same also will be
incorporated in the diary. Besides the weekly diaries, the Inspector must also
send special and immediate reports on any important or urgent matters, which
occur, in his circle. He shall also send a monthly itineration report also. The
Inspector shall forward to his immediate superior case diaries in cases
investigated by him. He shall send a copy of the case diary to the station where
the crime is registered and retain one copy with himself.

(B) Sub Inspector (Station House Officer)
35. It shall be the duty of the SHO to use his best endeavours and ability to prevent
crimes, preserve peace, apprehend disorderly and suspicious characters, to investigate
and detect offences, bring the offenders to justice, collect and communicate
intelligence effecting public peace and promptly obey and execute all orders lawfully
issued.

35.1 The Sub-Inspector in charge of a Police Station is fully responsible for the Police
Administration of his charge. The Sub-Inspector is an important and vital functionary
in the police department. He shall be responsible for proper management of the station
and optimum utilization of the resources and facilities available. It shall be his duty to
manage the staff and work of the police station in accordance with the law and rules
and to make the police station a place where the needy public gets necessary and
immediate response. The image of the police department basically reflects on the
conduct and behaviour of the Sub-Inspector and his staff in the station, as it is at that
30

point, public has a direct access with the police. The Sub-Inspector and his staff
should behave politely and courteously with the public giving an impression of
friendly approach. Active co-operation from Citizen Committees shall be solicited in
the matters of L&O, crime prevention etc. All illegal methods or ill treatments against
persons should be avoided at all costs giving way to an impression to the public that
the police are there to extend their helping hand in the discharge of their duties. The
Sub-Inspector must respect human values and human dignity and should know that
powers are vested in him to discharge his duties legitimately but not to arrogate to
satisfy his ego and vanity. If he crosses his limits he will be doing so at his risk as the
department will not come to his rescue.

35.2 He should assign duties to his staff and personally ensure that these duties are
correctly performed. He shall take measures for the prevention of crime, for the
preservation of peace, for speedy investigation and prosecution of cases. When more
than one Sub-Inspector is employed in a police station, which is headed by a SubInspector, the junior officer shall act in accordance with the orders of seniority. He
shall maintain a notebook in which he will write then and there his daily movements
and activities in discharge of his duties. The completed notebook will be retained for
3 years with the station records. He will hand over his current notebook to his
successor when he goes on transfer.

35.3 He shall acquire full local knowledge and will become acquainted with the
people of his station limits, especially the village secretaries and panchayat officials,
and will also enlist their co-operation in prevention of crime and breach of peace. He
should also involve various Committees in this regard. The SHO shall normally visit
all the villages and localities in towns in his jurisdiction once a quarter. Passing
through a village with out doing the work cannot be treated as a visit.

35.4 The duties of officer in charge of a police station are set out in the Police Acts
and CrPC. They broadly relate to maintenance of law and order, prevention and
detection of crime, investigation and prosecution of offences etc., etc.

35.5 The Sub Inspector of Police/SHO is responsible for the maintenance of the law
and order and public order in his jurisdiction. His duties in this regard include,
31

personal leadership and supervision of duties and work of all the staff and men
allotted to his charge including their welfare, discipline and morale, organizing active
participation in crime prevention and detection, maintenance of law and order and
anti-terror operations, dispersal of unlawful assemblies and prevention of breach of
peace and public order, organizing beats and patrols and its personal supervision,
designing and implementation of policing schemes suited to such beat areas and
securing co-operation of public and social committees.

35.6 Obtaining prompt information about activities in the field of communal, caste,
political, student, or other segments of society including subversive elements and
identify trouble spots and trouble mongers and to take effective preventive measures
like launching security proceedings under Cr.P.C.

35.7 Maintenance of good public relations in his station limits, visiting and spending
adequate time in the villages, localities of his station limit, maintenance of effective
surveillance over bad characters, anti-social elements, and rowdies of the area under
his charge are some of the other important functions and duties of the SubInspector/SHO.

35.8 He shall constantly endeavour to maintain high professional standard and keep
himself updated, well informed and motivated, keep a pursuit and apprehension of
offenders on available clues and information and collection of information on all
important matters relevant to police duties and functions and communicating
information to his immediate superior police officer and to other concerned superior
police officers promptly.

35.9 The Sub Inspector of Police/SHO is responsible for the investigation of all cases
reported in his jurisdiction except for those where the investigation is entrusted to
Inspector/DSP or other senior officers or CID. As officer in charge of police station
he shall perform the duties relating to investigation and prosecution of cases and shall
register all cognizable cases and would furnish a copy to the complainant invariably
free of cost and send the original FIR to the courts concerned immediately and copies
to his superior officer.

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35.10 In respect of non-cognizable offences reported in the station, he shall record the
information in the general diary and also in the non-cognizable register, and refer the
complainant to the court by an endorsement. In cases of non-cognizable offences
referred by court or any cognizable offences presented by parties directly in courts but
endorsed by the court to the SHO, he shall register such cases and investigate.

35.11 He shall promptly arrive at the scene of crime and thoroughly examine the same
for clues and for other matters of investigation and will make arrangements for the
preservation of the scene. He shall promptly conduct investigation by identifying,
preserving, collecting and forwarding of material to scientific experts, and collection
of documentary and oral evidence and would make use of scientific methods available
for investigation.

35.12 He shall hold inquest where necessary and forward the bodies for the post
mortem examination according to the necessity. He shall examine witnesses and
record their statements accurately and promptly, and would conduct searches, and
seize material, if any, as per provisions of Cr.P.C. He will make arrest of persons,
where necessary observing the necessary provisions of law and the decisions of the
court and send them to remand in time.

35.13 He will forward to the court the weapons and article seized from the accused, as
well as, seizure affected from searches along with necessary reports. He will supervise
investigations conducted by the IOs and will obtain progress reports. He shall write
the case diaries regularly and forward them to the superior officers promptly to enable
them to give instructions for further investigations. He shall finalize the cases without
delay and file charge sheets where the evidence is sufficient for prosecution within the
period of limitation imposed by the Cr.P.C. and Courts. He shall promptly serve and
would ensure service of summons and execute warrants.

35.14 He shall take all steps to promptly prosecute the cases where evidence is
sufficient by assisting the prosecutor by producing witnesses promptly to refresh their
memory before examine them as witnesses in Courts and would obtain copies of
judgments in cases of acquittal, read them and forward them to the prosecutor for his
opinion for preferring appeal.
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35.15 The station house officer shall forward daily to the Inspector a carbon or
photostat copy of the station general daily with a docket in the form prescribed along
with copies of FIR registered and case diaries of that day.
Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors (SHO) will up date the police station record from time
to time and will make authorized entries in the small service books of their
subordinates.

Assistant Sub-Inspector
36. The following shall be the duties of the Assistant Sub-Inspector.
A. Investigation of simple cases as directed by SHO and assisting investigation in
all cases handled by SHOs and other superior officers
B. Petition enquiry
C. Checking of enquiries in verification rolls
D. Supervision of service of process work
E. To function as an officer in charge of a beat area and check patrols
F. Direct supervision or handling of station scriptory work
G. Detailing duties to the staff during Sub-Inspectors absence and exercising
supervision and control over the Constables and Head Constables
H. Maintenance of cash book
I. Preparation of pay and traveling allowance bills (He should sign them only
when the SI is absent)
J. Maintenance of arms and ammunition and registers connected therewith
K. To be in charge of out post or beat and perform these duties when posted there
L. Such other work as may be entrusted to him

Head Constable
37. Head Constables are mainly employed to be in charge of general duty in police
stations, as station writer, as officer in charge of out post and guards, armed reserves,
in charge of beat areas in rural and town police stations. He acts as SHO in the
absence of Sub-Inspector and Asst. Sub-Inspector. He is authorised to hold inquests
and make investigation when asked by the Sub Inspector to do so.
34

37.1 He will work with Constables and help them to understand instructions,
catechism and drill and help them, to perform duties allotted by SHO. He will be in
charge of guard or escort when deputed. He will visit villages in the station
jurisdiction when deputed for a specific purpose and will work as HC in charge of a
particular beat area. He will attend to court work under the orders of SHO, and will
investigate cases when deputed by the SHO and to assist the IO in investigation. He
will conduct enquiries into petty complaints and will take care of arrested persons
kept in police station. He will take care of reception and proper behaviour with the
persons coming to police station and to attend telephone calls. He will remain present
in the police station in the absence of Sub-Inspector unless called away in an
emergency.

37.2 Head Constable shall normally be assigned the duties of station writer. He will
perform the ministerial work of the station under the direction of SHO. In the absence
of SI or ASI, he will allocate urgent duties to the Constables and be in charge of
station property including arms and ammunition and carry out the routine work of the
station. In the absence of the SI, ASI and other senior, HC, he will function as station
house officer; take steps for registration and investigation of cases reported under his
charge. He may also be employed by SHO to go on night rounds and may
occasionally be kept in charge of beat area. He is also responsible to watch the
arrested persons kept in police station and proper reception to persons visiting police
station and also for answering telephone calls when SHO, SI, or ASI are not present
in police station.

37.3 The head constables form the main strength of investigating team. They assist
the team leader in the investigation of cases especially in preserving, and collecting
the clues like finger prints, foot prints, materials, photograph etc. and also in
collection of information, process service, pursuit of clues and arrest of accused and
recovery of property, assisting in searches and seizures, surveillance of specially
marked persons, holding inquests where directed, securing the presence of witnesses,
perform, court duty to assist prosecutor when SI or Inspector are not able to be
present, any other work connected with the investigation of crimes.

35

37.4 Head Constable or Asst. Sub-Inspector is generally assigned a beat
approximately covering 2000 households and around 10,000 populations in cities and
towns and a group of villages in rural areas. He shall, with the help of constables
provided, be responsible in that area for prevention of all offences, surveillance over
criminals and bad characters, collection of information and intelligence, affecting
crime, security and law and order, service of beats by night and day, preventing and
dealing with public nuisances, maintaining order and incidence control, associate with
citizen committees and keeping the SHO informed of all happenings, ensure
discipline and conduct of constables of his charge, and conducting such enquiries as
are entrusted to him.

37.5 HC may be kept in charge of small and rural out post. The duty of out post in
charge is to supervise the work of constables in his charge, see to the proper
performance of all duties attached to the out post and maintain the prescribed records.
He should submit a copy of the out post general diary daily to the mother police
station. Therefore whenever the information of cognizable offence is received in the
out post, he shall forward it to the mother station for registration of FIR after issuing a
receipt for the same to the complainant. He will also enter the substance of the report
in the out post general diary. However the complainant is entitled for a copy of the
FIR from the mother police station free of cost. The officer in charge of an out post
may with out intervention of the officer in charge of a police station, take action in
such of the offences as can be legally taken by SI, ASI or HC as per the rank of
officer-in-charge. The officer in charge of out post shall on receipt of a complaint or
information of a crime or serious occurrence, take such immediate action as may
appear necessary i.e. proceeding and preserving the scene, rendering medical
assistance to victims, arrest of accused persons etc.

37.6 In the absence of the regular SHO, the senior officer present shall assume charge
of the station. Senior constable present shall also be deemed to be the officer in charge
in the absence of higher ranks as per section 2(O) of Cr.P.C.

37.7 Whenever a guard is detailed for treasury or jail or for security of a minister of a
government, a Head Constable shall be kept in charge of the guard. A Head Constable
from reserve police will be deputed to be at the disposal of Sessions Judge, to
36

maintain order in the court when there is a criminal trial. Wherever it is warranted, the
SHO shall make security arrangements commensurate with the situation with the
permission and consultation of the District and Sessions Judge or other Judicial
Officers.

Constables
38. A Constable has maximum interface with public. As the most accessible person
for public, he is expected to protect the needy, rescue people from danger, apprehend
offenders and assist in securing prompt help and justice. Some of the important roles
assigned to him are organizing and securing community participation, activising
himself in prevention and detection of crime and maintenance of law and order.
Another main role of the Constable is, performance of all tasks connected with beat
area and there by help in prevention of offence and breach of peace. The constable on
traffic duty has the task of regulating traffic. All constables in their dealings with
public should inspire confindence in the efficacy of police to protect them. The police
image is directly proportionate to their good conduct and behaviour in the public as
they are the persons who are basically and directly in touch with them. At all costs
they must avoid ill treatment either to the victims or to the accused as a first step to
build the better police image. The main duties of civil Constables are;
A. To perform duties in beats, patrols and pickets and to keep surveillance over
history sheeted and other potential criminals as per orders
B. Collection of information and intelligence relating to crimes and criminals,
subversive, terrorist and anti social elements in their areas primarily and
communication of the same to the authorized superiors
C. Developing cordial relations with local citizen committees/voluntary
organizations and knowledge of households in the beat area and convey
information relating to persons and events that cause or likely to cause law and
order situation or wide spread disturbances
D. Keep in touch with local disputes, caste/communal overtones and inform SHO
E. Assistance to investigating officers in the matter of arrests, recoveries,
searches, identification and securing of witnesses or verification of
information and execute warrants and serve summons promptly, escort
prisoners, arrested persons, escort injured or dead to the hospital, guard of
prisoners in custody and all station property.
37

F. Help and assist in dealing with Floods, Earthquakes, Fires, Accidents,
Epidemics etc. and put in responsible efforts to save lives and property and to
perform allotted duties in Fairs, Festivals, Bundhs, Agitations, Riots, Large
Assemblies, Elections, Bandobust and security duties.
G. To preserve and guard the scene of occurrence until necessity ceases.
H. To behave courteously with all sections of public and treat poor people,
children, women, aged and all weaker sections of society with consideration,
sympathy and helpful attitude.
I. To be regular and punctual in his duties, catechism, physical training and
weekly parades.
J. To work as data entry operators in Computers and in the areas of reprography,
photography and cartography wherever they have necessary skill.
K. To meet the common people in his beat on a regular basis and maintain
rapport with the public representatives.
L. To visit the victims of crime and keep them updated about the investigation of
their cases, except where the identity of the victims needs to be kept secret or
where the victim wants no interference.
M. To keep a list of senior citizens living alone and visit them occasionally.
N. To keep a list of vital installations and places of worship and maintain watch
over the same.
O. To keep a track of any brewing social, religious or sectarian conflict/ unrest.
P. To keep a watch on the movement of foreigners in his area.
Q. To make entries in the prescribed register and forms and maintain records
entrusted to him particularly those relating to beat area.
R. Any other duties allotted by SHO or other superior officers or elsewhere in
this manual.

38.1 The entire preventive work of the police depends on the efficiency, commitment,
professionalism and integrity of the beat area policeman. The Constable allotted to a
beat should realize that his participation in the community even in a small measure is
essential for successful policing. Professionalism and integrity but not power and
authority shall command respect and bring in a large measure of co-operation from
general public.

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Chapter 4

Registration of Crime & First Information Report

Introduction
39. Police organisation, in any society, is said to be the chief law enforcement agency
of the criminal justice administration. Crimes and offences of general nature are,
therefore, registered and investigated by the police stations. Police station is the
primary and basic unit of crime registration in all civilized societies. The common
man whether victim, complainant or informer contacts police stations in the event of
commission of a crime. It is expected that the police station will immediately take
action on the report received by it and would register the crime for initiating
appropriate and adequate action in the matter. Any lapse on the part of police in this
regard will land them in a situation of criticism. Registration of crime and recording
of an FIR is thus, one of the fundamental duties of the police.

Classification of Offences
40. Offences of various types, as per the provisions of CrPC, are classified as
cognizable and non-cognizable offences. The offences in which police can arrest
without warrant are classified as cognizable offences and the other ones are known as
non-cognizable offences. On receipt of a report about commission of a cognizable
offence, it should be recorded in the prescribed format, and this process is called
recording of First Information Report (FIR).

The First Information Report (FIR)
41. Information of the commission of a cognizable crime that shall first reach the
police, whether oral or written, shall be treated as the First Information. It may be
given by a person acquainted with the facts directly or on hearsay, but in either case it
constitutes the First Information required by law, upon which the investigation under
Section 157, Criminal Procedure Code, shall be taken up. When hearsay information
of a crime is given the Station House Officer shall not wait to record as the first
39

information the statement of the actual complainant or an eye-witness.

Rumour, Hearsay & FIR
42. A vague rumour should be distinguished from an oral report and should not be
reduced to writing or signed by the informant but merely entered in the Station House
Diary and should it, on subsequent information, prove well founded, such subsequent
information shall constitute the First Information. If the rumour is in regard to the
occurrence of a serious crime, the Station House Officer must embark upon an
immediate enquiry to verify its authenticity and, if found true, obtain a complaint and
register and investigate it. Police Officers shall not defer drawing up the First
Information Report until they have tested the truth of the complaint. They shall not
await the result of medical examination before recording the First Information when a
complaint is made of grievous hurt or other cognizable crime.

Telephonic & Telegraphic Information and FIR
43. It is of utmost importance to secure all particulars regarding the occurrence in the
first instance and to record them in detail. Care should also be taken to see if the
complaint is trying to exaggerate an actual occurrence or trying to give the colour of a
cognizable case to an incident of a non-cognizable nature. Complaints made by
telegram or telephone should not be recorded in the First Information Report until the
information has been verified and either a statement has been recorded from the
sender in writing or a confirmatory written and signed complaint has been received
from him. This does not mean that the Officer-in-charge of a Police Station need take
no action on a telegraphic or telephonic complaint received by him. On receipt of a
report by telegram or telephone regarding the commission of serious cognizable
crime, he should make a note of it in the Station House Diary and hasten to the spot to
verify the information and, if it is found to be true, he should obtain a complaint in
writing or record the statement of the informer and send it to the Police Station for
registration and immediately embark upon its investigation. On his return to the
Station House, he should also record the result of his enquiries in the Station House
Diary.

40

Procedure of Recording FIR & Subsequent Action
44. The registration of a cognizable offence shall be made by the Police
Inspector/Sub-Inspector, if he is present at the Police Station when a report is made.
Once the report has been entered in the First Information Report, the investigation of
the offence will be commenced at the scene of occurrence with the least possible
delay, and the PI/Sub-Inspector will himself proceed to the spot. If there are reasons
that render this impossible or unnecessary, he will depute a PSI/ASI/Head Constable
to take up the investigation, and he will note in the First Information Report why he
did not himself take up the investigation. In the absence of the PI/Sub-Inspector, the
senior most officer present will record the first information and take up the
investigation till relieved by the PI/Sub-Inspector or any other officer.

44.1 The First Information Report shall invariably be written before the investigating
officer proceeds to make an investigation. But, if a report of a serious crime is
received by the Officer-in-charge of a Police Station, he must leave for the scene of
offence directing the officer whom he places in-charge of the station or the station
writer, as the case may be to register the case. For example, if a Station House Officer
is informed that a serious breach of the peace is occurring in his jurisdiction or that a
drunkard is running amuck with a weapon after inflicting serious injuries on persons,
it is the duty of the Station House Officer to proceed to the scene at once and prevent
the commission of further offences. He should not delay proceeding to the scene for
the sake of issuing a First Information Report, which could be left to one of his
subordinates.

Information at the Outpost and FIR
45. If the first informant appears at an outpost with or without a report, a First
Information Report should not be issued by the Head Constable or Constable incharge as he is not a Station House Officer as defined in Section 2(o) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. He will enter the substance of the report in the Outpost Diary,
send the first informant with a note in which he should record the date and the time at
which the first informant appeared at the Outpost and the date and time at which he
left for the Station, where the First Information Report will be issued. He will then
proceed to the scene of occurrence and will take steps to arrest the accused and
41

recover stolen property, if any, pending the arrival of the Station House Officer to
conduct the investigation.

First Information Report Book
46. Information coming under any of the following headings received at a Police
Station, shall be registered in the First Information Report Book, which is the book
prescribed under Section 154, Criminal Procedure Code:
(1) cognizable cases including those referred to the Police by Magistrates for
investigation or inquiry under Sections 156 (3) and 202 Criminal Procedure Code;
(2) fires, missing of cattle and all other occurrences where there is reason to suspect
the commission of a cognizable offence;
(3) non-cognizable cases endorsed to the Police by Magistrates for investigation or
inquiry under Sections 155 (2) and 202 Criminal Procedure Code;
(4) cases under Sections 41, 102, 107 to 110 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, only
one First Information Report being issued if more than one person is involved in a
case;
(5) reports made to Magistrates with a view to action being taken under Sections 144
and 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
(6) Cases under Section 182 or 211 P.C. when it is proposed to prosecute the
complainant for false complaint, although not investigated under Section 155(2)
of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

46.1 Every report of a cognizable offence should be registered in the First Information
Report book, even if it appears to be untrue, exaggerated or of civil nature. If the
Officer-in-charge of a Police Station receives an oral report of a cognizable offence
during his tour, he should take down the report in writing and have it signed or
marked by the person who made it. He should then send it, with an endorsement duly
signed by him, to the Police Station, where it will be treated as a written report and
registered in the First Information Report book. In the meantime, he will himself
commence the investigation. A First Information Report once recorded shall in no
circumstances be withheld or cancelled by the Station House Officer. Cases entered in
the First Information Report book will each be given a consecutive number, and this
number will constitute the crime number for the purpose of subsequent references. As
soon as the report has been entered in the First Information Report book, the
42

substance of the report must be briefly recorded in the Station House Diary.

47. Salient Points of Registration of an FIR
i.

Write the First Information Report immediately with all available details, and
enter the fact at the same time in the Station House Diary, mentioning therein
the name of the complainant or informant (with father’s name, age, occupation
and residence), the time of reporting at the Police Station and brief particulars
of the report, including the crime number and section of law and action taken.

ii.

Record all available facts of the case in unambiguous terms and make sure that
no important point is omitted. Use copying pencil for writing the First
Information Report and make copies by carbon process.

iii.

Do not make corrections, erasures, scorings or over-writings. If a correction is
necessary, strike out the word or words, leaving them still legible, and initial.

iv.

When the first informant presents his written report at the Police Station, read
it and explain it to him. If he admits its correctness make on it an endorsement
to that effect. Note on it the date and time of its receipt.

v.

If the written report reveals the commission of or reasonable grounds to
suspect the commission of, a cognizable offence, it is not necessary to record
any further statement. Proceed to register the case in the prescribed form,
making relevant entries in the Station House Diary. If the written report is
lacking in details of the articles stolen or their description including their
identification marks, the names of persons who can identify them, etc., elicit
them and record them at the foot of the report. The record made should be read
and explained to the maker and attested by him. If the written reports does not
contain the names and addresses of the accused, or some of the accused
mentioned in the report have the same name, or the accused or some of them
are not named but can be identified, their complete addresses to distinguish
one from the other, and the descriptive marks of such of the accused as are to
be identified, should be elicited and recorded. If the written report does not
contain a list of the articles stolen and the first informant states that a list is
under preparation and would be furnished, make a record to that effect at the
foot of the report and obtain his attestation to it. If the written report is wanting
in any other information but for which, the report cannot be said to contain all
43

the information falling within the purview of Section 154 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, question the first informant and if he is able to furnish it,
record it at the foot of the report and obtain his attestation.
vi.

If the first informant does not appear with his written report but makes an oral
statement, reduce his oral statement to writing in the space provided in the
First Information Report form. If one form is found insufficient, use another
form. Record the First Information in the actual words of the informant, as the
record should not be your impression of what he meant to say. Employ plain
and simple language, as nearly as possible, in the informant’s words. Avoid
technical or legal expressions of high-flown language.

vii.

When, after the First Information Report, a list or a further list of stolen
property is furnished or obtained by police, ensure that it is signed by the
persons concerned and record on it the date, time and place of its receipt. Do
not keep the list referred to above in the case diary file. Retain its copy and
send the original to the court for being attached to the relevant First
Information Report.

viii.

Whenever it is found that having regard to the time and date of occurrence, the
distance from the place of occurrence to the Police Station and other relevant
circumstances, the first informant has delayed lodging the First Information,
elicit from him a full and detailed account of the circumstances which
contributed to such delay, while reducing to writing, his oral statement.

ix.

If a first informant appears before an officer superior in rank to an Officer-incharge of a Police Station, the former should reduce to writing his statement or
he should see that the informant is produced before the Officer-in-charge of
the Police Station, who should then record his statement.

x.

When an accused appears at a Police Station and lodges a First Information
Report, it should be read and explained to him and if he admits its correctness,
an endorsement to that effect should be recorded. If he appears without a
written report, his oral statement should be reduced to writing. In either case,
if a cognizable offence is disclosed or there are reasonable grounds to suspect
the commission of a cognizable offence, a case should be registered.

xi.

When a cognizable offence is committed in the presence of an Officer-in44

charge of a Police Station, he is not bound to take down in writing any
information relating to the commission of the offence. Since he has the
information himself, he can register the case suo-moto. In cases registered
suo-moto, satisfy yourself that the First Information Report contains a full and
correct record of all the facts and circumstances relating to the offence and the
offenders, including the names of witnesses, if any.
xii.

When the First Information relates to theft, do not fail to ask the complainant
to furnish a list of articles stolen, their value and any particulars as to weight,
make, design or other distinguish marks which may assist identification, if
they have not already been furnished. While eliciting the prices of articles
stolen, take care that their prices are fixed having regard to the market rates
prevailing at the material time and not with reference to the prices at which
they were originally purchased.

xiii.

If the informant knows or has seen the person by whom an offence reported
was committed but his name and address are not known to him, do not fail to
elicit from him, a description of the latter’s appearance, which should be
recorded along with the rest of the information. If the complainant is unable to
give a list of property stolen at the outset (may be because he is not the victim
of the theft or the person in the know of things or articles is away at the time)
or its weight, make, design or distinguishing marks, do not fail to obtain it
from the person concerned. There should be no delay whatsoever.

xiv.

There should be no time-lag between the receipt of informant of the
commission of a cognizable offence and the recording of it. Whenever a report
clearly discloses a cognizable offence, do not embark upon a preliminary
enquiry which is illegal; but register the case at once. The First Information
Report is the first information of an occurrence or transaction in point of time
which reaches the authority competent to investigate or order an investigation.
Obviously there cannot be more than one First Information Report in one case,
however many the victims of the offence may be. If three persons are
murdered in the course of an occurrence, preparation of three First Information
Reports, one for the murder of each person, is irregular.

45

48. Cases Reported at Other Police Stations Outside the Jurisdiction
I. Crime of Railway Police Reported at the Crime P.S. : When an
offence committed within the railway police jurisdiction is reported to a
local district Police Station or vice-versa, the Station which receives the
report shall forthwith inform the Police Station having jurisdiction by
telephone, wireless or telegram, which shall be followed up by the First
Information Report transferring the case. The police receiving the
information first should take up the investigation and continue it till the
arrival of the police having jurisdiction.

II. Crime of one PS reported at other PS : If a crime committed in the
jurisdiction of another Police Station within the State is reported to the
Station House Officer of a Police Station, a First Information Report
should be issued and its substance entered in the Station House Diary.

III. Action by PS where crime is reported : If the place of occurrence is
near and is easily accessible from the Station House, the Station House
Officer will at once proceed to the spot, take up investigation and
continue it till relieved by the police having jurisdiction. Simultaneously,
action will be taken to send immediate intimation to the police having
jurisdiction over the place. When the investigation is taken over by the
latter, the First Information Report should be transferred.

IV. When crime is reported at the nearest PS : If the place of occurrence
is far off, immediate intimation should be sent to the police having
jurisdiction over the place by the quickest possible means and the First
Information Report transferred to them simultaneously. If any of the
persons, who are reasonably believed to have taken part in the offence,
are found in the limits of the station where the offence is reported and if
the offence alleged against them is of a serious nature and there is
reasonable apprehension that they will abscond unless immediately taken
46

into custody, they should be arrested and produced before the court
having jurisdiction, intimation of their arrest being promptly sent to the
Police Station within the jurisdiction of which the offence occurred.

V. When crime of another State is reported : If a report relates to a
cognizable offence that was committed outside the State, it will be
entered in the Station House Diary and a certified copy of the entry will
be given to the person who made the report and he will be referred to the
Station House Officer within whose jurisdiction the offence took place.
If any of the persons who are reasonable believed to have taken part in
the commission of the offence are found in our State territory, and if the
offence alleged against them is of a serious nature and there is
reasonable apprehension that they will abscond unless immediately taken
into custody, they will be arrested and produced before the court having
jurisdiction, intimation of their arrest being promptly sent to the Police
Station within the jurisdiction of which the offence occurred.

Registration of Cases Where Jurisdiction is Doubtful
49. The police to whom a cognizable offence is first reported shall register the case
and take up the investigation, where the offence has been committed close to a
boundary between stations and it is at first doubtful in which station limits it occurred.
The station which should retain the crime should be subsequently settled. It is of little
importance whether a crime committed close to a boundary line is registered in this or
that station. What is necessary is that the police who first hear of it should take up the
case and endeavour to detect it.

Non-Cognizable Cases
50. Information received in a Police Station of facts which constitute a noncognizable case or any steps taken by the police on their own volition in a noncognizable case will be entered in the Station House Diary. When a Police Officer
finds it necessary to lay information before a Magistrate in a non-cognizable case, he
may, under Clause (b) of Sub-Section (1) of Section 190 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, make a report to the Magistrate in writing of the facts which constitute
47

such offence. If there are persistent complaints against a particular individual, which
legally fall under the category of a non-cognizable offence, orders from the competent
court to register the N.C. case may be obtained for investigation or action U/s 110
Cr.P.C. may be taken.

First Information Report to Whom Sent
51. Once copy of the First Information Report will be retained in the Station and
another will be forwarded without delay to the Magistrate having jurisdiction. Two
copies will be sent to the Sub-Divisional Police Officer. The Sub-Divisional Police
Officer will retain one copy and the Station House Diary and send the other copy of
the First Information Report to the superintendent. In cases coming under Clause (b)
of the proviso to Section 157 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the copy of the First
Information Report should be sent to the Magistrate.

Use of the First Information Report
52. The First Information Report is a very important document. It is the earliest record
made of an alleged offence before there is time for its particulars to be forgotten or
embellished. It can be used to corroborate or impeach the testimony of the person
lodging it under Sections 145, 157 and 158 of the Indian Evidence Act. It can also be
used under Clause (1) of Section 32 and illustrations (j) and (k) under Section 8 of the
Indian Evidence Act. The necessity of drawing up this document with the utmost care
and accuracy and with all available details need not, therefore, be overemphasized.

48

Chapter 5

Powers & Duties of Investigation
Introduction
53. The concepts of Rule of Law, Due Process of Law and Natural Justice
necessitate that all crimes should be registered promptly and they should be
investigated impartially and competently. Police Station is the chief centre of
registration of crime and, accordingly, the staffs posted there have legal powers and
prescribed duties to investigate the crimes and cases. Various provisions of the
Cr.P.C. and other enactments empower police to register crimes and take up
investigation for their legal and logical conclusion. The police, thus, are empowered
to investigate offences both cognizable and non- cognizable ones. The cognizable
offences are investigated by police ip so facto and the non-cognizable ones are
investigated by them after obtaining permission from the appropriate authority.

Power to Investigate Cognizable and non-cognizable Offences
54. The officer in-charge of a police station is empowered to investigate every
cognizable offence within the jurisdiction of that police station. Even if the police
officer investigates a cognizable offence registered in his police station but beyond
that jurisdiction, it cannot be questioned. Police officers, of and above the rank of
Head Constable, posted at the police station are empowered to investigate cognizable
cases on behalf of the SHO.

Visit Scene of Crime Without Delay
55. After registration of the offence and sending FIR, the police officer has to proceed
in person or he shall depute one of his subordinate officers to proceed to the spot for
investigation and also for taking measures for discovery and arrest of the offender
(section 157 Cr.P.C.). In case the offence is not of a serious nature, the police officer
need not proceed in person or depute a subordinate officer to make investigation on
the spot. (Section 157 Proviso (a) Cr.P.C.). If it appears to the police officer that there
is no sufficient ground for entering on investigation, the police officer need not
49

investigate such a case (Section 157 Proviso (b) Cr.P.C.). Where the police officer
does not investigate the case as no sufficient ground for investigation is found, then
the police officer shall prepare case diary and send final report.

Action When Instructions Received from the Court
56. The Magistrate may under section 156(3) Cr.P.C. order the police officer to
investigate any cognizable offence. Further, any Magistrate may direct an
investigation to be made by a police officer on a private complaint received by him, of
an offence, which may be either cognizable or non-cognizable. In both the cases
referred for investigation either under section 156(3) or under section 202 Cr.P.C., the
police officer has to necessarily register the crime in his police station and issue FIR
immediately before taking up investigation. The police officer, whom the matter is
referred, has to investigate that particular case and he cannot further endorse the crime
for investigation to any other officer. After completing the investigation, the police
officer in both the types of cases, has to submit his police report to the Magistrate
under section 173 Cr.P.C.

Further Investigation
57. Even after submitting final report under section 173 (2) Cr.P.C., the police officer
is not precluded from collecting further evidence and is empowered to obtain the case
file from the court for further investigation. In case the police officer finds any
relevant oral or documentary evidence even after filing charge sheet, the police officer
has to forward the same to the Magistrate by way of further report, which is generally
termed as additional information or additional charge sheet under section 173 (8)
Cr.P.C.

Investigation of non-cognizable Crime
58. If a police officer intends to investigate a non-cognizable offence, he can take the
orders of the court and investigate, but he shall have no power to arrest without a
warrant.

Protection of Crime Scene
59. The investigating officer, on reaching the scene of crime should secure the crime
50

scene from getting disturbed or being changed by any persons, intentionally or
unintentionally. The best physical evidence is normally found at the place where use
of force against persons or property has taken place. Sometimes valuable pieces of
evidence may be discarded or dropped or it may fall off accidentally or inadvertently
at some distance from the scene of crime. Such spots also need proper protection. All
such critical areas should be secured from intruders and stray animals or neighbours,
friends, sympathizers, curious onlookers, newspaper reporters, press photographers
and others who are not officially connected. The whole area should be cleared of all
unauthorized persons in quickest possible time. The Press and other Media should be
requested to keep beyond the barricaded/secured area. The following steps should be
taken for protection of the scene of the crime:
A. Cordon off the scene and surroundings, access and exit points effectively.
B. Identify and persuade to retain the person who first informed the Police. Or,
note his address, telephone number etc.
C. Persons who are likely to provide information, investigation leads and other
pertinent details should be segregated and examined for collecting all possible
information, Eye-witnesses should be requested and allowed to stay at
earmarked place for examination.
D. Physical evidence should be protected from pet animals like dogs, cats,
rabbits, etc., and also rats, mice and birds, as also from adverse environmental
influences such as wind, rain, sunlight, dust, smoke moisture, etc.
E. No physical evidence should be disturbed from its original position without
properly recording it. Jewellery, keys currency notes and other valuable items
with evidentiary value, vulnerable to theft from the scene, should be removed
and preserved after a seizure list is drafted.
F. During the preliminary inspection of the crime scene care should be taken to
ensure that nothing is inadvertently dropped such as cigarette butts, match
sticks, empty packs of cigarettes, match boxes, ash, etc. and nothing is touched
that may cause interference with the fingerprints, footprints, etc., and nothing
is added such as hair etc.
G. All physical evidence/traces should be lifted only after recording and
thoroughly searching the crime scene. Where traffic is to be restored or place
required for use, the examination of scene and other work should be
completed as expeditiously as possible but with thoroughness.
51

H. It should be borne in mind that evidence may not always be visible to eye.
Even if visible, it may escape a non-observant eye or may not appear relevant.
It is therefore necessary that the scene or places be subjected to close scrutiny
both by experts and the Investigating staff.

Examination of the Scene of Offence
60. As soon as the information about an offence is reported, SHO shall, by quickest
available means, proceed to the scene of offence after registering the FIR or making
arrangements for the same depending on the nature of offence reported. It is important
that the Investigating Officer and his team proceeds to the scene of crime as
expeditiously as possible and perform their respective functions. Particular care
should be taken for preservation of the scene, collection of all material and other
evidence. Steps should also be taken for arrest of accused or pursuit of the accused if
warranted and justified for the investigation of the case. The instructions of the
Inspector investigating the case and authorized to investigate that case, shall be
complied with by all subordinates concerned.

Search of Scene of Crime
61. The search of the scene and its surroundings should be made patiently,
methodically and in a definite order and not in a hurried or haphazard way lest
valuable clues are missed or lost. Special attention should be paid to the floor, walls,
ceiling, window sashes and all protuberances and edges, which are likely to bear
traces. Nothing capable of bearing fingerprints or other trace should be ignored. The
procedure as laid down below should be followed.

First aid to the Injured
62. In the event of a person being dangerously wounded, the Police Officer who first
arrives on the scene should render such first aid as is possible and necessary, without
in any way disturbing the crime scene and take immediate steps to procure medical
aid or send the wounded person without loss of time to the nearest hospital or
dispensary for treatment. This should be done before entering on the formalities of the
investigation etc., as the delay thereby incurred might cause serious risk to the life of
the person so wounded. In nearly all cases, it should be possible for the Investigating
52

Officer to note the position and nature of the injuries while arrangements are being
made to procure medical aid or to send the injured person to a hospital.

Preservation of Evidence
63. Simultaneous steps should be taken to preserve all valuable items or objects of
evidentiary value at the scene. This is vital, as certain types of evidence is likely to get
evaporated, decomposed, putrefied, degenerated or may undergo other chemical or
biological changes with time and other environmental factors. Suitable containers like
polythene or glass bottles, polythene bags, paper envelopes, aluminum foils, etc. and
preservative substances should be kept ready for proper preservation of evidence.
Depending on the nature of evidence suitable preservatives should be added under
expert advice. Examples: Tissue samples should be preserved in 20% Dimethyl
Sulphoxide saturated with Sodium Chloride for DNA analysis and Viscera should be
preserved in saline etc.

Recording of the Crime Scene
64. The police have a limited time and opportunity to make an in-depth study of the
crime scene in an undisturbed state. No time should therefore be lost to record as
accurately as possible the conditions existing when investigating officer arrives at the
scene. Such a record will help the on-going investigations, reconstruction of the scene
of crime and also presentation in the Court. The judiciary and defence counsel need
convincing evidence to substantiate the conditions and circumstances reported
prevailing at the time of the crime. It is therefore necessary to make a visual
presentation that shows the various evidentiary items, witnesses and their
interrelationship with the scene of crime. The methods of crime scene recording are
Photography, Sketch, Observation notes, Videography and Audio tape recording.

Sketching the Crime Scene
65. After the scene is photographed, it should be sketched, to provide measurements
indicating the relative distance and position of the various items of evidence and their
interrelationships.

65.1 The sketch is the first visual record of the condition of the crime scene. It
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portrays the crime scene and items within that scene that are of interest to the
investigation. Sketches properly prepared are useful during the interrogation of
witnesses, in making notes in the case diaries and in presenting information to the
court. The sketch complements the photographs and notes made while observing the
crime scene. The ultimate purpose of the crime scene sketch drawn as per set scale
and plan, which is also known as crime scene planning, is to represent the facts of the
crime with such clarity and precision that the crime itself may be reconstructed from
the details. Courts rely to a great extent on sketch of the scene prepared.

65.2 The Investigating Officer should make a rough sketch of the crime scene on the
basis of his own observation but not what is stated to him by witnesses as such a
sketch will be hit by 162 Cr.P.C. Even if the sketch contains some facts and narrations
on the basis of his observation and some on the basis of what is stated by witnesses,
such a sketch will also be inadmissible in the court, if admissible part cannot be
separated from the inadmissible part. The sketch need not be drawn to scale, but
should indicate accurate distances between objects dimensions of areas and relative
directions. The items to be included in the sketch and number of copies should be
determined at the outset.

65.3 The rough sketch once drawn should not be altered. A smooth or fair sketch
should be prepared on the basis of the rough sketch. The smooth sketch also known as
crime scene plan drawing is prepared as per a convenient scale and plan from the
details of rough sketch. Colour drawing will be helpful to distinguish various objects
or the features of an object.

Methods of Sketching
66. It is important that measurements shown on the sketch are as accurate as possible
and are made and recorded uniformly. An erroneous measurement becomes difficult
to explain and can introduce doubt in the minds of judges and others concerned not
only regarding the authenticity of the crime scene processing, but also the competence
of investigator. The investigator should therefore follow a standard method of
sketching depending on the nature and background of a case. Standard methods
normally adopted for sketching are: Coordinate Method or Baseline Method,
Triangulation Method, Cross-projection Method.
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66.1 There are various signs and symbols useful for sketching, therefore, every IO
should have an in-depth knowledge above them and should make use of them in
preparing sketching of the spot for crime.

Crime Scene Observation Notes
67. The officer making the search should take down accurate and detailed notes,
supported by accurate sketches drawn to scale, showing the whole layout and the
exact places where the articles, etc. were found. It is not sufficient to say that an
article was in a certain room or on a particular table, but its exact position must be
noted and, if necessary, an enlarged sketch of that portion of the scene must be drawn.
In all-important cases, photographs, video graphs and where possible laser
impressions should be taken of the scene and of the objects on which any useful clues
are found.

67.1 The successful investigation of a case rests on the ability of the investigating
officer to gather maximum information from various sources in a limited time in order
to use it subsequently. The police officer cannot easily and accurately recall past
events for crime scene reconstruction or for court testimony after a lapse of time.
Sometimes many seemingly unimportant details may prove to be of utmost utility as
evidence and in the investigation process. Hence the investigating officer should enter
all details, observations, data, statements as and when they occur in his observation
notes and case diaries and should personally get these sketches prepared taking fullest
assistance of his team, scientific personnel and other experts. He should see that the
team members work efficiently, professionally and cohesively.

Searching the Crime Scene for Physical Evidence
68. The primary purpose of inspecting the scene of crime is to search for any evidence
left behind by the criminal while committing the crime. Such evidence will be
invariable present in all scenes of crime is based on the principle of exchange
propounded by Prof. Locard in 1928, which says “ Whenever any two objects or
materials, animate or inanimate, come into contact with each other, there is always
transference of material from each object on to the other”. Such transference may be
55

large or small, visible or invisible, detectable readily or difficult to detect, but such
transference does occur. It is therefore the primary responsibility of Investigating
Officers to search, identify and collect such evidence independently or with the
assistance of ‘CLUES’ Team.

68.1 The crime scene is highly dynamic and is constantly undergoing change. It is
also fragile, in the sense that the evidentiary value of the items it contains can be
easily lost or downgraded. Usually there is only one opportunity to search the scene
properly. Hence making a good overall survey of the scene is quite essential.

68.2 A competent search of a crime scene requires a thorough understanding of crime,
its nature, and extent of damage, people aggrieved, property lost or damaged and the
manner in which the offence was committed. All items should be searched with equal
care and concentration. The search should be carried out carefully, avoiding
unnecessary disturbance of the scene.

68.3 Based on the initial survey the investigator should first develop a hypothesis that
will serve as the initial framework of the investigation. The hypothesis is simply a set
of rational assumptions about how the crime was committed and the general sequence
of acts that were involved. The hypothesis must be constantly reassessed in the light
of each new fact or clue that is uncovered. There is often a tendency to arrive at
unfounded assumptions. For example, if the Investigating Officer has substantial
evidence that a murder was committed where the body was discovered, he may be
tempted to ignore a fact or clue that does not fit the framework of that idea. Such
inflexibility must always be avoided in the crime scene search. The Investigating
Officer must be willing to modify or change altogether his initial ideas concerning
any aspect of perpetration of crime. It is only through such a process of reassessment
that the full value of the Investigating Officers experience can be realized.

68.4 By the time an initial survey of the scene is completed, the investigator should
have noted the obvious items of evidence to be collected, and decide in what order he
will collect evidence, what should be searched for, and how the tasks and areas have
to be divided.

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Search Methods
69. Following are some of the important search methods adopted for investigation of
crime scene.

69.1 Spiral Method: The search is conducted following a spiral pattern working from
outside to inside towards the centre or focal point (towards the body, safe or any other
key feature) or vice versa, either clockwise or anti clockwise. It is an effective search
pattern for single person search, with a very high probability of locating minute
evidence like fingerprints, footprints, etc. Also, there is not much likelihood of the
evidence being destroyed by the investigator’s movements.

69.2 Radial Method: In this method, the investigator works outward from the centre
along the radial, and moves in circles of increasing circumference repeatedly. This
method provides a double check on the searched area and is one of the best methods
available for both indoor and outdoor searches. This method is preferred if more than
one officer is conducing the search.

69.3 Strip Method: This is a sector search, useful both for indoors and outdoors, in
which the crime scene is divided into segments and strips. The method works well if
the area to be searched is square or rectangular in shape with clearly marked
boundaries. The search may be conducted by one or more officers depending on the
size of the area and availability of officers.

69.4 Grid Method: Grid method is a slight modification of the strip method. This
method is useful for small areas especially indoors. The area is divided into grids. In
this method a single person can search the entire area by moving at right angles, and
covering all the squares of the grid.

69.5 Zone Method: If the crime scene is large and enough personnel are not
available, it is advisable to divide or sub divides the area into smaller zones and sub
zones and uses this method of search. The method is particularly useful for searching
in details the enclosed areas where items such as almirahs, safes, etc. have to be
carefully inspected, and for cars or carriages which may contain minute trace
evidence, necessitating a through search of all nooks and corners.
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70. What to See and Collect From the Scene of Crime
i.

The IO should search for body fluids on the scene of crime and collect blood,
semen, saliva, sweat, tears, milk, urine, faecal matter.

ii.

Body parts and body materials like skull, flesh, teeth, bones, nails, and broken
bone pieces, viscera materials preserved during autopsy should also from part
of collection of exhibits from scene of crime.

iii.

Containers of powders, chemicals, drugs, poisons, narcotics, inflammable
liquids, miscellaneous substances including glass, plastic, tin, phials, bottles,
cans, drums, gunny bags, and any other enclosed articles, if relevant should be
collected.

iv.

Documents like papers, books, cheques, receipt, counterfoils, bills, files,
carbon papers, letter pads, writing materials viz., pens, ink, seals, stamps and
their impressions, photocopies, negative and positive photo etc. are also
relevant and should be collected.

v.

Explosives like remnants of an explosion, springs, wires, timing devices,
chemicals, stones, cotton, paper, fillers, residual and unexploded portions of
explosives, explosive devices should also be collected.

vi.

Natural or synthetic fibers adhering to clothes, upholstery, seat covers,
drapery, or any other articles, fingerprints-latent, visible, semi-visible,
footprints-cast should also be collected from the crime spot.

vii.

Burnt remains, inflammable materials, fire remnants and burnt remnants
accelerants, other arson related articles, firearms-country made, factory made,
live-cartridges, empty cartridge cases, bullets, pellets, wads, gunpowder,
discharge residues from hand, etc., where relevant should be collected.

viii.

Glass fragments, pieces, sheets, bangles, articles, animal or human hair and
impression metals serial numbers on metals-cast, engraved, etched or punched
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and other marks on metallic parts, filed, erased, stamped, etc. Impressions not
included in any other category such as type writer impressions, shoe prints,
glove

impressions,

tooth

impressions,

fabric

impressions,

bite-mark

impressions, lip impressions, etc. are also relevant from investigation point of
view.
ix.

Soil, dust, debris, mud, dirt, occupational dust in the form of stains, lumps,
particles, powder, etc. and tools & implements, tool marks, cut marks, shear
marks, punching marks, levering marks, file marks, chisel marks, drill marks,
struck marks, depressed marks wood and vegetable matter and any fragments
of wood, sawdust, or any vegetable matter on clothing shoes, tools, body etc.,
and materials like seeds, bark, leaves, etc., miscellaneous stains, impressions,
prints, articles or other materials that is likely to link the crime or criminal
with the victim or scene of crime should also be collected as part of evidenced
collection by an IO.

71. Lifting, Packing and Forwarding Physical Evidence
i.

Each item should be packed separately so as to avoid breakage, loss or
contamination in transit. Tweezers, forceps and similar tools are used to
collect and place traces and small items into containers. It is advisable to use
rubber gloves to handle such physical evidence. An “evidence box” such as
deal wood box, clean empty carton, cardboard boxes, etc. should be utilized
for transporting the items of evidence. An evidence box with pegboard sides
allows for tying or wiring small and medium sized objects in place. A series of
drilled holes and appropriately sized clamps can serve the same purpose.

ii.

Items of evidence that need comparative analysis for possible commonness of
origin should be packed in separate containers to avoid any allegation of cross
contamination. Thoroughly clean and dry containers, wrapping paper,
corrugated paper boxes and sealing tape are the basic safeguards for physical
evidence in transport. No wet or solid materials or boxes should be used.

iii.

Documentary evidence should be first placed in transparent envelopes without
folding or bending, and then placed between two pieces of rigid cardboard and
packed in a suitable cloth-lined envelope cover.
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iv.

Plastic pill bottles such as used medicine containers with lids are unbreakable
and can be easily sealed with tape. They make excellent containers for hair,
fibers, and other small trace evidence. They are ideal for spent bullets, empty
cartridge cases, and cartridges because they can be packed with absorbent
cotton to minimize movement. Plastic envelopes and bags are suitable for
packing many materials. However in case of soil, debris or clothing
impregnated with bloodstains, this may result in bacterial action contaminating
the blood sample, and should be avoided.

v.

If the stain is on a solid object that can be moved, such a knife, crowbar, fire
arm or any other weapon, it is preferable to transport the whole object,
protecting the area of the stain or completely enclosing the object in a package
(if it is small enough). If the stain is on clothing, the garments should be
wrapped separately in paper, marked appropriately and packed. This is better
than any other technique such as scraping for forwarding a movable sample of
the stain for analysis. Garments and other clothing such as bed sheets, towels,
tablecloths and similar evidence should be folded as small as possible and
without pressure. The specific areas of such fabric which contain trace
evidence should be folded in such a way as to protect such areas to avoid loss
of such materials by falling off, peeling off, etc. It is preferable to send a soilstained or mud-soaked object to the laboratory rather than to attempt to
remove and send the soil or mud as separate items. When such traces are
picked up as individual items of evidence, it is vital that every precaution is
taken to keep the evidence in separate sealed containers to avoid any
accidental loss or mixing in transit.

vi.

Bed sheets, carpets, woolen materials from the scene of arson may be wrapped
in metal foil and sealed in airtight containers. Smaller objects, such as paper
and rags or solid samples should be sealed in the container in which they were
found or places in airtight bottles or cans. This protects the fire accelerants and
their residues from evaporation. Pills and other non-caustic substances should
be left in their original containers for transport to the laboratory. Such
containers often contain useful information. The investigation officer should
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count the number of pills and capsules or accurately determine the bulk
quantity of fluids or powders and should include such data in observation
notes. Caustic or corrosive poisons should not be transported until their safe
transit is ensured by suitable means. Appropriate containers such as glass
bottles with a glass lid should be used for transporting substances such as
acids.

vii.

Food and edible substances should be placed in as many separate moisture
proof bottles or containers as necessary to avoid any contamination. In case of
suspected food poisoning the packages should be marked clearly as suspected
or known samples of poison. Trace evidence, such as hair, fibers, etc. should
be sealed in folded paper or places in clean, sealed envelopes.

viii.

Adequate and appropriate samples should be collected. Bulky articles, samples
in huge quantities e.g., cots, mattress, flooring stones, a drum of petrol or
diesel oil, etc. or articles unconnected with the case should not be sent. Tag or
mark all the articles. If the articles can be enclosed, put a mark on the
container or the box. If special handling is required, it must be indicated and
specific instructions provided on the packing itself, e.g., material is fragile or
perishable.

ix.

Indicate any special priority that should be given to the case. Notify the
laboratory if the case is associated with any previous submission or evidence.
Always obtain a signed receipt whenever evidence is transferred (chain of
custody) from place to place or person to person. All evidence should be
forwarded or received only in a sealed condition. Label, initial and seal all
envelopes and the packages without fail. The seal should be legible and intact
and all knots of stitching ropes must be sealed. Ensure prompt delivery of all
items of interest to the laboratory. Record all the procedures adopted for
location, recording, lifting, packing and forwarding, in case diaries.

x.

Wherever feasible, it is advisable to bring the physical evidence in person and
discuss the circumstances and history of the case so that the scientist will
endeavour to bring out the right information from the scientific studies.
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Chapter 6

Collection of Evidence
Introduction
72. Investigation is a process of connecting the offender to the offence. This is a
method by which various events are connected with one another. A chain of events is
prepared which illustrates and elaborates various steps and activities involved in the
commission of crime. Relating each of such activity with another one will require the
support of evidence of one nature or the other. The job of investigation and
particularly that of collection of evidence is a serious, sensitive and complicated one.
This requires use of utmost intelligence, competence, presence of mind, skills of
observation along with utilization of various tools and techniques of evidence
collection. Collection of various types of evidences through scientific interrogation
and with the help of scientific aids to investigation can absolve the police of all the
allegations with regard to use of third degree methods.

Nature of Evidence
73. The evidence to be collected during the course of investigation should be relevant
and it should pertain to the facts in issue. Various provisions of Indian Evidence Act
should be kept in mind, while collecting and recording evidences of various types.
Only that evidence should be collected, which is admissible in the court of law.
Collection of inadmissible and irrelevant evidence is wastage of time and even dilutes
the quality and status of investigation.

Types of Evidence
74. The various types of evidences to be collected during investigation are following:
a) Oral evidence
b) Documentary evidence
c) Expert evidence
d) Circumstantial evidence
e) Other evidences
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a) Oral evidence: Oral evidence is the most frequently used mode of evidence
collection by an Investigating Officer. Oral evidence must be in the form of
direct evidence otherwise it will be inadmissible being hearsay. The Indian
Evidence Act deals with the provisions of oral evidence in sections 59& 60.
The oral evidence should be collected in accordance with the provisions of
Cr.P.C. contained in chapter XII.

Recording the Statements of the Witness
75. The investigating officer is empowered under Section 161 CrPC to examine orally
any person (including a suspect) who is likely to be acquainted with the facts and
circumstances of the case. He may reduce to writing the statement of each such
person, and when he does so, he shall make a separate record of each such person
whose statement he records. The person so examined shall be bound to answer all
questions relating to such case put to him, other than questions the answers to which
would incriminate him to a criminal charge or to a penalty or forfeiture.

75.1 In order to examine a witness, the investigating officer should, as far as possible,
contact him at his place, but may, if necessary, require the attendance before himself,
of any person being in the limits of his own or adjoining police station. If a person so
called intentionally fails to attend in spite of a written order served on him, he is liable
to be prosecuted under section 174 IPC. However, under proviso to section 160
Cr.P.C., no male person under the age 15 years or woman shall be required to attend
as a witness at any place other than the place in which such male person or woman
resides.

75.2 When a police officer finds it necessary for the purpose of any police
investigation to require any employee of any essential services, he shall give previous
notice of the fact to the official concerned in order that the latter may take steps to
replace the employee, and shall, at the same time, take all necessary measures to
ensure that the object of the investigation is not thereby defeated.

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75.3 The statement of each witness should be recorded separately, in direct form and
as far as possible in his own language and with the full version of what he states.
Section 173(5) of CrPC lays down a statutory obligation on the prosecution to furnish
to the accused, copies of statements recorded under 161(3) of CrPC of all persons
whom the prosecution proposes to examine as its witnesses.

Recording Statements of the Accused
76. It is important and necessary for an investigating officer to record the statement of
an accused person, more so, if it contains lengthy details. These details may require
verification. The statement may sometimes disclose the line of defence and may also
at times indicate sources from which independent evidence may be available and
provide clues for further investigation. Verification of all details given by the accused
is vital for investigation and should be diligently done and the facts thereof should be
entered in case diary on day to day basis.

Police Officers’ Visit to Jails for Collection of Evidence
77. Any police officer of a rank not lower than an Inspector shall be permitted to enter
the jail at any time between unlocking in the morning and lock up in the evening. He
will be permitted to interview the prisoners only on a letter of authority to the jail
Superintendent from Superintendent of Police or superior officers or District
Magistrate. He may take other Police Officers and witnesses or informers with him
for assistance. Police officers of lower rank than an Inspector in uniform are permitted
to enter the jail for the purpose of recognizing old offenders. Any interview permitted
as above shall take place in the presence of the jailer or other proper officer of the jail,
who shall, if required to do so, keep at such a distance that he may not hear the
conversation that takes place. The Superintendent of the Jail shall, produce any
prisoner in his charge whom the police are authorized to interview and shall afford
every reasonable facility for this purpose.

Dying Declaration
78. The statement given by a dying person is called dying declaration. Whether the
statement is given expecting death or not, is not very relevant. Only those portions of
the statement explaining the cause of person’s death or the circumstances resulting in
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that person’s death are relevant.

Recording Dying Declaration : Process & Precautions
79. The declaration may be recorded by any person. It should preferably be recorded
by a Magistrate, if available. If this is not practicable, the doctor or if he is not
available the investigating officer may record it, in the presence of a witness. Even if
the declaration is made to a police officer, it is admissible in evidence and its use is
not barred by section 162 of the Cr.P.C. Even if it has been made orally in the
presence of any person, it may be proved in court by the oral evidence of that person.
The declaration becomes admissible, only if the declarant subsequently dies. If he
survives, it will be useful, if made before a Magistrate or any one other than a police
officer, to corroborate his oral evidence as a witness in court. If it was made before a
police officer, it will be treated as a statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C.

79.1 The declaration should be in the form of questions and answers and in the very
words of the declarant. The signature of the declarant should invariably be taken on
the dying declaration wherever possible. If the declarant is an illiterate or is
incapacitated from signing for any reason, his thumb impression should be taken.
When a declarant dies while giving a statement, the declaration is valid even though
he does not put his signature or thumb impression. A note should be made in the
dying declaration giving reasons why the signature of the declarant was not taken.

79.2 When the declarant, being in a serious condition and unable to speak, makes
signs by hand or head, the person recording the dying declaration must record the
precise nature of the signs which the declarant made. Before taking down the
declaration the persons recording the dying declaration should also ask the declarant
whether he is mentally capable of making a declaration. He should obtain whenever
possible a certificate from the Medical Officer as to the mental condition of the
declarant. Incomplete dying declarations are not by themselves inadmissible in law.
Though a dying declaration is incomplete by reason of the deceased not being able to
answer further questions in his condition then, yet the statement to that extent is
admissible provided it is proved he has given it consciously and the statement is not
vague. An FIR can be recorded on the basis of dying declaration.
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Confessional Statement Made to the Police
80. Though confession made to police officers are inadmissible, under section 27 of
Indian Evidence Act, if a statement is given by an accused to a police officer while in
custody and that statement reveals the discovery of any material fact and in
consequence of that statement if that material fact is discovered, that statement is
admissible to the extent of such discovery.

Recording the Confessional Statements
81. As soon as it appears to the investigating officer that an accused is likely to make
a confession leading to the discovery of a fact, the investigating officer should secure
the presence record the confessional statement himself, obtaining the signatures of the
witnesses on the record. Stock witnesses or those who figure as panch witnesses in
previous cases should not be taken. If it is not possible to secure the presence of
witnesses, the investigating officer should himself record the confessional statement
and afterwards when he is able to secure the presence of witnesses, he should read
over the statement to the accused before the witnesses and, if it is agreed to by the
accused as correct, note this fact on the record and obtain the signatures of the
witnesses on it. The statement of the accused should be in the first person and in the
very words of the accused; a separate Panchanama should be drawn up for the
discovery. Giving information and recovery that follows it are two different
transactions and a separate Panchanama should be recorded for each of them. The
information given by an accuse person should not be mixed up in the Panchanama
drawn up for the recovery made in consequence of such information. It is the
information given by an accused person that determines his knowledge about that fact
discovered and that has a direct bearing on his guilt.

81.1 When one of several accused persons who have taken part in an act, for example,
the burial of property at a certain place, offers to point out the place and the property
is found in consequence, his confessional statement is relevant against him under
section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act. But if other accused persons suspected to have
taken part in burying the property at the place also give the same information
subsequently the discovery cannot be attributed to second person. These confessional
statements cannot be said to have led to the discovery of the property which has
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already been discovered and are not, therefore, relevant under that section. Though
there is nothing objectionable in the investigating officer trying to see for his moral
satisfaction whether such persons point out the same place as the one previously
shown by one of them, no attempt should be made to utilize that evidence against
subsequent persons. If two or more accused give statements under section 27 of
Evidence Act, simultaneously, it is inadmissible, as it cannot be attributed to any
single person. Where the place of recovery is a public place accessible to all and
sundry a discovery from such a place cannot entirely be attributed to the exclusive
knowledge of the accused and therefore much reliance cannot be placed.

81.2 The accused must be in custody of Police for a confession to come under
purview of section 27 of Evidence Act. Even a man released on bail and giving
information leading to discovery of a fact can be deemed to be in Police custody
within meaning of section 27. Arrest and custody are not synonymous. A person can
be in custody without being formally arrested.

Recording of Statements of Witnesses and Confessions of Accused by
a Magistrate
82. In important cases, witnesses may be produced before Judicial Magistrate;
competent to record such statements under section 164 Cr.P.C. Such statements can
be used to contradict the statements given by the same person during the course of
enquiry or trial. If he retracts later he can be prosecuted for giving false evidence.

82.1 If an accused person, on being arrested, expresses his willingness to make a
confession, his confession may be got recorded under section 164 of CrPC by the
competent Magistrate. As far as possible he must be taken before a magistrate other
than the one who has jurisdiction to try the case.

Tendering of Pardon
83. Conditional pardon can be tendered to an accomplice. Tendering of pardon can be
given in the following cases
A. All offences triable by sessions court
B. Offences under Prevention of Corruption Act
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C. Offences which are punishable with 7 years or more

83.1 Tender of pardon is given where the investigation has to establish the guilt of the
accused by independent evidence. In such cases participant who played a minor role
with offence is taken into confidence with a view to prove the case against the other
accused. The accused to whom the tender of pardon is granted is an accomplice
witness.

83.2 The pardon tendered to a person under section 306/307 of Cr.P.C., as already
stated, is conditional that he should make a true and full disclosure of the whole of the
circumstances within his knowledge relating to the offence. If such person either
willfully conceals anything essential or gives false evidence and thus does not comply
with the conditions on which the pardon was tendered, he may be tried for the offence
in respect of which the pardon was tendered later.

83.3 During the course of investigation the chief judicial magistrate and during the
course of enquiry or trial the presiding magistrate or judge are competent to grant
pardon.

b) Documentary evidence: The provisions contained in The Evidence Act,
1872 about private and public documents in the chapter 5 (section 61-100) should be
kept in mind by every IO, while collecting documentary evidence with regard to the
investigation conduct by them. In addition to that the instructions issued from time to
time by the respective departments and the courts should also be taken note of by the
IOs.

(i) Directions to Obtain a Document or Thing: Whenever any Officer in-charge of
a Police Station or Officer entrusted with the investigation of a case considers that the
production of any document or other thing is necessary for the purpose of
investigation, such Officer may issue a written requisition to the person in whose
possession or power such document or thing is believed to be, requiring him to attend
and produce it or cause to produce it at a time and place stated in the order (Section 91
of CrPC). If the statement of the person in whose possession the document or this is,
to be recorded, he should be directed to appear in person and produce such document
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or thing. If his statement is unnecessary, such person can be asked to cause the
document or thing produced on his behalf by any other person. If the document or
thing is in the possession of an accused, an order for its production shall not be issued
as it contravenes clause (iii) of Articles 20 of the Constitution of India. It should be
seized after conducting a search of a place where such document or thing is kept.

(ii) Documents Required From Bankers: According to section 4 of Bankers Books
Evidence Act 1891 a certified copy (with prescribed certificate at the end) of any
entry in a bankers book shall in all legal proceedings be received as prima facie
evidence of the existence of such entry and shall be admitted as evidence of the
matters, transactions and accounts therein.

84. In cases where bank employees are involved in offences like misappropriation,
forgery etc., or other bank frauds, financial or any other offences, the original records
are required for examination by the hand writing expert. The relevant original records
may be requisitioned by making out copies. The copies so made can be retained by
them for banking purposes. Where the examination by hand writing expert is not
needed, and the records are required only for investigation, requisition should be
confined to certified copies of entries which are admissible as prima facie evidence.

84.1 Section 8 of the Bankers Book Evidence Act 1891 authorizes the officers not
below the rank of Superintendent of Police specified by the Government under this
section to requisition records or entries which are needed for investigation into any
offence. This requisition should be in the prescribed form.

(iii) Articles/Documents to be Obtained from Postal or Telecom Departments : If
any document, letter, telegram, parcel or thing in the custody of Postal or Telegraph
authorities is required, for the purpose of investigation, the Investigating Officer shall
make an application to the District Magistrate or Chief Judicial Magistrate or Court of
Session, and request for orders to the Postal or Telegraph authorities to deliver such
document, letter, telegram, parcel or thing to the Investigating Officer (Section 92(1)
of CrPC). The reference to Posts and Telegraphs authorities in this section may be
interpreted to include Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and any other basic
telephone (including WiLL) service provider or cellular operator whether Private or
69

Government.

85. If any such document, parcel or thing, in the possession of Postal or BSNL
authorities in the opinion of Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police, is
wanted for the purposes of investigation, he may require the concerned, to trace and
detain such document, parcel or thing, pending the orders from the District Magistrate
or Chief Judicial Magistrate as mentioned in the sub-order (1) (Section 92(2) of
CrPC). Instructions in the P & T Manual 1982, volume V regarding production of
records in the custody of the post office are reproduced below:

85.1 Records of a Post Office or mail office should be produced, and information
available in them should be given on the written order of any Police Officer who is
making an investigation under the CrPC, or of any Excise Officer empowered by a
local government or administration to investigate offences under any Excise Act, but
only those entries in the records should be disclosed which relate to the person or
persons charged with the offence under investigation or which are relevant to that
offence. In any other case, the official in-charge of the office should, without delay,
refer for orders to the Head of the Circle, who will decide whether under Section 124
of the Indian Evidence Act, the information asked for should be withheld or not.

(iv) Inspection of Records of Courts : Inspection of records of criminal courts
should be done by police in accordance with the instructions used in this contexts by
the respective High Court of the State. Instructions in this regard for making
applications for inspection of record and taking extracts should be strictly followed:

(v) Inspection and Obtaining of Documents from Audit Department :
Investigating Police Officer will be given all facilities to inspect within the respective
offices the original documents in the custody of audit offices. They will also have
facilities to take out copies of such documents (including photostat copies). Even
where an original document has to be shown to a witness during the process of
investigation, it will be possible in many cases to have this carried out at the audit
office.

86. Where the Investigating Officer inspects the original documents, he shall sign and
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record the date of his perusal or inspection on the record so inspected or perused and
thereafter request for the photo copies. The photo copies can be used in the
investigation. He shall also handover a letter to the head of the office to have the
original documents in his custody under lock and seal. The expenses for taking out the
photo copies will be met by the concerned office.

86.1 In a case where an investigating officer finds it necessary to have the original
documents in the possession of an audit office examined by the handwriting or
fingerprint expert, the Director General of Police will request the Accountant General
to hand over the documents, in original, directly to the investigating officer, who may
use them for identification purposes and also have them examined by experts.

c) Expert evidence : In the large array of the list of witnesses, the expert
witnesses have a special significance. The expert opinion and there evidence is taken
to be more objective, impartial and scientific as compared to the ordinary witnesses.
The IO should have deep knowledge about the role, significance and relevance of the
expert witnesses. Evidence and opinion of an expert are relevant as per the provisions
of Indian Evidence Act (Section 45 to 51). These provisions deal with various facets
of evidence by experts and admissibility thereof.

87. An IO should suitably evaluate, analyze and asses as to which part of his
investigation would require help and assistance from an expert. At the scene of c rime
there are a number of exhibits and pieces of evidence, which might be relevant for the
investigation and which may require expert opinion. The IO should prepare a list to
such objects and should collect those objects for scientific examination and obtaining
expert opinion. An IO should have knowledge about various categories of experts and
the subjects with which they deal. He should also know where to send the exhibits for
examination and which institutions, organisations and forensic labs are there to render
the requisite help.

87.1 The experts who have given opinion on a particular matter should be cited in the
list of witnesses with correct address and the issue on which they will tender their
expert opinion.
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87.2 Extreme care and caution should be exercised in identifying, lifting, packing and
forwarding the exhibits for experts' opinion because during any of the above stages if
the exhibit is distorted, disturbed or destroyed, it may cause serious damage to the
quality of evidence because either the expert opinion will not be available at all or if
the one is available then on the ground of it being not fool proof, it may be rejected by
the court of law.

d) Circumstantial evidence: There are occasions when direct evidence is not
available. In such a situation, in order to prove the case, an IO has to depend on the
circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence pertains to the various facts,
situations and conditions, which would establish connection between the crime and
the criminal. Such facts, conditions and situations which may form the basis of
circumstantial evidences are dealt in the various provisions of the Indian Evidence
Act.

88. Any fact, condition, or situation, which is relevant with relation to the fact in
issue, that is, the investigation in question, may form part of the circumstantial
evidence. The facts, which are so connected with each other that they form part of the
overall transactions of crime are relevant and may form part of the circumstantial
evidence. Likewise the facts, which are the occasion, cause or effect with regard to
the crime under investigation can also form part of the circumstantial evidence. In the
same manner the facts, conditions and situation, which prove the motive, preparation
and previous or subsequent conduct of the accused persons can also form part of the
circumstantial evidence. An IO should have deep knowledge of the various provisions
of evidence act, which deal with the various facts, conditions and situations which
may become part of the circumstantial evidence.

88.1 Collection of circumstantial evidence is a tough task and the IO has to work hard
to collect such evidence. The evidence so collected should be corroborated by some
support evidence. The circumstantial evidence must provide a complete chain of
events connecting one another to become cogent, succinct and reliable. The
connecting of the various facts, conditions and situations must provide a complete
chain and no link of which must be missing. They must unequivocally point the guilt
on the accused so as to exclude any point, which may be consistent with his
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innocence. The circumstantial evidence in order to secure conviction must be
complete and conclusive in nature and prove the guilt of accused person beyond every
reasonable shade of doubt.

88.2 In order to make the circumstantial evidence valid foundation of conviction, the
IO should collect various types of corroboratory evidences, which may be oral,
documentary, incidental, occasional or intentional. The circumstantial evidences may
be corroborated with the help of expert opinion and scientific examination of various
types of exhibits.

Identification
89. Identification is one of the methods of collecting evidence. Witnesses see the
individual or objects which are relevant for the investigation. In order to authentically
connect such individuals and objects, the Investigation Officer prepares a profile on
the basis of the statements of the witnesses. The witnesses later on are required to
identity such individuals and objects to verify the authenticity of the version of the
witnesses. This process is called identification and for conducting this process an
identification parade is held often in the presence of a Magistrate. This process is
relevant under Section 9 of the evidence Act.

Procedure & Method of Holding Identification
90. When a witness says that he can identify accused persons or others connected with
the case under investigation, the Investigating Officer shall record in the case diary in
their descriptions, the extent of prevailing light at the time of the offence (daylight,
moonlight, flashing of torches, burning kerosene, electric or gas lights, etc., details of
opportunities of seeing the accused at the time of the offence; anything outstanding in
the features or conduct of the accused which impressed him (identifier), distance from
which he saw the accused, and the extent of time during which he saw the accused.

90.1 The accused should as far as possible be mingled with persons of similar
description, status, build and age in the proportion of a minimum of 1:5 and a
maximum of 1:10, and they must be made to take their positions along with the
persons with whom they are mingled up in a line. They should not be made to stand
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together. The Magistrate or other persons conducting the parade should satisfy
himself or themselves that no Police Officer takes part in the actual identification
proceedings that witnesses are kept out of view from the premises where the parade is
taking place and that it is not possible to communicate with them by signals or other
communications. Witnesses should then be called in, one by one, and they should be
asked to go round the persons assembled for the parade and point out the accused, if
any. If the identification is held by a Magistrate the proceedings should be drawn up
and signed by him. If the identification is held by panchayatdars in the absence of a
magistrate, the proceedings should be drawn up by one of the Panchayatdars and
attested by all of them. Statements made by the identifying witnesses to the
panchayatdars at the time of the identification should be recorded in the proceedings.
Even if a witness makes a mistake, it should be recorded. In short, the proceedings
must contain a complete record of all that takes place in the identification parade.
After the identification by one witness is over, care should be taken to see that the
witness does not mingle or communicate with the other witnesses for whom
identification parade is yet to be conducted or other outside persons and the whole
parade will be reshuffled and the accused made to take different positions. If the
accused so desire, they should be allowed to change their dress also. The same
procedure will be repeated in the case of other witnesses also. Any well-founded
objection by any accused during the identification parade should be recorded. After
the completion of the identification parade and the drawing up of the proceedings, a
certificate must be appended signed by the Magistrate or the panchayatdars
conducting the parade.

Salient Points of Identification
91. The following are the salient points to be borne in mind by Police Officers
arranging identification parades:1) Warn the accused person that he will be put up for a parade and he could keep
himself veiled;
2) Secure the services of a Magistrate for holding an identification parade ; If this
is not possible, secure two or more respectable and independent persons of the
locality to hold the parade ; do not select persons already known to the
identifying witnesses to stand along with the suspects in the parade ; arrange
for the identification parade immediately an accused is arrested. There should
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be no delay.
3) when one accused is arrested in a case in which more than one accused is
required to be identified, do not postpone the parade of the arrested accused,
till the others are secured. As each accused is arrested, go on arranging for the
parade.
4) Other persons participating in the parade should be of the same build, age,
dress and appearance as the suspects;
5) Maintain a minimum proportion of 1:5 and a maximum proportion of 1:10;
distribute the accused among others, they should not be made to stand
together;
6) keep the accused out of the view of the witnesses and take precautions to
prevent their being seen by others from the time of their arrest, if they are to
be put up for identification parade subsequently;
7) Shuffle the persons in the parade after identification by each witness and make
a record of having done so in the proceedings;
8) In respect of each accused, a separate identification parade should be held;
9) When several accused persons are required to be identified, the innocent
persons, mixed up with one accused at one parade, should not be mixed up
with another accused at a second parade. They should be changed, with every
change of an accused person.

Identification by Photographs
92. Photographs of certain classes of criminals are maintained in the District Crime
Record Bureau. Photographs exist also for dossier criminals. Witnesses may be shown
the photographs and asked to identify. In cases where criminals are identified through
photographs, a regular identification parade should also be held after the apprehension
of the accused. When identification is sought to be made through photographs, single
and individual photographs should not be shown to witnesses. Photographs of as
many persons as possible, among which should be the suspect's photograph, should be
shown to the witness, who should be asked to pick out from among them the suspect's
photograph, if it is there.

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Identification Through Finger and Foot Impressions
93. Identification can also be established from finger impressions left on the scene.
Finger impressions found on the scene can be developed and tested to find out
whether they tally with those of the suspected persons or not. Foot impressions left on
the scene can also be lifted and compared later with foot impressions of the suspects.

Previous Conviction or Acquittal
94. As prescribed by Section 298 of the Cr.P.C., a previous acquittal can be proved by
a certified extract from the court record and the previous conviction either by such
extract or by a certificate from the jailor or the warrant of commitment together with
evidence in each of such cases, as, to the identity of the accused persons with the
person so acquitted or convicted.

Identification of Property
95. During investigations it may sometimes be necessary to conduct test
identifications of articles involved in criminal cases. A test identification of properties
which do not bear any special marks of identifications is of immense value in
enhancing the credibility of identification evidence in court; and a test identification
of properties which bear definite marks of identification is not necessary.

95.1 When a witness states that he can identify properties connected with a case under
investigation. Their descriptions and other marks of identification along with the
circumstances under which he had previously seen them on several occasions during
which he had previously handled them, and any other relevant circumstances should
be recorded by the IO.

95.2 Make a clear record in the case diary and the search list of the places from which
and how the stolen property was recovered. Evidence that the stolen property was
buried under ground or was concealed in the walls or secreted in back yards or
houses, etc., will help to establish the receiver's belief as to the nature of the property.

Case Diary
96. Section 172 CrPC requires that every Police Officer making an investigation
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should enter day by day his proceedings in a diary, setting forth the time at which the
information reached him, the time at which he began and closed his investigation, the
place or places visited by him and a statement of the circumstances ascertained
through his investigation.

Nature & Importance of Case Diary
97. Case diary is a confidential and privileged document. Though the accused has no
right to look into it, the court may look into the diary. However if the police officer
refreshes his memory while giving evidence by looking into the case diary, the
accused is entitled to look into that portion as referred by the police officer and may
use it for contradicting the police officer.

97.1 The Investigating Officer and his superiors shall ensure the physical safety of the
case diary as well as its contents. Any leakage of the contents to any person other than
authorized by law leads to undesirable consequences and will be detrimental to
prosecution. They should not permit access to any unauthorized person particularly
the accused or their agents or their counsel. The officer who has custody of case
diaries either as an IO or a superior officer supervising investigation should ensure
that it is handed over to their successors in office. The access to the case diaries is
limited only to the IO, the superior officers and the concerned legal officers who are
in charge at a given time and not to others.

Contents of Case Diary
98. Every case diary should contain the following information.
A. date and hour of taking action;
B. date of report of the case;
C. name of the complainant or informant;
D. names of accused known, if any;
E. property lost;
F. property recovered;
G. date and last page of the previous case diary, if the case diary is not the very
first one;
H. name of the deceased, if any, and
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I. names of witnesses examined.

The First Case Diary
99. The first Case Diary should commence with a brief summary of the FIR, the time
of receipt of the complaint, delay if any, in starting for the scene, the time of departure
for and arrival at the scene,' and description and plan of the In cases where there is no
scene as such like in Financial Crimes, the records and places where such records or
data recording, storage or retrieval systems are located, the method of crime as
reflected at such places, objects, computers, documents etc. and the plan or sketch or
diagram representing the crime scene so to say may be described or drawn up as is
possible.

Details & Description
100. A statement of circumstances ascertained through the investigation at the place
or places visited by the investigating officer, and the date and hour of closing the
investigation shall be noted. Every step taken by the 10 shall be mentioned as
concisely as possible. Every clue obtained, even if at the time it appears likely to be
of no value, houses searched with reasons for the search and the names of witnesses to
the search, property recovered, its description and place where it was found, arrests,
information obtained which is likely to prove of value, and methods adopted by the
suspects/accused are among the things to be mentioned in the case diary. -The
substance of the statements of witnesses shall find place in the case diary.

100.1 The case diary shall be written incorporating the investigation done on each
day. Statements of witnesses should be reduced to writing on the spot in the
prescribed Form. If it is not possible they should be written in the IO's note book, and
transcribed in the prescribed form as soon as he returns to the Station House. If, for
any unavoidable reason, notes had to be taken on separate sheets of paper, these
should not be destroyed after the case diary is written but preserved in the case file.

Copies of Case Diary
101. Case diaries and statement of witnesses will be duplicated by carbon process, or
by photocopiers. The original is retained in the station and the other sent to the SDPO
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concerned who shall deal with the case diaries in the manner prescribed. In cases
investigated by Sub-Inspector who is also SHO of Police Station the case diaries will
be directly forwarded to SDPO concerned who in turn shall after scrutiny and
necessary instructions to the I.O., dispose them off as prescribed.

The Concluding Case Diary
102. In the concluding diary, the investigating officer shall record a summary of the
reasons which have guided his final decision in the case. If he considers that there is
no case, his reasons will, of course, be more detailed and fuller than the one sent up
for trial.

Role & Responsibility of the Subsequent IOs
103. Succeeding investigating officer should the investigation made by the previous
I.O. and to re-examine all the important witnesses already examined, to ascertain the
facts and circumstances of the case. But, as regards the recording of their statements,
law does not require the investigating officer to reduce such statements into writing.
The Andhra Pradesh High Court has observed that, "Courts will not expect a Police
Officer to stultify his investigation for the purpose of making such a record". It is,
therefore, enough if the second investigating officer, in case he is the superior to the
first investigating officer, re-examines witnesses with reference to their previous
statements already on record and certifies to their correctness. If any additional facts
are spoken to by any witness, the second investigating officer will have to record
those facts and note such other facts as may be necessary in clarification of the facts
and omissions in the statement already recorded. However, in a case where the
statement recorded by the first investigating officer is devoid of essential details or
has omissions or defects, it is advisable for the second investigating officer to record
the statement once again in detail. In such case both the statements will remain on
record and supplied to the accused.

Action When Case in Transferred to CID
104. In a case taken up by the CID, the I.O. of the CID is expected to verify and reinvestigate the entire case and not merely to continue the investigation already done
by the local Police Officer. To that end, it is necessary that he should not only re79

examine the witnesses but also record their statements in full. The fact that the
recording of such statements may lead to possibility of contradictions and deviations
in the statements of witnesses and may cause inconvenience to the police in
furnishing copies to the accused cannot be valid and lawful ground for evading it.

Case Diary in Inquest Case
105. In inquiries under section 174 CrPC relating to suicide and accidental deaths,
statements of witnesses examined during the inquest will be recorded separately and
attached to the inquest report. However, in a case where it has not been clearly
established that it is a suicidal or accidental death, though the panchayatdars at the
inquest have so opined, a case diary should be written discussing the evidence
gathered and available during the inquest and the grounds for treating the case as an
accidental or suicidal death not warranting investigation. When a Head Constable
holds an inquest, the Sub-Inspector should subsequently verify the investigation, and
the result of such verification should be embodied by him in a case diary. A case diary
should also be written summarizing the result of the postmortem examination, if
conducted.

Progress of Trial to be Recorded
106. In order to report the progress of trials in courts, case diaries should be written,
reporting details of all hearings and adjournments, the witnesses examined at each
hearing, how each of them fared, gist of arguments of defence and prosecution, Court
observations or orders and other matters of interest, if any, particularly with reference
to their statements before police earlier and other material particulars including name
and designation of the Police Officer who attended the Court.

Use of Case Diary for Seeking Remands etc
107. Remands should be applied for along with case diary. Sub- Section (1) of Section
167 of CrPC requires a copy of the case diary to be sent when remand is sought. The
investigating officer should, therefore, prepare an additional copy of the case diary,
when he is aware that he will have to send a prisoner for remand. The statements
recorded under section 161 Cr.PC till then should also be enclosed to the case diary.

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107.1 Case diary forms should be used for applying to Magistrates for warrants of
arrest or search, for proclamations and other orders connected with investigation and
for forwarding search lists provided these communications refer to registered cases.
Ordinarily, the memorandum form will be used.

107.2 Case diaries should also be written in cases, referred by a Magistrate to the
police for investigation under section 155, 156 or 202 of CrPC.

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Chapter 7

Arrest, Custody, Bail, Remand and Search
Introduction
108. After registration of FIR, visit to the scene of crime and collection of evidence, when an
IO arrives at the conclusion that reasonable suspicion exits against the suspect that he has
committed a crime and for completing the investigation his arrest is necessary, he may arrest
him in accordance with the law. After arrest the accused person is taken under the police
custody, and if the crime is bailable, he may be released on bail, and if the crime is nonbailable, the IO would approach the relevant court for providing police or judicial custody as
per the requirement of the investigation. Arrest, Custody, Bail and Remand are therefore,
essential ingredients of police investigation.

Power of Arrest
109. Chapter 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedures, 1973 deals with various provisions of
arrest (Section 41 to 60). Police officers derive their powers of arrest without warrant from
sections 41, 42, 43(2), 60, 129 and 151 CrPC. Provisions of sections 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 56,
57, 167 and 169 of CrPC deal with various procedures and precautions during and after
arrest.

109.1 The police under the above sections affect arrests without warrant; however, there are
provisions when they are required to arrest persons with warrants. The arrest warrants are
issued by the courts and there is no discretion available with the police for executing such
warrants and these should be executed in accordance with the directions of the court.

Arrest Warrants
110. The warrants are either bailable or non-bailable. In respect of bailable warrants the
arrestee should be released on bail when he offers the required security and in respect on
non-bailable warrants the police officer has no discretion, and the person must be produced
before the concerned Court. Prompt execution of warrant is one of the foremost duties of the
police and should receive high priority. The warrant must be executed by the officer to whom
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it is endorsed. If that officer wants warrant to be executed by his subordinate officer he must
make endorsement by name accordingly.

Arrest Precautions
111. Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution lay down that no one shall be deprived of his life
or liberty except in accordance with procedure established by law and that arrested persons
are entitled to know the grounds of their arrest and a right to consult and be defended by an
Advocate of their choice and that every arrested person should be produced before a
Magistrate within 24 hours. Arrest takes away the liberty of a person and should therefore be
affected in strictly compliance of the law. Wherever it is warranted, it should be promptly
carried out, but arrest, is not to be effected just because a police officer has the power. No
accurate account of all circumstances under which arrest without warrant can be made or
should not be made can be detailed. A police officer should exercise due prudence and
exercise his discretion in this regard in a judicious manner.

Conditions of Arrest
112. To infuse confidence among the terror stricken victims, particularly in grave offences
like murder, dacoity, robbery, burglary, rape, organized crime, terrorist offences etc. and, in
case where the accused is likely to abscond and evade the process of law, arrest should be
affected. If the accused is given to violent behaviour and is likely to commit further offences
unless his movements are brought under restraint, and if the accused is a habitual offender
and unless kept in custody, he is likely to continue to commit similar offences, he should be
arrested. Where it is necessary that his presence is required for the purpose of investigation,
he should be arrested. Likewise, where accused is likely to tamper or intimidate or cause
physical hurt to witnesses or destroy other evidence, he should be arrested.

113. Cautions, Precautions & Guidelines for Arrest
I.

Police Officer making an arrest should record the reasons for making the arrest to
justify it, if required. The Police Constables and Head Constables who make the
arrest should submit a report detailing the circumstances of the arrest to the SHO
or IO concerned who should incorporate the contents of such reports in the
General Diary, Case Diary etc. All Police Constables, Head Constables and SubInspectors working in the field and empowered under law to exercise the powers
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of arrest without warrant, should exercise their powers with prudence and be
accountable for the arrest made in the discharge of their assigned tasks and duties.

II.

In the light of these instructions, the action of Police Officers of all ranks in
arresting persons, if not necessary and not arresting when it is necessary, will
amount to misconduct, and may call for suitable disciplinary action. No arrest
should be made in a routine manner simply because the law empowers the police
officer to do so. The existence of the power to arrest is one thing, while
justification for the exercise of power of arrest is quite another. The police officer
may without arresting, keep a watch on a person and then arrest him, if
subsequent events justify such action. No restraint can lawfully be exercised over
a person so long as he is not arrested. The arrest should be avoided if the intention
is only to verify the suspicion of involvement against a person. A police officer
may under section 160 CrPC issue a notice to the suspected person to attend the
police station and interrogate him. He should not be detained for long and more
than necessary.

III.

When a police officer proceeds to arrest a person and cannot identify him
personally, he should secure the services of a person who knows the person to be
arrested and should also provide himself, if available, with a photograph, a
descriptive role and the marks of identification of that person. He should be sure
of the identity of the person to be arrested.

IV.

The police officer should be in uniform with his name and number if any, on the
pocket, besides carrying his identity card, or, if in plain clothes, carry his identity
card and should disclose his identity. He should arm himself with such firearms
and accessories required for his defence, if the circumstances demand such a
precaution.

V.

Police parties engaged on anti-dacoity, terrorist operations or similar duties which
are likely to lead to arrests of dangerous persons, should carry handcuffs and
leading chains to secure the arrestees, to prevent their escape or violence.

VI.

The person to be arrested with or without warrant should be informed of the
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grounds for making the arrest. The arrest should be affected without unnecessary
violence or publicity.
VII.

Section 46 of the CrPC lays down that the police officer making the arrest of a
persons shall do so by actually touching or confining the body of the person to be
arrested, unless there is submission to the custody by word or action. When a
person is to be apprehended and if he resists by force or tries to evade, the
arresting police officer may use necessary force to arrest him except causing
death. But if the accused to be arrested is involved in an offence punishable with
death or imprisonment for life, the force can be even to the extent of causing
death depending upon the circumstances.

VIII.

When a person to be arrested is concealing himself in a closed place, the police
officer has every right to enter such places even by force to affect the arrest. He
can even arrest every one who obstructs him from discharging his duty. However,
he must behave decently with women inmates. Police officer can exercise the
right of private defence of his body and others while resisting arrest.

114. Supreme Court Observations on Arrests
I.

The police personnel carrying out the arrest and handling the interrogation of the
arrestee should bear accurate, visible and clear identification and name tags with
their designations. The particulars of all such police personnel who handle
interrogation of the arrestee must be recorded in a register.

II.

The Police Officer carrying out the arrest of a person shall prepare a memo of
arrest at the time of arrest and such memo shall be attested by at least one witness,
who may be either member of the family of the arrestee or respectable person of
the locality where the arrest is made. It shall also be countersigned by the arrestee
and contain the time and date of arrest.

III.

A person who has been arrested or detained and is being held in custody in a
police station or interrogation centre or other lock-up, shall be entitled to have one
friend or relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare
informed, as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested and is being detained at
the particular place, unless the attesting witness of the memo of arrest is himself
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such a friend or a relative of the arrestee.

IV.

The time, place of arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by
the police where the next friend or relative of the arrestee lives outside the district
or town through the Legal Aid Organization in the District and the police station
of the area concerned telegraphically within a period of 8 to 12 hours after the
arrest.

V.

The person arrested must be made aware of this right to have someone informed
of his arrest or detention as soon as he is put under arrest or is detained. An entry
must be made in the diary at the place of detention regarding the arrest of the
person which shall also disclose the name of the next friend of the person who has
been informed of the arrest and the names and particulars of the Police Officials
in whose custody the arrestee is.

VI.

The arrestee should, where he so requests, be also examined at the time of his
arrest about major or minor injuries, if any, present on his/her body. The
"Inspection Memo" must be signed both by the arrestee and the Police Officer
affecting the arrest and its copy provided to the arrestee.

VII.

The arrestee should be subjected to medical examination every 48 hours during
his detention in custody by a doctor from the panel of approved doctors appointed
by Director, Health Services of the concerned State or Union Territory, Director,
Health Services should prepare such a panel for all Mandals and Districts as well.

VIII.

Copies of all the documents including the memo of arrest, referred to above,
should be sent to the jurisdictional Magistrate for his record. The arrestee may be
permitted to meet his lawyer during interrogation, though not throughout the
interrogation.

IX.

A police control room should be provided at all district and State headquarters,
where information regarding the arrest and the place of custody of the arrestee
shall be communicated by the officer causing the arrest, within 12 hours of
effecting the arrest and it should be displayed on a conspicuous police board at the
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police control room.

Search of the Arrested Person
115. Whenever a person is arrested and not released on bail by a police officer a thorough
search of his clothes and belongings should be made before putting him in lockup. Articles
found upon him other than necessary wearing apparel should be placed in safe custody and if
any articles are seized from his person, a receipt showing the articles taken possession by the
Police Officer shall be given to such person. The personal articles of the person should be
kept in safe custody in the Property Room (Malkhana) and entries made in concerned
registers. If there are any incriminating articles or objects or materials, which might be
necessary for investigation, they should be separated and the procedure for recording and
despatch of case property to courts should be followed. The other property should be
returned to him or his nearest kith or kin when he is remanded to custody.

Arrest of Female
116. Whenever it is necessary to cause a female to be searched, the search shall be made by a
Woman Police Officer or another female with strict regard to decency. The officer or other
person making any arrest, shall seize from the arrested person any offensive weapons, which
he has on his person and shall deliver all weapons so taken to the court or officer before
which or whom he is produced.

117. Treatment of the Arrested Persons
I.

Whenever any person is arrested by a Police Officer or by a private person and is
brought to the police station, the SHO shall examine the body of the arrested
person and note whether he has any injuries over his body. If any, injuries are
observed irrespective of their nature, he should forward the said person to the
nearest Medical Officer of the Government Civil Hospital or other Hospitals of
local bodies authorized for medico-legal work, for treatment and injury certificate.
The Medical Officer should be requested to specify the age of each injury.

II.

When any person with injuries in a serious condition or a drunken person in
uncontrollable condition, who is unable to take care of himself, is brought to the
police station, the SHO shall immediately forward such persons(s) to the
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Government Hospital. Any delay may cause death, in which case the police
officer in-charge of the police station will be held responsible. The statement of
the injured person should be recorded in the hospital and further action taken.

III.

When an arrestee demands examination of his body, which will afford evidence to
disprove the charge leveled against him and establish his innocence or evidence of
an offence against his own body, the Police Officer should forward him to the
Medical Officer of the Government Civil Hospital for the examination and injury
certificate. Such a certificate shall be forwarded to the Magistrate concerned.

Right of Arrested Persons
118. The arrested persons have certain rights with which the Police Officers should be
familiar. These are important from the human rights angle also besides being statutory
provisions and should be respected. The important rights are A. Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest
B. Right to be produced before a Magistrate without unnecessary delay and within 24
hours
C. Right to consult a legal practitioner or any one of his choice
D. Right to be informed of right to bail
E. Right of a person without means to free legal aid and to be informed about it
F. Right to be examined by a Medical Officer

119. Arrest of Children and Women
I. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 prohibits
lodging of children in police lock-ups or being brought to police stations after
arrest. Alternatives are provided for lodging the delinquent juveniles. The
procedure prescribed therein should be observed in respect of juveniles.

II. While making arrest of a woman submission to custody should be presumed
unless circumstances to the contrary exist. There should be no occasion for a
male Police Officer to touch her person. It is therefore advisable whenever it is
proposed to arrest a female, women police should be employed.
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III. Arrest of women should as far as possible during night times be avoided unless
it is inevitable. When it is not possible to secure the services of women Police
Officers, an officer of the rank of ASI or above should effect the arrests. Bail
may be granted where the offence for which the arrest is made is not of a
serious nature. The SHO may take exercise his discretion in non-bailable
offences to release a woman arrestee on bail.

IV. Whenever a woman is arrested, the services of women Police Officers should be
utilized for guarding and escorting her. If women Police Officers are not
available in the Police Station, one of the relations of the arrested woman, of her
choice can be permitted to remain with her. When interrogation of the arrested
woman is done by a male Police Officer the relation or woman Police Officer
should be present. If a Woman Police Officer herself is conducting the
interrogation, the presence of a woman relative may not be necessary.

120. Arrest of Persons of Specific Categories
a. Arrest of Ordnance Factory Employees: Arrest of an employee of an ordnance
factory owned or sponsored by the Government should be notified immediately to the
General Manager or the officer in-charge of the factory.
b. Arrest of Central or State Government or Quasi-Government Employees: When
a Central government employee of any department or a State Government employee
or an employee of a quasi-Government Organization is to be arrested by the police,
wherever it is practicable and desirable, prior intimation of the arrest of such an
employee should be sent to his immediate superior officer or the officer in-charge of
the institution or department. The prior intimation must be treated as secret.
Whenever prior intimation is given by telephone it should be followed by a written
intimation mentioning the time and date of such conversation. The fact of telephoning
should be recorded in the General Diary if intimation is by SHO. If the intimation is
by a superior officer he should make a record of it in the Telephone Register. After
the arrest by the police, intimation of the arrest along with a copy of arrest memo
should be sent immediately to the highest officer of the department available in the
district to which the person belongs with a copy to the immediate superior officer (of
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the person) if, for any reason, prior intimation could not be given; and this should be
followed by a detailed report of the offence committed together with an indication as
to whether the arrested person is being released on bail or personal bond, by the
police.
c. Arrest of Public Servants on Operational Duty: When a public servant on
operational duty of a department of the Central or State Government, e.g., railway
staff like station masters, assistant station masters, guards, drivers and train control
staff; or electricity department staff like sub-station attendants, is to be arrested, prior
intimation should be given to his immediate superior, as a rule, to facilitate them to
make alternate arrangements. Departure from the procedure should be made only in
very exceptional cases and even in such cases; intimation should be given to the
superior officer immediately after the arrest of the public servant. "However, in
respect of the operational staff of the trains, prior intimation should invariably be
given to the Railway Divisional Authorities or where this is not possible, to the
superior available at the Station where the arrest is made".
d. Arrest of Employees of Foreign Diplomatic/Consular Missions: In the event of the
arrest of an Indian employee of a Foreign Diplomatic/Consular Mission, intimation
should immediately be given to the Foreign Diplomatic/Consular Mission through the
Government.
e. Arrest of Foreigners: When a foreigner is arrested, reports as required in Order 349
of Chapter 16 on Foreigners should be sent.
f. Arrest of Military Employees: The arrest of personnel of Armed Forces including
Navy and Air Force charged with the commission of an offence should be intimated
to the Commanding Officer to enable him to take appropriate measures for the
defence of the personnel.
I. The persons so arrested shall be dealt with in all respects like any other person
in the matter of the investigation of the offence in respect of which he is
arrested. The question as to whether he is to be tried by a Court Martial or a
Court functioning under the CrPC is a matter for decision between the
Commanding Officer and the Magistrate before whom he is brought by the
police, in accordance with the rules made by the Government of India under
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Section 475 CrPC.
II. When any investigation, search or arrest is contemplated within military lines
(quarters), the Police Officers concerned should be in uniform and if in plain
clothes should carry identity cards and, so far as circumstances permit, prior
notice should be given confidentially to the Officer Commanding, Adjutant or
Orderly Officer concerned.
g. Arrest of Indian Army Reservists: When a reservist of the Indian Army is arrested and
remanded on a criminal charge, the facts of arrest and remand will at once be reported to the
DGP with information to the Army unit to which the person arrested belongs. When the case
is completed, its result and, in the event of conviction, the period spent in jail by the accused
while under trial, prior to conviction and the sentence awarded shall be reported. The
information so reported will be communicated by the DGP to the appropriate Army
authority.
h. Arrest of Members of State and Union Legislatures:
I. All the rights that any arrested person has, are available to Members of
Legislature and Parliament whenever they are arrested. All guidelines
and instructions contained in this chapter apply to them. The procedure
contained in this should be scrupulously observed whenever any
Member of Legislative Assembly/Council or Parliament is arrested by
the police.
II. Whenever a member of a State or the Union Legislature is arrested, he
should immediately be produced before the Magistrate concerned and
there should be absolutely no delay. The police will send information
of the arrest through a telegram or Radio Message, to the Speaker of
the Lok Sabha or the Legislative Assembly, as the case may be.
Failure to send immediate intimation to the presiding officer of the
Legislature concerned will constitute a breach of the privilege of the
House.
III. If a member of the Union or a State Legislature is concerned in an
unimportant case, he need not be arrested, except when it is really
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necessary. When arrest is made in a bailable offence, he member
should be immediately released on his own recognizance. If the
offence is a non-bailable one, the member should be immediately
produced before the Magistrate. In any case the fact of arrest and
release on bail or remand should be intimated to the Speaker. Though
the instructions are that the Magistrate should send intimation to the
Presiding Officer of the Legislature concerned, prompt reporting by
police is necessary.
IV. A report of the arrest (whether released on bail either by the Police or
by the Magistrate) should be sent by the SP/CP in whose jurisdiction
the arrest is effected to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha, the Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly or the
Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case may be, by telegram
or Radiogram or automex or fax with a copy of confirmation
dispatched simultaneously by speed post along with a copy of Arrest
Memo.
V. The message should contain the information as furnished in the arrest
memo sent to Magistrate and relatives. Thereafter a detailed report
should be sent to the Presiding Officers concerned containing the
following information: the place of custodian detention of the
Member, when a Member, who is under detention or is undergoing, a
sentence of imprisonment is transferred from one jail to another, the
change in the place of detention or imprisonment and when a member
is released from jail on any ground e.g., on bail pending appeal or on
the sentence being set aside on appeal or on the remission of sentence
by Government on completing the sentence or on the termination of
preventive detention, such release.
VI. The SP/CP also should simultaneously report the arrest by telegram or
radiogram to the DGP, to enable him to report it forthwith to the
Government and the Secretary to the Legislature. The copies of such
reports should also be sent to the superior police officers.

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121. Direction to Subordinates to Arrest
I.

A Police Officer in-charge of a police station, or any Police Officer making an
investigation, under Section 55 of the CrPC depute any officer subordinate to him
to arrest the person. He should give an order in writing specifying the person to be
arrested and the offence or cause for which the arrest is to be made. The officer so
authorized shall notify to the person to be arrested, the substance of the order and,
if so required by such person, shall show him the order. This section, however,
does not take away the statutory power vested in all Police Officers by Section 41
of the CrPC.

II.

A Head Constable in-charge of an outpost or a beat area or check post, without
the intervention of the SHO, may take action in offences under special and local
enactments, which empower the Head Constable to take action. When a private
person arrests any person who commits a non-bailable and cognizable offence in
his view, he shall be taken to the nearest police station immediately and such
person be re-arrested by the police.

122. Police Custody
I.

A person who is arrested and not released on bail shall be detained in a secure
area of the Police Station earmarked for such purposes, under constant watch. A
prisoner whom the SHO considers being dangerous and is likely to escape should
be kept in the lock-up under continuous and effective watch. This should be done
only making a thorough search and necessary entries should be made in the
prisoners search register and guard or watch sentry relief book.

II.

A person called to a police station for questioning in order to verify his complicity
in any offence shall not be kept in lock-up, without effecting arrest. Arrested
persons who are known to be goondas, rowdies, dangerous criminals, members of
organized gangs, terrorist groups, those likely o escape and charged in serious
offences of murder, rape, kidnapping for ransom etc. should be kept in the lock up
rooms.

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III.

A person in police custody shall not be permitted to leave the lock-up after sun
set, except in special and emergent circumstances (and that too with adequate
escort) which shall be recorded in the general diary and the Sentry Relief Book.

IV.

A person in police custody prior to remand is entitled to see his relatives and an
Advocate. He should not, however, be allowed to talk to members of the public. If
the arrested person desires that one of his relatives may be permitted to remain
with him, his request should be considered unless there are compelling security
reasons. If the arrested person for health reasons prefers to get his food from his
residence, he can be permitted, but the person bringing food to the police station
should be made to eat samples of all the food items before serving to the person in
custody. However, in normal course, the arrested persons should be fed at
Government's cost as per the rates approved from time to time.

V.

Whenever any punitive action is taken or contemplated against a foreigner, he
should be provided with facilities, if he so desires, to communicate over the
telephone or by a telegram or latter, with the Counsel, High Commissioner or
other representative of his country, as the case may be.

123. Treatment of Persons in Custody
I.

Once a person is in custody of the police, the responsibility for his life and safety
will be totally on the police. The physical and psychological condition of every
person in custody is a major factor that should determine the precautions,
facilities and arrangements required to be made. The other factors such as the
nature of the offence in which he is involved, the investigation required to be
done, the antecedents, age, sex, ignorance and vulnerability are all vital and
crucial. While every case has its peculiar features and circumstances, certain
important stipulations should be observed.

II.

The first requirement is physical safety of the person in custody. This includes
safety from injury and death, whether self inflicted or otherwise. As the
psychological state of each individual cannot be accurately gauged, it is necessary
to realize that the general mental state of a person arrested and brought to police
station would be fear, shock, trauma, sense of guilt and shame etc. Suicidal
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tendencies therefore develop. Hence the place where he is lodged should not
contain anything including his apparel or belongings that afford him any
opportunity to attempt or commit suicide.

III.

There should be a watch on the person all the time, at least by one policeman. The
room or place where he is kept should be such as to afford a full view to the
Police Officer posted to watch him and also to the Station Writer, HC or Duty
officer. The place of work of these two should be so adjusted as to afford a
complete view of the lock up rooms.

IV.

Wherever any attempt or suspicious about the movements or action comes to
notice, the lock up room should be opened and searched. There should be
effective intervention to prevent attempt at suicide and injuries. The whole
episode should be recorded in the station General Diary, Sentry Relief Book and
the person should be sent for Medical examination with a report. The Magistrate
and all other authorities to which the Form report is made should also be informed
in writing.

V.

Since the person is in custody, sometimes even self-inflicted injuries or suicides
can be interpreted as those caused by police, hence effective and timely
intervention, contemporaneous recording of events, reporting to all concerned of
such attempts by persons in custody are important.

VI.

No Police Officer or IO shall use any force or cause any physical injury during
interrogation of the person in custody. If such injuries are caused and result in
death of the person, the Police Officers concerned will be liable for prosecution
for homicide and the burden of proof of their innocence lies on them.

VII.

Two blankets and two dhurries for rural stations and four blankets and four
dhurries for town police stations having lock-ups should be supplied for the use of
persons in police custody for each lock-up. These should be always kept clean,
washed and dried. These articles will be treated as station property and the officer
in-charge of the station or Outpost will be responsible for their issue to such of the
prisoners who do not provide themselves with their own bedding.
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VIII.

The police lock-up, if it contains a prisoner or prisoners shall be unlocked at
daybreak. The bedding of the prisoners, shall be at once brought outside, well
shaken and left for some hours in the sun. In lock-ups where toilet facilities are
not provided, the night vessels, if any used, shall be removed and toilets shall be
thoroughly cleaned. Wherever toilets are provided they should also be thoroughly
cleaned.

IX.

The persons in custody shall be taken to the latrine and shall be allowed to wash.
They shall be given food daily at 10.00 am or earlier if necessary before he is
taken to Court and again at 5 pm. If prisoners are not brought to the station before
the hours prescribed for meals they should be given food as soon as possible after
they are confined in the lock up rooms. They should be fed at government cost if
food is not brought by their relatives.

X.

Prisoners are not to be subjected to needless indignity or harsh treatment. At
district Headquarters or at places where police vehicles are available, prisoners
should be conveyed from jail to court and back in the police vehicles. Prisoners
whose confessions are to be recorded should be taken to the Court from the jail in
a police van, when available, escorted by warders as a special case. In places
where there is no police van, but where public transport is available, under-trial
prisoners should be conveyed by normal bus service, irrespective of the distance
to be travelled, provided that the number of prisoners to be taken at a time is small
and can be controlled easily and provided that their presence in the bus does not
cause inconvenience or annoyance to members of the public using it. In places
where none of the above modes of conveyance are available, under-trial prisoners
who are persons of good social position, accustomed to use a conveyance, may be
allowed a conveyance, provided their safe custody is not jeopardized. The same
rule should be followed in the case of prisoners who are certified by a Medical
Officer to be physically unfit to walk. In other cases, prisoners should go on foot
except in the cases noted below, but no prisoner should be compelled to march on
foot for long distances.

XI.

When convicted prisoners are escorted along with under-trial prisoners, the
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former may be conveyed by the transport Bus in which the latter are conveyed,
irrespective of the distance travelled, in order to avoid the inconvenience and
expense of providing a separate escort for them.

XII.

Whenever women prisoners have to be escorted by road, they should be provided
with a conveyance, where the distance to be travelled by them exceeds 2 km.
Conveyance may also be provided for shorter distances for reasons of health or
custom or for other valid reason. Failure to make such provision would cause
undue hardship to them.

Use of Handcuffs
124. The use of handcuffs or leg chains should be avoided and if at all, it should be resorted
to strictly in accordance with the law mandated in judgment of the Supreme Court in Prem
Shankar Shukla vs. Delhi Administration (1980, 3 SCC 526) and Citizen for Democracy vs
State of Assam (1995, 3 SCC 743). The points to be observed in this regard are as follows:

a. When an accused is in Court during the trial, he must be held to be in the custody of
the Court. If an accused is so dangerous that it is necessary to handcuff him,
representation should be made to the Court, and the Court will issue appropriate
instructions in the matter. Accused persons while in Court during trial should not be
handcuffed except with the permission of the Court.
b. Under-trial prisoners and other accused persons shall not be handcuffed and chained
without specific permission of the court and only if there is a reasonable
apprehension, either due to heinous nature of the crimes with which they are charged
or from their character or behaviour that such persons will use violence or will
attempt to escape or that an attempt will be made to rescue them. The same principle
shall be applied to convicts proceeding in public while in police custody. Whenever
non-convicted accused persons are handcuffed with court's permission, the fact and
the reasons for it shall be stated in the Station House general diary, the sentry relief
book, and in the remand diary forwarded to the Magistrate.
c. The prisoners either convicte4d or under trial and confined in a sub-jail shall not be
handcuffed, whenever they are taken out in the precincts of the sub-jail for food or
other necessities, rather the entire guard including the guard commander shall be
present. If there are more number of prisoners, the guard in-charge should inform the
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officer in-charge of the police station to send two or three constables to assist the subjail guard during the period when the prisoners are taken out. The officer in-charge of
police station shall provided extra manpower as required by the guard in-charge.
d. Whenever, it is considered necessary to handcuff certain prisoners confined in subjai, while they are taken out, the written orders of the Magistrate should be obtained
and the permission granted by him should be maintained in a book to be kept by the
guard officer.
e. With regard to a refractory, violent or dangerous prisoner, the officer in-charge of the
sub-jail guard or the senior Police officer present may control him only by utilizing
more personnel and by such force as may be necessary, while rushing a messenger to
the concerned court or Magistrate for permission to handcuff him.
f. Under-trial-prisoners or accused persons in Hospital should not be handcuffed
without permission of the court. In no case should prisoners or accused persons who
are aged and bed ridden in hospital or women prisoners, juvenile prisoners or civil
prisoners be handcuffed or fettered. If necessary extra guard should be provided. The
restriction on use of handcuffs is not to place any embargo on use of minimum force
to control a violent prisoner.

125. Sick Prisoners
I. When a prisoner, who arrives at a Police station, is seriously ill, medical aid
should be provided. When not available, the prisoner should be sent by the
quickest conveyance available, if his condition admits of it, to the nearest
station where medical assistance can be procured.

II. Prisoners attacked by cholera or other infectious or communicable disease in a
police station should be removed from the lock-up and places in an airy part of
the station and all possible treatment provided.

III. Whenever sick prisoners are brought from rural police stations to district headquarters hospitals and admitted as in-patients, the fact should be reported to the
Superintendent of Police of the district or Dy. Superintendent of Police or the
Inspector of the District Reserve Police in whose area the hospital is located,
and an armed guard will be provided from the Reserve.
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IV. In large hospitals in cities, where prisoner's wards are provided, the guard
provided for the prisoner's ward should take charge of such prisoners brought
from the districts. The guard in-charge of the district headquarters hospital or
city hospital, should find out from the resident Medical Officer or in-charge
Medical Officer of the ward about the probable date of discharge of the
prisoner. The information about date of discharge should be furnished to the
police station or district from which the prisoner was admitted to the hospital, so
that the concerned police shall take back the prisoner.

V. Most of the District Headquarters Hospitals/General Hospitals are provided with
prisoners' ward. If such provision is not available the SP or the CP should take
up the matter with the concerned authority and ensure that the prisoner's ward as
per the norms is provided. The prisoner irrespective of his status should be
lodged in the prisoners' ward as to ensure their safety and enable the police to
guard them effectively. This would also prevent inconvenience to other patients.
Arrangements are to be made for their treatment in the prisoner's ward itself
except where it is necessary to shift them in emergencies either to an operation
theatre or to an Intensive Care Unit. The governments have issued instructions
in this regard to the concerned authorities.

VI. In case of death of a prisoner admitted to the hospital, the officer in-charge of
the police station in whose jurisdiction the hospital is situated shall register a
case under section 174 CrPC and, inform the Executive Magistrate to hold
inquest and make such other enquiries. Finally the dead body will be handed
over to the relations through concerned police.

Confinement of Other Department Prisoners in Lockup
126. When any prisoner arrested and escorted by officers of other units such as police
stations & CID, Exercise, Customs etc., are brought for confinement in the police station
lock-up, a written requisition shall be given to the officer in-charge of the police station and
the latter shall keep such prisoners in the lock-ups. The Officers of the other units will keep
their subordinates besides police station guard. If there are no prisoners in the concerned
police station lock-up, the key of the lock-up shall be given to the officers of other branches
or units or departments and they will be responsible for the prisoners' safe custody. In the
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lock-up if there are already prisoners of the concerned police station, the key shall remain
with the in-charge of the guard. In all circumstances, the duty of supplying the prisoners with
food and guarding them, when taken outside the lock-up, shall lie with the outside officers.

Escape from Custody
127. In all cases of escape of prisoners from police custody including those from jails where
police guards are posted, a report by Automax. Fax, Radio or Telephone shall immediately
be sent by the Superintendent of Police or the Commissioner of Police as the case may be to
the Director General of Police, Addl. DGsP L&O Intelligence, CID, and Zonal IG/DIGP who
will communicate the information immediately to the government. The radio or telephonic
report shall immediately be followed by a detailed report in triplicate furnishing the
circumstances under which the person escaped, whether the escape of the prisoner was
accidental or as a result of collusion of negligence, the action taken to apprehend him, the
person or persons responsible for the escape, the exact quantum of responsibility to be
attached to the Police personnel involved and the action taken against them, and other
relevant particulars. These reports should be properly drafted and neatly typed with proper
care.

Bail
128. Bail broadly means surety security for release of a person who is arrested. A person is
released on bail with or without sureties. Offences are of two types as far as bail is
concerned, bailable and non-bailable. When a person is arrested for a bailable offence, he is
entitled to be released on bail either by the SHO or by court. In cases of arrests for nonbailable offences, bail is discretion.

(a) Bail in Bailable offences: The SHO is competent to release a person on bail when
arrested for bailable offences. If the arresting police officer is not the SHO, the
arrestee shall be produced before the SHO with a written report for release on bail. If
the accused jumps bail in a bailable offence and when he is arrested again, it should
be treated as a non-bailable offence. In case bail is given by SHO in bailable offence
the bond should be taken in the Form. The detailed addresses of the sureties have to
be noted there in.

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(b) Bail in Non-Bailable Offences: When a person is arrested for a non-bailable offence
ordinarily he shall be produced before the court but the SHO may release on bail in
exceptional cases covered by section 437(1) and (2) CrPC after obtaining express
permission by SP/DCP/CP concerned.

Grounds for Opposing Bail
129. Important points for opposing bail in non-bailable offences are: likelihood of
absconding, possibility of tampering with evidence, intimidation and threat to witnesses,
likelihood of repeating the offence, nature of the offender and the seriousness of the offence,
likelihood of breach of peace and tranquility in the locality, likelihood of retaliations by the
victims' party.

129.1 Bailable Warrants: When a person is arrested under a bailable warrant, he should not
be compelled to come to the police station to give bail. He should be given bail at the place
of arrest if he offers security.

129.2 Anticipatory Bail: When a person apprehends arrest for a non-bailable offence on a
reasonable suspicion, he may apply to the High Court or Sessions court to give a direction to
release him on bail in case he is arrested. In such cases the court gives notice to the P.P. with
sufficient information to enable him to argue the case. In case the order is given in favour of
the petitioner, the direction will be that he should be released on bail in case he is arrested on
taking security as specified in that order. This clearly shows that the police officers are
competent to arrest even if one gets such order. The only facility is that he should be released
on bail in case of arrest without producing him in court. The court may be requested to
impose appropriation conditions in case an order is given in his favour.

130. Remand of Arrested Accused
i.

When a person is arrested during the course of investigation and if the investigation is
not completed within 24 hours, the officer in charge of the police station shall
forward the accused to the nearest judicial magistrate along with a remand report
enclosed by the case diary written till that date.

ii.

The accused will be remanded only when the investigation discloses some offence
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against him so far and further investigation is needed for completion. A remand at a
time will be for a maximum period of 15 days. However in cases under A.P. Control
of Organized Crimes Act 2001 and Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002, the police
remand may be for 30 days. Further remand if necessary is only by the jurisdictional
magistrate. The police can seek remand for 60 days in ordinary cases where offences
are punishable with imprisonment for less than 10 years and 90 days in cases
punishable with death or life imprisonment or with imprisonment for not less than 10
years. If the charge sheet is not filed within that period, the accused shall be entitled
for a bail even in a serious case like murder.

iii.

No accused shall be remanded to judicial custody unless he is produced before
Magistrate. But in Andhra Pradesh an accused can be remanded even from jail by
means of video conferencing. An accused can be remanded separately for each and
every case committed under different transactions. Remands always shall be given by
the Judicial Magistrate, but in the absence of any Judicial Magistrate an executive
magistrate on whom the powers of judicial Magistrate are conferred can give remand,
if the arrested person is produced before him. In such cases the remand can be only
for a maximum period of 7 days by executive magistrate. Beyond this, remand can be
given only by the competent Judicial Magistrate.

Searches
131. Searches, personal and house, are important tools of investigation. Police Officers are
empowered to conduct these searches as per the various provisions under CrPC. Personal
search is conducted immediately after a person is arrested and taken under the custody.
House search can be conducted prior to arrest or after the arrest as per the needs and demands
of the investigation.

132. Powers of Search
i.

An Officer in charge of a Police Station or an Investigation Officer, having
reasonable grounds for believing that anything necessary for the purpose of
investigation, may be found in any place within the limits of the Police Station, and
that such thing cannot in his opinion be otherwise obtained without undue delay, may
search the place under Section 165 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Before making
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the search, the Police Officer must record in writing the grounds of his belief,
specifying therein the thing for which the search is made. If the Investigating Officer
is unable to conduct the search in person, he may require any officer subordinate
Police Officer so deputed should be given an order in writing specifying the place
where and the thing for which the search is to be made. Copies of records made above
should be sent to the nearest Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence.

ii.

When a search has to be conduced in the jurisdiction of another station, whether in
the same or a different district, an officer in charge of a Police Station making an
investigation may require under Sub-Section (1) of Section 166 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, the officer in charge of the former station to make a search or
cause search to be made. But, where there is reason to believe that the delay
occasioned by such a procedure might result in evidence being concealed or
destroyed, the Investigating Officer may, under Sub-Section (3) of Section 166 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, make the search himself or cause the search to be made,
in which case, he shall forthwith send a notice of the search together with a copy of
the list prepared under Section 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to the Officer
in charge of the Police Station, within the limits of which the place searched is
situated and to the nearest Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence.
When a search is made under Section 165 or Section 166 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, a copy of the list prepared under Section 100 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, signed by the witnesses, shall be delivered to the owner or occupier of the
place searched.

iii.

Under Section 165(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Station House Officer
or Investigating Officer must, if practicable, perform the actual searching in person. If
incapacitated from so doing he must comply with Sub-section (3) of that section and
deliver to his subordinate the prescribed order in writing. A verbal order given on the
spot will not fulfill the requirements of the section.

133. Procedure for Search
i.

At least two respectable witnesses of the locality shall be asked to be present at a
search. The search shall be conducted in their presence and the list of things seized
should be signed by the witnesses. The occupant of the place or his representative
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shall be allowed to be present during the search and a copy of the search list signed
by the witnesses shall be given to him.

ii.

When any person is searched under sub-section (3) of Section 100 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, a copy of the list of things taken possession of shall be given to
him. Before the commencement of the search, the person of the Police Officer and the
witnesses should be searched, so that there may not be suspicion of something
extraneous being planted in the house or the place to be searched.

iii.

The law does not require a search under the Code of Criminal Procedure to be made
only by daylight, but, normally, daylight should be awaited. If information is received
after dusk necessitating the immediate search of a house and if it is apprehended that
delay till daybreak might result in evidence being concealed or destroyed, the house
should be sealed and guarded and if that is not possible, search should be conducted
during the night itself. Before entering the premises to be searched, the exterior of the
place shall be inspected to see whether facilities exist for introducing property from
outside. Search must be systematic and thorough. Women should be allowed to
withdraw. Indiscriminate search and damage to property should be avoided.

iv.

A search list shall be prepared on the completion of the search in quadruplicate, all
the copies being signed by the Police Officer making the search and the witnesses to
the search. One copy will be handed over to the owner or occupant of the house, the
second copy should be sent to the Magistrate and the third copy should be sent with
the case diary to the superior officer to whom case diaries are sent. The fourth copy
will form the station record. If blank paper has unavoidably to be used, four copies of
the list should be made and dealt with as above affixing the fourth copy to search list
book, on return to the station.

Precautions for Conducting Searches
134. The following precautions should be taken while conducting searches:
i.

Searches, as far as possible be conducted during daytime, except when circumstances
otherwise warrant. Before proceeding to conduct a search, prepare a record indicating
reasonable grounds for making the search, the place to be searched, the thing or
things for which search is to be made, and why such thing or things cannot otherwise
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be obtained without undue delay.

ii.

Search report and one copy of the record so prepared without delay should be sent to
the Magistrate and duplicate copy to be submitted to the senior officer, and the third
copy be kept in case diary file. The Panchas and witnesses should be respectable and
inhabitants of the locality. When it is not practicable to do so and Panchas have to be
selected from any other place, make a record of the reason in case diary. Avoid
calling the same Panchas to witness several searches. If, for any reasons, the same
Panchas have witnessed more than one search, make a record of those reasons in case
diary. When the Panchas are selected, serve an order on each of them requesting them
to attend and witness the search.

iii.

Commence the search only after securing the presence of witnesses and explaining to
them the object of the search and the articles for which it is made. Before
commencing the search, call out the inmates and have their bodies searched observing
due formalities. Before commencing the search, request the occupants of the place to
be searched to be present and to attend the search. If the occupant is not willing or
fails to be present to attend the search, make a record of it in the search list and the
case diary.

iv.

If there is reasonably apprehension that the delay caused in securing the attendance of
the occupant frustrates the very object of search, proceed with the search in the
presence of whosoever present on his behalf and record the reasons for so proceeding,
in case diary and search list. Get yourself and the witnesses searched in the presence
of the owner or occupier or any other adult male member of the house, if available,
before the commencement of the search. When once the search is started, do not
allow persons inside the house to go out or those outside to come in. conduct the
search in each room in the actual presence of the witnesses.

v.

After the search is completed and the thing or things for which the search was
conducted and any other incriminating articles are fond or brought out, get yourself
and the witnesses again searched and make a record of it in the search list. Mention
clearly in the search list every item of property seized, the exact place where it was
found and how and by what means it was taken out from that place. Note in the
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search list the descriptive particulars and identification marks of the incriminating
articles recovered. Make out the search list on the spot even if no articles re seized.
Record the number of the house and other particulars including the occupant's name,
parentage and occupation.

vi.

Recover documents, if any, to prove the ownership or occupancy of the person from
the place where incriminating articles are recovered and record such recovery in the
search list. Sign with date on all pages of all copies of the search list and obtain the
signatures of the witnesses on all pages of all the copies. Give under acknowledgment
a copy of the search list immediately to the occupant of the house searched.

vii.

On completion of the proceedings send without delay one copy of the search list to
the jurisdictional Magistrate, attach another copy to the case diary of the relevant date
to be sent to your officer, file the third copy in your case diary file, and attach the
fourth copy to the final report to be sent to the court.

Custody of Property
135. According to Section 541 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, when any property
regarding which any offence appears to have been committed or which appears to have been
used for the commission of any offence is produced before any criminal court during any
inquiry or trial, the court may make such order as it thinks fit for the proper custody of such
property pending the conclusion of the inquiry or trial. If the property is subject to speedy or
natural decay or if it is otherwise expedient so to do, the court may, after recording such
evidence as it thinks necessary, order it to be sold or otherwise disposed of. Thus, this section
provides for the interim custody of property. The Magistrate, as a rule, will provide a place
for the safe custody of property seized in cases. If however, he refuses to take charge of it,
the police must be responsible for it. Such property should be kept under lock and key in a
lock-up cell or in an iron clamped box in custody of the treasury or sub-jail guard.

Disposal of Property if Court Declines to Take Possession
136. When a court or a Magistrate refuses to receive any property from the police or to pass
any order under Section 452 of the Code of Criminal Procedure regarding its disposal on the
ground that he does not believe that an offence has been committed in regard to it the
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following instructions should be followed:

a. The police shall retain the property sufficiently long to enable the parties to appeal to
a higher court against the court's or Magistrate's procedure.
b. If no application for revision is made nor order passed on revision, the police shall
return the property to the person from whom it was taken, unless there is obvious
objection to so doing.
c. In doubtful cases the police may apply for an order under Section 457 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure to the Magistrate having jurisdiction.
d. When no order can be obtained from a Magistrate or court an the ownership of the
property is in dispute or difficult of determination, the safest course will be for the
police to retain the property until one of the parties obtains the order of a court. Such
case shall be reported to the Director General for orders.
e. The police shall not hand over property seized in a criminal case to a person, other
than the one from whom it was taken, without the orders of a court or Magistrate.

Live-Stock
137. The seizure of live-stock by the police in criminal cases shall be forthwith reported to
the Magistrate for orders under Section 457 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Pending the
orders of the Magistrate regarding its disposal, the live-stock shall remain in the custody of
the police, but they may deliver it to the charge of the Village Officer or its owner to be
produced when required. The Magistrate having jurisdiction will be responsible for the cost
of its feeding in cases other than those in which it is handed over to the owner.

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Chapter 8

Scientific Aids to Investigation
Introduction
138. In order to make the investigations objective, impartial and value-neutral, use of various
scientific aids to investigations must be made. Systematic, scientific and in depth questioning
and interrogation techniques are primarily tools of investigation with police. The facts and
evidence so collected could be further substantiated and corroborated with the help of
scientific analysis and examination of various exhibits, items and materials available on the
scene of crime or collected during investigation.

139. The Scientific Techniques
I.A wide range of scientific techniques are now available for analysis of varied nature
of objects and materials encountered in the process of commission of crime by the
culprit in and around the crime scene, on the suspect and victim. The study of
such material evidence also known as objective evidence or physical evidence
applying latest scientific tools and techniques for proving the guilt or innocence of
the accused by the courts of law is broadly known as Forensic Science.

II.The applications/aid of science to the crime investigation is fundamentally one of
reconstruction, that is, trying to assist in determining what happened, where it
happened, when it happened, and who was involved. It is not concerned with, and
cannot determine, why something happened. Forensic analysis is performed on
evidence to assist the police and the court in establishing physical facts so that
criminal or civil disputes can be resolved. It is the job of the forensic scientist to
translate the legal inquiry into appropriate scientific questions, and to advice the
Investigating Officer and/or the judiciary on the capabilities, limitations and
results of the analytical techniques.

III.In forensic science, the laws of various facets of science are applied in conducting on
analysis to determine the nature and characteristics of Physical Evidence collected
in the process of crime or civil investigation. Using the scientific methods,
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inferences are drawn about how the evidence can be linked to crime and criminal.
These inferences are thus connected to the events that may or may not have taken
place in connection with said evidence. The law defines elements of a crime;
science contributes information to assist in determining whether an element is
present or absent.

IV.It is an established fact that the criminals while committing crimes either due to
carelessness or due to anxiety, or due to contact with other objects leave traces at
the scenes and these are the basis for scientifically exploiting their culpability.
This physical evidence when located, collected, preserved and forwarded for
scientific evaluation and report is bound to have enormous potential in linking the
criminal to the crime scene, victim or any other circumstances leading to the
crime. Moreover evidence collected and based on scientific evolution and report
is unbiased, universally acceptable and also stands the test of time.

140. Institutions to Provide Scientific Aids to Police
(a) Central Forensic Science Laboratory: The Central Forensic Laboratory is
situated at Delhi. Scientific aid, assistance, help and guidance can be obtained
from the experts of CFSL by the Investigating Officer in case of need and
urgency.

(b) State Forensic Laboratory (SFL) Every State has a State level Forensic
Science Laboratory with various wings along with regional or district
branches to provide scientific help to police on various subjects.

(c) Professor of Forensic Medicine & Medico-legal Services: The Professors
of Forensic Medicine working in Medical Colleges are responsible for
providing Medico-legal services to the investigating officers in the respective
districts. The services rendered by a medico-legal expert extend to both the
living and the dead individuals. 'Clinical Forensic Medicine' deals with the
medico-legal examination of the livings pertaining to wounds, sexual
offences, age determination, poisoning whereas the 'Forensic Pathology' deals
with that of the dead like autopsies, examination of mutilated/fragmentary
and skeletal remains, exhumation etc.
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(d) Clinical Forensic Medicine: Wounds cases are examined to decide the type
(eg. Abrasion), age and nature (simple/grievous) of the wound as well as the
type of the weapon (blunt/sharp) responsible for the same. In sexual offence
cases, both the accused and the victim are examined for signs of recent sexual
intercourse. Further, the accused in particular is examined for potency and the
victim for determination of her age, if required. Age determination is also
conducted in cases such as kidnapping, juvenile crime and disputed age
claims.

(e) Forensic Pathology: Dead bodies (whether fresh, decomposed or exhumed
and whether intact or fragmented and mutilated) as well as skeletal remains
can be examined for establishing the cause and time since death and for
possible clues to establish the identity of unidentified bodies. Injuries,
poisoning or asphyxia commonly causes unnatural or violent deaths while
disease processes cause natural or sudden deaths. A host of physical
characteristics and traits help in identification of the body while the onset and
progress of the post-mortem changes are of use in estimating the time that has
elapsed since death.

(f) Fingerprints Bureau (State Crime Records Bureau): The Director,
Fingerprints Bureau and his supporting staff at the head quarters and at Single
Digit Finger Print Sections at district level are responsible for lifting,
collecting and matching the finger prints in all criminal cases.

(g) Explosives/Bomb Disposal Experts: In all matters relating to explosive
substances the relevant agencies have to be contacted by the Investigating
officers in handling, investigating, defusion and disposal of explosive
substances.

(h) Miscellaneous Institutes: In every State there are institutions like Institute of
Preventive Medicine, Chemical Examiner-Prohibition & Excise, Government
Food Laboratories, and Government Drug Control Laboratories which
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provide help and assistance to the Investigating Officer in the respective
areas.

141. Purpose of Physical Evidence in Crime Investigation
I.

The word Physical Evidence denotes all evidence having certain physical
dimensions such as size, shape, pattern, length, width, height, volume etc., which
can be preserved, lifted, collected, packed and forwarded for scientific analysis to
the specialist concerned. Physical evidence can alternatively be called as material
evidence, objective evidence, circumstantial evidence or indirect evidence in
different contexts. Physical Evidence includes all naturally occurring substances
as well as machine/men made objects in the Universe.

II.

The goal of physical evidence examination is to provide useful information for
criminal investigators in solving crimes and for courts of law during the
adjudication of these cases. The following leads can be obtained from the
examination of physical evidence in the process of investigation.

III.

Information on the Corpus Delicti: The corpus delicti (literally means the "body
of the crime") refers to those essential facts which show that a crime has taken
place. For example, tool marks, broken doors or windows, ransacked rooms, and
missing valuables would be important in establishing that a burglary has taken
place. Similarly, in an assault case, the victim's blood, a weapon, or torn clothing
could be important pieces of physical evidence.

IV.

Information on the Modus Operandi (MO): Many criminals have a particular
modus operandi or (MO), which is their characteristic way of committing a crime.
Physical evidence can help in establishing an MO. In burglary cases, for example,
the point of entry, the means used to gain entry, tools that were used and articles
stolen may all establish an identifiable method of operation. In arson cases, the
types of accelerant used and the way the fires were set constitute physical
evidence that helps to establish the "signature" of an arsonist. Similarly the type
of explosive remnants, triggering devices, timing devices, containers and
composition of explosive substances used in the making of Bombs and IED's
establish the commonness of source/origin of Improvised Explosive Devices
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(IED's) in serial blast cases. Analysis of physical evidence is one important way
of linking cases in the investigation of a "serial" killer or rapist.

V.

Linking a Suspect with a Victim: This linkage is one of the most common and
important aspects that physical evidence can help to establish. Blood, hairs,
clothing fibers, cosmetics and other items from the victim may be transferred to a
perpetrator. Items found in a suspect's possession can sometimes be linked to a
victim, for example through the comparison of bullets with a weapon seized from
the suspect; the suspect can be linked with crime. It is also possible that evidence
is transferred from a perpetrator to a victim; in rape, murder and assault cases.

VI.

Linking a Person to a Crime Scene: This type of link is also one of the most
vital in a crime scene investigation. Numerous types of evidence may be
deposited by the person committing a crime, including fingerprints, foot prints,
blood, hair, fibers, and soil. In addition, the type of weapons or objects used may
also leave evidence, for example, bullets and cartridge cases or tool marks.
Depending on the type of crime, various kinds of evidence from the scene may be
carried away intentionally, as a stolen property and unintentionally as a transfer of
trace evidence such as carpet fibers or hairs on the criminal's shoes or clothing.
These materials are extremely useful in linking an individual to a particular crime
scene.

VII.

Disproving or Supporting a Witness' Testimony: Physical evidence analysis
can often indicate conclusively whether a person's version of a set of events is
credible, or whether an alibi put forth is convincing or not. For example, the
examination of a car, which fits the description of a hit and run vehicle, might
reveal blood on the underside of the bumper. If the owner of the vehicle claims he
hit a dog, laboratory tests on the blood can reveal whether the blood is from a dog
or from a human and further testing for DNA Profiling may reveal the truth
relating to the accident and victim.

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VIII.

Identification of a Suspect: The best evidence for identifying a suspect is his or
her palm prints and evidence such as blood, semen, saliva, skin tissues etc.
collected for DNA Finger Printing examination. A fingerprint found at a scene,
and later identified as belonging to a particular person, results in an unequivocal
identification of that person as having been at the scene. The term identification
when applied to people really means "individualization" (identifying a single
unique source).

IX.

Providing Investigative Leads: Physical evidence analysis can assist the
investigator in pursuing a productive path, by providing clues from the
characteristics of the physical evidence. In a hit-and-run case, for example,
examination of a chip of paint found in the victim's clothing could be used to
provide information on the colour and possibly the model and year, of the
automobile involved. With the rapid emergence of computerized fingerprint and
DNA data-bases, the ability of physical evidence to provide investigative leads
has increased enormously.

X.

Identification of a Substance: The results of examining a piece of physical
evidence can provide information on the identity of a particular substance. As
indicated above, this is a classification process. In its simplest form, such as in the
identification of cocaine, heroin, LSD, morphine or any other type of drug, it
meets the legal requirement for classification as a controlled substance.
Laboratory analysis of fibers can sometimes yield information on the
manufacturer of the fabric or garment. Simple identification of many types of
physical evidence can provide critical information for use in the investigation or
prosecution of a case.

XI.

Crime Scene Reconstruction: Transient evidence such as odour, temperature (of
car engine, fire debris etc), imprints, marks/stains; pattern evidence like blood
stain patterns, skid mark patterns, gun shot residue patterns, projectile trajectory
patterns, glass fracture patterns etc., and conditional evidence such as light,
smoke, fire, water, piled up news papers etc., will play a key role in
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reconstruction of the events surrounding the crime scene and the nature of
offence. Sometimes it may also give valuable leads regarding the perpetrator
based on the individual traits in relation to the evidentiary pattern.

Sources of Physical Evidence
142. The primary source of physical evidence is generally the crime scene but it is by no
means the only source. Many crimes occur over multiple scenes and many criminals carry
physical evidence away from the actual scene in addition to leaving evidence behind. The
victim, suspect and some times the witnesses are major sources of physical evidence. The
methodology of search depends on the case and the scene. The purpose of the search is to
look for clues and for evidence of what happened during the crime. It is not a random
groping in dark but rather a directed search for objects and materials. Recognizing, recording,
collecting, marking, packaging and preserving evidence discovered while searching a crime
scene is the basic essential duty of the investigating officer. In cases where the evidence is of
a common nature, i.e., evidence, which is not hidden and is easily collectable, without
expert's assistance, the Investigating Officer should invariably collect all possible forms of
physical evidence. For other kinds of evidence the investigator should take the assistance of
CLUES Team or medico-legal experts. Some types of physical evidence, which are hidden,
latent or fragile, require scientific procedures for location as well as collection and packing.
In such circumstances the involvement of CLUES team from the initial stages of inspection
is essential.

Significance of physical evidence
143. The major purpose of examination of physical evidence by a forensic scientist is to
identify or absolutely determine the nature of the material or to compare two substances in
order to know whether they possess the same characteristics and composition, with a view to
establish their commonness of origin.

(a) Identification: The absolute determination of the biological, physical or chemical nature
of a substance is the purpose of identification. This information helps the police officer to
secure leads for further investigation or confirm his hypothesis or draw certain inferences and
conclusions based on other circumstantial evidences, e.g.
1. Identification of specific poison in the viscera of a person who died under suspicious
circumstances.
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2. Identification of an inflammable material in the burnt clothing of young woman in a
dowry death case.
3. Identification of a reddish stain to be blood in a case where the suspect claims it to be
a vegetable stain or a synthetic dye.
4. Absolute determination of a white powder to be cocaine in case of illicit drug
trafficking.
(b) Comparison: The comparison of two or more substances, usually crime and control
specimens, is generally undertaken to establish commonness of origin (source) of the
materials involved. For example, the forensic scientist may assist in placing a suspect at a
particular location by matching similarities in the hair found at the crime scene to the hair
collected from the suspect. Similarly, comparison of a paint chip found on a road accident
victim's clothing with the paint removed from a suspected vehicle might prove its
involvement in the accident. Comparing chance fingerprints at the crime scene with the
fingerprints of the suspected persons may establish their association with the crime.

(c) Individual Characteristics: Evidence that can be traced to a common source with an
extremely high degree of probability is said to possess individual characteristics. Examples
of this type are the matching ridge characteristics of the fingerprints, the comparison of
random striation marks on bullets, tool marks, irregular and random tread patterns in tyre or
footwear impressions and handwriting for authorship determination.

(d) Class characteristics: Evidence is said-to possess class or group characteristics when it
can only be traced to a group and not to a single source. Here, probability is a determining
factor. Class characteristics help provide leads and corroborate evidence.

List of documents to be sent with exhibits
144. Following documents should be sent along with the covering letter while forwarding
exhibits of the FSL.

a) Forwarding letter/authorization letter of competent authorities (Order 549-8)
b) Letter of advice from Investigating Officers
c) Doctor's

Report

(post-mortem examination)

in

Toxicology

cases,

Medical

examination Report of victim and accused (if arrested) in rape and serology cases.
d) Confessional Statements of suspects/accused, statements of witnesses, etc., in
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Polygraph cases.
e) Inquest/Panchanama copies in Toxicology cases.
f) FIR copies where desirable.
g) Sample seal on a sheet of paper, or on forwarding letter/letter of advice.
h) Any other document relevant for examination

145. Forensic Science & Scientific aid to Investigation
1. Forensic science is a dynamic field comprising of mainly the application of various
branches of science to the administration of justice in a criminal justice system. The criminal
investigation is a team effort, where the Police and the Forensic Scientist have co-ordinate
role to play. The effective prosecution of a case can be achieved largely by
i.

Producing the evidence in a legally admissible form

ii.

Scientific examination and analysis of clue materials

iii.

Evaluating the result of scientific analysis and interpreting them and

iv.

Effective use of forensic findings in the prosecution.

2. The major contribution of forensic science is in the area of scientific examination and
analysis of evidence materials either collected from the scene of crime or obtained by the
investigating agency during the course of investigation. Further, significant contribution can
also be made to improve the efficiency of the investigation by the presence of the forensic
scientists at the scene of crime to precisely decide on the nature of clue materials on which
reliance could be placed either during the investigation and/or during the trial. Forensic
science has gained tremendous evidentiary value owing to the rapid development of science
and technology. The outstanding advancement of forensic science is in the area of DNA
(DEOXY RIBO NUCLEIC ACID) profiling on the basis of which it has become possible to
precisely fix the identity by analyzing tissues, bones, hairs, and body fluids including semen
of the accused or victim.

3. The Forensic Science Laboratory has great responsibility in aiding the investigation right
from the examination of scene of offence to the level of rendering evidence before the courts
of law in the system. The FSL primarily caters to the needs of investigation at various stages,
thereby producing an impaction the quality of investigation in the areas mentioned below:
•

Recognition of evidence materials at the scene of crime
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•

Collection and preservation of the clue materials so recognized

•

Analysis, examination and testifying the forensic findings and

•

Interpretation of the forensic results

146. Principles of Forensic Science
1. Principle of Exchange
This was the first and foremost concept that led to the systematic development of forensic
science. A French scientist Prof. Edmand Locard while working in the University of
Lausanne, Switzerland in 1928 proposed this theory, i.e. "When any two objects come into
contact, each of them will leave its traces on to the other". The transfer of traces may be in
the form of materials or impressions. Such transference may be large or small, visible or
invisible, detectable readily or difficult to detect. Nevertheless, transference does occur. It is
the responsibility of the investigating officer to search, locate and collect it.

2. Law of Individuality
Every object natural or man made, animate or inanimate has some individuality/uniqueness
of its own which is not repeated in any other objects. The natural objects are; human beings,
animals, plants, leaves, seeds, insects, wood, soil etc., whereas the man made objects are;
tools, guns, bullets, shoes, pens, paper, ink, pills etc.

3. Law of Progressive Change
Everything in the Universe undergoes a change as the time progresses.
People undergo change with the passage of time. Criminal disguise themselves or adopt alibi
to hide their identity. Witnesses also change as they become hostile, or get influenced to
change their earlier testimonies. Policemen also get transferred, promoted and go on
retirement. Likewise; judges also get transferred, promoted and go on retirement. Likewise
lawyers, prosecutors, places, crime scene also undergo various changes. Similarly the
materials/objects also undergo various changes and they become volatile and decomposed
due to chemical, physical and biological transformation.

4. Principle of Comparison
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The principle of comparison is based on the hypothesis that only like things can be
compared. No purpose will be served if comparison is made between black fiber and black
hair, grey hair and grey fiber, bullet .38 and bullet .32, nylon fiber and cotton fiber, Telugu
Writing- English Writing, etc.

5. Principle of Analysis
The analysis can be no better than the sample itself. Hence the importance of proper
collection of sample and also its integrity and chain of custody is of great significance.

6. Law of Probability
All identifications definite or indefinite are made consciously or unconsciously on the basis
of Probability.

Technical Application for Police Work
147. Enhancement of police efficiency and the professional competence necessitate that
adequate use of various technological aids, equipment and techniques is made in the working
of police functioning. This technical application has to be integrated with every aspect of
police working like investigation work, maintenance of Law and Order, arms and
ammunition along with communication and transportation. For an effective and efficient
technical application and technological advancement in the police functioning, the various
areas and units like FSL, training, security equipment and police functional aids should be
updated from time to time. There are many types of equipment which a modern police force
should have. These range from office equipments like fax, photocopiers, modern and
dynamic furniture, computers, internet to equipment like wireless, night vision devices, metal
detectors, bomb disposal equipment, binoculars, body protectors, bullet proof vests, tear gas,
arms and ammunition, cameras, recording devices etc., etc.

Technical Support, Equipment Upgrading of FSLs
148. Forensic Science Laboratories and the various wings including the chemical, biological,
physical and documents wings in addition to the normal equipment must have the following
equipment.
(A) Chemical Science Wing :
• UV Visible Spectrophotometer with PC (Range : 200-900/100)
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• Gas Chromatograph with Capillary facility Detector- FID+ECD+NPD
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography with PDAD Duel Pump
• Meter Electronic Balance (Range : 0-200 gm) (Sensitivity : 1x10)
• TLC Plate assembles and accessories
• Distillation set (E-Marck)
• Hot air Oven
• Refrigerators
• Cold Room
• Glasswares, Labwares & Chemicals etc.
(B) Biological Science Wing :
• Microscope
• Microtome Unit with accessories
• Balance (Electronic)
• Refrigerator
• Incubator
• Hot Air Oven
• Dissection set
• Centrifuge equipment
• X-Ray Machine
• Anthropology equipment

(C) Physical Science Wing :
• Comparison/Microscope & Accessories
• Measuring Equipment like Balance, Slide Calcipers, Screwgauges
• IR & UV Spectrometers
• Refractometer

(D) Document Science Wing :
• Stereo Microscope
• Wild M-8 Microscope
• Magnifying Lenses
• VSC-4 (Portable)
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• ESDA
149. Miscellaneous Police Equipment for Technical Support
(1) Explosive Detector
(2) Deep Search Mine/metal Detector
(3) Extension Search Mirror
(4) Night Vision Device
(5) Hand held metal detector
(6) Investigation Kit
(7) Portable X-ray unit
(8) Small Arm training stimulator
(9) Satellite telephone - Iridium
(10) Multi Shot riot gun
(11) Cellular phones
(12) Polygraph machine
(13) Bomb Blanket
(14) Bullet proof vehicle
(15) Breath Analyser
(16) Traffic radar for vehicle speed detection
(17) Search light
(18) Dogs- Tracker & Sniffer
(19) Binoculars
(20) Bullet proof jacket
(21) Bomb Disposal equipment
(22) Pollution measuring equipment
(23) Traffic signaling equipment
(24) Control Room Equipment.
(25) Porta Hut
(26) Body protector set - Poly Carbonate Sheet, Rubberised Baton, Riot Control Helmet
Self protection Aerosol spray
(27) Vehicle mounted Water
(28) Video Camera

Utility Contexts of Police Equipment
120

150. The following table presents a bird’s eye view on use and utility of various police
equipment.
S.

Name of Equipment

Utility

No.
1

Explosive Detector

2.

Mine

Sweeper/Deep

Useful for detection of explosives
Search Metal To locate mines and other metallic

Detector

devices buried under ground

3.

Mine Sweeper

Same (limited capability)

4.

Non linear Junction Detector

To detect and locate concealed
electronic active/passive devices. It
is to be used in combination with
Deep search Mine Detector and
Explosive Detector.

5.

Wire & Cable Locator WD-3.WD-4, For the detection of buried wire and
WD-5, MEL-1690

cable which are connected to IEDs
(improvised explosive devises)

6.

Optical Fiberscope search Kit

Used for covert viewing or for
searching small cavities. Where
explosives might have been hidden.

7.

Forensic Science Equipment

For Upgradation of State Forensic
Science Lab

8.

Door Frame Metal Detector (Portable & For the detection of ferrous & non
Fixed)

ferrous metals.

9.

Hand Held Metal Detector

Used for frisking

10.

Search Light

For carrying

out anti sabotage

checks
11.

Binocular

For Surveillance

12.

Extension Search Mirror

To search in accessible areas during
building search.

13.

Prodder

Useful in anti sabotage checks for
objects like flowerpots etc.

14.

TOOL Kit (Screw driver set cutter, plier, Useful in anti sabotage checks
tester, nylon rope, etc.
121

15.

Under -Vehicle Search Mirror

To search inaccessible areas under
the vehicles.

16.

Trained Explosive Sniffer Dogs

For the detection of concealed
explosives

17.

TFC Signalling Eqpt.

For City TFC

18.

Portable X-Ray Unit (RTVS)

For

checking

inside

Briefcases, closed

suspected

packets etc.

Images are viewed on a display
monitor.
19.

Polygraph Machine

For Lie detection test

20.

Breath Analyser

For alcohol detection testing

21.

Night vision devices

For night time surveillance in the
security areas.

22.

Self Protection Aerosol Spray

For self protection while escorting
criminals

23.

Bomb Truck

Transport

equipment

for

bomb

disposal
24

Bomb Blanket

Useful in suppressing bomb blast
effects hi emergency cases.

25.

Bomb Basket

Used for temporary holding of
suspected explosive devices.

26.

Bomb-suit

Guards against bomb explosion.

27.

RSP Tool Kit

Useful hi bomb disposal work

28.

Water Cannon(Bomb disposal)

To blast connection between power
source and explosive.

29.

Blasting machine

Same as above.

30.

Gas Gun

Same as above.

31.

Car Remote opening Tool Kit

To open a car from a distance

32.

Ice Tong

To pick up a suspected item.

33.

Radio Communication. Set

For communication- between bomb
squad members

34

Cellular Phone

For communication

35

Indium Satellite Phone

For long distance communication
122

using a portable set.
36.

Thermal Cutter

For cutting electrical connection in
a bomb

37.

Drilling Machine

For reaching spot where ED may be
kept.

38

Bullet proof Jackets Composite

Protection against bullets & ambush

39

Sniper rifle

To shoot terrorists from a distance

40

Bullet proof light vehicle

For protection from bullets &
ambush

41

Portahut

For temporary location of police
station

42

Rubberised baton

Light weight high impact, useful in
controlling mobs

43

Polycarbonate shield

Riot control

44

Vehicles Mounted Water canon

Non lethal, useful for mob dispersal

45

Investigation Kit

For scientific investigation

46

Control Room Equipment

For Police Control Room

47

Multi-shot riot gun

For quick firing of tear gas shells
while controlling mobs

48

Speedet

For Over speed detection

49

CC TV Systems

For

monitoring

unauthorised

intrusion
50

Alarm Systems

For perimeter security

51

Fire Arms Training system

For

training

of troops

without

expending ammunition.
52

Small Arms Trg. Simulator

For fire arms training indoors

53

Bomb disposal robotic vehicle

For remote controlled disposal of
bombs &. explosives

54

Vehicle immobiliser

To stop vehicles speeding away

55

Pollution Measuring Eqpt.

For city traffic

56

Frequency Jammer

For preventing IED s explosion
123

57

Vehicle tracking system with GPS

For auto tracking of police vehicles

58

Riot control helmets

For protection Of jawans

59

All terrain vehicle

For cross

country

troop

transportation
60

Tape Recorder

For evidence recording

61

Concealed Camera

For clandestine photography

62

Ultra Violet Lamp

For identifying fake currency

Technical Support Contexts
151. Every State Police Organisation should create and maintain such ancillary technical
agencies and services, under the overall control of the Director General of Police, as
considered necessary or expedient for promoting technical efficiency of the Police
organization. Such services should include a full-fledged Forensic Science Laboratory at the
State-level, a Regional Forensic Science Laboratory for every Police Range and a Mobile
Forensic Science Unit for every district, with appropriate equipment and trained manpower,
in keeping with the guidelines laid down by the Directorate of Forensic Science or the
Bureau of Police Research and Development of the Government of India.

Support Units for Technical Application
152. It should be the responsibility of the State Government to ensure regular maintenance of
all scientific equipment and regular replenishment of consumables in the forensic
laboratories and other technical support units. The State Government should take all
measures to encourage and promote the use of science and technology in all aspects of
policing. In order to achieve this, the State Government should appoint for the whole State or
any part thereof, one or more Directors of Police Telecommunication, not below the rank of
Deputy Inspector General of Police and as many Superintendents of Police and Deputy
Superintendents of Police as deemed necessary for manning and supervising various
technical support units.
152.1 The State Government should appoint for the whole state or any part thereof, one or
more Directors of Police Transport, not below the rank of Deputy Inspectors General of
Police, and as many Superintendents of Police and Deputy Superintendents of Police as
124

deemed necessary to assist them.

The Maintenance Contexts
153. The State Government shall ensure regular maintenance of all the needed equipment and
regular replenishment of consumables for the Police Tele-communication, the Police
Transport Services and other technical support units for an efficient and effective technical
application and technological utilization.

Chapter 9

Final Disposal & Completion of Investigation
Introduction
154. On the receipt of a report about the commission of a cognizable offence, an FIR is
registered at the police station. Thereafter the IO undertakes several steps for collecting
evidence against the accused person(s). If there is enough evidence against the accused
person(s), the case is sent for trial to the court of law, and if enough and sufficient evidence is
not available against the accused person(s), the police would close the investigation as Final
Report (FR); and the case file will be sent to the court for approving the investigation. This
whole process is called Investigation.

155. Quick & Early Completion of Investigation
(i) Section 173 CrPC lays down that every investigation by police made under Chapter XII
Cr.P.C. shall be completed without unnecessary delay. All investigations must be completed
within the time limit provided under section 468 CrPC. No court will take cognizance of an
offence after the expiry of that period. The period of limitation is as follows:
•

Six months if the offence is punishable with fine only;

•

One year, if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term not-exceeding
one year;

•

Three years, if the offence is punishable with imprisonment not exceeding three
years,
125

(ii) The prosecution will have to explain the reasons for the delay if the charge sheet is filed
after the expiry of the period of limitation. The Court has to be satisfied with reasons
adduced for delay. Sections 469 to 472 CrPC deal with the commencement of limitation,
exclusion of time in certain cases etc.

(iii) As per section 167(5) CrPC, when the police officer arrests a person in a summons case
and if the investigation is not completed within 6 months and whether the person is on bail or
in custody, the magistrate is competent to order the closure of the investigation and on such
order further investigation is not allowed unless ordered by the session court. Therefore in
such cases, it must be ensured that the investigation is completed within that period.

(iv) Section 167(2)(a) CrPC empowers the Court to order release of the accused in custody if
the charge sheet is not filed within 60 days or 90 days as the case may be. Hence, the IO
should complete the investigation in the above cases within the time prescribed. If the
investigation could not be completed within the said period of 60 or 90 days the accused will
be entitled for bail. Care must be taken to speed up investigation in such cases if the accused
is to be continued in remand. However, incomplete charge sheet shall not be filed for the
sake of keeping the accused in remand.

(v) Sections 173(8) Cr.P.C. provides for a supplementary or additional charge sheet. This
provision is not a substitute for original charge sheet. This provision is meant for filing a
subsequent charge sheet only when there is fresh and further evidence about the offence or
offender, which is not known at the time of filing the first charge sheet.

Charge Sheets
156. If, upon the completion of an investigation, it appears to the Officer-in-charge of a
Police Station that there is sufficient evidence to warrant the filing of charge sheet against the
accused, he will submit to the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence, a
charge sheet setting forth therein the names of the parties with their full addresses and of the
persons, who appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, stating whether the
accused (if arrested) has been forwarded in custody or has been released on bond, and, if so,
whether with or without sureties. The names of such of the accused as are absconding should
be entered in red ink in the appropriate column of the charge sheet. Care should be taken to
126

see that all the columns in the charge sheet are filled in properly. No column should be left
blank. The officer-in-charge of the Police Station shall also communicate the action taken by
him to the person, if any, by whom the information relating to the commission of the offence
was first given. Once the investigation is completed and a prima facie case is made out, there
should be no delay in the submission of the charge sheet.

157. Features of Charge Sheet and its Preparations
i.

The charge should be brief but at the same time clear. The date, time and place of
offence should invariably be mentioned in the charge. In simple cases, the charge
sheets shall be prepared by Sub-Inspectors in consultation with the Inspector, where
necessary. In cases involving complicated points of law, the charge sheets should be
prepared in consultation with the Assistant Public Prosecutor, and also the Public
Prosecutor, where necessary. In important and complicated cases, it is advisable to
consult the assistant Public Prosecutor or Public Prosecutor, if necessary, even at the
stage of investigation, in order to enable the Investigating Officer to conduct the
investigation on proper lines and to collect the type of evidence required by law to
bring home the guilt of the accused.

ii.

In every case in which an accused person previously convicted of an offence
punishable under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII of the Indian Penal Code with
imprisonment of either description for a term of three years or upwards, is prosecuted
for an offence punishable under either of the two chapters, with like imprisonment,
Section 75 of the Indian Penal Code should be added in the charge-sheet.

iii.

While all documents or relevant extracts thereof on which the prosecution proposes to
rely other than those already sent to the Magistrate during investigation and the
statements recorded under section 161 Cr.P.C. of all the persons whom the
prosecution proposes to examine as its witness should be forwarded to the Magistrate
along with the report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The
investigating officer should furnish to the accused copies of the documents.

iv.

If the Police officer is of the opinion that any part of statements recorded under SubSection (3) of Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not relevant to the
subject matter of the inquiry or trial or that its disclosure to the accused is not
127

essential in the interest of justice and is inexpedient in the public interest, he shall
exclude such part from the copy of the statement furnished to the accused, and in such
a case, he shall make a report to the Magistrate stating his reason for excluding such
part.

158. Absconders and Proclaimed Offenders
i.

Where an accused person against whom a charge sheet is being filed is absconding,
the officer-in-charge of the Police Station shall append a note on the charge sheet
itself requesting the Magistrate to issue a non bailable warrant for the apprehension of
the accused. If the warrant cannot be executed within a reasonable time, the Station
House Officer or the Investigating Officer shall move the court for instituting
proceedings under Sections 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. If it is
proved that there is no immediate prospect of arresting the accused even after action
has been taken under section 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court
may, in the absence of the accused, examine the witnesses produced on behalf of the
prosecution and record their depositions under Section 299 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure. If, at any future time, the accused person is apprehended or appears before
the court, the case against him shall be revived and dealt with according to law. Any
such deposition recorded in the absence of the accused may, on the arrest of such
person, be given in evidence against him in the inquiry into or trial of the offence
with which he is charged, if the deponent is dead or incapable of giving evidence or
his attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay, expense or
inconvenience which, under the circumstances of the case, would be unreasonable.

ii.

Where there are several accused persons in a case and only some of them have
appeared or have been produced before the court and the presence of the other
accused cannot be secured within a reasonable time, steps should be taken to move
the Magistrate to proceed with the case against such of the accused as have appeared
and dispose it of according to law reserving the right of the State to proceed against
the other accused, when their presence is secured.

iii.

Proclamation orders under Section 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure can be
issued against any person for whose arrest the Magistrate has issued a warrant. The
Investigating Officer has only to convince the court that the warrantee is evading
128

arrest and has gone into hiding and that the warrant could not be executed. Hence, the
initiative has to be taken by the Investigating Officer. Once the proclamation orders
are issued they should be immediately promulgated. Orders of attachment under
Section 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure can also be issued simultaneously
along with the proclamation orders. The period of 30 days mentioned in Section 82 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure is the time allowed to the accused to surrender. The
Court issuing a proclamation under Section 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
may at any time order the attachment of any property moveable or immovable both
belonging to the proclaimed person. Attachment should be carried out promptly after
the proclamation has been properly made and the property of the proclaimed person
seized before he has time to transfer, alienate, mortgage or conceal them.

iv.

It is necessary that the proclamation order issued under Section 82 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure should be widely published in the manner provided for in that
section. In order to facilitate the arrest of an absconding warrantee or a proclaimed
offender, it is also necessary that an effective watch is maintained over his
harbourers. Persons who willfully or knowingly harbor such offenders could be
prosecuted under Section 216 of the Indian Penal Code. It is, therefore, necessary that
the widest publicity is given to the proclamation order issued under Section 82 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure so that its knowledge can be conclusively proved against
the harbourers for his successful prosecution under Section 216 of the Indian Penal
Code.

v.

The Station House Officer should not be satisfied or rest content that the formalities
under Sections 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure have been gone through.
As long as the proclaimed offender's name is on the list of proclaimed offenders of
his station, he and his station staff are responsible for finding out where he is and who
is harboring him. If the proclaimed offender is learnt to be in the jurisdiction of
another station, he should forthwith inform the Station House Officer of the other
station to arrest him. Preferably, he can proceed himself or in unavoidable
circumstances send his subordinates immediately to arrest the wanted person with the
help of the other station staff.

129

159. Duty of SHO and IO
i.

The charge sheet shall be prepared, forwarded and presented to the court only by the
SHO/I.O. The IO should prepare report giving the details of the case, discuss the
nature of evidence and the liability or otherwise of each accused, the probable
defence and its plausibility or otherwise and finally the action proposed by him.

ii.

The IO while considering the case should not act as a mere post office to transmit
each and every case to the Court. At the same time it is also not desirable that he
should usurp the function of the trial court by examining the evidence inch by inch.
Availability of sufficient evidence does not mean sufficient ground for conviction but
such evidence as would be sufficient to put the accused on trial. Where there is
reasonable doubt, as to what evidence is to be believed, it is better the SHO sends the
case to the Court which is the proper authority to resolve the doubt. Where two views
are possible the case should be sent for trial.

iii.

After completion of the investigation the SHO shall forward the file to the APP for
his opinion whether the material is sufficient to charge the case and also to discuss
with the APP in person. The APP after perusing the case file shall give his opinion.
If further investigation is necessary he shall give his opinion in accordance with the
guidelines. If the material is sufficient for charge sheet, he shall give a draft charge
sheet. On receipt of the same the SHO shall file charge sheet or investigate further as
the case may be. If further investigation is carried out it will be once again submitted
to the APP for charge sheet. In small and simple cases, the SHO may file charge
sheet himself but where the police expect the APP to conduct the prosecution
successfully and with responsibility, the above procedure shall be followed.

iv.

In case of all grave crimes and in sessions cases the SDPO should submit the file for
orders to SP/Additional SP with his comments.

Juvenile Offenders
160. When a juvenile accused is arrested or prosecuted, information about the age of such
accused should invariably be furnished to the court by the Police officer taking action in the
case to enable the court to determine the age of the accused.
130

161. Sanction for Prosecution
i.

Sections 195 to 199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure mention the cases of which
the courts shall not take cognizance without the sanction of, or complaint by some
competent authority. In such cases, it should be seen that the required sanction is got
when the investigation is completed and the original sanction should be attached to
the charge sheet when laid in the court.

ii.

Prosecutions under Section 182 or Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code should not
be initiated without the orders of the Superintendent or the Sub-Divisional Police
officer. For prosecutions under Section 182, Indian Penal Code, a complaint in
writing should be made to the Magistrate having jurisdiction by the officer who
registered the case, his successor or his immediate superior officer under Section
195(1) (a), Criminal Procedure Code. Presentation of charge sheets in such cases is
illegal, as the court has to take cognizable directly under section 190Cr.PC.

iii.

No prosecution for an offence punishable under Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code
shall be launched, when such offence is alleged to have been committed in, or in
relation to a proceeding in any court except on the complaint in writing of such court
or some other court to which such court is subordinate.

162. Final Reports
i.

If, after the completion of an investigation, the Investigating Officer considers that in
spite of all steps taken, there is no prospect of obtaining any further clue and that
nothing more can be done in the case, he will submit a final report treating the case as
undetectable, unoccured, without sufficient evidence or report made due to genuine
misunderstanding. But, in instances where cases have to be referred as mistake of
fact, mistake of law, civil in nature or false, the final report should be submitted
forthwith. In cases where accused person or persons dies/die before the completion of
investigation and no person or persons can be charged, a final report should be sent to
the Magistrate having jurisdiction.

ii.

Cases must not be reported as false unless they are clearly so. Mere probability will
131

not suffice. Delay in referring cases as false must be particularly avoided, and cases in
which there has been serious delay must be returned as undetectable, unless fresh
facts are elicited demonstrating them to be false. In cases disposed of under Section
173 and proviso (b) to sub-section (1) of Section 157 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, including charged cases, the police have to serve a notice on the
complainant or informant and forward the duplicate, duly endorsed, with the final
report to the Magistrate. In cases in which investigation is refused, a copy of the
notice will be attached to the First Information Report sent to court. Final reports
have to be sent through the Circle Officer who is bound to forward them to the
Magistrate without delay, noting upon them any orders issued to the Station House
Officer and any remarks that he may have to offer. The Inspector may order the
Station House Officer to make further inquiry or do so himself.

Order of Magistrates on Final Reports
163. On receipt of a final report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
referring a case as false, mistake of fact or law, or civil nature or undetectable, the Magistrate
may order further investigation, but it is not open to him to direct the police to charge the
case against their own report. The Magistrate has powers to take action himself under Section
190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, if he is not satisfied with the report of the police in
such a case. The fact that a final report has been sent in a case reporting it as undetected is no
bar to further investigation. Further investigation may be taken up suo moto in such cases, if
any fresh clues are forthcoming or under orders of a superior officer. It must be noted that the
police are to lay charge-sheets only in cases investigated by them.

Appeal Against Acquittal
164. The procedure prescribed for filing appeals and revisions in respect of cases ending in
acquittal or discharge in the Magistrate's or Sessions Courts should be adopted for making
appeals and revision in the concerned courts. In cases ending in acquittal in the High Court,
the Advocate General within 10 days from the date of the judgment will forward one copy of
the judgment with his remarks whether or not, there are grounds for preferring an application
for a certificate under article 134 or for the grant of special leave under article 136 of the
Constitution to the Law Department and send another copy with a copy of his remarks to the
132

Director of Prosecutions who while keeping the Superintendent informed, may furnish his
remarks, if any, direct to the Law Department.

165. Withdrawal of Cases
(1) According to section 321 Cr PC the Public Prosecutor in charge of a case may with the
consent of the Court, at any time before the judgment is pronounced , withdraw from the
prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences
for which he is tried, provided that - where
i.

such offence was against any law relating to a matter within the executive power of
the Union, extends or

ii.

it was investigated by the Delhi Special Police Establishment, or

iii.

the accused involved in misappropriation or destruction or damage to any property
belonging to the Central Government, or

iv.

the offence was committed by a person in the service of Central Government while
acting in discharge of his official duty and the prosecutor in charge of the case has not
been appointed by the Central Government, he shall not, unless he has been permitted
by the Central Government to do so, move the court for its consent to withdraw from
the prosecution.

(2)

The Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public

Prosecutor

is

bound

to

receive

instructions of the Government regarding the withdrawal of the case from the court.
(3) The opinion of the Superintendent of Police concerned will be taken by the Government
through the Home Department before taking a decision for withdrawal of the case.
(4) The Public Prosecutor has to make out grounds which would show that the prosecution
is sought to be withdrawn because inter-alia the prosecution might not be able to produce
sufficient evidence to sustain the charge or that the prosecution does not appear to be well
founded or that there are other circumstances which clearly show that the object of
administration of justice would not be advanced or furthered by going on with the
prosecution. The ultimate guiding consideration must be the interest of administration of
justice.

Strictures
166. In the case of judgments in which there are strictures, the following action should be
133

taken 1) As soon as a judgment in a criminal case filed by the police is concluded in the court,
the concerned Prosecutor and the Investigating Officer will examine the judgment for
any strictures or other remarks, either generally on the investigation or prosecution of
the case or especially against any Police Officer or other Government servant.
2) When there are strictures or other remarks, the Prosecutor will at once obtain a copy
of the judgment and send it with his remarks to the Deputy Director of Prosecutions
who will then examine the judgment and forward it to the concerned Range Inspector
General of Police and Commissioner of Police with his report and arrange to take
appropriate action against the concerned Police Officer for the judicial strictures
passed against them. He will then submit the records to the Director General along
with his report indicating the nature of action taken in the matter.
3) In the case of strictures or other remarks in judgments pronounced by the High Court,
the Advocate General will send with his comments, a copy of the judgments to the
Director of Prosecutions who will transmit them to the Director General along with
his remarks for appropriate action.
4) The Superintendent while furnishing his remarks required under Sub-Order (2) will
specifically mention whether or not the strictures or remarks are justified; and if
unjustified, what action he has taken for their expunction. The IGP will also furnish
his specific opinion in that behalf.
5) If any strictures or other adverse remarks, either against a Police Officer generally on
the investigation or prosecution of the case, are wholly unjustified or excessive or
deserve expunction, the Superintendent will take prompt action to

obtain the

opinion of the Advocate-General and for addressing the Government for sanction
to move the High Court, for expunction.
6) If the Advocate General makes a recommendation and the Government sanction the
filing of a revision for the expunction of the strictures or other remarks, the
Superintendent should promptly send to the Director General a copy of the
Government order and make available to the Advocate General all relevant records he
may require in that behalf for filing the revision.
7) If the Advocate General does not make a recommendation and the Government
consider that no action is called for, the opinion of the Advocate General and the
orders of the Government will indicate to what extent the strictures or other remarks
are justified.

The Superintendent will then take appropriate action against the
134

defaulting Police Officers.
8) When a revision is filed in the High Court for the expunction of the strictures or other
adverse remarks, the Superintendent will obtain from the Advocate General, a copy of
the judgment and send it to the Director General.
9) If the High Court dismisses the revision petition refusing to expunge the strictures or
other remarks, and observes that they are justified, the Superintendent will take
appropriate action for their avoidance in the subsequent cases and also institute
departmental proceedings against the defaulting Police Officers. He will send a report
of action taken to the Director General.
10) Every Commissioner/ Range Inspector General and Superintendent of Police will
maintain a register of judicial strictures and commendations. The registers are useful
for the officers to have an overall impression of the judicial appreciation of the
standards of investigation and prosecution in a district.
11) The Inspecting Officers at the time of their inspections will ensure that the registers
have

been

properly

maintained

by

the

Commissioner/Inspector

General/Superintendent and that he has issued appropriate instructions for improving
the investigation and prosecution in his district/range. The Inspecting Officers will
make a specific mention about their having checked the register, in their inspection
notes.
12) The law section will examine the judgment and the remarks furnished by the various
officers and take action for the issue of appropriate instructions by law circulars and
law bulletins, for the rectification of the defects and lapses pointed out in the
judgment.
13) All departmental action arising out of judicial strictures in the judgment of courts will
be pursued by the crime section of the Chief Office till final disposal.

135

Chapter 10

Prosecution of Cases
Introduction
167. Investigation and prosecution are two important aspects of the criminal justice system.
Investigations are handled by police and the prosecution matters are handled by prosecutors.
Police, after conducting the investigation of a case, sends it to the court of law for trial. The
prosecutors of various categories assist the respective courts in the conduct of trials of the
cases. Every State Government, therefore, has to maintain a regular cadre of prosecutors. The
Head of the prosecution department is known as Director Prosecution and the department is
known as Directorate of Prosecution.

Organisational Set Up
168. The State Directorate is headed by the Director of Prosecutions. He is assisted in the
administration of the Department by Add, Joint and Deputy Directors. The Directorate
consists of Public Prosecutors including Additional Public Prosecutors, Senior Assistant
Public Prosecutors and Assistant Public Prosecutors.

Director of Prosecutions
169. The Director of prosecution is head of department of the prosecution wing. His powers,
functions and duties are following:
a) To exercise powers of supervision and control over the work of the Joint Directors,
Deputy Directors, Assistant Public Prosecutors, the Senior Assistant Public
Prosecutors and Assistant Public Prosecutors;
b) To give advice and instructions to the Senior Assistant public Prosecutors and
Assistant Public Prosecutors in the conduct of prosecutions, who shall abide by his
advice and instructions;
c) To review the work of the Deputy Directors, Public Prosecutors, Senior Assistant
Public Prosecutors and Assistant Public Prosecutors and send reports thereon to the
department of Law and Parliamentary Affairs through the Director General of Police;
d) To tender opinion and advice to the Director General of Police on any matter
136

connected with the conduct of prosecution or investigation;
e) To send periodical reports and returns to the Director General of Police and the
Government in the Department of Law and Parliamentary Affairs;
f) generally to act in close co-operation and co-ordination with the Director General of
Police in all matters connected with the conduct of prosecutions in Magistrates Courts
and also with the work connected with the working of the Director of Prosecutions.

170. Public Prosecutor and Assistant Public Prosecutors
I. The Public Prosecutors are appointed in accordance with the provisions of
section 24 of the code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The Public Prosecutor
appears for the State and conducts prosecution in all session's cases, contests
bail application, and argues appeal and criminal miscellaneous petitions in the
Sessions Court and gives advice on legal matters.

II. The Assistant Public Prosecutors are appointed in accordance with the
provisions of If section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The
Assistant Public Prosecutors conduct prosecutions in the Magistrates' Courts. It
shall be the duty of the APPs to advise the Investigating Officers in case advice
is sought for.

III. It shall be their duty to properly examine the statements recorded by the
Investigating Officer and the charges suggested. If a lacuna is found in the
investigation, they must request the Investigating office to rectify the matter.
This should be done as far as possible through discussions. In case there is a
difference between the Investigating Officer and the Prosecutor, the matter
should be reported to the concerned Superintendent of Police who would take it
up with the Deputy Director.

IV. It shall be the duty of the Public Prosecutor to advise the Investigating Officer
during the investigation of a Sessions case when so requested by the
Investigating Officer and it shall be further his duty to scrutinize the charge
sheet in cases where the charges are exclusively triable by the Court of
Sessions. Prosecutors should take utmost care in properly presenting the case
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before the Court after studying the case adequately and interviewing the
witnesses to be examined in the Court.

V. The Prosecutor, before presenting a charge-sheet, should carefully scrutinize it
and ensure that it has been properly prepared, the accused have been charged
under correct sections of law and that all the witnesses necessary for proving the
prosecution case have been cited. It is his responsibility to obtain from the
Investigating Officer, all necessary instructions before the presentation of the
charge-sheet and be prepared to go on with the conduct of the case on the day
the charge-sheet is presented to the Court.

VI. The Prosecutor as well as the Investigating Officer should bear in mind the
relevant provisions regarding limitations for taking cognisance of certain
offences as laid down in Chapter 36 of the Criminal Procedure Code Section
467 to 473. Here, Section 468 Cr.P.C. specifies the period for taking cognisance
of an offence. Section 469 lays down as to when the period of limitation should
begin to run in relation to an offence. Section 470 prescribes rules regarding
exclusion of time while computing the period of limitation. Section 471
provides for the exclusion of the day when the Court is closed. Section 472 lays
down the period of limitation in cases of continuing offences. Section 473 lays
down as to when the period of limitation may be extended on a proper
explanation of the delayer in the interest of justice.

VII. With regard to charge-sheeting of a case, where any person is arrested and
detained in custody and the investigation can not be completed in 24 hours, the
provisions of Section 167 Cr.P.C. Sub-Section 2 should be kept in mind.

Co-ordination Contexts of Police and Prosecution
171. Registration of Cases, investigations and filing of charge sheets are the areas where
police and prosecution are required to co-ordinate their duties in mutuality.

Consultation with the Prosecutors
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172. The Investigating Officer must consult the Prosecutors in the following cases:(a) Cases which are exclusively triable by the Court of Sessions;
(b) Cases under section 120-B IPC;
(c) Cases under section 121 to 130 IPC;
(d) Cases under section 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 242 to 250, 252, 253,254, 256 to 263 A
IPC.
(e) Cases under section 295-A, 296 and 297 IPC;

(f)

Cases under section 304-A, 330, 332, 353, 363, 365 IPC;
(g) Cases under section 393, 394, 406 to 409, 419 and 420 IPC.
(h) Cases under section 465 to 468, 471 to 477 and 477-A IPC.
(i) When a case and counter case are registered and a decision has to be taken, whether both
the cases have to be charge-sheeted or only one of them;
(j) Cases involving complicated questions of law / fact;
(k) Cases under the E.C.Act 1955;
(l) Any other case where the IO/SDPO/DCP/SP desire that the Prosecutor should be
consulted;
(m) Any case where the Prosecutor/Director/Deputy Director of Prosecutors considers that
such consultation is necessary.

172.1 In respect of the cases referred to above, while sending the charge-sheets to the APPs
the Investigating Officer should give sufficient time to the Prosecutor to scrutinize the
charge-sheets. Along with the charge-sheet, the Investigating Officer should send the case
diary file to the PP/APP to enable him to study the papers for scrutinizing the charge-sheet. If
there is a difference of opinion between the Investigating Officer and the Prosecutor on any
matter pertaining to investigation or prosecution, such matters should be referred to the
Superintendent of Police, who shall take it up with the Deputy Director for further advice.

173. Trial Contexts
(a) Sessions Case: District level senior police officers should attend the trial in Sessions
Court in important cases. Probationary Police Officers under training should attend the
Sessions trial as many times as possible. The Inspector General of Police / Deputy Inspectors
General during their inspection will satisfy themselves that attendance has been satisfactory
and not omitted without good reasons. The IO/SHO should invariably cause the process
issued to witnesses served well in time and produce the served process three days prior to the
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date of trial before the court under intimation to the public prosecutor and send the case diary
file to him in advance. The Investigating Officer should assist the Public Prosecutor at least
two days in advance of the commencement of the Sessions trial in ascertaining from the
witnesses what they would be stating in Court, and what exhibits have to be marked through
them. The Investigating Officer should give all facilities to the Public Prosecutor to visit the
scene of occurrence. The Investigating Officer should also make enquiries and furnish
relevant material to the Public Prosecutor for the cross examination of defence witnesses.

(b) In other cases: The Investigating Officer should give all facilities to the APP to visit the
scenes of occurrences in important cases and give him necessary instructions for conducting
the prosecutions. During the course of trial, for the purpose of conducting prosecution in the
case, if the Prosecutor requires the case diary file for his study and reference, the
Investigating Officer should send the case diary file in advance, to the APP and also give him
personal instructions, if necessary. The Investigating Officer should personally attend the
Court on all dates of hearing, particularly in contested cases, unless he is held up on any
other urgent duty, in which case, one of the ASIs/HCs should be sent to the court with the
case diary in time to meet the Sr.APP/APP. The Investigating Officer should assist the APP
in ascertaining from the witnesses what they would be stating in court, instructing him which
documents are to be marked as prosecution exhibits and what items of property should be
exhibited and ensure that the prosecution is presented in the best possible manner. The
Investigating Officer should also make enquiries and furnish materials to the Sr.APP/APP for
the cross-examination of defence witnesses. In regard to the execution of processes and
production of witnesses or documents in connection with any enquiry or trial, it shall be the
duty of all the concerned police officers to render every assistance to the prosecuting agency.

174. Examination of Witnesses in Court
I.

The handling of witnesses in court calls for a technique different from that
employed in the interrogation of persons during an investigation. The Prosecutor
aims at establishing the guilt of the person known to be the culprit as a result of
the investigation.

II.

Examination-in-chief, cross examination and Re-examination: Examination of
witnesses in court is governed by the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act. A
witness is first examined by the party that calls him and this is called his
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examination-in-chief. The opposite party is then entitled to cross-examine him,
after which he may be re-examined by the party calling him, if it so desires.
Examination and cross-examination must relate to relevant facts, but the crossexamination need not be confined to the facts to which the witness testified in his
examination-in-chief. The re-exanimation should be directed only to the
explanation of matters referred to in the cross-examination. If, however, any new
matter is, by the permission of the court, introduced in the re-examination, the
opposite party may further cross-examine the witness upon that point.

III.

Handling of the witnesses : It is essential that before the trial of inquiry
commences, the Prosecutor in-charge of the case, must prepare his case and know
what his witnesses are going to state in the court. He should, therefore, interview
each witness well in time and ascertain from him the facts to which he would
testify in the court and instruct him how he should behave in the court. He should
be cautioned keep his temper, to answer questions distinctly and in a natural
manner, and not to volunteer more information than is asked of him. A timid or
nervous witness would need encouragement, while a self-opinionated, loquacious
one must be warned against making his answers unnecessarily long or speaking
about matters regarding which he has not been questioned.

IV.

During this preliminary interview, the Prosecutors should make it a point to
anticipate questions which may be put to his witnesses in cross-examination and
put those questions to the witnesses and find out what answers they have to give.
This would help them to face the defence lawyers' cross-examination in court
with confidence. There should, however, be no attempt to tutor witnesses. A
tutored witness is apt to perjure himself in court and damage even a good and true
case.

V.

The Prosecutor must not produce in court more witnesses than are actually
essential to prove his case. No particular number of witnesses is required for the
proof of any fact (Section 134 of the Evidence Act). It is the quality and not the
quantity that matters.

VI.

After a prosecution witness has entered the box, the very first thing that the
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Prosecutor should do is to put him at ease. It must be realised that few persons
will be free from flurry when figuring as a witness in court. It is, therefore
essential that the Prosecutor should create confidence in his witness by his
demeanour, by the form in which he frames his questions and by the manner in
which he asks them. His tone should be modulated and reassuring. The witness
should, as a rule, be permitted to tell his own story, but the Prosecutor should
make sure that all important facts are clearly brought out. He should avoid
technical terms as well as difficult and high-sounding words.

VII.

The Prosecutor should handle his witnesses

according

to

their

nature. An

overzealous, garrulous witness, for example, should never be allowed to tell his
own story, for by so doing, he is likely to expose himself to severe crossexamination. The effort should be to keep such a witness well to the point and
compel him merely to answer the questions that are put to him. A stupid or timid
witness will require great patience and good humour. Any display of anger will
only add to his confusion.

VIII.

Leading questions : It is a rule of evidence that no leading question should be put
to a witness in the examination-in-chief, except with the permission of the court.
This does not apply to matters which are introductory or undisputed or which
have been already sufficiently proved (Section 142 of the Evidence Act). In fact,
questions in respect of introductory and undisputed matters are best asked in the
form of leading questions, as it will expedite the trial and tend to infuse
confidence in the witness. When, however, the main issues of the case are
reached, the rule against leading questions should be strictly adhered to, though,
in exceptional cases, when ordinary questions have failed to elicit a detail the
court may permit the Prosecutor to lead the witness to the extent necessary to
make him recall the point omitted.

IX.

Hostile witness : When a witness shows himself to be opposed to the side which
has called him or adopts an attitude contrary to the truth, the court may, in its
discretion, permit the side to treat him as a hostile witness and cross-examine him
(Section 154 of the Evidence Act). But this permission will not be lightly given.
The general attitude of the witness and his demeanor, and the trend of his
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evidence as a whole must indicate his hostility to his side or desire to conceal the
truth. If the court gives the permission, the side that called him may crossexamine him and may put him questions to contradict him and impeach his credit.
Section 154 of the Evidence Act does not in terms or by necessary implication,
confines the exercise of the power of the court before the examination-in-chief is
concluded or to any particular stage of the examination of the witness, but is wide
in scope. The discretion is entirely left to the court to exercise the power, when
circumstances demand. A witness who has deposed favourably or not
unfavourably to the case of the party calling him, may in the course of his crossexamination, show marked predilection to give answers sought or expected by the
interrogator or otherwise disclose a hostile animus against the party calling him.
A clever witness may in his examination-in-chief conform to what he has stated
earlier to the police or in the committing court but in cross-examination introduce
statements in a subtle way contradicting in effect what he has stated in
examination-in-chief. The court can permit the prosecution to cross-examine such
witnesses under Section 154 of the Evidence Act at any stage of their
examination, as Section 137 of the Evidence Act, which lays down the sequence
of examination-in-chief, cross examination and re-examination, has no relevance
to the question as to when a party calling a witness can be permitted to put to him
questions under Section 154 of the

X.

Cross examination : The Prosecutor must closely follow the cross-examination
of his witness by the opposite side, as that would often enable him to discover the
accused's line of defence. He must take exception in time to any improper
questions that might be put by the defence lawyer. Questions which assume facts
to have been proved, which have not been proved or that particular answers have
been given contrary to the fact, are not allowed in cross-examination. An
inveterate abuse is the grouping of several questions, admitting of different
answers into one long composite question and a demand of a categorical answer
"Yes" or "No". With such a question, even a cool witness is misled and puzzled.
Exception should be taken to such composite and answering questions. The
Prosecutor should promptly decompose the composite question into several parts
and put each part to the witness.

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XI.

If the Prosecutor finds that any of his witnesses has been made to give any
misleading statement or that any point has been purposely left obscure, he should
clear it in re-examination. After the examination of his witnesses is over, the
Prosecutor has to prepare himself for the cross-examination of defence witness to
destroy the effect of the evidence tendered on behalf of the opposite side in
examination-in-chief. This may be achieved by discrediting the witness himself or
his testimony. Leading questions are permissible in cross-examination.

XII.

Payment of expenses to the witnesses : Section 312 Cr.P.C. provides for
payment of the reasonable expenses of any complainant or witness attending for
the purpose of any inquiry, trial or other proceeding before such court. The
prompt payment of the expenses of witnesses by courts will ensure the regular
attendance of witnesses in criminal courts. The Prosecuting Officers concerned
should, therefore, see that the expenses of witnesses attending the courts in the
cases under their charge, as provided for in the said rules, are promptly paid by
the courts.

XIII.

Impeaching the testimony of the witness : The testimony of a witness may be
impeached by showing the scanty means he had for obtaining the correct
knowledge of facts spoken to by him or by showing that, though he had the best
possible opportunity, he has not the intelligence necessary to observe them
correctly or the power of memory required to retain them so long. Again, two
persons may witness an occurrence but give inconsistent versions of what they
observed. Further, many persons enrich their personal experiences with the
fabrications of their imagination or with what they have heard from others. It is
one of the objects of cross-examination to separate fact from imagination and the
personal observation of the witness from that of others.

XIV.

The credit of a witness may be impeached:(a) by the evidence of persons who testify that they, from their knowledge of the
witness, believe him to be unworthy of credit;
(b) by proof that the witness has been bribed, has accepted the offer of a bribe or
has received any other corrupt inducement to give his evidence;
(c) by proof his former statements which are inconsistent with his present
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evidence; and
(d) by showing, when a man is prosecuted for rape or an attempt to ravish, that
the prosecutrix was of generally immoral character.

XV.

It is not necessary to cross-examine every witness. When the Prosecutor rises to
cross-examine a witness, he should first ask himself the questions, "Has the
witness testified to anything that is materially against him? Is it necessary to
cross-examine him at all?". The cross-examination of a witness, when it is not
really necessary, may go to elicit certain facts which are favourable to the
opposite party.

XVI.

A skilful cross-examiner seldom takes his eyes from an important witness, while
he is being examined by his adversary. His bearing, his manner of expressing
himself, his movement of hands, all help any intelligent and experienced observer
to arrive at an accurate estimate of his integrity. During the examination-in-chief
of a defence witness, the prosecutor should always be on the alert for an opening
for his cross-examination and should try to detect the weak spots in his narrative.

XVII.

Bullying or threatening the witness seldom pays. It will often make the witness
mentally defy the cross-examiner at once. If, on the other hand, the prosecutor's
manner is courteous and conciliatory, the witness will soon lose the fear all
witnesses have of the cross-examiner and can almost imperceptibly be induced
into revealing true facts. The mistakes of a witness should be drawn out more
often by inference than by direct questioning, because all witnesses have a dread
of self-contradiction. The loquacious witness should be allowed to talk on and he
will be sure to involve himself in difficulties. He should be encouraged and led by
degrees into exaggeration that will conflict with common sense. The downright
liar should be encouraged to exaggerate the way he thinks the Prosecutor does not
want to him. He will soon be found stretching his imagination to such an extent,
that nobody will believe a word of what he says.

XVIII.

If the manner of the witness and the wording of his testimony bear the marks of
fabrication, it is often useful to ask him to repeat his story. He will usually repeat
it in almost identically the same words as before, showing that he has learnt it by
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heart. Of course, it is possible, though not probable, that he has done this and is
still telling the truth. An examiner should then test him by taking him in the
middle of his story and jumping him quickly to the beginning and then to the end
of it. If he is speaking by rote, he will be sure to succumb to this method.

XIX.

If the Prosecutor obtains any favourable answer from a witness, he should leave it
there and pass quickly to some other question. The inexperienced examiner who
repeats the questions, with the idea of impressing the answer upon his hearers,
will have to blame himself if the witness corrects or modifies his answer.

175. Duties of Investigating Officers
I.

On every date of hearing, the Investigating Officer should attend the court with
the case diary files and assist the PP/APP/Senior APP in the conduct of the cases
by giving him necessary instructions. If the Investigating Officer is not able to
attend the court in the cases on any date of hearing, he should instruct his assistant
(ASI or HC, as the case may be) to attend the court with the C.D. files, contact the
P.P. and give necessary instructions.

II.

Where a case is adjourned for more than six hearings, an extra copy of the court
C.D. should be made for the seventh and subsequent adjournments and sent to the
SP/DCP concerned.

It shall be the responsibility of the SP/DCP concerned to

examine such cases and take all necessary action for speedy disposal of the cases.

III.

Whenever a PSI/PI incharge of P.S. or a P.I. in charge of a Circle is transferred/
promoted, he should prepare a list of cases, which are pending trial in the courts
in which he is the I.O./Witness and in which his evidence has not yet been taken.
It should be prepared in triplicate. The first copy should be sent to the
Superintendent of Police of the district along with the charge report. The second
copy should be kept in the PS/Circle Office in a separate file. The PSI/CI should
carry with him the third copy and maintain it in a separate file in the PS/Unit to
which he is transferred.

IV.

A Watch Register should be maintained in each District Police Office. The
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Register should be written up as and when the list in Form, is received. It is the
responsibility of the Superintendent of Police to ensure that the Investigating
Officers attend the Courts on the dates of hearing.

V.

If there are several cases in which a police officer has to give evidence either as
Investigating Officer or as witness, he should, in consultation with the APP so
arrange the posting of cases that he is not summoned to court too frequently.
During the monthly conference, the Unit Officers should ascertain from the SHOs
the particulars of the cases in which the Investigating Officers have not appeared
before the court, and pursue the matter to ensure their appearance before the
court.

VI.

In the case of Investigating Officers who have been transferred out of the district,
the Superintendent of Police should arrange with his counterpart for prompt
attendance. The watch register should be kept up-to-date by making relevant
entries. It should be referred to often, to ensure that Investigating Officers who
stand transferred, attend the courts promptly on dates of hearing and have the
cases disposed of by the courts as early as possible, so that within a reasonable
time the Investigating Officers are relieved of their court duty arising out of work
in their previous place of posting. If any Investigating Officer is absent before the
court for two consecutive dates of hearing, the Superintendent of Police should
write to the Range Inspector General, who in turn should ensure that the particular
Investigating Officer attends the court.

How to Give Evidence in Court
176. The following are some hints for the guidance of Police Officers in the matter of giving
evidence in courts;
(a) Always appear in uniform when giving evidence in court;
(b) Always salute the court, when both entering and leaving the witness box;
(c) Be attentive, never fidget;
(d) Be calm and dignified while giving evidence, so as to impress the court and the counsel
favourably;
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(e) In giving evidence, look straight towards the court.
(f) When questioned by the adverse party, never turn towards the prosecution counsel.
(g) Answer no question without understanding it. If the question is not clear enough to be
understood, say so and politely ask the counsel to repeat it in a simpler form.
(h) Do not answer a question with a counter-question. i
(i) If you do not remember any fact, say so at once rather than attempt a random answer.
(j) Never show irritation and do not be offended if the cross-examiner questions you in a way
you do not like.
(k) If questions are unnecessarily vexatious or obnoxious, represent the matter to the court
and seek its protection. Above all, do not quarrel with the counsel.
(l) Carefully distinguish between what you know personally and what you may have heard
from others.
(m) In answering a question, do not give unnecessary information, for example, if asked
whether the colour of a certain article is white, do not say "No, it is black", say simply
"No" or "Yes".
(n) If you consider that some of your answer requires an explanation, which the counsel
failed to elicit, you may, when both the sides have finished, represent the matter to the
court.
(o) Remember that all that the court wants to ascertain is the guilt or innocence of the
accused and not your intelligence.
(p) Give no more details regarding the source of your information than from information
received "I did this or that".
(q) Avoid lengthy answers, as they furnish more material for cross-examination. Your
replies should be concise.
(r) Do not leave the court without its permission.

Enhancement of Punishment
177. In every case in which an accused person previously convicted of an offence punishable
under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII of the Indian Penal Code with imprisonment of either
description for a term of three years or upwards, is prosecuted for an offence punishable
under either of the two chapters with life imprisonment, the Prosecuting Officer concerned
should, having regard to(a) the nature and adequacy of evidence to prove in the Court of Sessions the offences
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committed by the accused;
(b) the interval between the date of the commission of the offence and date of release of the
accused after his latest conviction and sentence;
(c) the total number of previous convictions;
(d) sentences awarded in the case of each previous conviction; and
(e) the fact whether the Magistrate before whom, the accused is charge-sheeted is competent
to award an adequate sentence commensurate with the gravity of the offences and the
accused's previous convictions - move the court under section 324 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure for committing the accused to the Court of Sessions for trial.

Prosecution of Witnesses for Perjury
178. With a view to preventing witnesses intentionally giving false evidence and for the
eradication of the evil of perjury, it is necessary to take action against such witnesses who
turn hostile in the Courts. The Assistant Public Prosecutor should, in such cases, take action
on the lines laid down in the following order:

(1) When a witness in a criminal case turns hostile to the prosecution the concerned
Assistant Public Prosecutions should, in the course of the cross-examination, lay a proper
foundation for the prosecution of the witnesses for perjury, strictly complying with the
provisions of Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act.

(2) On the conclusion of the trial, the Assistant Public Prosecutor, while addressing his
argument on the merits of the case, should also emphasise on the necessity of prosecuting the
witness for perjury.

(3) If the court, at the time of delivery of the judgment or final order, does not record a
finding that in its opinion the witness has intentionally given false evidence and that for the
eradication of the evils of perjury and in the interests of justice, his prosecution for perjury is
necessary and does not proceed under the provisions of Section 340 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, the prosecuting officer should carefully examine the judgment on the same day on
which it is pronounced.

(4) After examination of the judgment as aforesaid if the Prosecutor finds that judgment does
not contain any finding under Section 340, he should immediately after the judgment and in
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consultation with his superintendent, present to the court, an application under Section 340 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure for taking action as provided therein and for instituting a
complaint for perjury in a competent Court of Law.

(5) If, after such application, the court refuses to take action and make a complaint as
provided in Section 340 of the Code, a copy of the court order should immediately be
obtained and the feasibility of appealing against it should be examined. In appropriate cases,
appeals when justified should be preferred under Section 340 of the Code.

Abscondence of Accused
179. An absconder is one who intentionally makes himself inaccessible to the process of law
and it is not enough if it is shown that it was not possible to trace him soon after occurrence.
It should be established that he was available at or about the time of the commission of the
alleged offence and ceased to be available thereafter. For this purpose, the prosecuting officer
conducting the case, should elicit through the Investigating Officer and also the Police
Officers deputed to trace and arrest the absconder, evidence on the following points after
citing them as prosecution witnesses, in addition to any other points on which evidence is
necessary to prove such abscondence :-

(1) The residence and place where the absconder was living before the commission of the
offence.
(2) The place and places he was ordinarily visiting before the commission of the I
offence;
(3) His daily occupation and the place or places of his occupation.
(4) The names and addresses of his friends/relatives he was ordinarily frequenting, etc.,
before the commission of the offence.
(5) Any other matters relevant, which became known during the course of investigation.
(6) The order Number and date issued to them under Section 55 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, directing them to trace and arrest the absconder.

Examination of Medical Officers
180. The practice of summoning medical witnesses and making them wait for a long time in
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A

the court without examination or sending them back without their evidence being recorded

should be resisted. The prosecutor should take steps to promptly bring to the notice of the
court the presence of the Medical Officers and request that the cases in which they have
appeared may be taken up first so that they may be examined as soon as possible and enabled
to return to their duties. The prosecutor should move the court for priority in that behalf. If,
however, it is not possible to record their evidence on the days on which they are summoned
to appear, they should be informed of it sufficiently early so that they may return to their
duties in the hospitals immediately. A Medical Officer should not be made to appear in court
more than once in the same case unless absolutely necessary and every step should be taken
to see that on the day he appears, his evidence is completed and he is relieved of his duty in
that case.

Summoning of Experts
181. Only the experts cited in the charge sheet should be summoned to give evidence, the
prosecutor should move the court well in time for the issue of process to the experts giving
them sufficient time to adjust their programmes to attend the court on the dates fixed for their
evidence. Teleprinter messages should not be sent at the last minute to get the expert
witnesses to the court.

182. Arguments and Summing up of the Cases
(i) The prosecution consists of two distinct parts. The first is the presentation of evidence and
the other is the summing up of the case and arguments. Normally the contents of the
arguments will be:(a) Statement of the essential questions involved;
(b) Statement of quantum of proof required for proving the case;
(c) Statement of the arguer's evidence, its credibility, probability, probative value and
numerical preponderance, if any;
(d) Discussion of adversary's evidence to show its weakness, its lack of credibility, its
insufficiency because of its inherent weaknesses or lack of probative quality, and its
opposition to the greater weight or superior credibility or probability of the arguer's evidence;
(e) Applicability of facts to any points of law; and
(f) Discussion of relief.

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(ii) A good argument has the following characteristics;
1) Orderly presentation;
2) Balanced and well-proportioned length;
3) Courtesy towards court and opposing counsel;
4) Naturalness;
5) Earnestness and sincerity;
6) Maintenance of interest;
7) Use of plain and simple language;
8) Anticipation of adversary's arguments; and
9) Reply to adversary's arguments.

(iii) The Prosecutor will have to prepare his arguments on the lines indicated above and
present them in the best manner possible.

183. Privilege in Respect of Official Records
(1) The law relating to claiming of privilege with regard to records and production of
unpublished official records as evidence in courts is contained in Sections 123, 124 and 162
of the Indian Evidence Act, which are reproduced below;
(i) "123. No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished records
relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the
department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit.
(ii) "124. No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in
official confidence, when he considers that the public interests would suffer by the
disclosure.
(iii) "162. A witness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or
power, bring it to court, notwithstanding any objection, which there may be to its production
or to its admissibility. The validity of any such objection shall be decided on by the court.

(2) "The court, if it sees fit, may inspect the document, unless it refers to matters of State, or
take other evidence to enable it to determine its admissibility.

(3) If, for such a purpose, it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the court
may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to
be given in evidence; and if the translator disobeys such direction, he shall be held to have
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committed an offence under Section 166 of the Indian Penal Code.

(4) The mere fact that the officer at the head of the department concerned does not wish the
documents to be produced is not an adequate justification for taking objection to their
production. Production of documents should be withheld only when the public interest
would, by their disclosure be injured, or where disclosure would be injurious to national
defence or to good diplomatic relations or where the practice of keeping a class of documents
secret is necessary for the proper functioning of the public service. Privilege is not to be
claimed on the mere ground that the documents are State documents or are official or marked
confidential or that their disclosure would result in parliamentary discussion or public
criticism or would expose inefficiency in the administration or tend to lay a particular
department of the Government open to a claim for compensation.

(5) It has been held that it is desirable, but not indispensable, that the records should be sent
in a sealed cover through an officer of the department claiming privilege and that the
statement of the head of the department would be considered conclusive and the privilege
upheld, except for compelling reasons to the contrary. So, the safe working principle under
Section 123Cr.P.C. is to produce the records in question in a sealed cover and raise the claim
of privilege, setting out the grounds in an affidavit. The court will generally accept the
statements in the affidavit and uphold the privilege claimed.

(6) A Government Servant other than the head of a department, who is summoned to
produce an official document, should first determine whether the document is in his custody
and he is in a position to produce it. In this connection, it may be stated that all official
records are normally in the custody of the head of the department and it is only under special
circumstances that an official document can be said to be in the custody of an individual
Government Servant. If the document is not in the custody of the Government Servant
summoned, he should inform the court accordingly. If, under any special circumstances, the
document is in the custody of the Government Servant summoned, he should next determine
whether the document is an unpublished official record relating to affairs of State and
whether privilege under Section 123 should be claimed in respect of it. If he is of the view
that such privilege should be claimed or even if he is doubtful of the position, he should refer
the matter to the head of the department who will issue necessary instructions and will also
furnish the affidavit. The Government servant, who is to attend a court as a witness with
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official documents should, where permission under Section 123 has been withheld, be given
an affidavit duly signed by the head of the department. He should produce it when he is
called upon to give his evidence derived therefore. He should, however, take with him in a
sealed cover the paper, which he has been summoned to produce.

(7) A Government Servant who is summoned to produce an official communication, which is
made to him in official confidence, should first determine whether the public interests would
suffer by its disclosure. If he considers so, he should claim privilege under Section 124. In
case of doubt, he should seek the advice of the head of the department. When he is not
attending the court himself to give evidence, he shall have the claim of privilege The person
through whom the document is sent to court, should submit the affidavit to the court when
called upon to produce the document. He should take with him the document which he has
been called upon to produce but should not hand it over to the court unless the court directs
him to do so. In such a case, privilege should be claimed under Section 124 and the
document should not be shown to the opposite party nor should it be marked as exhibit in any
proceedings. If the document is not in his custody, he should inform the court accordingly.

(8) The basic principle for deciding whether a particular document is a communication made
in official confidence to a public officer or not, is whether the document produced or the
statement made was under the process of law or not. If the former is the case, it would be
difficult to say that a document produced or statement made under the process of law is a
communication made in official confidence. If on the other hand, a document is produced or
a statement is made in a confidential departmental enquiry not under the process of law but
for the gathering of information by the department for guiding them in the future action, if
any, they have to take, it would be a case of communication made in official confidence. The
question whether a communication was made in official confidence is for the court to decide
but the public officer concerned is the sole judge whether it should or should not be
disclosed.

(9) The head of the department should abstain from entering into correspondence with the
presiding officer of the court concerned in regard to the grounds on which the documents
have been called for. He should obey the court's orders and should appear personally or
arrange for the appearance of another officer in the court concerned with the documents and
act in accordance with these orders. In case of doubt, the head of the department should
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invariably refer to Government for orders.

Action on Breach of a Security Bond
184. When a person on a security of any kind is prosecuted for an offence involving a breach
of the conditions of the bond, report in that regard should be made to the court in writing so
that it may, in the event of conviction, order the confiscation of the security.

Delay in the Disposal of Cases in Courts
185. Delays in the disposal of criminal cases are mainly caused by (a) piecemeal examination of witnesses and failure to hear the case, as far as practicable,
from day to day, and
(b) absence of police or prosecuting staff or witnesses on the date fixed for hearing.

Police officers to be punctual, vigilant and responsible with regard to trial
186. Police Officers should be punctual in attending court. If the Sub-Inspector is
unavoidably detained on any other important work, he should arrange to send one of his
Head constables with the case diary to attend the court in time. There can generally be no
excuse for the absence of the prosecuting officers, as dates of hearing are fixed by courts in
consultation with them, having due regard to their work in other courts. Reasonable time
should be allowed for service of summons issued by courts, and Police officers on their part
should see that summons are served on the witnesses and they appear in court on the date
fixed for hearing in addition to returning the served summon's to the court at least a day
before that date. Action should also be taken under Section 174 of the Indian Penal Code
against the witnesses who fail to attend the court in spite of the service of summons.
Pendency can be considerably reduced and disposal of cases expedited by co-operation with
the magistracy.

Pendency of Cases With Magistrates
187. It is the responsibility of the Circle Inspector and the Station House Officer to take steps
to obtain details of pending proceedings in all cases from Magistrates. While discussing
Pendency in courts with Inspectors during the monthly crime meeting, the Superintendent
will also ensure that details of all pending proceedings have been obtained from courts.
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188. Issue of Summons
I.

According to section 69 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, a court issuing a
summons to a witness may, in addition to and simultaneously with the issue of
such summons, direct a copy of the summons to be served by registered post
addressed to the witness at the place where he ordinarily resides or carries on
business or personally works for gain. When an acknowledgement purporting to
be signed by the witness or an endorsement purporting to be made by a postal
employee that the witness refused to take delivery of the summons has been
received, the court may declare that the summons has been duly served. The
police officers should make use of this provision and arrange to request the court
for sending the summons by registered post where necessary.

II.

According to section 206 of the Code of criminal Procedure 1973, if in the
opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of a petty offence, the case may be
summarily disposed of, the Magistrate shall issue summons to the accused
requiring him either to appear in person or by a pleader before the Magistrate on a
specified date, or if he desires to plead guilty to the charge without appearing
before the Magistrate, to transmit before the specified date by post or by
messenger to the Magistrate, the said plea in writing and the amount of fine
specified in the summons or if he desires to appear by pleader and to plead guilty
to the charge through such pleader, to authorise, in writing, the pleader to plead
guilty to the charge on his behalf and to pay the fine through such pleader.

III.

According to section 253 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, where a
summons has been issued under section 206 Cr.P.C. and the accused desires to
plead guilty to the charge without appearing before the Magistrate, he shall
transmit to the Magistrate, by post or by messenger, a letter containing his plea
and also the amount of fine specified in the summons.

189. Filing Appeals and Revisions in Acquittal or Discharge
I

In every case ending in acquittal or where there is a conviction only for a minor
offence, the accused having been acquitted of more serious offences in the court
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of any Magistrate, the Senior APP or the APP in charge of the said case should,
within 15 days from the date of the judgment, obtain and submit a certified copy
of the judgment along with his report indicating the reasons for filing or not filing
an appeal to the Director of Prosecutions. He should endorse a copy of his report
to the concerned DCP/Superintendent. If the Director of Prosecutions decides that
an appeal should be preferred, he should obtain the complete record of the case
together with a Memorandum of grounds of appeal within two weeks from the
date of receipt of the copy of the judgment.

II In every case in a Sessions Court ending in an acquittal or where there is
conviction only for minor offences, the accused having been acquitted of more
serious offences, the P.P. should likewise within 15 days from the date of the
judgment obtain certified copy of the judgment and forward it to the Director of
Prosecutions with his report indicating reasons for filing or not filing an appeal.
He should endorse a copy of his report to the concerned DCP/Superintendent. If
the Director of Prosecutions decides that an appeal should be preferred, he should
obtain from the Public Prosecutor the complete records of the case together with a
Memorandum of grounds of appeal, within two weeks from the date of receipt of
the copy of the judgment.

III The Director of Prosecutions shall forward the relevant papers and the certified
copy of the judgment along with his recommendation, to the State Government in
the Department of Law and Parliamentary Affairs, The said department after
obtaining (he orders of the Government for filing an appeal, shall communicate
the order to the State Public Prosecutor with copies to the Director of
Prosecutions the Director General of Police and the concerned Superintendent of
Police. It will thereupon be the responsibility of the Director of Prosecutions to
supply to the State Public Prosecutor the necessary papers and other information
to facilitate the filing of an appeal within the prescribed period of limitation.

IV The procedure prescribed above for filing of appeals shall also apply to a proposal
for filing any revision petition subject to the modification that the time allowed at
each stage to forward the records is reduced to about half the time prescribed
above. However, in the light of modified procedure prescribed by the
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Government, every proposal for appeal etc., should be examined by the Deputy
Director concerned in consultation with the Inspector General of the Range and
forwarded to the Director who shall, after consulting the Director General of
Police, forward the final proposal to the Department of Law and Parliamentary
Affairs.

V While the Prosecutor takes action to prefer appeal/revision in cases of acquittal/
discharge, or conviction for minor offence/s the accused having been acquitted of
more serious offence/s, the concerned DCP/SP also should, simultaneously,
initiate action to obtain a copy (uncertified) of the judgment in such cases with the
help of the Prosecutor of the court concerned, examine it in the light of the
Prosecutor's opinion and forward it to the concerned Deputy Director with his
opinion, for filing appeal/revision, if it is a fit case for appeal/revision. This
should be done within a week from the date of pronouncement of the judgment. If
a revision is proposed to be filed, action should be taken immediately after the
order is pronounced.

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Chapter 11

Preventive Role of Police
Introduction
190. The twin important duties of police are: maintenance of order and preservation of law.
Police are empowered to maintain law and order and prevent, investigate and detect crimes.
Prevention, it is said, is better than cure. In support of the preventive role of police the
popular saying explains that a stitch in time saves nine. Prevention of disorderly situations
and that of crimes, therefore, is said to be a better strategy of policing the community.

190.1 Law empowers the Police and the Executive Magistracy to prevent offences, breach of
peace, and maintain public order. These powers inter alia include preventive arrests, security
proceedings, removal of public nuisances, prohibitory orders and also deal with disputes that
threaten peace. The powers are meant to provide a sense of safety, security and confidence in
all sections of society. Prevention is as important as punitive action.

Preventive Police Methods and Mechanisms
191. There are a number of methods, strategies and mechanisms used and utilized by the
police for preventing law and order situations and crimes. Some of the important ones are
following:
(A) Legal provisions
(B) Beats, Patrols, Gust, Nakabandi, Ambush etc.
(C) Police records
(D) Surveillance

(A) Legal provisions
Various provisions have been made in CRPC, IPC and other special and minor Acts, which
give powers to police to prevent offences and contain law and order situations. Some of the
important provisions in the CRPC pertaining to such powers are following:
(i) Unlawful Assemblies: Section 129 empowers any SHO or police officer not below the
rank of SI to command any unlawful assembly to disperse, and if it does not disperse, to use
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such force as may be necessary and also effect arrest. The powers conferred on the Police
under this provision are both preventive and punitive.
(ii) Prevention of cognizable offences: Every police officer should take steps to prevent
cognizable offences and for this purpose, he is empowered to arrest any person as a
preventive measure (151 CrPC) but a person who is arrested shall not be in custody for more
than 24 hours unless a specific offence is made out in the meanwhile. Likewise, Section 41
CrPC empowers a police officer to arrest any person without warrant in certain cases.
(iii) Preventive Action by Seizure: As per section 95 CrPC, a police officer is empowered
to seize any news paper, book or document, the publication of which is prohibited by a
notification of the government on the ground that such publication is punishable under
section 124A, or 153A, or 292, or 293, or 295A of IPC.
(iv) Urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger: According to Section 144 of CrPC
a District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any other Magistrate especially
empowered by the State Government may, where immediate prevention and speedy remedy
is desirable, by an order in writing direct any person to abstain from certain act or to take
certain order with respect to property in his possession or management. The ground for
making such an order is that it is likely to prevent obstruction, annoyance or injury to any
person lawfully employed or danger to human life, health or safety or a disturbance of public
tranquility or a riot or an affray. The order can be either prohibitory or mandatory. The orders
issued under the section are to remain in force for not more than two months and with State
Government notification for another six months. The order can be issued ex-parte and can be
directed against a person or persons residing in a locality or public generally when visiting
frequently a particular area. The order under this section is an executive order. 'Curfew'
orders are issued under this section only.
(v) Breach of peace on account of disputes over immovable property: Section 145 applies
when there is a genuine dispute between two parties relating to immovable property and there
is an imminent threat to peace. The main feature of Section 145 CrPC is that there is a
bonafide dispute regarding land or water or boundaries and there is likelihood of breach of
peace. The Executive Magistrate may pass an order directing the parties to appear and after
having heard them and perusing the respective records pass final orders. Section 146 contains
power of attachment and to appoint a receiver under certain circumstances. Section 147
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relates to disputes that cause breach of peace relating to sea, land or water. Police must
initiate action under this section when there is genuine dispute between the parties with equal
claims and threat to peace is imminent.
(vi) Security for Good Behaviour and Keeping the Peace: Section 106 of the CrPC
provides that the Court of Session or Court of a Magistrate of first class may, at the time of
passing sentence on a person convicted of certain specified offences or abetting any such
offences as laid down under that section, order him to execute a bond for keeping the peace
for any period not exceeding three years. If the conviction is set-aside on appeal or otherwise,
the bond executed shall become void. An order under this section may also be made by an
Appellate Court or by a Court, which exercises powers of revision. In appropriate cases the
SHO with the help of a prosecutor should file a memo in the court immediately after
pronouncing the judgment and before passing the sentence mentioning the reasons for taking
security. If satisfied the court may take security up to 3 years commencing from the date of
release from imprisonment.
(vii) Security for breach of peace: Preventive action can be taken U/s 107 Cr.P.C. by an
Executive Magistrate, if he has information through police or otherwise that any person is
likely to commit breach of peace or disturb the public tranquility or to do any wrongful act
that may probably occasion a breach of peace or disturb the public tranquility and is of the
opinion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding. He may require such person to show
cause why he should not be ordered to execute a bond for keeping the peace for such period,
not exceeding 1 year. The Magistrate can take action whether such person(s) is residing in his
jurisdiction or committing breach in his jurisdiction residing elsewhere. Section 107 is an
effective means for preventing breaches or disturbances of public tranquility in connection
with religious processions, communal tensions, festivals, fairs, elections, caste conflicts,
political movements or other disputes between factions. It is not essential in every case that
there should be two parties fighting against each other. It must however, be clear that a
breach of the peace is imminent, unless averted by proceedings under the section.
Before launching proceedings the police shall gather evidence, oral and documentary, of
persons (including police officers) acquainted with the circumstances of the case regarding
the specific occasion on which the breach of the peace is anticipated, the existence of a cause,
quarrel or other circumstance which is likely to lead to the breach and the period of its
duration, the declaration of the parties indicating their determination to carry out, or to
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prevent, certain things in connection with the subject matter of quarrel, the strength and
following of the party or parties, and attempts made for conciliation, with their results.
Arrests cannot be made u/s 107 CrPC. Only a Magistrate can issue a warrant u/s 113 CrPC if
breach of peace cannot be otherwise prevented. Where the Police Officer feels that arrest is
necessary he should report the circumstances to the Magistrate and obtain a warrant for
arrest. However arrests may be made in urgent cases under section 151 CrPC, in the
circumstances provided therein. Section 108 of CrPC is intended to demand security bonds
for keeping good behaviour for a period not exceeding one year from persons who commit or
about to commit offences under sections 124-A, 153-A, 153-B, or 295-A of IPC or criminal
intimidation or defamation of a judge or an offence under section 292 IPC. The main test is
whether the person has been disseminating the offending matter and whether there is any
apprehension of the offence being repeated.
(viii) Section 109 CrPC: This section applies to such class of persons who are found taking
precautions to conceal their presence with a view to committing cognizable offences. Both
ingredients of concealment and with a view to committing cognizable offence should be
present, before a person can be proceeded against u/s 109 CrPC. The object of the section is
to frustrate the criminal designs before they are carried out. It provision is purely preventive
and not punitive. The security bond for good behaviour can be taken under the section for a
period not exceeding one year. Concealment of presence is different from concealment of
identity. The police officer must also be able to distinguish between a guilty person and a
timid person.
(ix) Section 110 of the CrPC: The object of this section is preventive, and not punitive. The
action is not intended as a punishment for past offences. It is aimed at protecting society from
habitual offenders, desperate, dangerous characters and anti-social elements against the
perpetration of crimes. It is intended to curb the dangerous activities of hardened criminals
and secure the interests of community from injury at their hands.
(x) Preventive provisions in special and local Acts: In addition to the preventive measures
describe in the CRPC, various special and local Acts also provide for situations and
circumstances in which the police officer should initiate preventive action. The police officer
should be well-versed with these provisions for exercising and initiating effective, preventive
action as per the intention of the legislature and demands of each case.

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(xi) Removal of Public Nuisances: Section 133 CrPC empowers Executive Magistrate to
deal with public nuisances either on receipt of report of a Police Officer or other information.
The public nuisances that can be redressed and unlawful obstructions that can be removed
from any public place could be the following:
•

Obstructions or nuisance to any public place, or way or channel lawfully used by the
public.

•

The conduct of any trade or occupation or the keeping of any goods or merchandise
injurious to the health or physical comfort of the community, including blaring of
loudspeakers beyond the prescribed decibels of noise and prescribed time.

•

Construction of any building or disposal of any substance as is likely to occasion
conflagration or explosion.

•

A building tent or structure or a tree as is likely to fall and cause injury to persons.

•

An unfenced tank, well or excavation near public way or place and

•

A dangerous animal requiring destruction, confinement or disposal

The duties of police in this regard are to inform the concerned Execute Magistrate promptly,
all the matters falling in the purview of section 133 CrPC, on the lines as indicated below.
•

The local Police, beat and patrol men are responsible for reporting such instances
without any loss of time.

•

If any representation is made or information is received, it should be verified by a
visit to the place by the Police Officers of the beat.

•

If they come across such nuisances, the details should be collected including
photographs or sketch of the place and submitted to the SHO.

•

Private litigation or private interest should not be the basis for action by the Police.

•

It is not necessary that there should be danger or inconvenience already existing to the
public at large, but it is sufficient if there is likelihood of such a thing, being, caused.

•

The term public nuisance is defined in section 268 of 1PC, which can be adopted for
the purpose of this section. Section 12 of IPC states that the term public includes a
class or community residing in a particular area but that class must be numerically
sufficient to be designated as such.

•

Action under this section is not barred by Environmental Protection Acts.

•

Untreated pollutants, dumping of solid wastes, letting out chemical substances, gases,
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vapour or this section besides specific provisions of law attracts dust, husk etc. The
concerned agencies also have powers and responsibility. There should be mutual
liaison between police and concerned departments and agencies.

(B) Beats, Patrols, Gust, Nakabandi, Ambush etc.
i.

Out of the two principal police functions, that is, prevention and detection of
crime, the prevention work must take precedence over detection. Intimate
knowledge of the conditions prevailing in the police station jurisdiction and of
the movements and activities of criminals are conditions precedent for
successful execution of preventive role of police. To gain such knowledge, an
efficient beat system is a primary necessity.

ii.

Village

authorities

are

primarily responsible for reporting

crime

and

supplying information about the movements of bad characters but it should be
clearly understood that this does not take away the responsibility of the police
for gathering information necessary for the effective prevention and detection
of crime. For this purpose the constables should visit villages only under
definite orders, for a definite purpose and for a specified period.

Meaning and objectives of Beats
192. Beat means a segment or part of the jurisdiction of a Police Station consisting of a
village or group of villages or a locality in a town/city. Each beat is serially numbered in a
police station. Beat service means performance of any of the functions and responsibilities of
the police officer assigned to the beat, in that beat area. The objectives of beat are:•

To provide police services within easy reach of the community;

•

policing of a manageable area and households by specified Constables and Head
Constables;

•

promote awareness and thorough understanding of the policing needs of the
community and of the law by the community;

•

promote and build voluntary and participative support through CLG/maithri
committees/village officers and groups in preventive and detective work of police and
protection of lives and properties and honour;
164

•

help understanding and reconciliation in caste, communal and group hostilities;

•

Gather, record and communicate information on crime, criminals, strangers, factions,
organised criminal gangs, terrorists, anti-national and anti-social elements;

•

Provide day and night patrols to keep order, prevent crime, intercede when necessary;

•

maintain effective surveillance on history sheeted persons and ex-convicts;

•

arrest of persons in terms of section 41 CrPC;

•

preservation of crime scenes and assistance in investigation.

193. Organisation of Beats: Selection and grouping of villages
I.

The beats should be organised taking into consideration the crime, the
vigilance required, factions prevailing, clandestine activities being organised
in the area etc. The frequency of visits and period of stay depends upon the
sensitive or hypersensitive nature of the area. The classification keeps
changing from time to time. The villages can be classified as sensitive or
hypersensitive according to the existing crime and law and order situations
and the past history of the concern village.

II.

All

the villages in the jurisdiction should be first classified as important,

unimportant and deserted villages. These villages can be classified into A, B
and C categories. Group of villages then should be grouped into various beats.
Each beat will be properly defined and beat constables and beat supervisory
officers will be detailed for gust, patrolling and collection of intelligence
pertaining to each beat. The category of each village could be changed from
time to time in the light of crime and law and order situations of each village.
In the constitution of beats, geographical positions of villages should be the
primary criterion. A beat should not normally consist of too many Class A
villages and these villages should be situated so close to one another that a
constable can visit all of them one after another and return to the station
within a reasonable time.

III.

Special attention should be given to villages in which bad characters reside
i.e., offenders, criminals, or members of organised crime gangs or syndicates
or those who foment or incite caste, communal violence, for which history
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sheets are maintained and require surveillance, villages in which there have
been in the immediate past frequent incidents or outbreaks of crime, either
against persons or property, villages in which there are acute factions due to
group rivalries, political, communal or caste or other tensions, and villages in
which organised criminal or drug related activity or manufacture. Likewise
the villages in which trafficking in firearms and movements of explosives
exists or where there is possibilities of shelter being given to the terrorists and
other organised criminals exist, should also be given special attention by the
beat officers such villages.

IV.

The beat visits should be organised on geographical proximity and also to
arrange the visit of villages one after the other. A village, which is neither
sensitive nor hypersensitive, but must be traversed en-route is called a route
village. There may be one or more such villages in each beat. Their names
have to be entered in the column entitled, "Route villages" in the beat book of
that beat.

V.

The beats in an outpost or police station jurisdiction should not be more than 3
or 6 respectively, and not more than 8 in both put together. Each beat should
cover approximately 1000 households or 7,500 populations. If a police station
area has 40,000 or more population there should normally be six beats, with
each beat covering a population of 6000 - 10000 depending on factors
mentioned above. Such other factors as most convenient, accessibility, road,
rail, network, communication facilities and the number of sensitive or
hypersensitive localities, villages should also be considered. Sensitive and
hypersensitive villages should be distributed in all beats and not grouped into
one or two. A beat book will be maintained for each general beat. The crime
chart should show the areas covered by and the serial number of each beat.

VI.

The Sub-divisional Officer, during the annual inspections, must particularly
ensure whether the beats have been organised conventionally and based on all
relevant and realistic factors. He should personally tour in one or two beats
along with SHO and the police officers assigned to the beat in the same
manner as a beat Constable does, to make sure that it is organised properly
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and can be served in the manner prescribed.

VII.

Two police officers i.e., either two police Constables or one Constable and
one Head Constable should be allotted to each beat. They are responsible to
visit and patrol sensitive village. The hyper-sensitive villages should be more
frequently visited. It is not necessary that all villages in a beat should be
covered every time the constables go to that beat. They should cover the
villages in the beats at least once a week not only in the day time but also at
nights. They shall proceed on beat duty at least 4 times in a month, each visit
being spread over at least two days and one night. The SHO should ensure
that they are not allotted any other duty in the PS when the Constables/HCs in
charge of a beat proceed on beat duty once a week. The SHO may, however,
earmark any two days or more if necessary to the Constables in charge of the
beat to proceed to their respective beat areas to discharge their responsibilities
and duties enumerated herein. The SHO should obtain prior permission for
any deviation from this from Inspector/SDPO. The Inspector shall surprise at
least one beat in a PS in a month in addition to regular inspections.

VIII.

Visiting villages and staying there is essential for efficient policing in a beat
area. The smaller villages attached to larger village, should also be treated as a
separate village for the purpose of village visiting or patrols either by day or
night. All those areas constituted into Municipalities may be called Towns.
Major Municipalities and Municipal Corporations should be identified as
cities.

IX.

The duration of the visit by the Constables and Head Constables during the
beat in a village depends upon the purpose. Visits should include all hamlets
and settlements or colonies. The SHO should visit villages as prescribed. The
beat area constables and HC before leaving the PS for duty on their beats
should make relevant entries as to the purpose and duration in the General
Diary. The instructions regarding village visiting, maintenance of village
roster by SHO and others contained in this Chapter and elsewhere should be
read as part of this Order. Visits include patrol by day or night, besides other
duties, should be for a specific purpose. They should neither be hurried nor167

unduly prolonged. All visits and work accomplished should be reflected in the
relevant records.

Duties of Beat Constable
194. The Constables assigned to a beat should perform the following duties:
•

Identify through discreet enquiry, observation and verification about habitual
offenders, specially dangerous criminals, the nature of crime they are addicted to, or
gangs, including members of organised crime syndicates requiring surveillance
irrespective of their area of operation;

•

Collect information from or about travellers at camping grounds, choultries, rest
houses, railway premises, ferries and other places of public resort;

•

Ascertain or verify any definite piece of information concerning crime or criminals;
Service of summons and execution of warrants.

•

Gather Information about movement of bad characters, suspicious strangers and
wandering gangs in the village;

•

Enquire the movements/both good and bad activities of all ex-convicts and history
sheeted persons specially with reference to their lavish expenditure or of other
persons connected with them beyond their normal means;

•

Find out the existence of any receivers of stolen property, contacts by bad characters
or strangers with them;

•

Identify liquor shops, illicit sources of liquor, vice dens, gambling houses, drug
peddlars, unlicensed weapons.

•

Collect intelligence about agitational activities of political parties or other
organisations and clandestine activity of any organisation or their associates, or
members or supporters.

•

To notice and ascertain any fresh settlers in the village or visitors and the places from
where they have arrived and their friends and relatives in the village with whom they
are staying or providing support to them.

SHO to decide the interval of Beat visits
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195. The Station House Officer should decide the intervals at which he should send men on
the different beats in his jurisdiction according to the importance of the beats. Constables
should be deputed to beats as often as possible, visits to more important beats being more
frequent than to others. It is not necessary that all villages in a beat should be covered every
time a constable is sent to that beat. This is a matter entirely within the discretion of the
Station House Officer.

It should, however, be ensured by the Station House Officer that

every village whether of Class A or B or C in the jurisdiction of the station is visited by a
Beat Constable at least once a month.

196. Constables to Know Each Beat
i.

Every constable in the station should be fully acquainted with every beat and he
should know about suspicious characters and undetected crimes of each beat.
Whenever a constable is sent out on duty either on beat duty or any other duty, the
Station House Officer should give specific instructions to the constable regarding
such matters as the nature of the work he has to perform, the manner in which it
should be performed and the time by which he should return to the Police Station.

ii.

Constables going on beat duty will proceed to the beat direct from the Police Station.
Likewise, on return they should report at the Police Station before going home. The
departure of a constable on beat duty and the instructions given to him by the Station
House Officer should be entered in the Station House Diary as well as in the Beat
Book. Beats should be served not only in the daytime but also at nights.

iii.

Beat constables should be instructed to visit Railway Stations and Bus Stands in their
beat and ascertain from the Platform Constables or Bus Stand Duty Constables or
from others any information regarding the arrival or departure of suspicious
foreigners and bad characters and obtain the signature of the Platform Constable or
Bus Stand Duty Constable or Bus Stand Duty Constable, where one is posted, in their
Beat Books.

iv.

It is incumbent upon the police to ensure the safety of the road and strict attention
must, therefore, be paid to road patrolling. Unduly severe work should not be
demanded from night petrol men. They should be sent out with definite orders which
may be varied, as circumstances permit. It should always be possible to arrange for a
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patrol to take some rest at a named place If possible, two constables should patrol
together. To secure the due performance of road patrolling, constant checking is
absolutely essential, and superior officers must see that a subordinate officer, from
Inspector downwards, perform their fair share of this duty.

v.

On the National Highway, the State Highways and other important roads on which
the cases of Highway Robberies and Dacoitie are reported, arrangements have to be
made for the movements of vehicles in a convoy with mobile armed escorts. Where
mobile escort cannot be provided to the convoy of vehicles, armed men have be
provided to the first and the lost vehicle of the convoy.

Beat Books
197. Every beat including a miscellaneous beat should have a Beat Book. Constables going
on a beat should take the Beat Book along with them and note in them, under appropriate
columns, the information they gather. The signatures of at least two persons whose sample
signatures are maintained in the station in the Sample Signature Book should be obtained by
the constables in the appropriate column. Such signatures should be obtained in all the
villages including ' Route' villages through which the beat constables pass. If the signature of
any of the persons could not be obtained the reasons therefore should be mentioned in the
column. The Beat Book should be carried by the constable while on beat duty. Like beat
books, Point Books should be supplied to the village officers or selected respectable
inhabitants of the respective village for ensuring cross checking of the visit made by the beat
constable. Likewise, check register of bad characters, duty roster, village rosters etc. should
be maintained by each police station with regard to effective and efficient performance of
beat duties.

198. Procedure On Return From Beats
i.

When a constable returns from beat duty, he should report to the Station House
Officer. An entry should be made about the time of return of the constable from beat
duty in the Station House Diary. The Station House Officer should check the
signatures in the Sample Signature Book in the Station.

ii.

The Station House Officers should carefully seek report from the constables on their
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return from beat to elicit any information they have obtained. Constables should be
sent out with specific orders and questioned as to the performance of their duty on
their return to the Police Station. This duty is not to be delegated to the subordinate
officers Station House Officers should deal with it themselves.
iii.

The information brought by the constable should be studied and appropriate action
taken. For example, if a bad character is reported to be absent from his village and the
place to which he has gone is known an Enquiry Roll Form 'A' will be issued
immediately to the Station House Officer to whose jurisdiction the bad character is
reported to have gone. If the place to which the bad character is reported to have gone
is within the jurisdiction of the same Police Station, a Constable or a head Constable
will be sent out to the place to ascertain the movements and activities of the bad
character. It must also be seen whether the absence of the bad character has
synchronised with the occurrence of any crime in the limits of the station or
neighbouring stations.

Checking of Beats
199. The Station House Officer/Police Sub-Inspectors, Assistant Sub-Inspector and Head
Constables should check the constables on beat duty by surprise. The Circle Inspector who is
the Station House Officer, Police Sub-Inspectors or Head Constable should visit selected
villages with the Beat Books and compare the dates and hours of the entries in the Beat
Books with those in the Point Books, Such verification should be made even when the
Station House Officer or a Head Constable goes to a village on any other work, such as
petition enquiry or investigation. If Beat Books are not available the checking officer will
note down the particulars in his note book and compare them with the Beat Book on his
return to the station. The Circle Inspector and the Station House Officer should also make
enquiries with the villagers other than Point Book holders about the beat constable's presence
on the days noted in the Beat Book. The Station House Officer should be able to check all the
beats in the limits at least once a month. The Police Sub-Inspectors, Assistant Sub-Inspectors
and Head Constables should do so more often. The Police Inspector/Police Sub-Inspector in
charge of the Police Station should ensure that he visits every village in his jurisdiction at
least once a quarter.

Duties Of Supervising Officers In Relation To Beats
171

200. Officers of and above the rank of Circle Inspector visiting or inspecting a station should
not only see whether beat villages have been properly selected but also ensure that beats are
being regularly served and checked. The fact of having done so should be embodied in the
inspection notes together with the instructions, if any, given to the Station House Officer.

(C) Police records
i.
Police records, pertaining to crimes and criminals and the ones maintained at the
police station and various other places with regard to law and order situations, play a
vital role and assist the police personnel in a meaningful way in the discharge of their
duties with regard to prevention of crimes and law and order situations.

ii.

Police records perform the role of broad database and on the basis of information
available in this database police officers can devise methods and plan out for keeping
check and control on the movements and activities of the criminals, and at the same
time can also keep a track on the emerging law and order situations. The information
available in the police record would help the police officers in making preventive
arrests and evolving other strategies for prevention of crimes and law and order
situations.

iii.

With the advent of computer technology and adoption of computerization at various
levels, the record keeping has become more systematic, scientific and organized. A
large bulk of records can be maintained by use of computers and even the retrieval of
the desired record is also quick and fast. The computerization of police records thus
should be gainfully utilized by the policemen of various ranks for the discharge of
their prevention duties.

(D) Surveillance
Surveillance is a vital part of preventive action by police. It deters the designs of a person
intending to commit offences. The nature and degree of surveillance depends on the
circumstances and persons on whom surveillance is mounted. It is only in very rare cases and
on rare occasions that round the clock surveillance becomes necessary for a few days or
weeks. It is necessary that those who deserve to be kept under close surveillance receive
maximum attention.

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201. Surveillance of HS and BC
I.

The beat Police Officers should be fully conversant with the movements or
changes of residence of all persons for whom history sheets of any category are
maintained. They shall promptly report the exact information to the SHO, who
will make entries in the relevant registers. The SHO on this basis of information
should report by the quickest means to the SHO in whose jurisdiction the
concerned person/persons are going to reside or pass through. The SHO who
receives the first communication should acknowledge the communication and
inform the concerned beat Police Officers of the area. If the subject is moving out
to another area he should initiate the same procedure of intimating the concerned
SHO. The receiving officer shall acknowledge the first and second
communications. When replies are received the SHO shall make necessary entries
in the history sheet and records. When a history-sheeted person is likely to travel
by the Railway, intimation of his movements should also be given to the nearest
Railway Police Station.

II.

Bad Characters : In the case of a BC who is known to have gone to another
State, a BC Roll 'A' shall be sent directly to the Station House Officer of the
station in the other State preceded first by communication through quickest
means. Entries in the concerned record should be made when reply is received. If
similar communication is received from other States, action should be taken to
verify and enter in the concerned records. A reply should be sent to the concerned
based on enquiries.

III.

Suspicious Strangers: When a stranger of suspicious conduct or demeanour is
found within the limits of a police station, the SHO shall forward a BC Roll to the
Police Station in whose jurisdiction the stranger claims to have resided. The
receipt of such a roll must be immediately acknowledged and replied. If the
suspicious stranger states that he resides in another State, a BC Roll shall be sent
directly to the SHO of the station in the other State.

IV.

Bad characters going out of view: When a BC absents himself or goes out of
view, whether wanted in a case or not, the information should be disseminated to
the police stations having jurisdiction over the places likely to be visited by him
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and also to the neighbouring stations, whether within this State or outside. If he is
traced and intimation is received of his arrest or otherwise arrangements to get a
complete and true picture of his activities should be made and the concerned
record updated.
V.

Transfer of criminals to jails of native place: All dangerous convicts should be
transferred to the jails near their native places, 2 months before their release. If the
native place is not known, efforts must be made to trace it through the SCRB and
FPB. The SP of the district where the prisoner is lodged should send intimation to
the Superintendent of Jail sending a counterfoil to the SP of the prisoners native
place.

VI.

Release of Foreign Prisoners: Before a foreign prisoner whose finger prints are
taken for record is released the SP of the district where the case is registered
should send a report to the Director, I.B. through CID informing the route and
conveyance by which he is likely to leave this country.

VII.

Shadowing of convicts and dangerous persons: The following are the rules for
shadowing the convicts on their release from jails.

(a) Dangerous convicts who are not likely to return to their native places should
be shadowed. The fact, when a convict is to be shadowed shall be entered in
the DCRB in the FP register and communicated to the Superintendent of Jail.

(b) The Police Officer deputed for shadowing an ex-convict shall enter the fact in
the notebook. The Police Officers shall be furnished with a challan indicating
the particulars of the ex-convict marked for shadowing. This form shall be
return by the SHO of the area where the ex-convict takes up his residence or
passes out of view to the DCRB / OCRS where the jail is situated, where it
shall be on record for further reference and action if any. The subjects being
shadowed should be kept in view, but on no account should any restraint be
put upon their movements.

VIII.

Provisions of 356 CrPC: The following instructions are issued with regard to ex174

convicts ordered to notify residence under sub-section (5) of section 356 of CrPC.
•

Each Station House Officer is responsible for maintaining a correct list in Form 123
of ex-convicts ordered to notify residence, which shall be displayed in the station.
The villages notified and the dates of release will be entered from jail release lists.
This order does not apply to Railway police stations.

•

When an ex-convict does not appear at the place notified within a reasonable time,
the SHO shall report the fact to the DCRB, which should order for enquiries to be
made after approval of SP/Addl. SP.

•

Ex-convict ordered to notify shall be watched in the same way as other dangerous
criminals and their intended movements, of which they should give notice and
movements communicated through BC Rolls.

•

The certificate prescribed by rule 7 of the rules framed by the Government is in Form
124. A copy of the certificate shall be attached to the copy of the general diary sent to
the office and remain filed with it.

•

Prosecution of ex-convicts for breach of the rules shall not be undertaken without the
sanction of the SP or the SDPO.

•

The offence falls under the second part of section 176 of the I PC. Remission grants
to heinous offenders

IX.

Convicts released on medical grounds: A convict released by the Government
on medical grounds is required to follow certain conditions for his release and
thereafter. The conditions to which he subscribes before release are set forth
below.

•

That the said convict will, within fourteen days from the date of his release, present
himself to the SP or if he is absent, to the Addl. SP in charge of Administration and
will produce the copy of the conditions of his release given to him by the Jail
Superintendent.

•

That he will henceforth report himself, once in each month, at such time and to such
officer as may be directed by the SP or Addl. SP.

•

That he will not.leave the district without the written permission of the SP.

•

That he will accept and fulfil the conditions of grant of such permission.

•

That he will not commit any offence punishable by law in force in India.
175

•

That he will not associate with notoriously bad characters or lead a dissolute life.

•

That he will live peacefully and will endeavour to earn an honest livelihood.
X.

Rules and Instructions regarding watching ex-convicts ordered to notify
residence: The following are the rules to be framed by the Government under
sub-section (5) of section 356 of CrPC.

(a) A convict in respect of whom such an order u/s 356 CrPC has been passed
shall, when called upon by the officer in charge of the jail in which he s
confined state before his release the place at which he Intends to reside after
his release, naming the village or town and the street therein. After release
and on arrival at his residence, he shall, within 24 hours, notify at the nearest
police station that he has taken up his residence accordingly.

(b) Whenever he intends to change his residence he shall, (not less than two days
before making such change), notify his intention at the nearest police station,
giving the date on which he intends to change his residence and the name of
the village or the town and street in which he intends to reside and, on arrival
at such residence, he shall, within twenty-four hours, notify at the nearest
police station that he has taken up his residence accordingly.

(c) The officer recording a notification shall allow such period as may be
reasonably necessary to enable the convict to take up his residence in the
place notified. If the convict does not take up his residence in such place
within the period so allowed, he shall, not later than the day following the
expiry of such period, notify his actual place of residence to the officer in
charge of the police station within the limits of which he is residing.
(d) Whenever a released convict intends to be absent from his residence between
sunset and sunrise, he shall notify his intention at the nearest police station,
stating the time and purpose of such absence, and the exact address where he
can be found during that period.
(e) Every notice required to be given by the foregoing rules shall be given by the
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released convict in person unless prevented from doing so by illness or other
sufficient cause, in which case the notice required shall be sent either by letter
duly signed by him or by an authorized messenger on his behalf.
(f) Whenever a released convict gives any notice under the rules, he shall be
furnished with a certificate to the effect that he has given such notice by the
officer to whom he gives it.
"A" and "B" lists of absconding warrantees
i.

When a person for whom a warrant has been issued is absconding
and there is no immediate prospect of his arrest, or when a criminal
for whom a History Sheet is maintained goes out of view, the Station
House Officer should send a descriptive roll of the individual to the
DCRB.

ii.

In addition to absconding warrantees and "out of view" criminals of
the district, the DCRB will publish in its list the descriptive rolls of
absconding warrantees and "out of view" criminals of other districts
and of persons whose names are published in the Criminal
Intelligence Gazette, who are residents of, or likely to come to the
district.

iii.

The lists will be filed separately in each station, and from them the
Station House Officer shall compile a list in the regional language of
persons likely to come to his station limits and display the same in
the station. The staff of the station is expected to learn the details of
these persons by going through these lists.

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Chapter 12

Maintenance of Law & Order
Introduction
202. Preservation of peace and maintenance of order in the society is the primary and basic
duty of the police department. Peace and development go hand in hand. If there is peace,
tranquility and order in the society, development and progress of various sorts take place in a
natural way. On the contrary, if there is an atmosphere of disorder, disturbance and
uncertainty, the overall development of the society will be a natural casualty. In a democratic
society freedom of expression is a fundamental right, and at the same time in a plural society
like India, there is every possibility of difference of opinion and consequent the dissention in
the opinions, values and thoughts is likely to cause confrontation and conflicts among various
groups. Such situations, if not regulated, controlled and contained, they are likely to create
serious situation of law and order.

Law & Order : Concept and Dimensions
203. The field police officers should realize that society is full of factors and potentials which
might cause disruption to normal peaceful conditions. Police, therefore should always keep a
close watch on various social, political, economic, religious, cultural and other activities and
issues so that these might not take an ugly turn and convert themselves into situations of law
and order. All activities though normal may obtain abnormal dimension, and might cause
breach of peace and tranquility to create a situations of law and order for the police. The
concept of law and order, therefore is based primarily on the presumption that any normal
situation, by seen or unseen, sudden or deliberate, accidental or intentional reason can
become abnormal and thereby obtain a dimension of ordinary or serious law and order
situation. The concept of law and order is a multi-faceted and multi-dimensional nature. The
police, therefore, are required to handle a large variety of law and order situations including
student unrest, political agitation, social demonstration, cultural and religious processions,
industrial agitation, various types of strikes, Dharnas and Gheraos etc. Each of the above
categories of law and order situation would have its own specific and special contexts and the
police will have to tackle it accordingly.

178

Perspectives on Law and Order
204. Riots and other disturbances take place due to socio-economic and political frictions,
communal, caste, regional, industrial, agrarian and political disturbances. Criminal, goonda
gangs and unsocial elements provoke these disturbances and add fuel to the fire. The
disturbances cause widespread panic, physical assaults, bodily injuries, murders, lootings,
rapes and forcible closure of business establishments and shops and may create situations of
intimidation. There inhuman acts take place posing a challenge to the efficacy of the police
and the good governance of the government in dealing with these disturbances. Police have
an onerous and difficult duty in tackling such situations with all the legal means available at
their command.

Riots
205. No crime is so dangerous to the peace, harmony, life and well being of the people as
riots. Widespread riots for any duration paralyse trade, free movement of people depriving
their normal means of livelihood shaking the confidence in the police and the government. It
is the prime duty of the police to prevent the commission of breach of peace by gathering
intelligence to nip it in the bud. The police may later have to take effective measures in
controlling the disturbances. Primarily, it is the duty of the law and order police to control
these disturbances as per situation with the assistance of other wings of the department like
Reserve Police, Railway Police, Spl. Police, Central Paramilitary Forces etc. as per the need.
Each situation calls for different ways of dealing and adopting measures suiting to the laws
and the needs.

Collection of Information
206. Police should collect information about every movement, state of feeling, dispute or
incident, which may lead to a breach of peace. Communication of such information should be
sent to the concerned authorities for taking action and to use the information for the purpose
of preventing or detecting the associated crimes and for preventing breach of peace. All
police measures and actions, their efficacy and use depend on the quality of intelligence
gathered and its use.

207. Police Action at the Grass Root Level
179

A. Consult police station records to identify the occasions of breach of peace, its nature,
the places and potential troublemakers. The records should be kept accurate and
updated,
B. Visit the place and assess public feeling and likely trouble and contact persons who
command respect and confidence of rival groups. Also gather information from all
possible sources.
C. Understand and follow thoroughly the communications and instructions from superior
officers. Share this with the staff and ascertain full details from beat police and other
police staff on all aspects.
D. After the evaluation and assessment of the problem in all its aspects with reference
particularly to the persons, places and nature of trouble, police officers should decide
on surveillance, preventive arrests, promulgation of regulatory or prohibitory orders,
arrangements to be made to contain and control trouble.
E. It is the prime duty of the police to prevent the commission of cognizable offences.
They should enlist the assistance of influential persons in communities in mitigating
the situation and see that they exercise their influence in controlling the situations.
F. Policemen on duty should be instructed to take help of village officials and keep vigil
and report from time to time on the meetings, both public and secret, handbills
distributed and rumours set afloat by mischievous local elements or outside agents.
G. A striking force of adequate police strength should be mobilized and kept ready for
attending to any sudden out break of mob violence. Besides this all riot control
equipments like water cannon, gas guns, firearms and ammunition, helmets, shields,
tear gas shells, shock batons, baton rounds (rubber/plastic bullet), lathis etc. should be
kept ready for use.
H. Precautionary measures for preventing or dealing with such disorders depend-upon a
number of factors, including the cause of friction, the nature of the particular dispute,
whether the danger is continuous or associated with a particular festival or
occasion, and the influence of the leader of the communities.
I. Experience has shown that precautions taken in proper time tend to inspire confidence
among several communities and check the misguided zeal of irresponsible elements.
J. Arrange frequent patrolling if assessment reveals possible breach of peace.
K. Precaution signals, police preparedness and timely action act as a deterrent to possible
troublemakers and inspire confidence among public.
L. Pay utmost attention to fasts, feasts and festivals of different communities occurring
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at the same time. Work out mutually acceptable arrangements; reconcile conflicting
approaches or disputes with the help of rival local leaders. But do not be misled by
promises and assurances and make necessary arrangements as a precaution.
M. Keep the concerned Executive Magistrate informed in writing to be available. Police
Officers should remain in close touch with the magistracy during situations of
anticipations and actual breach of peace.
N. When tensions and feelings run high, a clash in a large town develops into serious and
widespread trouble. Precautionary measures need to be taken on this assumption as
such steps will prevent and stop clashes in other areas apart from containing spread of
trouble.

Police Action if Situation Deteriorates
208. If disorders get a firm foothold before the necessary arrangements are made to control
and bring about normalcy, and if the trouble assumes the form of gang attacks, kill and run
situations and the police are inadequate to prevent it, the following measures should be taken.
i.

Promulgation of orders under section 144 CrPC including curfew, prohibiting the
holding of meetings, delivering of speeches, assembling of persons, carrying of
weapons, taking out processions, or other acts from which a breach of the peace can
be apprehended.

ii.

In case of disputes that occasion the breach of the peace relating to land or water or to
boundaries of land or water, action under sections 145 to 148 of CrPC is appropriate
and must be taken. Copies of reports to Magistrates for action u/s 144 or 145 of CrPC
should be sent to the concerned superior Police Officers.

209. Further Police Action
I.

If the prospect of averting trouble is not encouraging, concentrate a
sufficiently large police force in the vicinity of the scene of trouble. But where
trouble is anticipated a show of strength, is sometimes sufficient to avoid
untoward developments. The police force should be strong enough to deal
promptly and effectively with major or minor incidents. Route marches by
police columns through the affected areas help in containing and the spread of
incidence. Arrangements must be made for patrols and pickets and for the
establishment of communications between the various police parties and the
police headquarters.
181

II.

The deployment in such situations should be to contain large-scale trouble and
quick return to normalcy. Hence aimlessly scattering and thinning out the
police force should be avoided otherwise it may result in not being able to
prevent anything anywhere. All deployment should ensure communication
between all pickets, patrols and striking forces both in terms of equipment and
physical mobility between each point. In short physical contact by foot or
transport should be ensured between one point and other when police are
deployed.

III.

SDPOs, SP/Addl. SP should be present at the scene of the trouble and should
not leave the situation to be handled by subordinates alone without taking
away initiate from them. Mobile patrols in a vehicle with a Magistrate and
motorcycle patrols in a town are more valuable form of patrol in a town or
city.

IV.

Precautionary measures should include action u/s 151 CrPC against goondas,
rowdies, suspects, bad characters and the persons likely to create trouble.
Since the effect of an arrest u/s 151 CrPC is only for 24 hours. A specific
offence must be made out in case a person is required to be kept in custody for
more than 24 hours.

V.

In respect of breach of peace due to communal, caste or other problems,
preventive detention can be resorted to. When public property is destroyed in
the course of riots or agitations action can be taken under the Prevention of
Damage to Public Property Act 1984.

210. Dispersal of Unlawful Assembly
i.

For the dispersal of unlawful assemblies by use of force 3 important conditions
should be fulfilled. (1) that there is an unlawful assembly; (2) such an assembly is
ordered to disperse; and (3) in spite of the orders the assembly refused to disperse.
The force to be used should be minimum required to disperse the unlawful
assembly. The quantum of minimum force differs from situation to situation and
depends on the nature of crowd and its activities etc.
182

ii.

There will be salutary effect if arrests of those responsible are made immediately
on the spot. Where the clash takes the form of mob fighting, there should be no
hesitation to disperse it by effective use of force. Use of firearms should be the
last resort, when all other measures have failed to save the lives and property of
the people. However, the decision to open fire to control mob should be taken
quickly and the situation should not be allowed to go out of hand due to indecision or delay in taking decision to open fire.

211. Riot Schemes and Police Action
i.

A riot scheme should be drawn up for every important town for each category of
riot like communal, caste, regional or political. These schemes should be
practiced every half-year. The object of the practice is to ensure that all officers
are conversant with the details of the scheme and their duties therein.

ii.

Cases must be registered promptly, investigated impartially and prosecuted
successfully under the close supervision of Inspectors and SDPOs. If need be, a
separate investigation team should be formed during the period of riots. If there is
a shortage of manpower, special police officers can be appointed under the Police
Acts.

Action When Situation Under Control
212. When the situation has been brought under reasonable control the following measures
should be taken.
A. Police deployment should ordinarily continue, though on a reduced scale, until
confidence is restored.
B. Orders passed under section 144 CrPC, may be continued for some time since this
helps in preventing panic.
C. If curfew has been imposed, a relaxation for a few hours depending on situation may
be given to start with and later it can be gradually withdrawn when situation returns
to normal.
D. The assistance of non-officials is of greater value during the conciliation stage and it
should be fully availed.
183

E. Senior Police Officer must assess the situation promptly and leave the scene when
they are fully satisfied that the situation is brought under control without taking
complacence haphazardly.
F. Case reported during riots should be promptly investigated and finalised.

Legal Provisions to deal with Law & Order Situations
213. Police Act empowers DSsP and above to notify requiring licence by all persons
conducting a meeting or a procession in public places or thoroughfares. If the authority is of
the opinion that such assembly or procession if uncontrolled is likely to cause a breach of the
peace, they can issue notice requiring licence by any assembly or procession for the use of
music. As per the direction of Government, such order shall specify the duration for which
the licence is required. A procession or an assembly which violates the conditions of a
licence may be ordered to disperse. If the procession or the assembly so ordered to disperse
neglects or refuses to obey the order, it shall be deemed to be an unlawful assembly.
214. Instructions for Officers With Regard to Processions
i.

The enforcement authorities should play an impartial role in implementing the
respective right of the parties.

ii.

If it is apprehended that the enjoyment of the approved practice with respect to any
procession will lead to a breach of the peace, it is the duly of the officers concerned to
take adequate precautionary measures.

iii.

Leaders of factions should be involved from the beginning in the maintenance of
order. Help of citizen Committees should be solicited.

iv.

Any newspapers carrying on negative propaganda should be cautioned against
indulging in any action likely to disturb peace. All relevant material and its effects
should be kept ready to face the challenge to such actions in courts. Freedom of press
(expression), a right guaranteed under the Constitution should be respected. But the
restrictions if any imposed on such right should be implemented. It should be borne in
mind that flow of proper information to the public through press may also bring down
tensions and help in restoring normalcy. Hence all Police Officers should assess the
situation in its entirety and make proper use of the media to restore peace and
confidence.

Industrial Unrest
184

215. The following orders should be followed by the police on the occurrence of trouble
among the workers during strikes or widespread unrest.

1. Labour problems are due to economic reason, unresolved disputes between
management and labourers or due to vested interests and issues raised by trade
unions. When a strike or a situation that disturbs peace actually occurs, the duty of the
police is only to preserve peace and not to interfere in or arbitrate on the issues
involved. There are several departments under various laws to deal with such
disputes. Police are concerned only in prevention of violent activities and destruction
of properties. They should however; activise the labour and individual department
officials to initiate measures for solution if they feel that clashes or undesirable
activity may result in deteriorating law and order.
2. Timely information on the industries, the subsisting disputes with potential for law
and order problems, the likely trouble makers, and the nature of violence that may be
caused should be gathered by police.
3. The police should prevent breaches of the peace, secure the safety of property, and
general public, deal with and investigate cognizable cases, and obtain information all
other related points
4. The SHO should inform the Inspector, SDPO and the SP at the earliest about the
possibility of a strike and give intimation immediately on its occurrence. The report
should contain details of the number of persons affected, the issues involved in the
strike and the extent of disorder anticipated. Should the police force of the area be
insufficient to cope with the situation, the SP should requisition additional strength
from other sources.
5. Peaceful picketing to prevent non-strikers from attending or resuming work by
persuasion, as distinct from force or intimidation, or wrongful restraint, is not an
offence, and does not call for police interference, but it only needs watchfulness and
regulation of the situations.
6. Gherao and obstruction constitute offence, particularly when these activities assume
violent or abusive shape necessitating police intervention. Police should make
arrangements to cover demonstrations, hartals etc. so that they can intervene
effectively. When information about the Gherao is received the police must rush to
the place so that the person restrained is set free.
7. In dealing with violent situations inside a factory, particularly containing
185

sophisticated machinery or chemical substances the help of the officers should be
secured. The industrial security personnel, or others posted for security would be in
the best position to provide necessary assistance to the police in dealing with the
situation. Close liaison should therefore be maintained with them.
8. Destruction of public property or physical harm to persons, violent demonstrations
in the factory or outside should be dealt with in accordance with law.
9. The police must be aware of the right to protest for seeking solution of labour
problems in accordance with law. However, they should keep themselves fully
informed of the situation so as to act in time wherever violence is likely.

216. Law & Order due to Factions
I.

The frequent occurrence of factious riotings in certain areas of the state is a
definite indication of the challenges, which the police have to face in controlling
factious crime effectively. Attention should be paid to factious villages and all
steps appropriate should be taken to prevent factious crimes. Impartiality,
integrity, promptness and firmness are the most essential qualities required of a
police officer in dealing with factions and investigation of factious cases.

II.

When a faction comes to notice for the first time, efforts should be made to nip it
in the bud. Conciliatory methods may be successful at times. If the faction
persists, there should be no hesitation in setting the relevant law in motion. Police
should give clear message to the factionist that the police would mean business in
dealing with any disturbance or crime and follow it up with necessary measures.
The factious villages shall be covered effectively during day by beat area police
officers. Informants should be cultivated and information network be built up.
Arrests u/s 151 Cr.PC. should be made where necessary.

III.

Even a minor incident resulting from a faction should not be ignored. Section 160
IPC and sections 106 and 107 of CrPC should be used. In all cases under section
107 of the Code the Magistrate should be requested to take interim bonds from the
parties. In some cases, it may be necessary to take action under clauses (e) and (f)
of section 110 of CrPC against important faction leaders and rowdies. In cases of
factious riotings and affray, the Magistrate should be requested to bind over the
186

parties under section 106 of CrPC. If police officers furnish all background
material on the sureties, it will enable the Magistrate to decide whether to accept
the surety or not and jail the persons if sureties are not to his satisfaction.

IV.

Even after the parties to a faction have been bound over under section 106 or
section 107 of CrPC, there should be no relaxation of vigilance in regard to that
faction, as instances are not wanting in which even after action has been taken
under the security sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure, factious parties
have committed overt acts and indulged in sudden outbursts of violence. Every
such incident, however small including the attempts should be taken cognizance
of. The offenders should not only be charged for the specific offence but also
action taken for forfeiture of their bonds. If, in spite of all these measures,
factionists continue to be active, the Superintendent of Police should have no
hesitation to come up with proposals for quartering additional Police in the area.

V.

All incidents arising out of a faction should be recorded in the general diary
forthwith. An exhaustive note about the faction and its leaders and members with
their antecedents, as well as information collected from time to time by
Constables of the beat should be made in Part IV of the concerned Station Crime
History by the SHO.

Rowdy sheets should also be opened for those who are

persistent factionists.

Dispersal of Mobs
217. The instructions for the dispersal of mobs and for use of fire arms are contained
in the Police Drill Manual, besides legal provisions under section 129 to 132 Cr.P.C.
District, City Armed Reserves and Civil Police shall constantly practise these instructions.
An unlawful assembly may be ordered to disperse by a Magistrate or officer-in-charge of a
Police Station and when so ordered, it is the duty of the members of the unlawful assembly to
disperse. If they do not, force may be used to disperse them. Any Police Officer may without
warrant arrest the members of an unlawful assembly and thus disperse the assembly. The
following points have to be borne in mind.
I.

The Police must secure the presence of an Executive Magistrate as far as
possible where a breach of the peace necessitating the use of force is
187

anticipated. The Executive Magistrate on information or requisition by police
should be present at the spot. When a Magistrate is present at the spot he should
be in complete charge of the situation. He has the necessary legal powers to order
any Police Officer to assist him in handling the situation. The senior most Police
Officer present is bound to assist the Magistrate by mobilizing the available
Police Force and utilizing them as best as possible.

II.

If the crowd becomes defiant and the use of teargas, lathi charge or both are
inexpedient or fail in their purpose, use of firearms may be resorted to. The
Magistrate is responsible for taking a decision as to when an unlawful assembly
has to be dispersed by force and also the kind of force to be used. After such a
decision is taken, the officer-in-charge of the Police is solely responsible for
deciding the exact amount of force to be used, the manner of using it and the
settling of the details of the operations connected with the use of force, all the
time keeping in mind the principle that no more force and no longer than
necessary should be used.

III.

When a Police party is formed for dispersing an unlawful assembly, it should be
numbered and split off into two or more sections. Each section should be under
the charge of an officer. All commands to the Police are to be given by the Officer
in command of the party. The Police are not on any account to open fire except by
word of command of their officer, who has to exercise an extreme caution and
discretion regarding the extent and the line of fire.

IV.

Officers commanding police parties will, ensure that the fullest warning is, if
feasible, given to the mob in a clear and distinct manner before any order is given
to use tear gas or lathies or fire arms. They will use the most effectual means to
explain before hand to them that in the event of the Police party being forced to
open fire, the fire will be effective and on the target. Whenever firing is resorted
to, directions and warnings to the mobs should be announced through
loudspeakers. Police vehicles should be equipped with loudspeakers and where
such arrangements cannot be made hand megaphones should be kept ready for
announcement.

188

V.

Even after being warned, if the mob does not disperse, the order to fire may be
given. If the officer in command of the party is of the opinion that it will suffice if
orders to only one or two files are given, he may accordingly order specifying the
files that are to open fire. If, however, he considers that it will be insufficient, he
will give the word of command to one or more sections to open fire. The fire
order of each section will be given, by the regular word of command by the
officer-in-charge of the party. Firing should be well controlled and officers
ordering firing should always indicate the number of rounds that should be fired
at any particular time.

VI.

Where the situation warrants firing over the heads of the crowd and where it is
considered likely to be effective in dispersing the violent mob, such firing should
be resorted to only with blank ammunition. Other policemen should be kept ready
with rifles loaded with live ammunition so that if the use of blank ammunition
fails, the Police would not be taken by surprise or overwhelmed. Firing with live
ammunition should be directed against the most threatening part of the crowd, the
aim being kept low. Firing should cease the moment it is no longer necessary.

VII.

Files or sections ordered to fire shall unload immediately after firing without
further word of command until the order to cease firing is made finally. Firing
should cease the moment the rioters show signs of dispersing and all help should
immediately be rendered to tend or convey the wounded to the hospital.

VIII.

An Armed Force should never be brought so close to a large and dangerous mob
as to risk its being overwhelmed by numbers or being forced into action resulting
in infliction of heavy casualties. Firing should be carried out from a distance
sufficient to obviate the risk of being rushed on and to enable strict fire control.

IX.

Riot flags and display banners should be taken when District Reserves are called
out in apprehension of disturbances and before firing or any other means of
dispersal is resorted to. They should be hoisted in front of the mob in a manner
that what is written on them is clearly visible and can be read or clearly
understood by the mob.

189

X.

The Police used for dispersing mobs should wear the prescribed uniforms and
steel helmets. The teargas section and the armed party protecting the teargas
section should wear antigas respirators.

Right of Private Defence
218. In the matter of dispersal of unlawful assembly the right of private defence can be
exercised to protect the life and property of public or to protect themselves. This right can be
excercised by using force as much as is necessary and as long as it is necessary. This right
extends even to the causing of death in certain cases as laid down in section 100 IPC as
against body and in section 103 IPC as against property.

The police should exercise this

right cautiously. Any amount of exceeding the right may make them liable for penal action
as per law. Therefore, the police officers must make a judicious use of this right, only in dire
need to save the life and property, when occasion arises as shown in sections 100 and 103 I
PC.
219. Special Police Officers for Law & Order Purposes
I.

When there is apprehension that there is likelihood of disturbance of peace, riot or
formation of unlawful assemblies or when such unlawful assemblies already
formed for provoking breach of peace and when it is felt that the existing ordinary
police is insufficient to meet the situation, special police officers can be appointed
for such time and in such manner as deems necessary for the protection of life and
property of the inhabitants.

II.

Every SDPO shall maintain a list of residents suitable with good antecedents for
such duty at each place in his Sub-Division in order that he may be able at any
moment to give the Magistrate the necessary details to enable him to appoint
without delay as many special Police Officers as may be necessary. The lists
should be updated every year. Those persons who have been in NCC, NSS, scouts
and guides and employees in the government departments and other young
persons of good antecedents would be the proper persons to be included in the
list. The ex-servicemen are also useful for the purpose.

III.

A list of all Special Police Officers thus appointed shall be displayed in the local
police station. The place of muster, which need not necessarily be a police station,
190

shall be attended at the time by an officer not lower in rank than a Sub-Inspector.
He shall check the attendance of Special Police Officers and allot their duties in
writing specifying the hours of duty and its nature.

IV.

The requirement of discipline for such special police officers should be liberal and
ordinarily the physical drill is not necessary. The form of compliments to seniors
will not be a salute but a civilian method of greeting. The periods of duty shall not
be long and reliefs shall be frequent. The work of Special Police Officers shall be
supervised and checked and absence from duty noted by specially selected
Special Police Officers to whose charge they are given. The Special Police
Officers whenever necessary shall be strengthened and supported by regular
police. They shall remain as separate bodies, and the duty of using any necessary
force shall be performed by regular police. Negligence or refusal to serve without
sufficient excuse or disobedience to orders or directions makes him liable on
conviction and fine.

V.

If a motor vehicle belonging to a Special Police Officer or obtained on loan by
him or any of his personal property is damaged or lost during its use by such
officer on duty, the cost of such damage or the value of such vehicle, as the case
may be, in so far as it is not covered by insurance or is not met by the insuring
office, will be made good by the government, provided that the claim in respect of
such cost or of such value is made promptly and through the concerned police
authority. The government will also award reasonable compensation for any
injury or the loss of life to the Special Police Officer, if it is directly due to his
service as such.

220. Additional Police for Law and Order
I.

Additional police may be quartered under legal provisions for controlling
deteriorating law and order situations. Sanction for such additional Police should
be obtained from the government and formal proposals as to how the cost should
be recovered should also be submitted to the government.

II.

When the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police consider that
additional police should be stationed in any area in the district, the SP will
191

immediately submit proposals to the Zonal Inspector-General/DIGP, through the
District Magistrate furnishing information. The District Magistrate will forward
the proposals with his remarks to the Zonal Inspector-General/DIGP. On receipt
of the proposals the Zonal Inspector-General/DIGP will, if necessary, visit the
area in question in order to satisfy himself that the conduct of the inhabitants of
the area justifies the imposition of additional Police. If he is satisfied that
additional police are necessary, he will endorse the proposals received from the
district authorities and forward to the DGP.

III.

On receipt of the proposals from the Zonal Inspector-General/DIGP, the DGP will
move the Government for the imposition of additional police and, if they agree,
request them to issue a notification in the Government Gazette. As soon as the
notification is published in the Government Gazette, the Superintendent of Police
will draft the force of the strength mentioned in the notification to the area, from
the district police strength.

IV.

Soon after the notification in the Gazette, the District Magistrate will submit
proposals to the Government through the Zonal IG/DIGP and DGP as to manner
of recovery stating clearly the financial condition of the inhabitants of the area
from whom the cost is proposed to be recovered and the manner of distribution of
cost amongst them. If it is considered desirable that any of the residents should be
exempted from the contribution, the reasons should be clearly stated.

V.

Whenever it is considered desirable to extend the period by which additional
police have been imposed, a report, specifying the reasons for retention of the
force and the further period for which the force should be retained, will be
submitted by the SP to the DGP through the District Magistrate and Zonal
IG/DIGP at least two months before the term for which it was originally imposed
expires. Before submitting the proposals it must be ensured that the dues till the
date are collected/recovered. Additional police may not, without the sanction of
the government, be retained beyond the term for which they were originally
imposed.

VI.

Duties performed by additional force : The duties to be performed by additional
192

police are (a) to patrol the affected area and (b) to restrain the inhabitants of the
area from committing excesses (c) any other duties prescribed by the SP. The
Station House Officer is responsible for ensuring compliance of the duties.

Campus Violence and Student Unrest
221. Reasons: The breaches of peace occasioned by students' violence both in and out of the
campus require special attention of the police. There are many reasons and occasions when
violence breaks out. These may be broadly classified as internal and external. Internal causes
relate to purely problems of students relating to fees, mess facilities, curriculum,
examinations, copying, ill treatment by authorities, scholarships, group rivalries, student
elections, ragging, misconduct of staff members or assault by outsiders on a student, teacher
etc. Some problems may be genuine, some may not be. The external causes relate to political,
social or other causes in which students or groups of them involve themselves either within
the campus or outside. Like all other situations, information collection is the most important
duty of police and an essential requirement. The SHO by personal contacts with students and
teachers should keep himself abreast of the affairs involving the groups in the colleges or
Universities in his jurisdiction. The guidelines for dealing with students' violence or incidents
are given below:
A. Keep the Head of the Institution informed of visits to the campus as far as possible.
Only in an emergency where a violent incident has occurred or about to take place
and where it is not possible to inform, the police may rush to the spot making
arrangements for information to the Head of the Institution or other responsible
person of the Institution.
B. Do not express opinion as to the right or wrong of the cause or person, but only act
according to law. Conduct parlays with rival groups to avoid imminent clash if
possible. Take assistance of student leaders or neutral teachers to persuade against
violence.
C. Make prompt arrest if a serious incident like grievous hurt or homicide has taken
place. While proceeding to deal with an outbreak of violence, strong police must be
taken. All policemen should be doubly briefed on restraint and conduct. Use of force
should be avoided as far as possible, unless there is no other way to stop further
violence. While making arrests avoid doing so in the full view of the students, unless
it is in the course of dealing with an unlawful assembly.
193

D. Assist University/College authorities in ensuring that only genuine and legitimate
inmates stay in hostels. Universities and College authorities should be prevailed by
higher police officers in this regard. Assist the in situational authorities for keeping
order during examinations and other activities.
E. Collect full and accurate information regarding gangsterism, eve-teasing or assaults
on teachers and act as per relevant law. Do not act on hearsay or on unverified
information. Take all steps as in any other case for investigation of an offence
occurring in the campus or hostels.
F. Visit the campus during normal times so that it becomes easier to handle situations
when they occur. Always remember that the students, being young and emotional are
prone to flash actions impulsive and hasty acts. Handling of situations should be done
with proper understanding of the issues/situation. Where group clashes are likely
there should be no hesitation to initiate action under section 107 CrPC and to obtain
bonds.
222. Ragging : The menace of ragging in the name of introduction and familiarization of
newly entrant fresh students, by senior students of the educational institutions has, of late,
taken an ugly turn of serious concern. This practice of ragging is more prevalent in the
medical, engineering and business management college/institutes. In a few cases, the victim
students have taken the extreme step of committing suicide. To prohibit this bad practice of
ragging within or outside any educational institution, the governments have enacted the Laws
prohibiting ragging. The 'ragging' means doing an act, which causes or is likely to cause
insult or annoyance or fear or apprehension or threat or intimidation or outrage of modesty or
injury to a student. The act includes words either spoken or written or signs or sounds or
gestures or visible representations. Penalty for ragging is provided under each respective Act.
Whenever any student complains of ragging to head or manager of an educational institution,
such head or manager should inquire into or cause an inquiry to be made into the complaint
forthwith and if the complaint is prima- facie found true, shall suspend the student or students
complained against, for such period as may be deemed necessary. The decision of the head or
manager of the educational institution in this regard shall be final.

I.

Duties of Police : The police officers have to play an important and active role in
curbing this menace of ragging. Therefore, all Ss.P./Cs.P. should instruct their
subordinates before the commencement of the academic session to contact Heads
194

of the educational institutions and enlighten them on the provisions of the law.
Head of educational institution should also be advised to give wide publicity
about the provisions prohibitively ragging.

II.

University and College hostels should be visited especially in the nights and in the
beginning of the academic session along with the wardens and university/college
staff. If necessary complaint box may be kept in the hostels. Efforts to collect
intelligence or deploy men in plain clothes at the beginning of academic year
besides keeping vigilance over senior students and also request the management
to take preventive action besides involving the non-government organisations
should be taken by the police to stop ragging. Suo-moto action should be initiated
where the institutions or the targeted victims do not come forward to lodge a
complaint for fear of reprisal.

195

Chapter 13

Handling Communal Situations
Introduction
223. Communal disturbance means an agitation or interruption of tranquility involving two
antagonistic religious communities. It may also be defined as an agitation arising out of a
conflict between two or more religious communities. The nature of a conflict may vary from
minor disturbances to big riot situations. Such disturbances always pose a serious threat to
law and order. Communal disturbances are always attended with considerable loss of human
life and destruction of property; they disrupt communal harmony and aggravate tension
between different communicates. They undermine public faith in the forces of law and order.
If they occur on a large scale, they even threaten the stability of the country. Prevention or
minimization of communal disturbances is, therefore, vital to the maintenance of law and
order; smooth functioning of a secular democracy and the stability and integrity of the
country.

Causes of Communalism
224. Communal disturbances and the causes underlying them are manifold. The main causes
appear to be historical, activities of communal parties, opportunistic and parochial policies of
political parties, enemy acts, mal-treatment of minority communities, and prevailing
prejudices between members of the different communities. Conflict of interests and
competition between two communities for sharing of economic and educational opportunities
may, sometimes, assume the form of communal disturbances. In the ultimate analysis,
prejudices, wrong attitudes and an atmosphere of mutual distrust and fear are responsible for
communal disharmony. Absence of adequate mutual participation in social and cultural
activities and a lack of devotion to common secular and non-religious values, consequent
living in almost closed societies, largely contribute to the continued existence of prevailing
prejudices and disharmony.

225. Role of the Police
I.

Maintenance of public order to a large extent depends on the response of police
196

and happens to be a basic responsibility of the police. Police Acts and the criminal
procedure code require the police to maintain public order and to interpose and to
proceed to the spot to investigate actual or suspected commission of offences.
Under section 127 and 128 of CrPC, the officer-in-charge of a Police Station and
other senior police officers are entitled to command dispersal of unlawful
assemblies or even to use force for that purpose. The duties and powers of the
police in India are both statutory and obligatory. The police are, therefore, duty
bound to maintain law and order during communal disturbances.

II.

The police must remain absolutely impartial in handling of communal
disturbances. The senior officers have a special responsibility in properly briefing
their subordinates in this regard. The police officers must realize that communal
disturbances are one of the worst threats to law and order and, therefore, they
should be especially remain alert to this problem. Competent and selected officers
should be posted to sensitive areas having a history of communal disturbances.

III.

Although, sudden eruptions cannot be completely ruled out, all communal
disturbances, by and large, develop over a period of time. If right steps are taken
in the beginning, it may be possible for the police to prevent communal tensions
from developing into disturbances and violence. The police should, therefore,
attach special importance to the preventive aspect of their duties in this regard.

226. Preventive Action
(i) Collecting of Intelligence : The first step in preventing communal tension from
developing into violence is the collection of adequate and advance intelligence. This should
be done by Special Branch at the State Headquarters and also at the District Hqrs. Police
should get in touch with the leaders of both communities and find out the causes of tension.
The past history of the place, the writings in the press, particularly local press, and, the
vernacular press, the likelihood of repercussions of disturbances in neighbouring districts or
neighbouring States should be given special consideration for prevention and handling of
communal incidents.
(ii) Rumors : Generally, rumours play a very important role in the aggravation of communal
tension. Although, rumours are a common phenomenon in normal life but in such situation,
197

these assume nastier and more purposive character. Rumours relating to communal, tensions
generally go through the following three stages:
(a) They begin with talks of alleged insults and discrimination.
(b) The common stories of imminent violence, of the arming by the other community, of
the need to protect house and loved ones from attack.
(c) Finally, the crisis rumours develop and spread for example, inflammatory acts, like
sex assault, beating or other crimes etc.

(iii) Watch on Community Leaders : During communal tension, the communal groups and
their leaders, exhibit a progressive tendency to operate more boldly and more openly. They
step up their propaganda; a campaign against other communities as they presume that there
will be a greater degree of social acceptance of their views during such times. Their activities
must be kept under close watch.

(iv) Preventive Arrests and Other Action : After collecting advance intelligence, it should
be carefully assessed and appreciated by the senior officers and preventive action should be
planned. If there is time, action under section 107, 117 of the criminal procedure code can be
taken against ring leaders and other anti-social elements. Arrests under section 151 of the
code of criminal procedure of ring leaders and mischief mongers of both the communities
can also be made. Remand can also be taken for police or judicial custody of persons arrested
under S. 151 Cr.P.C. Arrests of ring leaders and anti-social elements, who may fish in
troubled waters, can also be made under the Preventive Detention Act for detaining persons
for longer period. However, sufficient material should be collected in advance regarding their
activities and speeches, etc., so that action under Preventive Detention Act can be taken and
sustained against them.

(v) Prohibit Entry and Promulgation of Prohibition Orders : It may also become
necessary to either restrict the entry of certain undesirable persons into areas of tension or to
remove them from such areas in order to prevent their spreading communal propaganda and
mischief. Suitable prohibitory orders under section 144 Cr. P.C. may be promulgated and
enforced strictly. Issue of licences under Police Act requiring the processions to be taken
along certain routes and imposing other suitable conditions should be ensured so that clash
with the opposite group or party may be avoided.
198

227. Administrative Measures
i.

Apart from the legal measures certain administrative steps should also be taken.
Joint Peace Committee consisting of respective leaders of the communities may be
constituted for taking their help and that of other progressive political leaders for
controlling the tension

and

preventing

the tension situations from developing

into violent incidents.

ii.

Patrolling should be organissd in the mixed localities. Meetings of the minority
community may be called

to assure

legal action

them.

to

protect

them

The

that

police

the

authorities will take

should

also make

it

all

known

publicly and privately to all that in case of trouble, they will take quick,
firm

and

strong

action. A close

watch

should be kept on the circulation of

nasty rumours. The best antidote to rumours is that as soon as rumour is
found

circulating, they should be quickly investigated and fact

publicized adequately

and

quickly.

Also persons

found

should

be

circulating

such

rumour should be stopped by police officers and asked to give verification
and proof regarding the correctness of the rumour.

228. Post Preventive Measures
i.

If preventive measures fail and actual trouble breaks out the police will
have

to

take

always under

action

an intense

hatred and they do not
generally not
therefore,

use

to deal

with the

same.

excitement and they

The

communal

are swayed by

hesitate to take recourse to violence.

amenable to
determined,

reasoning
swift

and
and

persuasion.

effective

force

The

mobs

are

feelings

of

Such mobs are
police

to deal such

should,
mobs

right in the beginning.

ii.

If the mob gets an impression that the police are either weak or undecided
in their attitude, it may embolden them to become highly violent and destructive.
While in the initial stages, mob violence may be directed against specific
targets like members of the opposite group and their property, as it gets into
199

high gear, it may become more generalized and may be directed to general
public and their property. Determined

and

strong

police

action at the

initial

encounter with the mob, therefore, is of crucial importance.

Police Action Parameters
229. In order to make police action effective depending upon situation to situation, the
following points should be kept in mind :
i.

Attempt should be made to prevent the formation of crowds and to break them as
soon as they are formed. For this purpose, patrolling and posting of pickets at
strategic points will be necessary. The crowds can be dispersed under Section 127 of
the Cr.P.C.

ii.

Arrest of ring leaders may be made, if that is possible, without provoking much
trouble.

iii.

If a crowd is already formed, it should be cordoned off so that its size does not
increase by the joining of other people.

iv.

As soon as the mob starts indulging in violence or it is clear to the police that
violence will be resorted to, immediate action should be taken to disperse the same.
The police can use force for this purpose under section 128 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure for dispersal of unlawful assemblies. In such a case, orders of the
Magistrate, if present at the scene, should be obtained. Force can also be used by the
police under the Right of Private Defence (Sections 96 to 106 of the I.P.C.). For use
of force in the exercise of right of private defence, the orders of the Magistrate are not
required.

v.

In case of serious rioting, orders under S. 144 Cr.P.C. and the popularly called curfew
orders, may have to be imposed and strictly enforced. While major incidents may be
controlled by the promulgation of curfew, sporadic incidents of individual stabbing or
killing may continue for sometime, particularly in crowded areas. Therefore, the
police must organize foot and cycle patrols in such areas to ensure that there are no
such incidents. Care must be exercised in the withdrawal of curfew orders. This
should be withdrawn by stages. Sometime withdrawal of curfew orders may
aggravate the situation. After a mob has been dispersed, the police should pursue it
and ensure that all persons return home so that the mob does not re-form. Police
vigilance and patrolling should continue to prevent any eventuality.

vi.

When communal disturbance break out over a wide area in a District or a City, the
200

overall command of operations must remain in the hands of the District
Superintendent of Police. Sometimes, the disturbed area may be divided into zones,
where other officers may be deputed, but the overall control must remain with the
District Superintendent of Police as he is in the best know of things. Sometimes,
confusion may be created by the deputing of other senor officers in the areas, with the
result that an overall plan of action and direction of operations is not possible.
vii.

The areas of tension should be isolated by effective patrolling and posting of strong
pickets.

viii.

Investigation teams of competent officers may be constituted to register and
investigate cases arising out of communal incidents.

ix.

A separate officer may be deputed to maintain a chronological record of events.

x.

The injured should be given first aid and the dead persons should be removed to the
Mortuary.

xi.

Suitable liaison should be maintained with the press to enlist their cooperation in
correct reporting and mobilization of public opinion against communal tension.

xii.

Patrolling pickets in sensitive areas and general police vigilance should continue till
complete normalicy is restored.

xiii.

Policemen have to be on duty at various places for many days. Satisfactory feeding
and shelter arrangements should be made for them.

230. Broad Based and Comprehensive Administrative Measures
i.

A high powered Standing Council presided over by the Home Minister consisting of
representatives of major political parties, officials of the Home Ministry, police
officers and eminent sociologists may be constituted to review the communal
situation and advise the government on a regular basis on measures to promote
communal harmony and to minimize communal disturbances. Similar Councils may
be constituted at field level also.

ii.

Citizens committees consisting of respectable members of the majority and minority
communities as well as district officials should be constituted at the district and the
police station level. These committees can meet periodically to review communal
situation. They may also mobilize popular support resolving differences in times of
communal tension.

iii.

Setting up of Research Institute consisting of eminent Sociologists, Psychologists,
Economists, Lawyers and Police Officers, to go into the cause of communal
201

disharmony and to suggest remedial measures. The institute should be an independent
body and may collaborate with Universities and other centers of thought in its work.
iv.

Formulation and effective implementation of appropriate policies, if considered
necessary, to give effect to the secular provisions of the Indian Constitution. These
provisions are contained in articles 14, 15, 16, 19, 25, 26, 28, 29 and 30.

v.

The Government should evolve a definite policy in regard to ordering of judicial
inquiries into the use of force by the police to control communal disturbances or other
incidents. Too frequent appointment of such judicial inquiries may create fear and
hesitation in the minds of police officers to use force swiftly, effectively and in a
determined manner. Normally an administrative inquiry should be held, and if it
makes out a prime facie case that there has been either unjustified or excessive use of
force by the police, a judicial inquiry may be ordered.

vi.

A policy should also be formulated in regard to the withdrawal of cases by the State.
Normally, cases against persons who have indulged in communal riots should not be
withdrawn, but if it is thought necessary to do so in exceptional circumstances, a
definite policy in this respect should also be evolved.

231. Political Approach and Attitude
•

Major political parties should evolve a code of conduct and agree not to take
advantage of communal feelings for gaining political advantage.

•

They should propagate secular ideals and value and mobilize public support
for the same.

Legislative Measures
232. A bill introduced in the Parliament to amend Sections 153-A and 505 of I.P.C. to
enlarge their scope to enhance the provision of punishment and to make them cognizable has
been approved. Amendment of Section 8 of the Representation of the people Act 1951 to
provide for the disqualification from the membership of Parliament or State Legislature of
persons convicted of offences under Section

153-A or

505

of the

I.P.C. and a law to

prevent the publication of alarming, incorrect or provocative news or views likely
to disturb communal harmony also have deterrent effect. These are welcome measures.
In addition to these measures, the State may pass enactments on the lines of the
M.P,

public

Security Act

1959

to

arm the
202

law

and

order

authorities with

additional powers in regard to the entry of certain persons into certain areas,
regulation of the publication and circulation of provocative and alarming news or
views, control of camps, parades and drills, prohibition or restriction of the use of
pathways and roads, and constitution of special courts.

233. New Police Strategy
The police organization should be considerably strengthened and improved by
providing greater and better quality of manpower, better equipment, greater mobility
and better communications.
The Intelligence Branch of the police should be strengthened at all levels.
Training of policemen should be more intensive in methods of crowd control
and

handling violence such course should

psychology

and

social psychology.

include

Specialized

lessons

riot

in

crowd

control

squads

with

those

State

special training should be set up in every city and district.
A

suitable

research

organization

should

be

established in

police Headquarters where the incidence of communal disturbances is high,
to objectively evaluate the handling of communal disturbances by the police.
This research organisation should make a critical and objective analysis of each
situation

handled

by the

police,

and

make

its

findings

available

to all

officers in the field as well as police forces in other States.
Police plans in respect of communal pickets or areas having a potential of
communal disturbances

should be prepared and

kept

ready. Such plans should

be based on a careful appreciation of the nature and magnitude of the problems
likely to be faced. Estimates of requirements and
transport, control

room

and

communication

availability of manpower,

facilities,

and

equipment, etc.,

should be made and included in the plan.

Educational Measures
234. The syllabi of all educational institutions should be reviewed

and,

if

necessary,

revised to ensure that the secular values and requirements of national integration unity
are adequately emphasised.

Such a review, of course should

also

see that

objectionable material which may promote communal disharmony is contained therein.

203

no

235. Cultural and Social Impacts
i.

There

should

be

greater

inter-community participation

in cultural and social

activities. For this purpose, recreational facilities, sports, and youth clubs, etc
may

be

organised

in which members

of both the

majority and minority

communities may be encouraged to participate.

ii.

Communal disturbances are outer symptoms of the deeper malady affecting
the

body

politic.

These

are

a

product

of political,

social,

economic,

cultural, administrative and other factors in the society. Only an integrated,
concerted and sustained action on all those fronts can strike at the conditions
that give rise to communal disharmony and disturbances. The police need to
be

associated

with and

play

an active role

in the combined

social

action

against the communal menace. The main role of the police, however, is limited
to dealing

with the

outer manifestation

of the communal menace

involving

potential or actual violence and actual or potential commission of offences.
The main objective of the police should be to prevent communal tensions
breaking into violence and in the event of its emergence to control and
contain it within minimum limits. This is a heavy, difficult and delicate
responsibility

on the

police which has to be discharged

with determination,

efficiency and impartiality. In this task, they should solicit the cooperation and
support of leaders of public opinion, the press, administrative agencies and major
social institutions.

Legal Provisions
236. The legislature has provided strict laws on preventive as well as punitive side for
preventing and punishing the commission of crime relating to communal disturbances.
I.

Preventive Provisions :
a) Preventive action under the Cr.P.C. :
(i) Security for good behaviour u/s 108 Cr.P.C. : Any person who either
orally or in writing or in any other manner, intentionally disseminates or attempts
or abets dissemination of any matter the publication of which is punishable under
section 124-A, 153-A, 153-B or 295-A IPC or any matter pertaining to
intimidation of a Judge or any person who makes a publication of any of matter
204

punishable u/s 292 IPC, may be bound down by a Magistrate for one year and
may required to furnish security for good behaviour. Hence all such persons like
communal elements who disseminate such matter may be bound down in
advance. Police stations and the D.S.B. should have complete record of speeches
and uttering of such persons which provide very good evidence under this section.

b) Preventive Police action regarding processions and Assemblies u/s 144
Cr.P.C. : Freedom of conscience and religious liberty are guaranteed to all
persons including foreigners under article 25 of the Constitution of India and also
a right to form associations or unions is guaranteed by Article 19 (1) (a), of the
Constitution. But these rights are not absolute and the State is empowered to
impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order safety, morality,
health and public user of thorough fares etc. Hence laws regarding regulation of
religious and other precessions and Assemblies have been inacted u/s 144 Cr.P.C,
and the Police Act, u/s 144 Cr.P.C., when a police officer considers that an
assembly or precession is likely to commit a communal riot or other public
disturbance, procession or assembly can be prohibited under the orders of an
appropriate Magistrate. This can be done only when maintenance of public order
becomes impossibility without restricting the religious assemblies and
processions. This ban cannot remain in force for more than two months hence the
police should be able to control the communal disturbance within this time
otherwise a fresh order shall have to be taken again. Curfew orders banning
assembly of persons or appearance at a public place at a certain time" can also be
issued by the Magistrate but a blanket order "Shoot at Sight" for violation a
curfew order is clearly illegal as violation of an order under 144 Cr.P.C. is a
minor offence u/s 188 IPC punishable with 6 months imprisonment only. "Shoot
at Sight" orders are justified either on grounds of private defence of life or
property u/s 100 103 IPC or to cause dispersal of an unlawful assembly which is
likely to cause disturbance of public peace u/s 129 Cr.P.C. Hence, "Shoot at
Sight" orders should not be passed generally but only when serious threat to life
and property is apprehended to the degree of rights given u/s 100 & 103 IPC' 129
Cr.P.C.

c) Dispersal of unlawful assemblies u/s 129 Cr.P.C - In any communal riot, any
205

Executive Magistrate, Officer In charge in a Police Station in his absence any.
Police Officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector may command an unlawful
assembly or any assembly of 5 or more persons likely to cause a disturbance of
the public peace, to disperse and if such assembly does not obey, it can be
dispersed by force including firing also. But for dispersal a minimum force,
required should be used. Help can also be taken of Armed Forces u/s 130 Cr.P.C.
under the orders of Executive Magistrate. Disobedience of this order for dispersal
if not abided by any member of assembly is punishable u/s 188 IPC.
d) Preventive action including arrest u/s 149, 150 & 151Cr.P.C. - U/s 149 of
the Cr.P.C. every Police Officer is duty bound to the best of his ability to prevent
commission of Cognizable offence. U/s 150 Cr.P.C. every Police Officer is duty
bound to inform the S.H.O. or his immediate superior of any design of any person
to commit a cognizable offence.

e) Preventive measures under respective Police Acts - Under such Act
preventive detention order can be issued against persons who either by violent
speeches or by organizing militant processions, demonstrations and activities of
like nature try to disturb public order when communal tension is already going on.
This action can be taken against the local bad characters who can flare up
communal tensions. However, it is necessary that a disturbance of "Public Order"
is not confused with "Law and Order". A person can be detained for trying to
disturb "Public Order" but not for disturbing "Law & Order". An individual who
might have committed a murder but if that murder does not disturb public order as
a stray case, he can not be detained. Although the Courts do not relish the
violation of personal liberty of individuals guaranteed under article 21 & 22 of the
constitution, yet, in a number of decisions the courts have shown encouragement
to preventive detentions for prevention of communal riots. Hence u/s 151 Cr.P.C.
a Police Officer knowing a design to commit any cognizable offence may arrest,"
without warrant, any person so designing, if it appear to such police officer the
commission of the offence cannot be otherwise prevented. As such preventive
arrest u/s 151 Cr.P.C. can be done if a Police Officer has information about the
design to commit a communal disturbance if he thinks that the offence can not be
prevented except by way of arrest. It is worth while to mention that under this
206

provision arrest can not be made merely on the apprehension of breach of peace.
It is required that the Officer arresting must know that the persons to be arrested is
designing to commit a cognizable offence. However, it is well settled that apart
from malafide, the correctness of the information or the opinion of the Police
Officer, cannot be questioned in a Court of Law.

Forfeiture of Blasphemous Publications u/s 95 Cr.P.C.
237. Under this section State Government is entitled to forfeit blasphemous publications
which have a tendency to promote communal disharmony or offend the religious sentiments
of others and the offending material false within the mischief of Section 153-A or 153-B or
295-A IPC. It is essential to mention in the forfeiture order that religious-feelings of a
particular class have been outraged or it promotes feelings of hatred between particular
classes of citizens. In such publications, truth of the matter published is no defence yet the
publication to be forfeited must be considered as a whole and isolated passages torn from the
context should never be picked up to pass such order of forfeiture. It is decided that basic
religious books like Koran, Ramayana, Gita and Bible can not be forfeited being sacred
books. An object held sacred by a class of persons, with in the meaning of Section 295 Penal
Code, no action should be taken.

Special Provisions u/s 153 -B
238. Under this section following acts are punishable:
1. Making of any imputation on the basis of religion, caste, community or group that a
certain group does have not faith in the Constitution of India.
2. Making assertion or propaganda that on the basis of caste or religion any group is
deprived of their rights.
3. Making or publishing any assertion plea or otherwise which is likely to cause feelings
of enmity and hatred between members of different groups.
4. Committing above Acts in a place of worship. All the above acts from 1, 2, 3, are
punishable with 3 years imprisonment while at 4 is punishable with 5 years
imprisonment.
238.1 Offences under, section 153-A & 153-B are cognizable or non-cognizable but
cognizance of the offences by the court can be taken only after previous sanction of the
Central or State Govt.
207

Offences Relating to Religion Under Chapter 15 of IPC
239. Under this chapter sections 295 to 298 of the IPC deal with different offence relating to
religion.
1. Section 295 - Under this section injuring or defiling place of worship with intend to
insult the religion of any class is punishable with 2 year imprisonment.
2. Section 295-A -This section provide punishment of 3 years of imprisonment to any
person, who, by deliberate and malicious acts out rages religious feelings of any
class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs. This is a special provision which is
non-bailable-and cognizable but challan can be put up only after getting permission
from the Central and State Govt.
3. Section 296 - This section punishes persons who cause disturbances to any assembly
performing religious worship or ceremony.
4. Section 297 - This section punishes person's trees passing on the burial places with
intention to bind the feelings of other religion.
5. Section 298 - This section punishes persons who utter words with deliberate intention
to bound religious feelings.

II.

Punitive Action :

In addition to the general offences of injury to human body, loss or destruction of public or
private property by mischief or otherwise,

punishable under the different sections of the

Indian Penal Code, the following few provisions are important which, specifically relates
to communal violence and breach of communal peace:

a) Offences against public tranquility Section 141 to 153 IPC
Section 141 defines unlawful assembly as assembly of 5 or more persons with a common
object to overawe by criminal force any Central or State Govt., to resist any execution of
any law, to commit any mischief trespass and other offence, to obtain possession of land
by show of criminal force etc. Under Section 142 any person who joins that assembly, is
declared to be member of that unlawful assembly and has been held punishable u/s 143,
Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapons is a serious offence u/s 144 and
joining or continuing in unlawful assembly knowing that it has been commanded disperse,
208

is also a serious offence u/s 145. When force or violence is used by the unlawful assembly
becomes a riot define u/s 146 and who ever is guilty of rioting, is punishable u/s 147 and
if the rioting, is with arms is becomes a serious offence u/s 148 punishable with 3 years of
imprisonment, u/s 149 every member of the unlawful assembly has been held liable for
every offence committed in prosecution of that common object. Similarly hiring of persons to
join unlawful assembly is punishable u/s 150 and joining such unlawful assembly after it has
been commanded to disperse is an offence under 151 IPC.

b) Special provisions to punish promoting enmity between different communities
This is a special provision added to the Indian Penal Code by Criminal and Election Laws
(Amendment) Act, 1969 for curbing promotion of disharmony between different groups on
ground of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, caste or community or any other
ground, disharmony or feelings of enmity, hatred or ill will between different religious,
social, language or regional groups for caste or communities, or, who, commits any act which
is prejudicial to the maintenance of harmony between different groups and classes or
organizes any exercise movement or activity for training to use criminal force against any
group caste or community, shall be punishable with imprisonment for 3 years. Similarly any
person who commits the above offences in a place of worship, performance or ceremony
shall be punished with a higher punishment of 5 years imprisonment.

209

Chapter 14

Terrorism, Bombs & Explosives
Introduction
240. Terrorist groups the world over have been increasingly relying on use of explosive
devices to spread terror, coerce the people into submission and pressurize the governments to
accept their unreasonable political demands. The increasing dependence of terrorists on
explosive devices is not only because of their damage potential but also due to various other
factors which include:
i.

Abundance of sources of explosives,

ii.

Ease with which explosive devices can be manufactured, transported, handled and
fitted with variety of unsuspecting objects multiplying their potential manifold,

iii.

Difficulties faced by the security agencies in timely detection and diffusion of the
bombs,

iv.

It is much safer for the terrorists to use explosive devices and cause severe
damage/loss to the target without themselves suffering any loss since they need not be
present physically within the effective zone,

v.

The psychological impact created by the explosion on the morale of the security
forces and the public in general.

240.1 In India, most of the terrorist/militant/extremist groups are resorting to increasing use
of explosive devices. Over the years the casualties among the security force personnel and
even civilians have been increasing because of explosions carried out by the
terrorist/extremist groups. All terrorist and extremist groups operating in the country have
been making extensive use of explosive devices to target VIPs and security personnel and
create panic. The police have a special and specific role, duty and responsibility to deal with
terrorism issues and handle the incidents of bombs and explosives in this context.

Bomb Threats
241. The primary purpose of any bomb threat is to disrupt the normal activities of society,
government or business. It may be directed toward a person, family, or a group for scare
threat, terror, intimidation or revenge. A bomb threat may be a fake call or can be an actual
210

warning. A warning may be to cause only property damage and not human injuries or death.
Warnings may be coded, which is often the practice of some known terrorist groups. Some
warnings may contain more details and may as a matter of procedure validate the threat. This
uncertainty or validity of any threat is required to be taken seriously, acted upon and not
ignored.

Bomb Threat Searches
242. Search is the method to check the validity of the threat or otherwise. The most efficient
and expeditious system for the occupants of the building is the search. The occupants are
familiar with the building and know what does or does not belong inside. This is termed as
"defensive search".

Communication of the Threat
243. Bombs threats can be communicated in a number of ways. These are generally
communicated in one of three ways. The most common made is telephone. However, such
threats may also be written or communicated verbally.

(a) Telephonic Communication : Some of the characteristics of the telephone
communication are : anonymity, remoteness and poor possibility of trace,
voice recognition, and recording which provide scope for follow-up
investigation.

(b) Written Communication : The characteristic of written communication is
that it provides documentation/ evidence, provides a sample for handwriting
analysis and provides trace and origin possibilities for follow-up
investigation.

(c) Verbal Communication : Characteristic of verbal communication is that it
provides person-to-person communication where conversation can be
overheard or monitored and personal recognition or identification and/or
voice identification is possible for follow-up investigation.

Procedures for receiving a bomb threat by telephone
211

244. A telephonic bomb threat should be received in the following manner :
1. Remain calm.
2. Have a covert signaling system, such as a coded buzzer signal to alert a second telephone
receptionist to listen in on the call and/or record the call if equipped to do so.
3. Keep the caller on the line as long as possible.
4. Ask the caller to repeat the message.
5. Make a written record of every word the caller says that you can recall.
6. If the caller docs not indicate the location of the bomb or the time it will detonate, ask for
the information.
7. Inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb could result in
death or injury to many innocent people, then note his or her reaction.
8. Pay particular attention to peculiar background noises, such as motors running,
background music, or any other noise.
9. Pay close attention to the caller's voice: i.e. is the caller male or female? is the voice calm
or excited? does the caller have an accent? does the caller have a speech impediment?
10. Immediately after the caller hangs up, report the threat to the senior officers.
11. Complete the bomb threat checklist.
12. Remain available to speak with law enforcement personnel.
13. Forward notification of the bomb threat to the local police department and other
appropriate agencies according to procedural guidelines.
14. Preserve any recording of the threat as evidence for law enforcement.

Types of Searches
245. Searches to be conducted as a follow up of bomb threat are following:
A. Counter Terrorist Search include systematic procedures to locate any terrorist
resource, including personnel, hides, munitions, weapons, documents, equipment,
bombs, and booby traps
B. Defensive Search Operations are those operations undertaken primarily to protect
potential targets
C. Evidential Search is the legitimate search of any person, building, conveyance, or
area conducted in order to locate any person or item sought in the pursuance of
criminal evidence
D. High Risk Search - Counter terrorist search is classified high risk when a bomb or
booby trap (explosive or otherwise) is present, or when there is special reason to
212

believe that a bomb or booby trap is present
E. Low Risk Search - Counter terrorist search is classified as low risk when a bomb or
booby trap (explosive or otherwise) is not present or when there is no special reason
to believe that a bomb booby trap is present
F. Offensive Search Operations are those operations undertaken primarily to gain
evidence

for prosecution,

to deprive terrorists of their resources, and to gain

intelligence

I.

Personal Search

246. Suspected persons must be searched, because terrorists transport small arms and
ammunition and other incriminating items concealed on their clothing or body. Items found
are directly attributable, increasing the chances of a conviction and making this type of
search is particularly important. Great care must be taken when carrying out a search of a
person, as there is the inherent risk of alleged brutality, assault, or unethical acts.
Furthermore, since most people searched are innocent, the police must search in a manner
that demonstrates their professionalism and courtesy. These factors make it imperative that
searches of people are only conducted in circumstances which can be legally carried out and
which involve procedures that minimize the risk of accusations against the police. Searches
must only be conducted in accordance with the law. Persons who conduct searches must be
aware of the appropriate laws and approved practices.

Constraints of Personal Search
247. Principle constraints with regard to the search of persons are following:
• The search must be conducted by a person of the same sex, if possible. If it is not possible
then minimize and confine the search to areas where weapons are likely to be concealed,
explain to the arrestee the purpose of search and have a witness to observe. Use protective
gloves during the search.
• Generally, the police cannot require a person to remove clothing in public other than an
outer coat, jacket, or gloves. If the subject does not consent to the search and the search is
out of the public eye, there may be authority to require the removal of outer clothing.
•

Intimate body searches involving the internal examination of body orifices other than the
mouth may only be carried out by licensed medical personnel after authority has been
obtained.
213

•

A search should only be conducted to the detail necessary to discover what is being
sought.

• The level of detail within a search is dictated by what is being sought, legal justification,
permissible extent of the removal of clothing and necessary intimacy of the search

Categories of Personal Search
248. There are four categories for searching persons. These are :
i.

Quick body search or frisk (in the public eye),

ii.

Detailed body search (out of the public eye),

iii.

Strip search (usually at a place of custody) and

iv.

intimate body search (by a medical practitioner).

i.

Quick Body Search or Frisk

249. The quick body search generally called frisking should be carried out when dealing with
a large number of people and a detailed body search is not warranted. As a preliminary to a
detailed body search, when the immediate requirement is to detect anything which could be
used to harm the searcher, the person being searched, or anyone else. As a preliminary to a
detailed body search when the immediate requirement is to secure any evidential material
which could be discarded or destroyed before the detailed search. If possible, such searchers
should work in pairs, with one person doing the physical searching and the other observing
the searcher, the subject and the surrounding area. Following precautions should be taken:
•

The searcher should not stand directly in front or behind the subject to avoid being
kicked, kneed, or head butted.

•

The searcher should not be distracted or intimidated and should avoid eye contact
with the subject

•

The observer should watch for non-verbal communications, such as increased
nervousness or tension.

•

When weapons arc being used, the searcher should avoid crossing the line of fire of a
covering officer.

•

Ideally the subject should stand with legs slightly apart arid arms extended sideways.
Avoid spread-eagling the subject against a wall. Later it may be necessary to swab the
subjects hands for explosive traces, and no opportunity should be given for any
remains or residue to be rubbed off.
214

•

The search should be conducted quickly in a systematic manner from head to foot,
down one side and up the other, covering all parts of the body, front and back, or by
dividing the body into quadrants.

•

Attention should be paid to pockets and waist bands where weapons may be
concealed. Care must also be taken to search quickly all external body depressions,
such as the small of the back, armpits, crotch areas, chest, and closed hands.

•

The searcher should never pal the subject, but use a stroking squeezing movement
and thus feel for foreign objects through clothing.

•

When searching limbs, both hands are used with thumbs and index fingers touching
where practical.

•

Any baggage or removed clothing attributable to the subject must also be searched.
Such items should be treated with respect.

•

The use of equipment, such as hand and archway metal detectors or explosive and
baggage x-ray machines, can be of assistance, especially at times when processing
large numbers of people at access control points.

ii.

Detailed Body Search

250. A detailed body search is normally carried out when there are reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the subject is in possession of illegal items. This search would normally be
conducted out of public view; however, the search must be conducted at or nearby the place
where the person is first detained. A detailed body search should be conducted using the
same procedure as the quick body search but with the addition of the following points:
•

Establish the identity of the subject and the ownership of any baggage and other
articles.

•

Ideally the search should be conducted out of the public eye. The details of the search
depend upon the amount of suspicion and the time available.

•

Invite the subject to empty all pocket and remove all items and paper being carried.

•

If it is necessary to remove clothing, the subject may do so voluntarily (this fact
should be recorded), or you may require the removal of certain items in or out of the
public eye. Typically, in the public eye, only the outer coat, jacket, gloves and hat
should be removed. Out of the public eye, there may be grounds to remove other
outer clothing, also.

•

When conducting the search, pay attention to every detail, particularly clothing
215

seams, waist bands, belts, collars, lapels, padding, cuffs, and rolled up shirts, pants,
etc. Socks and shoes provide easily missed hiding places. Areas such as the groin,
small of the hack, chest, and thick hair arc also commonly missed areas, especially on
females. Medical dressings are always suspected, and medical personnel should be
called to examine dressings and plaster cast if thought necessary. Information from
clothing, such as name tags, manufacture's labels, and laundry marks can be valuable.
•

Unless there is some future interview advantage in doing so, no emotion should be
shown upon finding articles, and significant articles should not be set aside from
others unless they are weapons or evidence. All items should be saved out of reach of
the subject.

iii.

Strip Search
(a) A strip search is a search involving the removal of more than outer clothing. A
strip search may take place if it is necessary to remove an article which a person
would not be allowed to keep, and the officer reasonably considers that the person
might have concealed such an article. Generally, strip searches are not routinely
carried out where there is no reason to consider that articles have been concealed.
The procedure for the strip search is similar in principle to the searches outlined
above. The following additional points apply:
•

A strip search shall be conducted as quickly as possible.

•

The search should be conducted by a police officer of the same
sex as the person being searched.

•

The area where the person is searched cannot be seen by
anyone who does not need to be present or by a member of the
opposite sex (except an appropriate adult requested by the
person being searched).

•

Except in cases of .urgency, where there is risk of serious harm
to the person detained or to others, whenever a strip search
involves exposure of intimate parts of the body, there must be
at least two people present other than the person being
searched.

•

The search shall be conducted with proper regard to the
sensitivity and vulnerability of the person. Embarrassment
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should be minimized.
•

Where necessary to assist the search, the person may be
required to hold their arms in the air or stand with their legs
apart so that a visual examination may be made of the genital
and anal areas, provided no physical contact is made with an
intimate area.

•

If articles are found during the search, the person shall be asked
to hand them over.

(b) The clothing should be carefully examined when it is removed. However, if there
is the slightest possibility that the clothing may have forensic value (explosive
traces, fiber evidence, etc.), it should be immediately preserved and sent for
examination. Care must be taken to avoid any possible contamination of items of
forensic evidential value.

iv.

Intimate Body Search

251. Body orifices other than the mouth may be searched only with proper authority if:
a) An article or potential weapon which could cause physical injury to the detained person,
the officer, or others has been concealed; or
b) The person has concealed a Class A drug which he/she intended to supply to another
person; and
c) In either case, an intimate search is the only practical means of removing the article or
drug. The procedure for an intimate body search is similar to the searches outlined above.
The following additional points apply:
•

The reason why an intimate search is considered necessary shall be explained to the
person before the search takes place.

•

The search may only be carried out by licensed or authorized medical personnel.

•

Search under (a) above may only take place at a hospital, surgery, other medical
premises, or police station.

•

Search under (b) may take place only at a hospital, surgery, or other medical
premises.

II.

Building Search
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252. The nature and focus of the building search should depend on the evaluation of the
threat. If the building has to be subjected to extensive search it should first be evacuated.
Although several things are to be considered in evacuation, the officer responding to call
should contact the concerned officer-in-charge of the place and advice him that the location
should be evacuated, complete evacuation may not be necessary.

Evacuation Precautions
253. Most bombs are located on the outside of a building, near the entrance or on the first
floor or at the place of actual function. Hence while evacuating; the occupant would be
passing by the best possible location of a bomb. The occupants, therefore, may be placed in
greater jeopardy while they are leaving than if they stayed where they were. Hence
evacuation of the building or function site may not be always time considered the best
procedure. Decision by the search officer should be taken after assessing the situation.

Evacuation Instructions
254. Following guidelines may be followed when a decision has been taken to evacuate a
building or place where a function is to be held :a) Ask the occupants to walk out of the building in a quiet manner. Don't run.
b) People should go to safe areas and wait for instructions.
c) Do not use elevators/lifts/conveyors.
d) Follow instructions from guides.
e) Open all windows/doors.
f) Carry all personal belongings.
g) Do not leave safe area until told.
h) Help ladies, old people and children.
i) Cut off gas and electric supply before leaving.
j) Do not obstruct passage of security/bomb search personnel.
k) Do not spread rumours in assembly or safe area to cause panic.

254.1 Standard building searches will vary according to the type and dimension of the search.
Teams may be increased or diminished in size by varying the numbers of search pairs, as
appropriate to the task, but technique should remain the same. Where there are real
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suspicions that a premise is or has been used by terrorists, consideration must be given to the
priorities of entering and searching such a building. First consideration should be toward
danger, whether from occupants or whatever they may have left. Second, every effort must
be made to retain all possible forensic evidence. Third, systematic search should ensure that
nothing of relevance remains hidden.

Building Search Procedure
255. Standard building search procedures can be considered in tour phases :A. Planning
B. Entry
C. Search
D. Exit

A. Planning
256. The following points are particularly relevant to standard building search procedure and
should be considered for inclusion in operation orders and briefings:
Address and precise location of the building;
Building description, including identification, structural details, out buildings and
garages, and plans if available
Details of previous searches at the same or nearby addresses
Surrounding area environment and local mood
Details of occupants and owners - numbers, gender, age, previous convictions, violent
tendencies, health, employment
People likely to be in the building at the time of the search
Occupants' vehicles - type, color, location
Dogs or dangerous animals present which may require a specialist
Authority to search (warrant)
Probable point and method of entry
Timings - briefings, cordon placement, first and last light, entry and expected
completion (A small dwelling house may take at least four : hours to search.)
Search manpower - ensure sufficient personnel to deal with the anticipated occupants
and carry out the search.
Cordon manpower
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Communication - channels (restricted and scrambled preferred), call signs, and code
words
Other agencies - explosive search dogs, photographer, female searchers, entry team,
investigating officers, evidence collection officer, and support personnel
Equipment requirements - search kits, ladders, optical equipment, Polaroid camera,
pocket tape recorder, and refreshments
Transport - quantity, type (covert), security
Documentation - search records, inventory lists, copy of warrant, etc.
Clothing - appropriate to type and nature of search and weather, including soft shoes,
masks, disposable gloves and coveralls to avoid contamination of evidence

B. Entry
257. Following guidelines should be followed when entering a building to conduct a search:
•

It may be necessary for a cordon to be positioned prior to the start of the search to
prevent the escape of suspects from the search area, witness any attempts to dispose
of evidence, and ensure the security of the search team.

•

If the search is linked to the investigation of terrorism, police officers should only be
referred to by number and not by name especially within the hearing of suspects.

•

It is frequently necessary to enter the building rapidly in order to catch persons in
physical possession or to prevent them from disposing of evidence. For example,
suspects may flush evidence down the toilet in some cases, it may be necessary to
monitor all waste water and sewage systems from buildings prior to entry by the
search teams.

•

After briefing and before entering the building or search area, the search pairs are
allocated their initial areas of responsibility,

•

Enter the building with a minimum of disturbance. Maintain strict control of
occupants and police personnel during the early stages of any search to counteract
tension and confusion. Tension and confusion can be minimized by good planning,
thorough briefing, and regular training.

•

Each search pair moves quickly through its area, locating any occupants.

•

All keys are handed to and retained by the scribe until the conclusion of the search.

•

If there arc clear indications that a building, room, or area requires a detailed forensic
examination (for example, it is the scene of a violent crime or illegal manufacture),
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the forensic examination must be completed prior to the search.

Preparation for building search
258. When preparing to conduct the search, following guidelines should be observed:
o Before the search commences, the occupants should accompany the team leader and
recorder throughout the premises to conduct a check of damage existing prior to the
search. The details are noted on the Search Report.
o It may be appropriate for a photograph or video to be taken of the damage.
o When the check for damage is complete, the occupant is invited to sign the Search
Report, agreeing to what has been recorded.
o Simultaneously the check is being conducted, a sketch plan of the building and rooms
should be drawn by the recorder, ensuring that each room and area are allocated a
unique identifier, such as kitchen, bathroom, bedroom 1, bedroom 2, etc.
o Gas, water and electricity meters should be read, particularly if the search is likely to
take a number of days. Such information can then be available to counter any
exorbitant claim made for the use of these facilities while police are in occupation.
o Computers should not be touched, as any action can cause evidence in them to be
destroyed. If found switched on, then leave it switched on. If found switched off then
leave it switched off. Deny access to them by the occupants and employ specialists to
retrieve information.
o Search pairs are allocated rooms to search systematically. It is advisable to search the
kitchen and toilet early in the search, to enable use by both occupants and police.
o During the planning and briefing for the search, decide whether to allow the
occupants or person responsible for the property found in a specific area, to be
present in or near the room as it is searched so that finds may be witnessed as they are
made. Such action may interfere with the effectiveness of the search and slow it
down; however, their presence and reaction at the time of the find may strengthen
evidence given later.
o In counter terrorist operations, where the search may well be part of a number of
searches, the investigating team must decide and brief on what the search team
requires.

III.

Systematic Search
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259. A systematic search is the heart of the operation. Searching of the whole building and
identified areas must be done systematically so as to ensure that nothing is missed. Search
pairs are tasked progressively by the team leader, and the recorder completes the search
record detailing who did what, where, and when. Detailed documentation is essential to
ensure that the correct procedures are followed and that nothing is missed. The following
procedure is recommended for searching a room and using any search equipment that may be
required :
Stand at the door, look, and listen.
Identify to the Team Lender all visually obvious and relevant items so that they can
be recovered and documented by the Evidence Collection Officer.
Complete visual/no touch search of the room for anything obvious. As a pair, search
all furniture, using a "no damage" marking system, such as removable stickers or
chalk, to record progress. Move all furniture into one half of the room. Consider the
run of the floor boards so that complete lengths can be lifted if necessary. As a pair,
closely search the floor, walls, ceilings, and fixtures in the cleared half of the room.
Examination of the floor may determine the necessity of lifting the floorboard and
covering. If so, use correct methods and equipment to minimize damage. Walls
should be checked from floor to ceiling, working around the room from a chosen
point, perhaps from the doorway. Do not forget the door and frame. The ceiling and
walls should be checked for height and width against neighboring rooms to ensure
there are no false cavities.

(a)

Room Search

260. When searching rooms, check the following :Doors (Take off the hinges. Is the door hollow?)
Furniture and interior fittings
Walls and air vents
Windows (especially sash type) and outside ledges
Fireplaces and chimneys
Ceilings (compare ceilings from different rooms)
Floor coverings and floor (particularly loose floorboards)
Lights and fixtures when searching bathrooms, check the following :
Drain pipes (extra)
Panel surrounding the bath tub or shower
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Shower curtain rods
Behind and under the bath if possible
Toilet and water tank
Hot water system
Mirrors and towel racks
Examination panels
Recently tiled, disturbed, or mismatched areas.
(b)

Search of Stairways

261. When searching stairways, check the following :* Staircase frame
* Panels
* Step and riser treads
* Boxed and hollow woodwork

(c)

Search of Attics

262. When searching attics, check the following :
Roof void and skylights
Between eaves and rooting
Water tanks and pipe work, including gutters
Rafters and any insulation, such as felt or beads

(d)

Search of Kitchen

263. When searching kitchens, check the following :Refrigerators, stoves, and other appliances (Switch off power supply before moving)
Food containers, pots, etc. (Tip the contents out into Polyurethane bags, and then
replace them in the original containers.)

(e)

Other Searching Areas :

- All tubular systems
- False letter boxes
- Crib and children's toys
- Air inlet systems
- Sewers and drainage systems
- Outside areas, including vehicles, garages, and outbuildings
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- Electricity boxes
- Televisions and other electrical devices
- External fittings, such as gutters, pipes, and window boxes
- Outbuildways, garages, vehicles

264. After a room has been searched, it must be left in its original state. Any damage caused
must be reported to the Team Leader and recorded on the Search Record. Photograph and
video may be appropriate.

General Precautions
265. Searchers must always use their eyes, think three-dimensionally, and consider any voids
within closed spaces. Remember that hidden items may be more than arms length away.
Look as well as feel. Persons secreting articles may "mask" them by using rubbish, dirty
washing, used sanitary napkins, or diapers to discourage the searcher from detailed
examination. Minimize damage by the correct choice and use of tools and search equipment.
Work closely as a pair and monitor each others actions. For example, search one piece of
furniture together. Talk to each other to maintain motivation and system.

IV.

Area Search

266. Open areas are often used as the sites for hiding places, as they have the advantage that
they can be watched from nearby houses without being attributable to individuals. Although
normally associated with a rural environment, open spaces occur in an urban setting in the
form of parks and gardens or vacant ground. Therefore, the areas to be searched may vary
from the side of hill to a back garden.

(a)

Planning

267. Area searches are especially dependent upon good planning for success. The following
points are particularly relevant to the planning and conduct of an area search. Where
appropriate, these points should be re-evaluated as the search progresses.
Indicate the center of the search area by a lot number or grid reference, with an
address if possible.
Obtain the identity of the owner or tenant of the land.
Information gained from aerial photographs, even if only library material is valuable.
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An analysis should identify the most likely hide locations.
Air reconnaissance may be useful, but care must be taken to avoid giving advanced
warning to the terrorist. Obtain details of suspected terrorists and sympathizers in the
area.
Search dogs can cover large areas more quickly than men. Prioritize the use of
available dogs.
Divide the total area into sub-areas. The searching of sub-areas by individual search
teams requires care. Inclusive and exclusive boundaries must be clearly defined and
should be marked by obvious features, such as hedges and ditches. Each team area
should be searched in one day.
Identify the location of the main incident control point.

(b)

Hide Locations

268. An appreciation of the needs of the terrorists helps in identifying likely hide locations.
These vary with the situation and the type of bide being sought, but common points include:
• Case and speed of access
• Proximity to a road or track
• Base of locating the bide

268.1 The location of the hide includes the general area, which must be easily identifiable,
such as a small hedgerow or building. The precise location of the hide may be marked in
some fashion. This applies particularly to temporary hides. The markers may be artificial,
such as a painted fence post, but are usually some natural landmark that is identifiable at
night. Examples of terrorist markers include:
• A distinctive tree in the comer of a field
• A lone tree in the center of a hedgerow
• A gap in a hedge
• A telegraph pole in a hedge
• Any distinct natural object or set of objects
• Case of access into the hide itself
• Concealment and camouflage

268.2 The terrorist does not want to be seen when actually using the hide. Therefore, it is
likely to be in dead ground, although the general area may be observed by a sympathizer. The
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surroundings of the hide must provide natural camouflage and concealment. It should
provide proximity to terrorist's route to or from targets. A terrorist's local knowledge may
obviate the need for markers. Searchers should be suspicious of anything out of place, such
as worn patches of grass, broken twigs, footprints, etc. Use aerial photography to identify
recent digging or the disturbance of the normal pattern of plant growth.

268.3 The search of areas is normally conducted on the principle that the most likely
locations for hides are searched first, including team individual control power, boundary,
primary search points and other vital points. The team commander must always ensure that
the whole area is searched. Searchers must remember to look up as well as down. Even if a
find is made, they must carry on searching, as there may be other hides in the vicinity.

V.

Route Search

269. Route search is a defensive search operation carried out on both urban and rural routes
that are to be used by a person subject to protective measures. Routes include roads, tracks,
railways, and waterways. They provide obvious locations for the terrorists to stage ambushes.
The likely methods and locations of a terrorist attack must be given special consideration
when planning and throughout the execution of the route search operations.

Ambush Weapons
270. From a search viewpoint, the main threat is that of an improvised explosive device used
as an ambush weapon against the target. Improvised explosive devices used as an ambush
weapon, which can be anti personnel or claymore type, blast or fragmentation bombs, culvert
bombs or direct the weapons. All these devices require some device of initiation, radio
control, projectile control etc.

Terrorist Considerations
271. A terrorist will attack his target where it is particularly advantageous. The target is
always at greater risk when he has to slow or stop due to traffic lights, road junctions, sharp
bends, narrow roads, and other impediments. These positions are known as vulnerable points.
Examples of vulnerable points are: Culverts, bridges, high banked stretches of route, routes
dominated by high ground (possible firing points), junctions, isolated buildings and walls
near the route, and parked vehicles etc.
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The choice of a vulnerable point is influenced by

Route Search Methods
272. The following consideration should be taken by police when determining the best search
method:
Type of route-urban, rural, or channeled
Predictability of target
Movements known
Route used more than once
Publicity
Threat assessment
Level of protection
272.1 The three search methods are:
Full route search
Vulnerable point search
Search and seal followed by visual search.

VI.

Vehicle Search

273. Vehicles are searched for three reasons:
To find terrorist resources while they are in transit
To deter the movement of terrorist resources
To detect the movement of criminal resources

273.1 Vehicle search covers a very broad field, from bicycles to ships and aircraft. This
concentrates on the most common- the car - but the principles involved embrace all forms of
transport, although the more complex, such as aircraft, may require special planning and
assistance.

273.2 Terrorists and criminals may try to avoid being searched and may be working in liaison
with others. Signs of such behaviour may include signaling to the following vehicle, such as
flashing brake lights or using radio and movement of the pedestrians who may have left
vehicles just before the check point.
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Initial Impressions
274. The initial impressions created by a vehicle and its occupants may give a good guide to
their integrity. The search may have come as a surprise and their apprehension may be at its
height. It is important that the search procedure should not given them time to compose
themselves. When forming an initial impression, follow the guidelines below:

Look at the faces of the driver and passengers. Are they relaxed and normal, or tense
and nervous?
Beware of the over police, apparently "pro police" persons. Nobody likes being
delayed.
Look for anything suspicious or out of place like
I.Driver wearing gloves (he or she may be trying not to leave fingerprints)
II.Vehicles with "out of place" occupants
III.Vehicles with open windows on cold days or strong smells of scent or
excessive smoking (Are they trying to disperse or cover the smell of
explosives?)
IV.Vehicle which appears overloaded (down on rear axle). It could be a large
vehicle bomb.

Look at the door and window catches. Broken catches may indicate forced entry.
Tell the driver to switch off the engine while you are talking to him. If the ignition has
been short circuited in order to steal the car, he or she will be unable to comply.
Look at the ignition key. Most drivers have their keys on a ring or medallion. Be
suspicious of a single key in the ignition switch.
Ask the driver to estimate the contents of the trunk and describe where the spare wheel is
stowed. Watch to see if he or she can open the trunk with the correct key.
Request the driver to open the hood. He or she should know where the release is situated.
If a radio is fitted, turn it on to make sure it is not tuned into a police frequency.
Ask the driver to operate the accessories, such as the windshield wiper, lights, etc.
Cross check the age of the vehicle, as shown on documents, with marking on the vehicle.
Always verify doubtful answers with a check of registration and warrants, but remember
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that it is not infallible. The terrorist may steal or hijack a car from a person who cannot or
dare not report the theft, or it may be so recently stolen that it has not yet been reported.
Always be aware that if the occupants are terrorists, they may be armed and traveling in
escort with others in another vehicle.

274.1 In all vehicle searches, a suspicious and inquisitive mind is required, in particular to
check all welding and bodywork repairs, suspect unnaturally clean or dirty areas, follow
pipes and ducts from one compartment to the next, to remain aware of false compartments to
check the internal and external dimensions.

274.2 Searchers must be courteous, efficient, through, and quick. They must not refrain from
searching the interior of vehicles due to the presence of children and babies, pets, old people,
young ladies, or apparently stick or drunk persons. If necessary, special assistance must be
called.

Conducting Vehicle Searches
275. Procedure for vehicle search is following:1.

Ask the drivers and passengers to dismount from the vehicle with their possessions.

2.

Search all occupants with their possessions.

3.

Allow a search (drugs or explosives detections) dog, if available, to search the vehicle.
The search pair then starts with the interior search.

4.

Search the vehicle. The owner or driver may watch the whole operation. Any change in
demeanor should be noted.

275.1 For all vehicle searches, the vehicle should be divided into the five areas listed below
for the search:
Interior of the vehicle
Exterior of the vehicle
Trunk or cargo area
Engine compartment
Underside of the vehicle

Searching the Interior of the Vehicle
276. Check the following parts of the interior of the vehicle:
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(a)

Roof lining

-Grain access by removing door sealing strips or trim.
-Check sun visors.
-Check front, rear, and center window.
-Check door pillars.

(b)

Door panels

-Lower the window first. Can you search without removing the trim? Avoid damage to
spring clips and other parts.
-Check that the windows and doors open easily and completely.
-Check the rear side panel (two door vehicles)
-Remove and check through the trunk.

(c)

Back seat

-Check the cushion - some spring in some bolted in
- Check the back rest

(d)

Front seats

-Look for easy stow under seat.
-Check inside padding and under seat.
-Are the front seats bolted to a hollow cross member?

(e)

Dashboard area

-Be careful of wiring and other components.
-Check behind dashboard panels.
-Check ventilation and heater hoses.
-Check radio and speakers.
-Check behind and above the glove box.
-Check the contents of the ashtray and beneath the ashtray
-Check the center tunnel console.

(f)

Front foot wells

Remove panels and check access to wing space and door seals.

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(g)

Floor

- Remove carpets and mats.
- Check for signs of false floor, such as welding or mastic.
- Check drain holes.

(h)

Recreational vehicles (RVs) are ideal for smuggling, since they are double-skinned
vehicles.

-Check for access to space between the skins.
-Do the timber panels look unusually thick?
-Check domestic fittings.
-Does the refrigerators work, and is the insulation intact.
-Does the water tank contain water?
-Is the toilet system functioning correctly?

Searching the Exterior of the Vehicle
277. When searching the outside, search the top and sides of the vehicle, starting at the rear,
with one searcher on either side or finish at the front of the vehicle. Areas of particular
attention are listed below:
Check headlights, sidelights, and rear lights.
Check behind bumpers.
Check wheel trims and hubs. Check tire pressures. Bleed a small amount of air and
smell the air.
Examine under wheel wells and bolt-on mud flaps.
Check for signs of welding, new under seat (soft), and tampering with bolts on mud
flaps.
Does the shape of inner and outer fenders agree?
Take an oblique look at the bodywork and roof for signs of adaption.
Check the front and rear panel and spoilers.
Check for different shades of paint.

(a) Searching the Trunk or Cargo Area
278. This is done by the clean pair. Before they start the search, they should stand back and
look at the contents. Do they match the driver's story? Is there any glue, mastic under seal, or
pop rivets?
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278.1 The search pair should search all contents, including the spare wheel, before removal
of items from the trunk or load carrying area. Once searched, these items should be placed to
one side. The search pair then searches the compartment as a pair, from the rear of the rear
seats to the number plate, top to bottom. Once the search is complete, the searchers should
replace everything. Areas of particular attention are listed below:
Check the spare wheel.
Is there any new welding, mastic, or new paint?
Are there any stuck down carpets?
Check the space in the wings.
Check the tailgate
Check the fuel tank. Is it spare or false? Does the tank match the vehicle, age, etc? A
mechanic will be required to drain the tank.

(b) Searching the Engine Compartment
279. This is a difficult area to search. A good idea is to use searchers who have a good
knowledge of engines. Areas to check include:
Under battery tray
Windshield washer bottle
Heater and ventilation hoses and vents
Heater and ventilation motor
Air filter
Hood double skin and soundproofing
Volkswagen Van-heat shield. Checking anything more is a mechanic's job.

(c) Searching the Underside
280. To search the outside skin of a vehicle, the pair should start shoulder to shoulder at
the front or rear license plate. One works the offside and the other the nearside.
Areas of particular attention are:
Behind license plates
Light clusters
Bumpers
Mirrors
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Drain holes and seals
Welding/new undersea!
Exhaust system - false section
Oil pan
Wheel wells

(d) Additional procedures for a Counter Terrorist Search
281. Specialist equipment may be available for use on search of vehicles, including
explosive vapour detectors and mass/density anomaly detectors. Use of this equipment
must always accord with manufacturer's instructions by trained operators. When
searching searchers must be careful not to damage the vehicle. Common sense must be
used. Although small, bicycles and motorcycles should not be ignored. They are a quiet
and fast way of carrying small quantities of terrorist resources and may even contain the
bomb itself. Bicycles have been used for major terrorist strikes by LTTE in Sri Lanka
including for killing President Premdasa. Motorcycles and scooters have been used by
Sikh terrorists on a number of occasions in India.

281.1 Points of check include:
Light and bell
Pump under the seat
Tubular frame
Fuel tank
Underneath the machine

Search of commercial vehicles
282. The vehicle may not be owned by the driver. If the vehicle is part of a large fleet, it
is likely to be inspected and maintained by persons other than the driver to make any
modifications to the vehicle to form a hide without being discovered. However, if the
driver is the owner or if the vehicle is part of a small company where all the employees
are in the conspiracy, it could have been extensively and skillfully modified to form
hiding places.

(a) Driver as Suspect
283. If the driver alone is under suspicion, he or she has to collect and deliver the illicit
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goods without the vehicle owner's knowledge. Therefore, collection and delivery have to
be completed quickly, and concealment is likely to be in a readily accessible place.

(b) Goods
284. The goods may have no connection with the owner or driver of the vehicle. They
may only have the information contained on the consignment documentation. The
searching of a vehicle's load at other than its destination can present any problems, such
as customs, sealing, handling (especially when hazardous cargoes are involved), and
deterioration of cargo (refrigerated loads). The use of cross loading techniques may be
required.

(c) Passengers
285. The following points should be kept in mind when searching passenger carriers:
Passengers are unlikely to be associated; therefore, they must all be individually
questioned and searched.
The majority of passengers are probably innocent and their patience is likely to be
severely strained by a lengthy search.
Movement of passengers must be strictly controlled so that they can be associated
with their baggage and seats. The whole of the vehicle being searched must be
dominated to prevent unauthorized movement of passengers and incriminating
material being dumped. A Polaroid photograph, taken as soon as possible after the
vehicle is stopped, may help in relating passengers to positions and luggage.

Point of Interest
286. Points of interest on a commercial vehicle are described below:
(a) Fifth Wheel
287. Most trailers are constructed in such a way that there is a hollow compartment above the
articulated joint where the trailer is connected to the tractor unit. This joint is commonly
known as the fifth wheel. Access may sometimes be gained underneath the trailer and can be
checked with a light and mirror. Fiber-optic instruments have been able to get into most of
the fifth wheel spaces. They are simple to use and more versatile than a light and mirror. In
some cases, the only way into the compartment is to remove the floorboards inside the trailer,
which are usually held down by two screws at each end. The spare wheel can be used as a
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place of concealment and is unusually mounted under the trailer. Positions may vary.

(b) Fuel Tanks and Side Lockers
288. Some trailers are fitted with belly tanks for extended range. There is usually a space
between the top of the tank and the floor of the trailer. Items can be attached to the top of the
tank. Also check the tank for recent welds or bolted panels. Similarly, there is often a space
between the back of the side lockers and the chassis number on which they are mounted.

(c) Chassis cross-numbers
289. Most trailers are constructed with two "U" section girders running the whole length. A
large hide can be constructed by placing boards on the reverse ledges, bridging the gap
between the girders. In addition, battery boxes, crash bar bumpers, open trailers, cab linings,
air filters, false floors or roofs should also be searchers carefully.

289.1 Such searches tend to be complex operations with a number of features which
differentiate them from other search operations. Therefore, special planning and control
procedures have been developed for them. Some of these procedures may also be applied to
other large defensive search operations. The Site Coordinator (or a number of site
coordinators if there are different sites to be searched) will be designated as responsible for
the search operations.

VII.

Venue Search

290. A venue search is a defensive search operation mounted to assist in providing a safe
environment for an event or visit to take place. It forms part of the overall security operation,
which is controlled by the Security Coordinator. Such searches tend to be complex operations
with a number of features which differentiate them from other search operations. Therefore,
special planning and control procedures have been developed for them. Some of these
procedures may also be applied to other large defensive search operations. The Site
Coordinator (or a number of site coordinators if there are different sites to be searched) will
be designated as responsible for the search operation.

(a) Search Teams
291. Many of the issues involved in the planning phase will not involve searchers; however,
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it is likely that team leaders will be involved in initial site survey and will hopefully be given
the opportunity for a familiarization tour or walk through before the search operation. A
venue search operation may cover the following:
The venue
Routes to and from the venue
Vehicle control and search points
Adjacent buildings
Surrounding areas
Contingency plans (safe house/alternative venues and routes/evacuation areas)
A number of issues may effect the operation, including time, manpower, costs, and
commercial interest. Political acceptability may even be a consideration.

(b) Planning
292. The leads times for planning can be very short, especially for events given little or no
prior publicity. For public events involving multi-agency activity, a minimum planning
period of eight weeks is not unusual extending up to a year for major planned national or
international events.

(c) Sectorization
293. Once the task is defined, it must be matched to the time and resources available. To
assist in this part of the planning and the subsequent organization and control of the
operations, it is usual to divide the overall location to be searched into a number of sectors,
which conform to natural boundaries in the location, such as the floors of a building or
possibly a wing of the building.

293.1 The sectors are normally designated alphabetically by a single letter starting at the
lowest level. The sectors are then sub-divided into sub-sectors; typically a room each subsectors becomes an individual search task. The sub-sectors are designated numerically
starting at the same end of each floor/sector level; thus each sub-sector has a unique
reference number, e.g. F/12. The sector and sub-sector boundaries are marked on the map of
building plan. The sector and sub-sector marking code must be logical so that it can be
followed in outline without reference to map or plan.

(d) Building Vulnerability
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294. Search teams of all types should be matched to task which best suit their expertise and
equipment, with the most proficient being employed in the most vulnerable areas. The venue
can be divided into colored zones - red, amber, green - these being used as a flexible
planning aid. Search teams will not normally be told whether the area they are searching is
red, amber or green. This is to prevent complacency; however, as you become more
experienced, it will not be difficult for you to appreciate the color of the area you are in.

Conduct of search Operations
295. The search operation can be divided into three parts:
A. Pre-searches
B. Main phase
C. Isolation and maintenance of sterility

(A). Pre-searches
296. Pre-searches are conducted before the main search normally to save time and
resources during the main search. If appropriate, the following pre-searches may be
conducted:
Pre-search and seal
Explosive vapour pre-search

Pre-search and seal
297. Some areas may be able to be searched well before the vent and then sealed to indicate
that access is prohibited and to detect illegal access. This type of search is particularly useful
for searching areas such as plants rooms and services ducts, which require very detailed work
by a few searchers over a long period. Other suitable areas may include storerooms, vending
machines, fire extinguishers, street furniture, underground area, and roof voids. The
effectiveness of the pre search and seal is totally dependant upon the integrity of the sealing.
It requires the provision and control of suitable seals. Seals should be uniquely identifiable,
tamper evident, and unobtrusive. Many types are available. The selection of the seal and its
emplacement must ensure that it is effective, allows for easy checking, and discourages
vandalism. Once in place, seals must be regularly checked as part of the overall security plan.
If seals are found to be broken without a valid reason, the area must be searched again.

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Explosive Vapour Pre-search
298. An explosive vapour pre-search may be conducted a day or so before the main search
with equipment or dogs that detect explosive vapour. The purpose of this search is to obtain a
vapour profile of the venue in order to:
Locate and eliminate any spurious vapour readings.
Identify any vapour problem areas, which can be investigated as a matter of priority
during the main search phase.
Conduct all mechanical vapour sampling prior to the use of search dogs, as dogs and
their handlers are often contaminated with explosive vapour, which can cause false
readings with detection equipment.
Reduce the effects of long warm up times and equipment failures during the main
search phase.

298.1 The use of explosive vapour pre-search must be balanced against he likelihood of a
device being planted between it and the main search. The alternative is to conduct the
explosive vapour search as the first element of the main search.

(B). Main Phase
299. The bulk of searching is carried out during this phase, which should be conducted in as
short a time as possible before the start of the event to reduce the chances of terrorist
resources being introduced after the search, and to reduce the cordon commitment and other
costs. Two types of searches conducted during this phase are the Main Search and the Retask Search.

(a) Main search
300. The main search involves the searching of the venue sub-sector by sub-sector by search
teams using the procedures previously described. The efficiency with which the main search
is conducted is dependant upon:

(b) The command, control, and administrative systems
301. These systems must be established before the main body of search teams arrives on site.
These systems determine the early searching and securing of predictable evacuation areas.
They also determine search cell location and rooms intended for equipment storage and
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resting prior to the deployment of the main body of search manpower. Any areas that are
searched in advance must be secured either by way of police cordoning or by sealing.

(c) Access Control
302. The object of access control is to ensure that no terrorist resources are introduced into
the venue after it has been searched and to allow the searchers to work without distractions.
Therefore, once the search of an area starts, it must be cordoned and all personnel and
material entering it must be accredited and searched. Ideally the whole venue should be
cordoned and evacuated before the search starts and no one admitted, except search
personnel, until the search is complete. In practice, it is normally only practical to exclude
people from actual areas being searched and the cordon expands as the search progresses.
This is known as "ballooning" a search. Separate security personnel (police officers) should
be employed on cordons. Searchers cannot effectively both search and cordon.

(d) Re tasking
303. If a search team is unable to complete a specific search task due to access being
unattainable, equipment malfunctioning, etc., then it is normally more efficient to use the retask procedure rather than have the team wait.

303.1 The search record referring to the incomplete sub-sector is marked as requiring a retask search, with a brief explanation of the reasons, and the search team moves on their next
task.

303.2 The search cell staff, on checking the search record, notes the incomplete sub-sector,
records it on the search bags, and re-tasks a team to search it when the difficulties have been
overcome. If possible, the original team should be re-tasked to complete the search.

(C). Isolation and maintenance of Sterility
304. The location must be isolated and areas searched kept sterile from the time the main
search starts until the end of the vent. This entails:
Establishing of a cordon and access control points where personnel and vehicles that
have a legitimate reason for entering are searched.
If necessary, conducting maintenance searches (detailed below) within the area that
has been searched to confirm that it remains sterile.
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Retaining sufficient search personnel on site to deal with any contingencies during the
vent, such as response to a threat call or change of event plan.

Maintenance Searches
305. There may be a need to carry out further searches after the main search has been
completed to ensure that the area remains clear. These are known as maintenance searches
and are particularly relevant where confidence in the access control system is not high.
Maintenance searchers are not normally required. As an example, maintenance searches may
be carried out on a daily basis or before a session is reconvened after a break. There must be
close liaison between those who carried out the initial search and those doing the
maintenance search for local knowledge and to ensure that an object discounted during initial
search does not cause alarm during the later search. If possible, such items should be
removed when first discovered.

Exit
306. The exit procedure at the end of the search is equally as important as the entry. The exit
procedure is outlined below and includes important principles:
Once everywhere has been searched and the occupants have been regrouped,
it is worthwhile for the team leader to mentally review what has occurred.
He should ensure that all procedural and documented activity up to that
point have been properly carried out, and exhibits have been properly
bagged, documented, and labeled.
The occupant accompanies the Team Leader and recorder for a final damage
Search Report and signed by both the occupant and the team leader.
As the final damage check is being conducted, the search pairs should
ensure all search equipment has been accounted for No rubbish or defective
or broken equipment (such as batteries) shoul remain on the premises once
the search has been completed.
The search team and attached officers leave the premises, and any cordon is
withdrawn.

Bomb Squad
307. A bomb squad has the following responsibilities:
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Render safe and/or remove improvised explosive devices and incendiary chemicals.
Conduct legal and safe transportation, storage, and disposal of explosive materials.
Conduct post-blast bomb scene investigation.
Conduct inventory and maintenance of bomb squad equipment.
Respond to bomb threats.
Provide dignitary protection.
Provide training.

(a) Personnel Selection
Selection committee - A selection committee should be made up of personnel with
bomb squad experience.
Qualifications - Personnel being considered for admission into a bomb squad should
be tested through one of the personality tests. Candidates should score high in team
work traits with low supervision requirement.
Physical qualifications - Personnel being considered should be in above average
physical condition, with no limitation in physical dexterity. Technicians must be able
to perform strenuous physical activity. Testing should be performed for initial and
periodic performance evaluation.

(b) Personnel Training
Initial training - Candidates being considered should be given initial on the job
training to evaluate their ability to perform tasks assigned.
Formal training - After the candidate has successfully passed the initial job training,
formal training should be conducted.
In-Service - Skills learned during the formal training need to be continually applied
through in service training at regular intervals.
Training records - Up-to-date training records must be maintained on all bomb
technicians.

Operation Standards
308. Duties of Bomb Squad Officer on arrival
1.

Coordinate with command and assess the situation

2.

Determine the incident category (life threatening or non-life threatening).
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3.

Evaluate the need for evacuation.

4.

Verify and request support (fire, medical, canine, etc.)

5.

Gather all witnesses and conduct interviews.

6.

Search for secondary devices or hazards

7.

Establish a bomb squad control point.

8.

Briefs other team members.

9.

Assign duties to other members of the squad.

10.

Get all equipment set up and tested.

Situation Assessment
309. Following consideration should be kept in mind
What is the maximum possible amount of explosives?
What is the probable effect (fire, gas leak, damage)?
Is evacuation adequate?
What assistance is needed?
What category is the incident and can it be reduced?
Where is the best approach route?

310. Incident Categories
(a) Life threatening situation
Consider possibilities of reducing the situation to a non-life threatening situation without
working on the device.
Consider the time factors.
Due to the extreme nature of a life threatening situation, the bomb technician is authorized
full latitude in determining the following:
Type of render safe procedures attempted
Type of equipment to be used
Use of non-use of essential safety equipment
Number and exposure time of bomb technicians and support
personnel
(b) Non-life threatening situations
o

Normally remote procedure will be employed, particularly on closed bombs.

o

Hand entry procedures are not recommended and must be justified by the bomb
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technician
o

Wait time will be used.

o

Limit initial response on the suspect package to one properly equiped technician with a
minimum exposure time.

o

Rendering the item or situation safe may include the removal and/or transportation of
the item to a remote area.

o

Suspect items that are transported to a range for render safe procedures and/or disposal
no longer require emergency handling. Time is no longer a factor. Procedures used will
be remote. Exposure time will be held to an absolute minimum.

(c) No threat to life or property
o

Employ remote procedures

o

Use wait time

311. Priorities while conducting search
o

Public safety

o

Safety of the officer on the scene

o

Protection and preservation of public and private property

o

Collection and preservation of all evidence

o

Convenience to the public/restoration of service

312. Basic principles of search
o

Human life shall not be put in jeopardy over property.

o

Bomb squad response is a minimum of one two-man tea with essential safety
equipment.

o

Only bomb squad personnel or their designees will be permitted within the bomb
disposal operation area.

o

Paramedics and fire personnel shall be at the scene on stand-bu

o

Medical histories of all bomb technicians should be on file and updated.

Task Orientation
313. The task performance will request following considerations :
o

Transport and dispose of hazardous materials.

o

Begin crime scene investigation.
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o

Maintain condones off area (may be adjusted).

o

Photographs should be taken of both scene and device components Preserve evidence

o

Fingerprints are one of the most important types of evidence and must be preserved.

o

Wire ends cut by the bomb technician should be taped and marked for the laboratory.

o

Bomb components should be identified by the technician to assist in the immediate
investigation.

o

A detailed report of the incident should accompany the components to the laboratory.

DO's and DONT's for IEDs and Mines
314. Following Dos and Don'Ts are important and should be kept in mind always.
a)

Do not touch suspicious object or bomb

b)

Do not open the package with hand or other material

c)

Do not puncture the package or object

d)

Do not submerge the object in water.

e)

Do not cut the strings or wire.

f)

Do not pass the metallic object over the object or package.

g)

Do not accept the identification arks on the package on its face value.

h)

Do not use radio or wireless equipment in the vicinity of a suspicious object or bomb.

i)

Do not direct a flashlight on the suspicious object or bomb.

j)

Do not permit re entry of people until object is removed.

k)

Do not panic.

l)

Remain calm and walk out of the building in quit manner.

m)

Cut off gas but electric supply should not be disturbed as it can detonate the
bomb/IED.

n)

Stop movement near the object.

o)

Inform the Bomb Disposal Squad or Police Control Room or nearest police Station or
concerned authorities.

More points to remember
315. Keep the following points in mind for the search otsutions :
a)

Keep telephone numbers of
i. Police Control Room
ii. Important Police officers
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iii.Bomb Disposal Squad
iv. Fire Station
v. Hospitals and
vi. Dog Squad.
b)

Do not be dead here. DO not touch the object

c)

Evacuate all people from the area if suspicious object is detected and inform Police
Control Room. B.D. Squad and nearest Police Station.

d)

Report about the area and exact location where suspected object is found.

e)

Do not assume that only one bomb or IED is planted.

f)

Trust nothing and assume nothing is safe.

Search for Mines
316. Look for the following this for searching mines :
a) Look for disturbed and freshly dug earth.
b) Look for dry grass used as camouflage
c) Use mine detectors while moving in areas of suspicion.
d) Ensure that the patrols move astride, the road and not on the road and be on the look
out for mines.
e) Look for trip wire and trip feelers/stick hooks.
f) Wear body armour, helmets and mine goggles if available
g) Train all security personnel to be mine/body trap conscious.
h) Look for diert, grass sticks, dung or other material on roads. These areas can conceal
mines.
i) Look for signs of road repairs, new paving, patches, ditching or culvert work. Such
areas may conceal mines.
j) Watch for marks and signs such as sticks/stones placed in mine or clump of grass
placed at intervals.
k) Watch for wires leading away from the side of the road.
l) Be careful in following explosed wire. It may be to lure you to a trap.
m) Watch civilians and look for habitation. If there are signs of being abandoned, be
alert.
n) Be careful not to move over ruts or soft areas when moving on hard surfaced road.
o) Have the leading vehicle of a group of vehicles or convoy empty except its driver.
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p) Mark, withdraw and report when a device is found.

DON'Ts
317. Following Don'ts should be kept in mind.
a) Bunch up during operations.
b) Cut any wire unless the device is identified.
c) Panic, but remain cool.
d) Assume only one mine is planted.
e) Try to be a dead hero.

Safety and Special Handling Precautions for Incendiaries
318. Some improvised incendiary explosive mixtures are toxic by inhalation, absorption, or
ingestion. Due to these factors, the following safety conditions should be adhered to:

o

Keep reactionary chemicals separated

o

Use only proper containers.

o

Be able to recognize chemical composition be size, color, or shape

o

Always work up wind.

o

Wear proper protective clothing and breathing apparatus as determined by threat level.

o

Never eat, drink, or smoke in an area of exposed chemicals.

o

Never carry improvised explosive mixtures in your bare hands.

o

Never accept labels for positive means of identification.

o

Never re-use containers found at a scene.

Safety Equipments while handling incendiaries
319. The following safety equipment should be available any time improvised incendiary
explosive mixtures are encountered:

o

Face mask or goggles

o

Gloves (depends on level of danger)

o

Flamc-proof clothing

o

Acid protection

o

Fire extinguisher
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o

Eye wash

o

Fire blanket

o

Water supply

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Chapter 15

VIP, Protocol and Ceremonial duties
Introduction
320. There are many important personages who due to their particular significance require
special security and protection arrangements. Such people are called VIPs and VVIPs.
Hon'ble President of India and Prime Minister fall into the top category VVIPs. Likewise,
other defined political personages and Heads of the States of various nations and other
identified persons also need special security arrangements. Similarly, there are persons who
need to be given special protection coverage on the basis of security threats to their lives.
One of the important duties of police is to provide security to all such persons and make
several arrangements for them. Each State Police organization is responsible for the security
arrangements to be made for their Hon'ble Governors and Chief Minister and other VIPs of
the State. The State Government may issue instructions, in this regard, as per the exigencies
and demands of the arrangements at their own level.

Main Tasks of VIP Duties
321. The main tasks of the police force employed on duties connected with the Very
Important Personas are following.

(i)

to ensure the personal safety of the Very Important Personage,

(ii)

to ensure that all functions immediately concerned with the visit of the Very
Important Personage and his movements pass off punctually and smoothly,

(iii)

to ensure that the public assembled on such occasions get full benefit of the very
important Personage's visit and,

(iv)

that normal tranquility and law and order at the place are fully preserved to ensure
that terrorist/extremist elements do not gain access to the Very Important Personage.

321.1 During such arrangements there should be least show of police force, however, full
protection to the VIP must be ensured and the functions should pass off smoothly and
peacefully. There should be no resentment of any kind in the public regarding the
arrangements made by the authorities.
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321.2 The objective of any such security arrangement should be to ensure that no danger or
harm, deliberate or accidental, from living beings or from inanimate objects is carried near to
the protected person, and that no person or object not confirmed to be safe or secure reaches
near the protected person. VIPs are often the target of extremist organisations, militant
terrorist groups, disgruntled individuals, mentally disturbed individuals etc. The two main
modes from where security threats can emanate are fire arms and various forms of explosive
devices including remote control devices. An alert and efficient security system only can
prevent the possibility of such danger penetrating security cover. Effective anti-sabotage
check and access control are useful factors in this regard.

322. Anti Sabotage Check and Access Control
i.

Anti-sabotage precautions along with access control constitute the cornerstone of
any security arrangement for the protection of VIPs. Anti-sabotage check can be
carried out by employing the following three methods:
(a) Physical search (visual/manual)
(b) Use of Technical gadgets (explosive detectors, Door Frame Metal Detectors,
Mine sweeper etc.)
(c) Use of sniffer dogs.

ii.

Modern aids like explosive detectors, metal detectors are useful and must be
utilised for anti-sabotage checks. To ensure precautions against damage from
explosives a thorough anti-sabotage search and checking of the camp, venue,
route and transport should b conducted.

Important Areas of VIP Security
323. There are some important facets of V.I.P. duties. Important ones are following:-

A. At the camp;
B. Journey by road;
C. Journey by train;
D. Journey by air;
E. Journey by steamer;
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F. Public functions;
G. Liaison with the security officers accompanying the VIP.

(A.) At the Camp Duties
I. The VIP may be residing temporarily either in the Raj Bhavan, Guest House, or a
private building. The degree of security would vary with the nature of residence. The
lay out of the place should be studied and adequate lighting arranged. A thorough anti
sabotage check should be conducted. Catering arrangements should be checked and
staff deployed for these arrangements should be security vetted.

II. A Camp Commandant (of appropriate rank) corresponding to the status of the very
important personage may be designated. It will be the responsibility of the Camp
Commandant to be in overall charge of the place of stay and be in contact with the
concerned authorities/SPG/etc., wherever applicable.

III. The Police Officers on guard duty should be fully conversant with the correct method
of giving compliments and should have smart turn out. The guard should be posted in
such a manner that police are not very much in the public gaze, but are in a
commanding position to observe everything.

IV. Arrangements should be made for regulating and controlling a small crowd which
may gather near the residence. The constables doing this duty should be tactful, yet
firm, so that they can carry out their duty without giving offence and thereby causing
any embarrassment to the VIP. When laying out security arrangements at the
residence, attention should be paid to overhanging roofs, balconies or trees which
could be vantage points under certain circumstances.

V. Officers in plain clothes should be detailed for security duty, the number depending
upon the importance of the VIP, place of stay and other local conditions. Officers and
men should be deployed for duties in outer, inner and isolation cordons, wherever
necessary.

VI. Facilities should be arranged at the reception point and entry to the place for
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subjecting all persons/items to a thorough anti sabotage check. Installation of Door
Frame Metal Detectors and use of Hand Held Metal Detectors and other equipment
would be necessary.
VII. Alternative arrangements should be made for supply of power. Fire fighting and
medical arrangements should also be made.
VIII. Contingency exit and contingency Carcades should be arranged at the place of halt.
Adequate communication facilities including setting up of wireless, hot lines, fax etc.,
may be arranged.

(B.) Journey by Road
i.

Pilots and escort should be provided according to scale. The security box consisting
of pilot car, VVIP car, escorts I & II, spare car should preferably be of the same make
and colour. Wherever required (as per scale) the main and the spare car should be
bullet-proof. Instructions given in various circulars as regards composition of the
Carcade for the President, Vice-president, Prime Minister and other dignitaries should
be complied with.

ii.

Vehicles should be subjected to thorough mechanical and anti-sabotage check. The
antecedents of the drivers should be thoroughly verified and preference should be
given to experienced drivers while finalising the scheme. Care should be taken to
ensure that while finalising Carcade arrangements no deviations are allowed. Seating
plans in the Carcade should be finalised well in advance and the drivers instructed to
be always available near the vehicle. The drivers must also be briefed regarding the
speed so that all vehicles of the Carcade keep pace with each other.

iii.

The flag rod for flying the National flag/party flag, depending on the nature of the
visit, should be fixed on the left side and not in the centre of the car bonnet.

iv.

An assessment of the time to be taken during road journey from place to place should
be carefully worked out. If the Carcade is likely to pass through areas with high-rise
buildings, these buildings should be identified and staff posted. All unmarked and
unattended vehicles on the route should be identified and action taken to remove
them. A thorough physical and anti-sabotage check of the route including culverts,
bridges, drains, etc., will be necessary all along the route. Contingency routes and
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contingency hospitals and safe houses should be identified and the officers in the
Carcade should be briefed regarding these arrangements.

v.

Very often the VIP's passage is held up by enthusiastic crowd wanting to offer
flowers or to request him to participate in a short function. Such contingencies should
be anticipated by collection of intelligence and necessary security arrangements made
without display of unnecessary uniformed policemen. When, however, a VIP makes
an unscheduled halt, then the senior most police officer present at such places should
make such security arrangements as could be commanded in such circumstances.

vi.

The road, if it lies through a very heavily populated area and is of a considerable
length, should be divided into small sectors, each placed under the charge of an
officer with his staff who are responsible for maintaining order in that sector. The
officer should be constantly on the move, along the allotted sector.

vii.

The constable posted for the duty should be given a manageable sector depending
upon the anticipated crowd. It is his responsibility to control tactfully and with good
mood that portion of the crowd which is in his sector. The co-operation of elders and
responsible persons of the locality gathered there should be taken wherever possible
to ensure orderly and disciplined behaviour on the part of the crowd. When large
crowds gather along the route at certain places, strategic reserves should be kept to be
used for controlling sudden increase of crowd which cannot be held back by the
policemen already in the street.

viii.

Officers are not expected to work with mathematical exactitude; all the same, they
should avoid deploying too many policemen where very few are needed, or
requisitioning reserves when it is not necessary. It often happens that when the VIP
continues his journey through thick crowds, the younger and enthusiastic elements of
the crowd begin to run behind the VIP's vehicle either on the road immediately
behind the vehicle or on the sides of the road parallel to the vehicle. This is a very
undesirable tendency and should be stopped by the policemen and officers standing
along the route.

324. Traffic Control and Regulation During Journey
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i.

The traffic points should be manned by traffic policemen as far as possible and
should be reinforced at very heavy cross-roads by drawing men from other
stations. No traffic should be stopped but should be regulated unless a stoppage
becomes inevitable for the security of the VIP and smooth running of his
programme. If traffic is to be stopped at the cross-road, the officer on duty should
see that the traffic is stopped just at the very last moment and when the stoppage
takes place, it should be at some distance away from the cross-road. Instructions
issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs and concerned authorities from time to
time should be carefully followed. It may be necessary to declare certain streets
closed to certain types of traffic. This matter should be considered in advance and
decision taken. Also temporarily changing both-way traffic into one way has to be
considered. It generally happens that after the motorcade of the VIP has passed
the traffic arrangements are relaxed or almost given up. This causes great
hardship and inconvenience to other vehicular traffic which may be following or
which may be held up temporarily. This aspect should be borne in mind and
traffic should be controlled till the congestion is minimised and the normal traffic
conditions are restored.

ii.

While the V.I.P. passes through the rural areas, there may be slow moving traffic
due to carts etc, therefore, adequate arrangements such as driving them on to a
side, stopping them altogether or even unyoking the animals from the carts should
be made. There may be certain roads which are narrow and winding in nature and
hence stoppage of traffic particularly coming from the opposite direction may be
necessary. The police officer on duty should decide how long before the arrival of
the VIP's motorcade, the traffic should be stopped on either side so that the
oncoming traffic does not clash with the motorcade of the VIP. If there is traffic
coming from the opposite direction which could not be stopped, each such vehicle
coming from the opposite direction should be warned to keep to the extreme left
of the road particularly at blind corners.

(C.) Journey by Train
i.

When the VIP travels by a special train or saloon or in a reserved compartment
attached to a train, an armed guard of such strength depending on the scale to
which the VIP belongs or as the DIG/SP Railways decides, should accompany the
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VIP's train. This guard will be accommodated in a composite bogey which should
be placed next to the VIP's saloon. The concerned Superintendent of Police,
Railways will be responsible to ensure that the VIP performs a safe journey by
train and is protected from the attention of all unauthorized persons. The
assistance of the local police should be taken wherever necessary. The VIP's
saloon or compartment will be searched before the commencement of the journey
by the security staff. After the anti sabotage check and until the train leaves, one
sentry each on both the sides of the saloon to guard it should be posted. The
armed guard will remain alert and keep a careful watch on all sides of the VIP's
compartment.

ii.

At all halts, one armed guard each on the rear and offside of the VIP's saloon will
be posted. Unauthorized persons will be prevented from approaching the saloon
or the compartment. The crowd will be kept at a reasonable distance. When the
VIP travels by special train, the platforms of all railway stations where he does
not halt or alight should be kept clear.

iii.

At railway junctions or other large stations where the special train stops, the
Railway Police/ Sub-inspector of Police/ Inspector having jurisdiction will post
constables on the platform to augment the train guard to the extent necessary. If a
long halt is made at any station and the VIP continues to occupy the train on a
siding, the armed guard escorting the VIP will mount guard on the saloon
occupied by the VIP and the Railway Sub-inspector/Police Inspector having
jurisdiction will arrange relief. If the halt is only for a short time, say two or three
minutes, or if the train stops outside a station on account of signal or any other
cause, the guard will not be mounted at the saloon itself, but one constable will
take the position on each side of the compartment and look along the train
towards the saloon.

iv.

The Superintendent of Police, Railways, will be responsible for seeing that proper
police arrangements are made en route. He should be in touch with the district
police for augmentation of staff at stations of halts, interchange, arrival and
departure. Ordinarily, there should not be any patrolling of the railway track, but
when the Deputy Inspector General, Railways, or the Superintendent of the
254

district considers it necessary; detailed sections will conduct patrolling. The
Railway Police Sub-Inspector/Inspector will travel in his jurisdiction in the same
train as the VIP and the Superintendent of Police, Railways, will travel in the
same train, if specially ordered.

v.

At stations of arrival and departure the local police will make security
arrangements outside the platform- The Railway police will see that the platform
exits and entrances are kept free from undesirable persons. The local police and
the Railway Police will be responsible for the VIP's security at all halting stations.
Escorts of High Personages will be relieved by the respective Railway Police
escorts when the VIP travels to different states.

(D.) Journey by Air
325. Sufficient uniformed police should be kept on duty at the airport at the time of arrival or
departure of the VIP with a view to preventing unauthorised persons from crowding too near
the person of the VIP. Plain clothes officers should also be present. The airfield and its
entrance should be kept clear of all the unauthorised persons, care being taken not to cause
any inconvenience to bonafide air passengers. Police arrangements to keep the landing
ground clear of any object or obstruction likely to hinder safe landing should also be made.
The police guard should prevent any unauthorised person from having access to the
aeroplane. The existing arrangements at the Airport should be studied and parking bay of the
VIP aircraft should be checked. If any reception line up has been arranged care should be
taken to ensure that no unauthorised persons gain access.

When the VIP travels by

Helicopter, guidelines laid down for construction of helipads should be complied with. All
precautions prescribed for journey by helicopter should be followed as stipulated.

(E.) Journey by Steamer
326. At the pier, adequate uniformed police arrangements should be made by the local police
to prevent unauthorised persons from approaching the VIP and for the maintenance of law
and order.

(F.) Public Functions
I.

A VIP's visit is generally associated with a public meeting. The nature and
255

magnitude of arrangements depend upon the status, prevailing condition and place
of such public meeting. These and all aspects connected with a public meeting
should be thoroughly examined and appropriate security and bandobust
arrangements made.

II.

The venue, date, time and duration of the meeting should be ascertained well in
advance. The organisers of the public meeting should be contacted and their full
co-operation secured. It is always advantageous to visit the place of public
meeting a few days in advance of the meeting and discuss all aspects of the
function with the organisers so that proper arrangements could be made not only
by the police but also by the organisers and other Government departments or
public bodies

III.

Advance intelligence should be collected so that preventive action could be taken
to prevent anti social elements from creating a breach of the peace. The approach
roads to the venue of meeting should be kept clear. Loudspeaker arrangements
should be tested well in advance so as to ensure that all the assembled members of
the public can clearly and distinctly hear the VIP. A spare set of equipment should
be kept standby. The exit and entrance of the VIP should be without hindrance.
Where possible, the exit and entrance of the VIP and VIP's party should be
separate from those meant for the general public and other invitees. Depending
upon the crowd and venue of the meeting, sufficient number of exits should be
provided so that the public and the invitees may leave the place quickly and in an
orderly manner.

IV.

The seating of the VIP should be such that all those invited and others in the
assembly can have a clear view of the VIP. It is always desirable that the VIP's
seat is on a raised platform or rostrum and the distance between him and the
general crowd is such as to ensure the security and free movement of the VIP. If
guidelines so stipulate, a sterile area should be kept in front of the rostrum. This
rostrum should be under the protection of a guard from the time the programme
has been finalised. Rostrum should be subjected to thorough anti-sabotage check
of the number of persons who need to be near the rostrum should be determined
well in advance. Where the entry to a public meeting is not regulated by
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invitations, the distance from the platform or the rostrum to the crowd should not
be less than 10 metres.

V.

The number of persons to be seated on the platform or rostrum should be kept to
the minimum and should be such as to ensure security of the VIP. Barricades,
where necessary, should be put up and in doing so, it should be ensured that
passages are left for easy ingress and egress and that separate enclosures are
reserved for women and children. Adequate reserve police, where necessary with
necessary lathies, arms and tear gas equipment should be kept in the
neighbourhood of the venue of the public meeting.

VI.

The officers and men posted to control the crowd in such meetings should be
adequately familiarized with their duties. They should be tactful but firm. The
tendency to blow whistles and brandishing of lathies should be avoided. The
tendency of the police officers to congregate near the VIP should be deprecated
and each officer should stick to his sphere and sector of duty.

VII.

Sufficient and definite space should be allotted for parking cars and other vehicles
of not only VIP's and invitees but also of the general public. Separate parking
place for the VIP convey should be earmarked which should be guarded properly.
Arrangements for parking cars and vehicles should be such that the cars of and
other dignitaries could be summoned at a moment's notice.

VIII.

Appropriate bandobust schemes should be drawn up fixing the responsibility of
each officer and be circulated among all concerned.

The officers and staff

detailed for duty should be at their positions well in advance of the start of the
meeting. It is also desirable to check the bandobust arrangements a few hours
before the meeting for ensuring their proper implementation.

Arrangements

should also be made for a stand-by system of power supply both for the function
and public address system. Adequate number of fire extinguishers may be made
available at the venue of public meeting.

IX.

Access control is very vital in all public functions.

Adequate number of Door

Frame Metal Detectors, Hand Held Metal Detectors etc., may be installed. In
257

addition to this staff may also be deployed for subjecting all persons attending the
function for physical check. Contingency planning should be made to meet any
emergent measures. An officer should be exclusively assigned for being in over
all charge and control of all the arrangements at the place of function.

The Scale and Quantum of Security Arrangements
327. The extent of security arrangements depends upon the importance of the VIP and the
local conditions. Where special instructions are issued by Government of India, State
Government, or the Director General those instructions should also be followed.

i.

President of India- Security arrangements will be provided in accordance with the
instructions contained in the booklet "Rules and Instructions for the protection of the
person of the President when on tour, including short residences in Simla".

ii.

Vice President of India - Security arrangements will be provided in accordance with
the instructions contained in the book "Rules and Instructions for the protection of the

iii.

Prime Minister- Security arrangements will be provided in accordance with the
instructions contained in the blue book "Rules and Instructions for the protection of
the person of the Prime Minister of India when on tour and in travel."

iv.

Ministers of the Central Government - The Commissioner in Bangalore City and
the Superintendents in the district are responsible for the security arrangements in this
connection with visits of the Ministers of the Central Government. Necessary security
arrangements will be made for guarding the residence and for protection during
journeys by road, rail and air and at public functions as provided in the "Rules and
Instructions for the protection of the Ministers of the Central Government when in
residence and on tour".

Arrangements for Special Categories of the Protected Persons
328. Security arrangements will be provided in accordance with the instructions issued by the
Ministry of Home Affairs to individuals who have been categorised depending upon threat
perception as per the scale prescribed below:
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Category

Scale of Security

I.

'X

2 PSOs round the clock

II.

'Y'

(1)

Uniformed Armed Guard of 1:6 at residence to

cover the house round the clock.
(2) Additional Security during sun-set and sun-rise.
(3) 2 PSOs at a time round the clock one with Stengun
and other with 9 M.M. Pistol.

III. 'Z'

(1) Uniformed Armed Static guard of 2 -8 cover both
front and rear of the place of stay.
(2) Two PSOs at a time one with Stengun and the other
with a 9 m.m. Pistol on a round the clock basis.
(3) An Armed Escort-(1-3) for all road journeys in two
shifts during the day.
(4) Screening watchers two at a time during the day and
one during the night.
(5) Strict access control and anti-sabotage checks are
also necessary.
(6) A bulletproof vest.

IV

'Z' SPECIAL

In addition to above security arrangements prescribed for
'Z' category the following additions would also be
necessary.
(1)

Provision of a bullet proof car in case available.

(2)

Provision of Escort in three Shifts.

(3)

Augmentation of the Static guards depending on

the locations of place of stay.
(4)

Additional security arrangements as required by

the local situation.
(5)

Additional security arrangements may also be

made if required depending on the local situation.

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Chapter 16

Disaster Management Duties

Introduction
Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry in the Government of India. National
Disaster Management Authority has issued detailed guidelines for preparation of State
Disaster Management Plans including the role of State Disaster Management Authority /State
Executive Committee and the State department for disaster response. These guidelines
include vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, preventive measures, preparedness measures
and the response and Disaster specific Action Plan.

India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of natural as well as man-made
disasters- 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity; over 40 million hectares(12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion; of
the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent
of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and
avalanches. Further, the vulnerability to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical(NBC) disasters
and terrorism has also increased manifold.

Disaster Risks in India

Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities, due to a
variety of factors. These include the ever-growing population, the vast disparities in income,
rapid urbanisation, increasing industrialisation, development within high-risk zones,
environmental degradation, climate change, etc. Clearly, all these point to a future where
disasters seriously threaten India’s population, national security, economy and its sustainable
development; therefore the urgency to issue the guidelines for the preparation of the State
Plan for Disaster Management(DM) as mandated by the disaster Management Act, 2005
(DM ACT, 2005). The DM plans will build in region and hazard specific management tools
in the context of regional and multi-hazard vulnerabilities.
260

Past Initiatives
The High Powered Committee

The first initiative towards formulating a systematic, comprehensive and holistic
approach to all disasters, was the setting up of a High Powered Committee (HPC) in August
1999 under the Chairmanship of Shri J.C.Pant. The HPC prepared comprehensive model
plans for DM at the national, state and district levels.

The National Committee on Disaster Management.

An all party National Committee on Disaster Management(NCDM) was set up after
the Gujarat earthquake, under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister and with
representatives of national and state level political parties, for catalysing and enabling the
preparation of DM plans and suggesting effective mitigation mechanisms.

The Disaster Management Act, 2005

On 23 December 2005, the Government of India(GoI) took a defining step towards
holistic DM by piloting the enactment of the DM ACT,2006.

The DM Act, 2005 – A Paradigm Shift.

The DM Act, 2005, mandates a paradigm shift from a response and relief-centric
approach, to a proactive, and comprehensive mindset towards DM covering all aspects from
prevention, mitigation, preparedness to rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery.

It also provides for:
•

The creation of a policy, legal and institutional framework, backed by effective
statutory and financial support.

•

The mainstreaming of multi-sectoral DM concerns into the development process and
mitigation measures through projects.

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•

A continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and
implementing policies and plans in a holistic, community based participatory,
inclusive and sustainable manner.

National Vision

The national vision is a build a safer and disaster resilient India by developing a
holistic, proactive, multi-disaster and technology driven strategy for DM. This will be
achieved through a culture of prevention, mitigation and preparedness to reduce the impact of
disasters on people. The entire process will centre stage the community and will be provided
momentum and sustenance through the collective efforts of all government agencies
supported by Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs).

Role of the National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA)

The DM Act mandates the NDMA to lay down policies and guidelines for the
statutory authorities to draw their plans.

In essence, the NDMA will concentrate on

prevention, mitigation, preparedness, rehabilitation and reconstruction and also formulate
appropriate policies and guidelines for effective and synergised national disaster response
and relief. It will coordinate the enforcement and implementation of policies and plans.

The Role of the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) State Executive
Committee(SEC) and the State Departments.

Section 23 of the DM Act, 2005 provides that there shall be a DM plan for every
state. It outlines the broad coverage of the plan aswell as the requirement of consultation in
the preparation of the state plans. It also provides for annual review and updating of the state
plan, and enjoins upon the state governments to make provisions for financing the activities
to be carried out under the state plans.

It provides for the departments of the state

governments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the state plan. The state plans
shall be prepared by the SEC in conformity with the guidelines to be issued on related
matters by the SDMA having regard to the guidelines laid down in this regard by the NDMA,
and after such consultation with local and district authorities and the people’s representatives
as the SEC may deem fit. The state plan prepared by SEC shall be approved by the SDMA.
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Need for Immediate Action

Ideally, state DM plans should be made after vulnerability assessment and risk
analysis of a state have been undertaken. Guidelines issued by the NDMA will also need to
be internalised in these plans. Even though this process has begun, it is likely to take some
time. It is felt that the preparation of plans cannot, and should not, await the outcome the
disaster risk analysis. On the basis of extant information and knowledge, a plan should be
formulated by every state and updated regularly adding fresh inputs on an ongoing basis.
Pending detailed micro-level vulnerability assessment and risk analysis, information as
currently available about the vulnerability profile of different areas of a state, including
information contained in the vulnerability atlas of India published by the Ministry of Urban
Development may be incorporated in the plan.

State profile- social, economic and demographic
•

Vision

•

Theme

•

Objectives

Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis
•

History of vulnerability of the state to different types of natural disasters.

•

Hazard risk assessment and vulnerability mapping.

•

The probable threat and types of man made disasters.

•

A hazard profile of the state together with maps and details of zonation, if any,
undertaken. The district hazard profile in GIs format should also be included, if
available. The plan should also refer to emerging concerns such as urbanisation,
environment protection, population explosion etc.

Preventive Measures
•

Natural Disasters – specific to the state.

•

Man made disasters.
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•

Early warning and dissemination systems.

•

Prevention and mitigation plans; short, medium and long term with structural and
non-structural measure required to be taken together with identification of nodal
department(s) for each activity.

Training needs analysis and development of state HR plan.

Mainstreaming DM Concerns into Development Plans/ Programme/ Projects.
•

This includes economic and social infrastructure like irrigation, power, drinking
water, sanitation, roads, buildings, schools and hospitals, housing, heritage
monuments, etc.

•

Elements of impact assessment, risk reduction, and the ‘do no harm’ approach to be
built into the developmental plans of each department while building in DM concerns
into such plans.

•

Classification of disasters and residual agenda.

(i)

What will be done?

(ii)

How it is to be done?

(iii)

Who will do it?

(iv)

By when?

(In a brief manner logistics management details to be incorporated in respective Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs).

Preparedness Measures
•

Resource availability-national and state resources: government, private, civil society:

•

Inventory of human and material resources should be included in IDRN/SDRN with
modalities for regular updating on quarterly basis.

•

Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM)

•

Training, capacity building and other proactive measures.

i.

Civil Defence.

ii.

Home Guards.

iii.

NCc

iv.

NSS
264

v.

NYK

vi.

Educational and training institutions.

vii.

Civil society, CBOs, Corporate entities.

viii.

Fire brigade

ix.

State Disaster Response Force.

x.

Civil Police.

xi.

Media- electronic, print and through folk media, inter personal communication.

•

Awareness generation

•

Outline an effective GIS process for collecting and analyzing spatial data for
emergency management problem solving.

•

Techno-legal regime.

•

Medical preparedness- nominate/ designate hospitals, doctors and paramedics to
cover emergency health management including trauma and psycho-social care.

•

Knowledge management:

•

Take steps to inventories indigenous technological knowledge for combating disasters
and validate it for appropriate use.

•

Arrange for the use of ICT tools and resources such as community service centres.

•

Fail- safe communication including last-mile connectivity.

•

Testing of the plans-through mock-drills, exercises and rehearsals.

•

Lessons learnt- to be incorporated at the time of updating of plan.

Response
The design of plans developed for immediate response which would be initiated on
trigger mechanism basis upon the occurrence of a calamity of extreme nature.
•

Incident Command System (suitably modified/indigenised).

•

Emergency Operation Centres.

•

Alert mechanisms – early warnings etc.

•

Disaster risk reduction framework, policy, act of the state/state road map for hazard
risk management.

•

Probabilistic scenario-building for different levels of various disasters to which
different areas of the state are vulnerable.
265

•

The yearly schedule for the conduct of mock exercises for different disasters in
different parts of the state at specified locations.

Some exercises should be

undertaken without prior intimation to enable a correct assessment of the level of
preparedness.
•

Procedure for the activation of plans – upon occurrence of any disaster.

Partnership with other stakeholders
•

The roles of academic institutions and scientific and technical organisations which
have an important function in DM may be spelt out from early warning to recovery,
together with names and designation of the nodal persons.

•

Media.

Financial Arrangements
•

Arrangements for the funding of the components of the state plan.

•

Provision of funds for specific mitigation projects aimed at improving prevention,
preparedness, and mitigation in requirement of specific disasters at the national, state
and district levels(these would have to be prioritised and phased over time).

•

Steps taken for the constitution of the Disaster Response Fund and Disaster
Mitigation Fund both at the state and district level which can also serve as a source
for funding of various activities as mandated by the DM Act, 2005.

•

Detailed SOPs of each department to make provision in its annual budget for funds to
carry out the activities set out in its own DM plan and role and responsibilities of all
other stakeholders.

Disaster Specific Action Plan
•

Floods

•

Cyclone

•

Earthquakes

•

Landslides

•

Chemical Disasters (including emphasis on off site plans-preparation and
rehabilitation).
266

•

Nuclear and Radiological Disasters

•

Biological Disasters

•

Oil Spills and Mine Disasters

•

Tsunami

Cross Cutting Issues

Review and updation of plans

The plan should include a schedule for submitting Action Taken Reports at prescribed
periodicity, confirming that their components have been duly updated.
Coordination and Implementation

Coordination, as between and amongst the various agencies involved in DM and
ensuring implementation of the tasks entrusted to them is an important statutory
responsibility of the DM authorities of various levels.

The plan should explicitly spell out the cross-cutting nature of activities that
constitute DM and the vertical and horizontal linkages required between government
departments, scientific and technical institutions.

NGOs, CBOs and local bodies and

describe how ensuring of implementation of their functions will be done by the
SDMA/SEC/DDMA. Etc.

Coordination of efforts amongst various government departments and other
stakeholders generates synergy and involves the bringing together of agencies and
functionaries to ensure effective performance.

It is primarily concerned with the systematic acquisition and application of
resources(personnel and equipment) in accordance with the requirements demanded by
emergencies.

Monitoring mechanisms incorporating.

Inter alia, quality and outcome

indicators should also be spelt out.

Through the installation of a regular Management Information Systems( MIS), clear
responsibilities should be cast upon the various agencies to report either to the
267

SDMA/SEC/DDMA in regard to the subject matter to be reported upon, the authorities to
whom the report has to be sent together with specific time lines, frequency and reporting
formats. To focus attention on areas that are not functioning as required, the principle of
management by exception should be followed.

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Chapter 17

Intelligence and Security
Introduction
382. One of the principal duties of the police is collection and communication of
intelligence with a view to maintaining peace and order and prevention and detection of
crimes. The Intelligence Branch of the police is intended to collect and disseminate
intelligence in all matters of police interest. However, the criminal intelligence is the
responsibility of the local Police and Criminal Investigation Department. The local Police in
addition to criminal intelligence has also the responsibility of gathering and communicating
intelligence on all matters. The SP and CP have District Special Branches (DSB) to
concentrate on intelligence work. At the state level, the Intelligence Branch/State Special
Branch (SSB) is organised to maintain the records and disseminate timely information to
avert breach of peace, threats to security, public order and serious disturbances.

Structure of Intelligence Set-up
383. The Addl. DGP (Intelligence and Security) is the Head of the Intelligence Branch of the
State subject to the control of DGP. He is assisted by such number of Inspectors General of
Police / DIsGP and other officers as determined. The organisation and functions of the
Intelligence Branch are contained in the Manual on District Special Branches and the State
Intelligence Branch. Addl. DGP (lnt.& Security), and the Intelligence Branch to deal with
all the intelligence matters relating including left wing extremism, and extremist operations
within the state. This branch keeps liaison with the concerned officers and units of other
extremist affected states, dealing with the intelligence in the field of left-wing extremism and
the anti-extremist operations. Under Addl. DGP (Int. & Security), an officer of the rank of
DIGP, called DIGP Operations is in-charge of Counter Intelligence Wing of intelligence.
The Intelligence Branch of the State shall send information and reports to the Government
subject to orders of the Director General of Police.

269

Role of Addl. DGP (Int & Security)
384. The Addl. DGP (Int. & Security) shall be responsible for the efficient and professional
working of the Branch. He shall exercise such control and direction to ensure effective
functioning of the District Special Branches. The collection, analysis, recording and
dissemination of information, provision of the necessary training inputs and keeping an alert
watch on the public order and security in the State shall be his main functions. He will
assign duties and set tasks to officers of the Branch and the District Special Branches.

Liaison With Other Units, States and MHA
385. Closest liaison should maintain with the neighbouring state organisations and the MHA.
The reports to MHA and other places shall be governed by instructions of the Government
and DGP from time to time.

Functional Modalities of State Intelligence Organisations
386. Sate Intelligence deals also with the matters of interest relating to overall security of the
State and the VVIPs. One of its important functions is to give promptly to the Government as
well as to the Director General of Police information on all matters of public importance. The
State Intelligence communicates to the Intelligence Bureau and the Intelligence
Organisations of other States, information which is of interest to them. It communicates to
the Range Police Officers and Superintendents of Police in charge of the districts and other
specified Officers important information which is of importance to them. It prepares
periodical reports on matters falling within its purview and forward copies to those specified.
It makes confidential enquiries into all matters of public importance and those affecting
national interest. It also helps in the investigation of those crimes which have a bearing on
public issues. It collects advance intelligence regarding the problems affecting the law and
order situation in the State and communicates it to the concerned for taking precautionary
measures. It liaises with the district special branches through which it collects intelligence
and it passes on important advance intelligence to them. Functionally the district special
branches are almost part of the State Intelligence as far as the collection of intelligence is
concerned, though administratively they are under the charge of the concerned
Superintendents of Police of the districts.

Role of District Police
270

387. The Superintendents of Police, in-charge of the divisions will be responsible for
collection and dissemination of information in their respective jurisdictions and they will
report to the Additional Director General of Police, Intelligence promptly all matters of
importance. Telephonic/wireless/fax messages should be followed by more detailed written
reports. The Superintendents of Police will also send reports on the various subjects
indicating their assessment of the events for the next fortnight.

Duties of Field Staff
388. The functions and duties of the field staff of the State Intelligence and DSB are to gather
intelligence on all mattes of interest to the State Intelligence. They also carry out such other
tasks which may come within the purview of the State Intelligence. Generally speaking, the
distribution of work amongst the field staff is on a territorial basis. Special staff is also
allotted for protective and security duties. Standing orders will be drawn up showing the
distribution of work among the field staff.

Security Orientations & Duties of Intelligence Wings
389. The security wing is a part of the intelligence branch. It is headed by an officer of the
rank of an IG/D1GP. The functions of the security branch are connected mainly with
proximate security of VIPs and VVIPs and also to plan, coordinate and direct security
measures for the protection of those persons who face threat to their personal security.
Though the security wing provides proximate security to the VIPs/VVIPs, the responsibility
for their protection rests with the District/City police. The branch-also assesses threat
perception of various protected persons, issues guidelines to the various Units in the State for
ensuring their security. The other important function is to monitor the programmes and tours
of the protected persons, assess information gathered and issue suitable and timely
instructions to the concerned, from time to time.

390. Special Training Contexts
i.

The security wing has specially trained personnel drawn by deputation from other
branches of police and trained for the purpose of providing proximate security to
VVIPs. In the districts and the city plain-clothes personnel who are trained in
security duties provide security cover when the protected persons tour the State
and also to those who require protection in the district. A special group in the
271

various reserve police Units of the State is formed for providing guards as well as
uniformed gunmen.
ii.

The State security wing draws up the training programmes specifically in respect
of personal security of the VVIPs. These programmes are carried out either in the
Police Academy or in the other training institutions. The specialist support units
like the bomb disposal squads and sniffer dogs' squads are also attached to the
wing. The detailed instructions and guidelines to be followed by the various
personnel providing security are drawn up and circulated by the security wing.

Co-ordination With District Police & Other Units
391. The responsibility of the wing as detailed above is carried out through its own personnel
as well as through the district and city police. They are responsible for coordination of all
security arrangements in the State. This wing shall issue the instructions and training for
police personnel and their role in making security arrangements from time to time. The Unit
officers are responsible to carry out all the instructions issued and to keep the personnel fully
trained and alert in carrying out the security duties.

Supervision and Control
392. The Addl. DGP (Intelligence & Security) is responsible for the effective functioning and
supervision of the security wing at the State headquarters. Elsewhere in Districts/Cities,
security matters are handled by the Unit officers.

272

Chapter 18

Unnatural Deaths
Introduction
393. Cases of unnatural deaths are shrouded by suspicion, and there is always a possibility of
some foul play behind such incidents. The circumstances leading to such deaths are
indicative of abnormal background and may also involve facts which may indicate
commission of some crime or the other. Such deaths may be of homicide, suicide or an
accidental type. These incidents of death are required to be handled carefully by the police.
Even the law provides special provisions for handling such cases. The police conduct inquiry
for ascertaining the reasons and circumstances leading to unnatural death for arriving at a
conclusion whether the death is homicide or suicide or it is due to some accidents.

Sec. 174 to 176 Cr.P.C.
394. Section 174 to 176 Cr.P.C. lay down the procedure for holding the inquests. Inquest
means legal examination of dead body. Inquest is to be held on the bodies relating to
unnatural deaths. The purpose of the inquests is to ascertain the apparent cause of death in
cases where the police receive information that a persons has met with an unnatural death;

A.

By committing suicide or

B.

Has been killed by another or by an animal or machinery or accident or

C.

Has died under circumstance in which the death is suspected to be due to an offence
committed by another person.

394.1 The inquest is to be held by the SHO or by HC, if he is so authorized by the
government. On receipt of such information the SHO shall record it in of the same in the
prescribed proforma or the pro-forma as that of the FIR and promptly dispatch it to the
executive magistrate.

Inquest Cases
395. Inquest should be conducted in the following cases:i.

Where the case involves suicide by a woman within seven years of her marriage; or
273

ii.

Where the case relates to the death of a woman within seven years of her marriage in
any circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion that some other person committed
an offence in relation to such woman; or

iii.

Where the case relates to the death of a woman within seven years of her marriage
and any relative of the woman has made a request in this behalf; or

iv.

In cases of custodial deaths. The officer in-charge of the Police Station shall get the
Inquest proceedings conducted by the Executive Magistrate and if the investigation
reveals such death was caused due to harassment for dowry; all such cases should be
investigated by the Dy.S.P. Having jurisdiction till the cases are taken over by the
COD for further investigation.

v.

Where there is any doubt regarding the cause of death; or

vi.

Where the police officer for any other reason considers it expedient so to do, the
investigating officer shall, subject to such rules as the State Government may
prescribed in this behalf, forward the body, with a view to its being examined, to the
nearest Civil Surgeon, or other qualified medical man appointed in this behalf by the
State Government, if the state of the weather and the distance admit of its being so
forwarded without risk of such putrefaction on the road as would render such
examination useless.

vii.

The District Magistrate or Sub-divisional Magistrate and any other Executive
Magistrate specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government or the District
Magistrate can conduct inquest.

viii.

Assistant Sub-Inspector and Head Constables are also empowered to hold
investigation under Section 174(1) Cr.P.C. When the officer-in-charge of the Police
Station is unable for adequate reasons to hold the investigation himself and deputes a
subordinate who has been specially empowered by the State Government to do so, he
shall, at the first opportunity, personally verify the letter's investigation, if there is a
suspicion of any crime.

396. Action on Arrival at the Scene
i.

On arrival at the place where the body of the deceased is lying, the officer making
the investigation will prevent the destruction of evidence as to the cause of death;
prevent crowding round the body and the obliteration of footsteps or other traces
or marks before disturbing the body. The IO will arrange to take its photographs
and its immediate surroundings, if the nature of the case warrants such action and
274

would note carefully, the location of the body, the position of the limbs, the
condition of the wearing apparel and will also preserve hair, skin, Fibres, etc.,
found on the body.

ii.

If a Medical Officer or superior Police Officer is available near the scene and is
immediately expected to arrive, it is advisable to keep the body without altering
its position until his arrival. When the Investigating Officer reaches the spot and if
it is night and postponement of investigation over the dead body involves the risk
of putrefaction, the investigation over the dead body should be conducted in the
night itself with the help of petromax or other bright lights and any investigation
conducted in the night checked up in the morning by observation.

397. Enquiries under Section 174 Cr.P.C.
i.

The inquest must be held in the presence of two or more respectable inhabitants
should be summoned under Section 175 Cr.P.C. by an order in writing who
appear acquainted with the apparent cause of death and the dead body should be
examined in the presence of panch witnesses.

ii.

While examination the body the following points must be noted in the inquest
report:-

A. The position in which the body was found.
B. The position, length and width, and colour of any wounds, bruises or other marks of
injury.
C. The nature of any fracture.
D. The articles, clothing, jewellery, or any other incriminating (material) found near the
body (An inventory should be made).
E. The age, condition of hair, the description of the face etc.
F. Any old scars, warts, moles etc. and their exact position, approximate height.
G. Any other details.

iii.

The witnesses summoned should be examined and their statements recorded
separately and enclosed with the inquest report. The witnesses shall not sign them.

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Preparing the Inquest Report
398. When the inquest is completed the officer conducting the inquest shall draw up a report
with apparent cause of death, the description of any marks, or marks of violence which may
be found on the body and describe the manner and the weapon with which such marks
appears to have been caused. The report shall be signed by the officer holding the inquest and
by the panch witnesses after their opinion is recorded. The inquest report along with the
statements of witnesses should be forwarded to the court and to senior officers immediately.
The individual opinion of the panch witnesses should not be entered in the report. They can
be written in the case diary by the I.O. Persons who do not concur with the report shall not be
pressurized to sign. A carbon copy and attested photo copy of such report shall be filed in the
connected station records. In case of death of more than one person there shall be separate
inquest reports on each body.

Procedure on Occurrence of Large-Scale Deaths
399. There will be occasions when large scale deaths occur due to railway accidents, bus,
boat or air accidents, building collapses, fires, poison, gas leakage's cyclones, tidal waves,
earth quakes etc. In such cases where the cause of death is apparently known, there will be no
need to hold inquests, unless in respect of any specific dead body foul play is suspected. In
such cases inquest may be conducted on one or two dead bodies. But a certificate from
medical officer in such incidents may be sufficient keeping the requirements of
compensatory claims for death or injury. The dead bodies should be disposed off quickly in
the interest of health and hygiene.

Inquest by Executive Magistrate
400. In the following cases, the Executive Magistrates only shall hold inquests.
A. Where the case involves suicide by a woman within 7 years of her marriage or
B. Death of a woman within 7 years of her marriage and there is suspicion that some
other person committed the offence.
C. Death of a woman within 7 years of her marriage and any of her relation made a
request in this behalf
D. The police officer for any other reasons considers it expedient to do.
E. In all cases of deaths under custody of police and encounter deaths.
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Disinterment of Bodies (Exhumation)
401. Where an SHO making an investigation reasonably suspects that the body of the person
is buried under questionable circumstances, he shall record his reasons in writing and
forward the information with a requisition under section 176(3) Cr.P.C. to the nearest
executive magistrate to present at the time of disinterment. In the mean time he should make
arrangement to guard the grave. When the body is disinterred, the SHO or the IO shall
establish the identity of the body through witnesses. If there is a possibility of the body being
decomposed and unfit for removal for post mortem and in anticipation of such circumstances,
the presence of a doctor can also be secured along with the magistrate even before
exhumation and the doctor may be requested to conduct post mortem there on the spot.

Magistrate Should Record Statements & Prepare the Report
402. In all cases inquests held by magistrates, as part of the inquiring he will prepare
statements of witnesses and the enquiry report. This becomes a part of the record in a trial. In
such cases there will be two sets of statements from the witnesses, one by the magistrate and
another by the police during the course of investigation. Since both the statements will be
supplied to the accused any discrepancy in the version will go to the benefit of the accused.

Postmortem for the Inquest
403. Postmortem examination is a necessity in cases where it is felt necessary, as the medical
opinion is important in ascertaining the cause of the death. When the body is sent for post
mortem examination a police officer must be deputed to accompany the dead body for the
purpose of identification of the body and must necessarily be cited as a link witness. In cases
of advanced putrefaction/decomposition of the body and where the movement of the corpse
may make it impossible for the medical officer to form a correct opinion as to the nature of
injuries or cause of the death, the medical officer may be requested to conduct his
examination at or near the scene. When the body is sent for post mortem all available
information relating to the body must be given to the medical officer.

Preservation of corpse
404. All fresh bodies should be preserved in cold storage. If such facility is not available they
277

should be kept on ice blocks. In the absence of ice blocks it should be placed up on a layer
of powdered charcoal from which it is separated by a cloth. A cloth with another layer of
charcoal should then cover it. The whole body being covered by another cloth and a mat.
After the post mortem examination, unless there are orders to the contrary, the police shall
hand over the body to the relatives or friends of the deceased. In their absence they shall
arrange for the disposal of dead body.

Unidentified Bodies
405. If a body is unidentified the IO shall take the following steps:
i.

Take Photographs (face, lateral and length wise) of the deceased through which body
can be identified. If face is smudged due to bloodstains etc., one photograph is taken
as such and another photograph after cleaning the face, for identification purpose.

ii.

Find out whether the dead body is of a Hindu or a Muslim Search for identification
marks, tattoo marks, tailor marks and any physical deformity or any physical
peculiarities.

iii.

Search for tyre marks or other incriminating evidence in and around the dead body to
ascertain whether the body was brought from outside and thrown at the scene or
otherwise.

iv.

Inform the local press to publish photo and also the local cable T.V. network to
broadcast the news. Send photographs and descriptive particulars to all SHOs of
bordering P.Ss and those P.Ss where there is reason to identify the body. The same
should also be published in the district crime and occurrence sheet and in criminal
intelligence gazette. Send a detailed message to all the Circle Inspectors of the
District, besides sending a copy of message to bordering CIs / SDPOs and SsP
concerned to inform whether any men / women missing cases were reported prior to
noticing the dead body.

v.

Take fingerprints as per the procedure. If the body is putrefied, address letter to
Medical Officer to preserve alt the 10 phalanges so that FPs could be taken. Send
Finger Prints to the concerned District Finger Print Bureau and State Finger Print
Bureau to locate the person if he / she is having any criminal record.
278

vi.

Depute a PC / HC with photograph and details to the neighbouring districts to meet
the concerned Inspectors of DCRB to find out the identity of the deceased. The
District Control Room should inform all the SHOs for a report, if any, of the missing
persons, so that the identity can be crosschecked. If the dead body bears ante-mortem
injuries, register a case under 302 IPC immediately and take up necessary action.

vii.

In cases of suspected homicides it is advisable to collect blood samples on a clean
white cloth or a white paper, dried under shade for the purpose of future D.N.A.
finger printing tests. Collect the body fluids and other material objects in accordance
with the guidelines contained in the relevant orders.

Death in Encounters or in Police Custody
406. In all deaths in police custody and encounters, FIR shall be registered and immediate
report made to the concerned executive magistrate, who shall hold inquest. The executive
magistrate shall hold an inquiry and submit his report. Publicity must be given to facilitate
the relatives to be present and give evidence during inquiry. The NHRC guidelines regarding
investigation of cases of deaths in encounter should be followed.

Death in Jails
407. In all cases of death in jails the inquest and inquiry should be made by a magistrate in
terms of Jail manual.

Compensation Cases - Supply of Documents by Police
408. In all cases of accidents, compensation is paid to victims resulting in death or injuries
due to natural calamities, accidents by Air, Railways and roads and also due to violence in
caste, communal and terrorist incidents. Apart from insurance companies various authorities
also pay compensation. To facilitate such victims and the legal heirs of the deceased to claim
relief from the authorities or tribunals in time, the police must furnish free of cost, the
following documents to the victims as well as to the authorities of claims Tribunal having
jurisdiction and insurance companies within 30 days without their requisition as required
under section 158 (6) of M.V.Act.
A.

Attested copies of FIR, inquest reports, postmortem and wound certificates and
the statements of witnesses if any.
279

B. In motor accident cases the report of the Motor Vehicle inspector relating to the
damage of the Vehicle, copies of Certificates of Insurance, Certificate of
Registration, Driving Licence and Fitness Certificate.
C. Charge sheets or final reports.
D.

These documents may be furnished free of cost to the voluntary agencies, legal
aid committees and legal service authorities also if they take up the cause of the
victims.

Points for Enquiry in Death Caused by Various Reasons & Modes
409. The following important points must be observed during inquests:
1.

Suspected poisoning

A. Collection of food remains, vomiting.
B.

Ascertain exact time of taking food

2.

Hanging or strangulation

A.

Before cutting or removing note the strangulating medium, lividity of face, lips and
eyelids, state of the tongue whether enlarged or protruded, flow of any fluid from the
mouth or nostrils.

B.

Note the state of the neck, whether there are any marks, state of the thumbs whether
crossed over the palm.

3.

Body in a tank or well

A. Note for marks of blood around the mouth or sides of the well or tank
B. State of the skin whether smooth or rough and any external marks of injury
C.

Note the condition of the hands and feet. Sand or weeds under nails if any should be
removed and preserved.

D. Details of clothing and the manner of wearing

4.

Body found murdered in open
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A. Note the location, character and number of injuries
B. If weapon is found pack and seal it carefully without disturbing the prints if any
C.

In the case of exposed infant, note the state of umbilical cord and any marks of
violence. Examine the skull for any fracture

D. If the sex is not definite seize and collect the Jaw and the bones of the Pelvis and
samples of skin.
E. If the body is burnt, collect the pieces of bones and shes
5.

Death due to firearms and explosives;

A. Exact shape, location and number of entry and exit wounds
B. Marks of burns of hair or skin around the wounds
C. Recovery of pellets, spent cartridges or any firearms from the scene
D. Remains of explosive devices
E. Show in the sketch the damage caused by firing or explosion in the scene

6. Deaths in Motor accidents
A. Tyre marks and skid marks
B. The description of all injuries
C. The portion of the road where the body is found
D. Any of the fibres of clothes of the deceased sticking to the vehicle

410. Special Precautions About Inquest
1.

Inquest must be held immediately after inspection of scene

2.

Independent witnesses of the locality must act as panchayatdars and they must be
present all through the inspection of the IO.

3.
4.

Inquest must be drawn at the scene:
When different parts of the body are found at different places separate inquests must
be drawn, steps should be initiated to establish the identity of the body. If the identity
is not known a colour photograph and colour video graph should be taken in an
undisturbed position. Then different photographs should be taken in different angles.
Finger impression also should be taken. When several bodies are there, number of
police officers may be engaged to hold inquest on different bodies. Body and the
wounds should be described methodically and systematically from head to foot.
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5.

The description of clothes found on the body and the exact place of blood or stains
found should be noted.

6

If any article is seized packing and sealing shall be done on the spot,

7.

Every detail touching the apparent cause of the death shall be recorded.

8.

Exact measurements must be given and vague expressions should be avoided.

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Chapter 19

Correspondence

Introduction
411. Communication is fundamental to official working and functioning. The official
communication can be oral or in writing. The communication made in writing is called as
correspondence in official parlance. Correspondence should be simple, clear, cogent and
effective. There are some formal rules which are required to be observed while making
official correspondence. Some of the general rules of correspondence are mentioned
herewith.

412. General Rules
i.

The name as well as the official designation of an officer should be set out at the
head of every letter or proceedings issued by him or from his office. Every
correspondence should be duly signed by the concerned officer. However, an
authorized subordinate officer may sign it, once the draft of the letter or
proceedings has been approved on the file. The use of facsimile signature stamps
in lieu of manual signature in regular correspondence is forbidden. Official
documents should be signed in a uniform and legible manner. Initials and full
signatures should always be dated, with the year as well as the date and month
being shown on each correspondence.

ii.

Complete address of the addressee should be written including the pin code. In
case a particular officer has to see the letter, the letter should be addressed to the
concerned office but caption added on the first page of the letter as: Kind Attn: Sri
(Name) just below the official address. Wherever it is urgent and necessary to
seek orders from DGP Office in any matter, Unit Officers should write letter and
sent it in name cover to the concerned Officer dealing with the subject in DGP,
Office.

iii.

Telegrams and telephones should not be used when police communication
networks or e-mail or fax machines can be used. Wireless messages should be
sent in the manner prescribed in this regard.
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iv.

The postage for all letters dispatched by Government officers in their official
capacity in reply to communications of any kind received from private individuals
or associations should be at government cost.

Signing of Official Communications
413. Notifications and orders including that addressed to members of the public, issued in the
exercise of statutory powers, should be duly signed both on the office copies and the fair
copies by the officers empowered to issue them and not by any other officers on their behalf.
All communications addressed to Government or superior officers should be signed by the
officers concerned or by the officers specially authorised to sign on behalf of the officer
concerned. Initials and signatures should always be dated, the year as well as the date and
month being shown. All communications should contain the name of the officer signing the
communication either typewritten or legibly written in brackets, below the signature. When a
large number of enclosures are sent with a letter, a list of such enclosures should be
forwarded. Urgent letters should be dispatched by speed post/express delivery. Courier
system can be used rarely in extremely exceptional and urgent situations.

Classification of Correspondence
414. The official correspondence can be classified broadly as follows :A. Top Secret - This marking is reserved for papers containing information of such a
nature that for reasons of national security, it must only be disclosed to persons whose
duty makes it essential that they should have knowledge of it. Such papers include
references to current or future military operations, impending movements or
dispositions of the armed forces and shipping and secret methods of warfare, to
matters of high political policy and to methods of secret intelligence and cyphers.
B. Secret - This marking is reserved for papers other than those marked tcs secret which
are of such a nature that their disclosure to persons other than those whose duty is to
have knowledge of them, would cause administrative embarrassment or difficulty or
would be helpful to the enemy, without being gravely dangerous to the national
interest.
C. Confidential - This marking is reserved for papers containing information the
circulation of which is desirable to restrict, for administrative reasons and which do
284

not disclose such vital information as to warrant their inclusion in the secret category.
D. Private - It means, not to be placed in an official file or referred to in official
correspondence'. Papers so marked should be kept by the recipient so long as they are
required and then destroyed.
E. Personal - It means not to be opened by any one except the officer named on the
cover and to be returned to the sender if the addressee is not available.

The Precautions
415. All Top Secret' 'Secret' and 'Confidential' papers should invariably be sent in double
covers The Security marking should be indicated on the inner cover only (and not on top
cover) and should be properly sealed and addressed by name to the officer for whom it is
intended The top cover should bear only the official address. If sent by hand delivery through
an assistant or a clerk only a single cover may be used in which case the cover should be
carefully sealed and clearly marked with the correct name, address and security marking.
When such papers are sent by a messenger they should be closed in double covers. Economy
labels should not be used on the inner covers containing Top Secret, Secret and 'Confidential'
documents. They should be used on outer covers only.

Address on Envelops and Covers of Official Correspondence
416. Covers containing official correspondence which is not of a confidential nature should
be addressed to the officer for whom they are intended by his official designation only and
without the addition of his name. All Top Secret' 'Secret and 'Confidential documents should
be placed in strong covers and where the contents are bulky, cloth-lined covers should be
used. Letters or packets containing Top Secret', 'Secret', and 'Confidential' papers, when sent
by post, should invariably be registered and sent 'Acknowledgement Due;. Even when they
are sent by hand delivery the signature of the recipient should be obtained in token of his
having received the documents. Parcels or envelopes containing Top Secret' or 'Secret papers
should be placed in a canvas bag while sending to the post office. They should be sent by
insured post, if necessary. Top Secret papers should be

opened

only by the officer for

whom they are intended or by an officer who is dealing with his work in his absence. 'Secret'
or 'Confidential papers should be opened only by the officer for whom they are intended or
by the officer who has been authorised to do so or who is looking after the work in his
285

absence. In no case should such papers be opened by an officer other than a superior officer.

Disclosure of the Identity of Sources
417. No record or information which relates to, or which leads or may lead to the discovery
of the identity of the source from which or of any agent or informant from whom any secret
information has been or may be obtained shall be communicated by any Police Officer to any
other member of the police force to which he belongs, except as provided below:

I. Officers of and below the rank of Inspector in the Intelligence shall not
communicate, any record or information of the type described above to any
Police Officer other than the Superintendent, or an officer of higher rank, if any
of these officers require it.

II. Officers of and below the rank of Inspector in the Criminal Investigation
Department shall not communicate any record or information of the type
described above to any Police Officer, other than the Superintendent, or an
officer of higher rank, if either of these officers require it.
III. Officers of and below the rank of Inspector in the district police shall not
communicate any record or information of the type described above to any
police officer, other than a superior officer of the district in which they serve if
such an officer requires the information. Any superior police officer who is in
possession of any record or information of the type described above shall not
communicate it to any police officer, other than his immediate superior officer,
if that superior officer calls for it. For the purpose of this order, the Deputy
Inspector General and above of the State Intelligence or Deputy Inspector
General and above of the Criminal Investigation Department, Bangalore will be
regarded as the immediate superior of a Superintendent, so far as information
relating to matters coming within the purview of the Intelligence or the criminal
investigation department is concerned.
IV. No record or information which relates to, or which leads or may lead to the
discovery of the identity of any Police Officer who has obtained or may obtain,
any secret information or who is or has been employed or who may be
employed on any secret enquiry shall be communicated by a Police Officer to
286

another Police Officer, other than his own immediate superior Gazetted Officer,
if such superior officer requires such record or information.
V. No record or information which relates to, or which leads or may lead to the
discovery of the identity of any source from which or of any agent or
information from whom any secret information has been or may be obtained
and no-record or information which relates to, or which leads or may lead to the
discovery of, the identity of any Police Officer who has obtained or may obtain
any secret information, or who is or has been employed on any secret enquiry
shall be communicated by any Police Officer, otherwise than as provided in the
preceding orders to any person except under the specific orders of the Director
General & Inspector General of Police which should be obtained in each case.
Greatest care shall be exercised to avoid exposure when the source of
information has to be transmitted to another Police Officer. Original report or a
copy of any original report shall not be transmitted. Either the substance should
be communicated or the report paraphrased.

Communication of Secret Information
418. No secret information of a type other than the one described above shall be
communicated by any Police Officer to any person other than a member of the police force
within the State except as provided below :i.

The State Intelligence as well as the CID may communicate secret information to such
persons, other than members of the police force within the State as are approved by the
Government, lists of whom shall be maintained in the State Intelligence and the CID
respectively. In urgent cases, the Heads of the State Intelligence and CID may, in
anticipation of approval of the DG & IGP, communicate such information relating to their
respective departments to members of a police force outside the State other than those
mentioned in the approved lists.

ii.

Secret information which has to be communicated to District Magistrate in the interest of
maintenance of law and order may be sent by or under the authority of the Superintendent
of Police of the district.

iii.

Communication of secret information by the District Police to any member of a police
force outside the State should ordinarily be made through the State Intelligence or CID, as
287

the case may be. In urgent cases, however, the Superintendents, may, in anticipation of
approval, communicate such information to an officer of corresponding or higher rank in a
police force outside the State, either in response to an enquiry from such officer or on his
own initiative when the delay caused by communicating through the usual channel is
likely to be prejudicial to the peace and security of the district concerned or the area to
which the secret information is to be sent.

419. Demi-Official Correspondence

i.

A demi-official communication may be made when :-

a) the matter forming the subject of the communication is at the stage of discussion and
has not reached any official finality;
b) the writer wants to express his personal views on any subject without allowing them
to be treated as his final conclusions or opinions;
c) the writer desires that the contents of the communication should not be given any
publicity beyond communication to the addressee; or
d) the writer wishes to elicit the individual views or opinions of the addressee and
desires it to be understood that such views or opinions will not be treated as final
decisions or opinions.
ii.

No demi-official letter or telegram/Fax/TP or wireless message should be quoted in
official correspondence without the express sanction of both the sender and the
receiver. On no account should it be quoted in the issue of orders to subordinate
officials. Demi-official communications or instructions, which are provisionally
required for action or record, must be supplemented by official communications
containing no reference to the demi-official correspondence. Demi-official covers
should ordinarily be addressed to the officer for whom they are intended, both by
his name and by his official designation. If the officer addressed by name has
vacated his appointment, his successor or locum-tenens should open such covers
and deal with the communications enclosed, if he is competent to do so. Demiofficial covers which are intended to be opened by the addressee and by no one
else should be enclosed in covers addressed to him by name only, his official
designation being omitted. If he has vacated an' appointment and they are delivered
288

to his successor or locum-tenans, they should be forwarded to him direct if his
address is known, and, if not, returned to the sender.

420. Mode of Addressing Demi-Official Communications
1. The following procedure should be adopted as regards the manner of addressing demiofficial letters by one officer to another in the department :i. Whenever the Addl. Directors General of Police/inspectors General of Police, Deputy
inspectors General or Superintendents and officers of equal rank address the Director
General & Inspector General of Police, the D.O. letter should begin with Dear Sir.
ii.Whenever Superintendents and officers of equivalent rank address the Addl. Director
General / lnspector General/Deputy Inspectors General and whenever the Assistant
Superintendents/Deputy Superintendents and officers of equivalent rank address the
Superintendents or the officers of equivalent rank, the D.O.letter should "Dear Sir".
iii.When a higher officer addresses a lower officer for example, the Director General of
Police addresses the Additional Directors General or Inspectors General or Deputy
Inspectors General or the Superintendents and the Additional Directors General address
the Inspectors General or Deputy Inspectors General and the Superintendents and so on,
the salutation "Dear (name)" should be used. There is no need to address "Dear Sri so and
so".
iv.Between officers of equal rank, the salutation 'Dear Sri (name)'should be used, if the
addressee is senior 'Dear sir should be used, if the addressee is junior then Dear (name)
should be used.
v.All the D.O. letters should close with 'yours sincerely'.

2. Except for social purposes or in reply to congratulatory messages, etc., Assistant
Superintendents, Deputy Superintendents and officers of equivalent rank should not
ordinarily address D.O. letters to the DGP/ADGP/IGP/Deputy Inspectors General. All
correspondence addressed to subordinate Police Officers should be in memo form. If the
addressee is one outside the department and superior in status, he should be addressed as
'Dear Sir. If the addressee is one outside the department and equal in status or junior in
289

status, he should be addressed as 'Dear Sri (name) if the addressee is one outside the
department and is well acquainted, he may be addressed as 'Dear (name)'.

While

addressing District Magistrate, ordinarily, 'Dear Sri (name), should be used unless the
officers are well known to each other in which case they may address as 'Dear (name)'.

D.O. Reminder to Director General & Inspector General of Police
421. Demi-official reminder letters should not be sent direct to the Director General and
Inspector General for a reply in routine cases. If a reply is due from chief office in respect of
any reference, the Superintendents will, in the first instance, send the usual reminders to the
Director General and Inspector General by designation and if such reminders fail to bring
about the desired effect, D.O. reminder letters may be sent, addressed to the concerned
Deputy Inspector General who should promptly see to the expeditious disposal of the case in
question. If, even after such D.O. reminders to Deputy Inspector General concerned, reply is
not received, then a D.O. reminder letter addressed to the Director General (by name), may
be sent.

Official Correspondence
422. All correspondence to the superior officers should be addressed by means of letters
which should contain the following salutations:
(a)

The word 'Sir' at the beginning of the letter.

(b)

The words 'Yours faithfully' at the end of the letter.

(c)

The subject-matter and the reference, if any, should invariably be noted in all
letters.

(d)

A sample form of letter is given below for guidance.

MODEL
From,

To,

(Designation)

(Designation

No.........................

Date...............................

Sir,

290

of

the

officer)

Subject

:- .

Reference :-( Contents of the letter)
Yours faithfully,
(Signature) Name and designation.
422.1 The same form as shown in the preceding order should be adopted while addressing
official letters to a private or non-official person or body or to officers of other States or a
letter of the nature of an official reference addressed to a higher officer of any other
department of the Government. In respect of correspondence passes through 'Endorsement',
'Forwarded to' should be followed when sent to subordinate officers. In addressing superior
officers or officers of equal status whether of the police department or of other departments,
the words "copy forwarded with compliments to......" should be used.

423. Forms of Address
(1) In all official correspondence and Government records only the following honorifics will
be prefixed to the name of Indian nationals, men and women, irrespective of their race or
religion.
a) For men - Sri; for Women- if married, Srimathi; if unmarried, Kumari.
b) So far as men are concerned, each name should have the honorific Sri and Sriyuths in
case of plural while addressing a group of names. For example, Shriyuths Sharad,
Vivek, Anil etc., Women 'Srimathis' and 'Kumaris' should however, be used as plurals
for 'Srimathi and Kumari', respectively.
c) While addressing companies, firms, etc., 'Sri may be used.
d) As far as possible 'Sri', 'Srimathi', or 'Kumari', as the'case may be, should be used
e) As prefixes to all, but in the case of foreign nationals prefixes appropriate to them
(i.e. commonly used in their respective countries) may be used.
f) The honorific 'Srimathi1 may be used for widows and 'Sri' may be used for boys.
(2)

Medical practitioners (except those who hold military ranks) whether in the service of
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the government or otherwise, should be addressed by the courtesy title of 'Dr. before their
names and with their degrees and service (in the case of Government servants) added at the
end.

424. Disposal of Applications/Petitions From the Public
i.

A letter or petition duly stamped in accordance with the law on the subject or
where there is no such legal requirement, postage stamps are affixed, should be
acknowledged within 24 hours of the receipt of the letter/petition. The
acknowledgment should indicate the reference number in the office to enable all
future correspondence to be addressed. IGP Grievances Cell/ or PRO in his
absence, in the case of Director General & Inspector General and Heads of
Offices in other subordinate offices who receive the communication will be
responsible for issuing the acknowledgment.

ii.

When a communication is received in an office, and the subject matter is such that
it should be sent to another office for disposal, it should immediately be
forwarded to the concerned office and the petitioner should be informed of it
while sending him an acknowledgment. When petitions are presented to Ministers
while on tour, they may be handed over to the local officers concerned for
necessary action. The officers receiving such petitions should take immediate
action to acknowledge them in the following manner.

a) Acknowledgment should not be granted in the following cases :b) Applications for appointment, but when the application is in response to an
advertisement, the application may be acknowledged;
c) Applications repeating a request already disposed of and when the applicant has been
told that further representations will not be considered;
d) Applications couched in improper, impolite or scurrilous language neither may nor be
acknowledged.
e) When only copies of communications addressed to other offices are received, except
when a communication received from a superior authority specifically asks for an
acknowledgment neither may nor be acknowledge.

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iii.

The acknowledgment may normally be in the prescribed printed card and the
officers may, at their discretion, send acknowledgments in the letter form also. All
communications other than the initial acknowledgment to non-officials including
applicants and petitioners should invariably be in the form of a letter.
Applications should be read carefully and dealt with promptly, expeditiously and
satisfactorily. If delay in their disposal is likely to occur, the applicants should be
informed suitably. It should be borne in mind that the public have a right to expect
promptness, courtesy and care in the disposal of applications sent by them.

425. Correspondence With Public Representatives

i.

Whenever a member of legislature or Parliament writes on matters relating to the
public or section thereof or an individual to whom the member thinks injustice
has been done, the officer receiving such communication from the Member
should give an acknowledgement to the Member concerned within seven days.
The concerned officer should also examine the matter promptly and send a
considered reply within a month as far as possible. If this is not possible, they
should give interim replies indicating among other things, the probable date of the
final reply and every attempt should be made to adhere to this date.

ii.

The Unit Officers should maintain a special register in this behalf showing the
date of receipt of the letter from the Member of Legislature or Parliament, date of
issue of acknowledgement, further stages of the case and the date of issue of final
reply. This register should be reviewed once a month personally with a view to
verifying that prompt action is taken at all stages. All sections of the chief office
should likewise maintain the special register in each section and the registers
should be put up before the Director General or chief of the section every month
for his perusal.

iii.

With regard to the supply of information, to the members of the Legislature /
Parliament, the unit officers concerned may furnish information on request made
by the members subject to the following conditions :293

(a) The information is purely factual;
(b) The information is readily available and special efforts to collect it from the number of
sources are not required;
(c)

The information is not secret or confidential;

(d) The information does not relate to individual cases, whether of government servants or
otherwise;
(e)

Information on question does not involve a statement of opinion or general policy will
not be furnished.

426. Correspondence With Government

i.

The Superintendents should invariably send replies to reference, received by them
direct from Government, through the Director General of Police: The replies
should invariably be accompanied by copies of the Government reference and its
accompaniments, if any, and should, when necessary be submitted through the
Range Inspector General concerned.

ii.

All routine and urgent references relating to information collected by the criminal
investigation department may be sent direct to Government by the Director
General, CID, Training, Special Units & Economic Offences, copies being
simultaneously forwarded to the Director General of Police. References on
important and policy matters should be submitted to the Director General of
Police and replies sent to Government either direct or through the Director
General of Police according to the nature of correspondence.

Orders Issued by Ministers
427. The following procedure should be adopted in respect of oral orders issued to the Police
Officers by Ministers :i.

Orders of Government should normally be issued only under the signature of
Secretariat Officer and routed through the official channel.

ii.

Where, however, in special circumstances, directions are given to a Police Officer
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directly (e.g., a Minister may give certain directions orally during an inspection) , it is
the responsibility of the officer who receives the instructions to reduce such
instructions to writing and send a copy thereof to his official superior, with a request
to address the Secretary in the administrative department concerned through the
Director General of Police to get those instructions confirmed in writing. This should
be done promptly on the day the instructions are given or at least on the following
day.

428. Replies to Legislative and Lok Sabha Questions, etc.
i.

Replies to questions raised on the floor of the Legislative Assembly, Legislative
Council and the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha should be furnished on top priority basis.

ii.

When questions which rose on the floor of the Legislative Assembly or Council are
referred to the Director General of Police, he should immediately furnish the required
information if the information is available in his office. Where information has to be
collected from subordinate officers, the Director General of Police will send copies of
the question to the unit officers not below the rank of Superintendent of Police who
should furnish draft replies, a note to answer supplementary and any other relevant
information to the Director General at once or within the time-limit specified, as the
case may be. The Director General will prepare a draft reply to the question (s) along
with a note for replying possible supplementary and furnish the same to the
Government within the prescribed time-limit.

iii.

If the questions are sent to the officers direct by Government i.e. Addl. DG of Police,
IG of Police, DIG of Police or Superintendents of the districts and other unit officers,
etc.) such officers should furnish the replies to the Director General and Inspector
General of Police, who will send the reply to the Government promptly after
examining the same.

iv.

Whenever the information is called for by fax with a view to avoid any possible delay
the replies should also be furnished by fax.

v.

Similar action should be taken in sending replies to Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
questions.
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vi.

If, in spite of the best efforts, it is not possible to furnish a reply within the prescribed
time-limit, an interim reply should be sent to the Government specifying the timelimit within which the reply could be sent, with specific reasons for the delay. This
procedure may be adopted only in exceptional cases.

vii.

All correspondence regarding Lok-Sabha / Rajya-Sabha / Legislative / Assembly/
Council questions should go in envelopes super scribed as " IMMEDIATE - LOK
SABHA / RAJYA SABHA / LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY / COUNCIL
QUESTION".

429. Correspondence With Other States :

i.

Direct correspondence on routine and non-controversial matters may be carried on
between officers of other States to facilitate matters in day-to-day administration.
The Heads of Departments and other officers authorized are permitted to
correspond directly on routine and non-controversial matters.

ii.

Correspondence with police officers of corresponding ranks in other States is
permitted in the cases detailed in the following paragraph subject to the restriction
that it is confined to matters of routine and is not controversial in character.
Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors may correspond directly with police officers of
equal ranks in other States on the following matters being handled by them
pertaining to movements of criminals, enquiries as to antecedents and convictions
of persons, circulating lists of property, information concerning crimes, soliciting
assistance in cases or requesting statement of a person to be recorded. The police
forms, if prescribed should be used in correspondence. If wireless communication
is required to be made, the prescribed message form should be adopted.

430. Direct Correspondence With Foreign Countries
i.

The Indian Union has its own diplomatic representatives in foreign countries
including Pakistan. It is not permissible for Police Officers to enter into direct
correspondence with their counterparts or with private companies, investors or
manufacturers in such foreign countries. All correspondence intended for such
persons in foreign countries must be routed through the Director General of Police,
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who will address the person through the State Government.
ii.

All references about the political crimes and all other references about policies and
general information must, be routed through the Director, Intelligence Bureau,
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

iii.

In case of a direct communication permissible under sub-order (ii), a copy thereof
should be submitted to Government in the Home Department for transmission to the
diplomatic representative of the Indian Union in the foreign country concerned.

iv.

The police authorities in India on the one hand and foreign countries on the other
have to correspond in routine matters relating to the control of emigration or
investigation of specific crimes of non-political nature, such as murder, dacoity,
robbery, burglary, etc., through the Interpol unit of CBI.

v.

Any information required by any foreign police force concerning police in India
should not be furnished direct; but the information together with a copy of the letter
received should be sent to the Director General of Police for onward transmission
through the Director, Intelligence Bureau, and Government of India. On no account
should such information be furnished direct.

vi.

Whenever certificates or documents are issued by executive authorities in India for
use in foreign countries at the instance of private parties, the following points should
be kept in mind.

a) The document should be drawn on reasonable quality foolscap paper;
b) The paper or the form used should bear the name of the authority issuing it;
c) As far as possible the signature of the officer signing the certificate or the
document should be supported by his official seal;
d) In cases of documents and certificates required by the Government of India on
behalf of foreign countries, these should be submitted to the competent
officers of State Government for attestation, under his seal, of the signature of
the local authority originally issuing the document or the certificate.

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Correspondence With the Accountant General
431. The Superintendent may furnish direct to the Accountant General information on
accounts matters required by him. In respect of matters requiring sanction of the Director
General of Police or Government or involving interpretation of rules, etc., the Superintendent
should make a reference to the Director General of Police.

432. Prompt Submission of Reports to Chief Office
I. Whenever a report is called for from Chief Office, it should be submitted within
the time stipulated; if no time is stipulated, then the report should be sent within
a fortnight.
II. If, for any unavoidable reason, it is not possible to expedite the report, the
officer concerned should send an interim report within the time stipulated in
Sub-Order (i) above, mentioning when he would be sending the report called
for.
III. If the officer concerned does not send a report as required in sub orders (i) or
(ii) a reminder on white paper shall be issued from the Chief Office and the
officer concerned should at once expedite his report without any delay.
IV. If, in spite of the reminder, the report is not expedited, a second reminder will
be issued on green paper and this will be a warning reminder.
V. If, even after the issue of the warning reminder on green paper, the report is not
sent, a final reminder on red paper will be issued, stipulating a time limit within
which the report should be sent. This reminder will have a counterfoil in which
the officer concerned should acknowledge the receipt of the reminder on the
day he receives the reminder, and send it by post to the chief office. The officer
concerned should then send the report within the time stipulated in this
reminder and if he still fails to do so, he will be held personally responsible for
his failure to comply with the above instructions.
433. Delay in the Disposal of Official Correspondence
i.

It is the duty of every Government servant to contribute his utmost
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towards quick and efficient disposal of correspondence entrusted to him,
and if he fails to do so it will be presumed that he is either indifferent or
incompetent.
ii.

Heads of offices should take very severe notice of any unreasonable
delay in the disposal of the work entrusted to an officer subordinate to
him.

iii.

At the same time the practice of members of the staff taking
Government files home with a view to keeping their work up to date
should be deprecated. No member of the staff should be allowed to take
Government files home, except in special circumstances and then only
after the permission of the officer concerned has been obtained.

Radio Messages
434. All officers issuing "Confidential" or "Secret" radio messages should mark them
"Secret." The transmitting radio station will then transmit such message promptly. After
noting only a gist of relevant particulars in the log books, if necessary the message may be
kept with them for 24 hours for purposes of verification. Thereafter it should be returned
intact to the originator for record. The receiving station, after receiving the message, should
check it back with the transmitting station and then deliver the original copy itself to the
addressee without retaining any copy. The receiving station will make only a very brief entry
in the log book omitting the text of the message. Secret matters, which even the operators
need not known, should be sent in code.

Correspondence Between SHOs and Superior Officers
435. Sub-Inspectors and Station House Officers shall address Magistrates, ROs and Officers
of and above the rank of Inspector of Police and other Government Officers of the
corresponding ranks by letter using the following format:
From

To,

Station House Officer

District Magistrate
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(Any other designation according to the status
of the address)
--------------- Police Station
February 16th, 2008
Ref. No....................................................
Sub ..........................................................
Sir
(Contents)
Yours faithfully

(ABC.............)
Encl: As above
Copy to:

Papers to be Sent Through the Zonal IG and Range DIG
436. All reports emanating from District Police on subjects of crimes, law and order police
operations, police functions. Etc. internal security, coordination, internal management of
police shall be routed through the Zonal IG/DIG of Police.

Unpaid Letters, Petition and Nil Report.
437. Unpaid letters prescribed as on public service, even though unsigned by a person
authorized to rank, must be accepted. Petitions received from persons outside the department
should not be returned in original but an order should be communicated to the sender.
Petitions and communications received from private individuals or organizations should be
acknowledged forthwith and a reply sent in due course. The Inspecting Officers should
invariably verify whether the above instructions are being complied with. Printed forms of
returns should not be used when the return is a "NIL" one. A quarter sheet of paper can be
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used for such correspondence.

Savingram
438. Telegrams should not be sent and trunk telephone calls should not be made in cases
where letters would serve the purpose. All urgent references should be marked "Immediate"
and sent by speed post. Officers receiving them should deal with them most expeditiously as
though they were telegrams. Telegrams should be sent only in exceptional cases. To draw the
immediate attention of the recipients, Savingrams may also be sent. "Savingram" is the name
given to a communication sent by post but intended to be treated as if it were a telegram. It
will be worded just like a telegram, written or typed on a sheet of paper and sent to the
addressee by post, thereby saving telegraph charges. The recipient of a "Savingram" should
attend to it as he would do to a telegram. He will send his reply either by an "Immediate"
letter or by "Savingram". Savingrams can also be sent by Fax network of Police
Communications or through e-mail.

Correspondence to be in Official Language of the State
439. All correspondence within the State should be in the official language. While addressing
the Central Government organizations or other States English or Hindi should be used.
English may be used in correspondence with the courts. The station records may be
maintained in State Language. The instructions of the Government and the Official Language
Commission on the subject issued from time to time should be complied with in all
correspondence.

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Chapter 20

Traffic Duties
Introduction
440. Smooth flow of traffic, safe and secure vehicular and pedestrian movements have
become basic to the modern living because of concentration, congestion, road jams and
varied types of movements of vehicles and human beings on the roads. Safe, secure and
smooth flow of traffic has become inevitable conditions of overall progress, prosperity and
development of human existence today. Even investments, setting up of new units, industrial
growth, corporate expansion etc., now depend to a large extent, in addition to other factors,
on the positive or negative traffic condition available in a particular area. Smooth and
effective traffic regulation, positive and safe road conditions, driving time and overall road
security scenario have became an integral part of the emerging trends of traffic managements
today. The police, nay, the traffic police have an onerous duty to perform all these duties in
an efficient manner.

The Basic Traffic Premise
441. The functions and responsibilities of Traffic and Highway traffic police are to achieve
smooth and safe flow of traffic by efficient regulation and enforcement of traffic laws and to
ensure prevention of accidents. Efficient road traffic management should aim at striking a
just balance among the following three essential factors :
i) Satisfactory circulation
ii) Absolute safety and
iii) Reasonable Cost.

441.1 In the mechanics of traffic management, Engineering, Education and Enforcement
should operate coordinately together for making the roads safe and the passage smooth.

Co-ordination Aspects
442. While regulation and enforcement is the major preoccupation of the traffic police, they
have to liaise with the local Municipal authorities, Urban Development Authorities, Roads
and Building agencies etc for continuously updating the road surface, geometrics and
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accessories like signals, islands, railings, dividers, flyovers, underpasses etc. etc.

Duties of Traffic Police
443. The basic duties of the traffic police personnel include:

i.

Manning fixed traffic points in a town or city.

ii.

Mobile patrol to regulate traffic and clearing the road

iii.

Enforcement of MV Act and Rules and other notifications

iv.

Check and control of rash, dangerous and drunken driving.

v.

Patrolling of highways, enforcement of traffic discipline and maintenance of order on
the main roads

vi.

Removing obstructions to traffic flows and organizing traffic diversion whenever
necessary, both in the congested areas of the towns/city and on the highways.

vii.

Prompt arrival at the scenes of road accidents, guarding the scene, rendering first aid
and shifting the injured to the hospital, intimating to the L&O Police and assisting
them in the investigation of the cases.

viii.

Communicating information to civil police of any incident or movement of criminals
or suspected persons or property, which they come to know

ix.

Observation and apprehension of wanted persons or taking charge of missing persons
in course of their duties

x.

Setting up barricades to check vehicles on alert from the police authorities

xi.

Assisting civil police or detective police in checking for suspicious persons or
properties

xii.

Assistance to police during large gatherings

xiii.

Undertaking Traffic education

xiv.

Maintenance of prescribed records

xv.

Upkeep and maintenance of all traffic equipment including traffic signals

xvi.

Take special care of school children, old or blind or handicapped persons and others
at road crossings and peak traffic points

xvii.

Monitoring of traffic on the highways on a full time basis

xviii.

Advice the local bodies and other authorities for erection of road signals, road
painting and other matters connected with traffic engineering

xix.

Coordination with local authorities, highway department, telephones, water works,
drainage, electricity in the matter relating to free flow of traffic and its regulation,
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occasioned by maintenance and repair works undertaken by the concerned
departments.
xx.

Organize road safety education, awareness and training for drivers, road users, public,
students and other stake holders.

xxi.

Set up road safety and education parks.

444. Organisation and Supervision of Traffic Police Stations
i.

Traffic police station should be established in all Commissionerate cities and "A"
grade municipalities and in other places depending on the necessity. Each police
station shall be equipped with a mobile wireless vehicle for patrolling purposes. A
Highway patrol vehicle shall have staff consisting one SI, one HC and 1 or 2
Constables. The vehicle should be equipped with public address system,
searchlights, first aid kit and shall have clear markings indicating the area and
identity of the mobile. A certain number of motorcycles with necessary
communication equipment shall be provided for each police station to enable
mobile patrolling on two wheelers. A traffic police station should be normally
located in a separate building equipped with all communication facilities in the
same manner as ordinary police station. The recovery vans (cranes) and other
equipment needed for clearing of obstructions is provided in large cities and at
other important places.

ii.

The traffic and highway police stations should be under the control of a DSP in
the districts. In large cities where numbers of traffic police stations are more an
independent SP or a Deputy Commissioner of Police should head the Traffic
Branch. Adequate staff equipments and facilities looking to the quantum of work
and work load should be made available to the traffic police in accordance with
the need, necessity and demands of the traffic duties.

Work Allocation and Jurisdiction
445. The staff of the Traffic PS is divided into sections and each section kept in charge of a
Head Constable. The traffic section shall work in accordance with cycles of duty to be fixed
with reference to the local conditions.

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445.1 The location of the traffic and highway police station should be determined on the
extent of the highway to be patrolled and the regulation of traffic in large towns. The location
should be determined also on the basis of nodal traffic points and the need for setting up of
police check-posts during emergencies.

446. Records to be Maintained and Functioning of Traffic Police Station
i.

The traffic police station shall maintain all the records relating to personnel and
management of station in the same manner as prescribed for ordinary police
stations. The important records are general diary, duty roster, traffic point books,
petty case register, MV Act cases register, challan book, small service books,
process register, a map of the area and accident prone areas, the general
information book etc. The mobile patrolling teams should maintain apart from the
log books, a point book similar to beat book in which all matters connected with
mobile patrolling and incidents are recorded.

ii.

All other schedule of duties and managements as prescribed for civil police
station apply to the traffic PS. Any person approaching traffic police with a
cognizable case should be helped to contact the nearest police station without
delay taking such action as may be necessary to safeguard the scene of occurrence
and shifting of the injured to the hospital.

iii.

All information on traffic offences and offenders shall be maintained in the
Traffic Police Station concerned and necessary information sent directly to
District/City Crime Records Bureau with a copy to the Addl. SP/SP/DCP. There
should be an ideal understanding and interaction between the local civil police
units and the traffic police personnel.

447. Road Accident Cases
I.

Whenever a road accident causing death or bodily injury to any person or
involving damage (excluding trivialities) is either reported or otherwise brought to
the notice of the police, the Station House Officer concerned shall, after prompt
enquiry, prepare a report in duplicate and forward the original without delay to the
Superintendent through the usual channel, the duplicate being retained in the
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station.

II.

A monthly return shall be prepared by each Superintendent and sent to the
Commissioner for Transport, the Regional Transport Officer and the District
Magistrate and to the Director General. An annual report to the Director General
shall be sent, who will send a consolidated annual report to the Government.
Superintendent should include in his administration report an analysis of the
causes of the road accidents in his jurisdiction in the year.

III.

Each accident causing death or personal injury is counted as one accident only
irrespective of the number of persons killed or injured thereby. An accident in
which more than one vehicle is involved is also counted as one accident only.
Accident in which only the driver or the rider is injured or killed should also to be
included in the report.

IV.

Investigation of a road accident will comprise of the examination:
A. At the scene of accident;
B. Of injured person or dead boy;
C. Of the suspected vehicle;
D. Of the driver of the vehicle.

(A.) Examination of The Scene of Accident
1. The place should be isolated till the examination is complete. Note the exact position of
bodies of victims and the vehicle. Take photographs where necessary from different
angles of the scene before removal of bodies and the vehicle. Search should be conducted
for the following things.
a) Skid marks - Note their length,

prepare a sketch

giving details of various

measurements.
b) Tyre impressions- For determining their make, condition, size and the direction of
movement.
c) Dirt and debris from impact - For comparison with the dirt from the under surface of
the suspected vehicle.
d) Chipped flakes of paint and enamels - For comparison with samples from the
suspected vehicle.
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e) Fragments of glass - Pieces of glass from damaged headlights, mirrors, windows or
window screen must be collected to determine the type of vehicle involved in the
accident and also connecting a suspected vehicle found with broken wind screens or
headlights, etc....
f) Broken equipments - Such as pieces of metals from broken bumpers-door-

handle

- radiator - emblem, which may have been detached.
g) Fabric - Small fragments of cloth or fibers of garments torn away should be collected.
h) Blood, hair tissues - These will indicate as to what else to look for in a suspected
vehicle.

2. A sketch of the Scene should invariably be prepared showinga) point of impact
b) track marks of vehicles concerned in the accident.
c) position of the vehicles of the accident
d) width of the road and nature of road surface (whether metalled or tarred or otherwise)
e) visibility - whether the road at the accident spot is a straight road or with bends,
presence of fog if any and such other details to be noted.
f) gradient of the road at the scene of accident.
g) skid marks and brake impressions.
h) position on the road of glass or other debris.
i) width and nature of the katcha position of the road and roadside land,
j) dimensions of vehicles involved.
k) if visibility is observed by hedges, fences, poles etc. and if so, measurements
l) any fixed objects (e.g. telegraph, telephone or electric poles) which might have a
bearing on the accident or which might help to fix the exact position on the road of
vehicles and injured.
m) road directions, traffic, signs and their location
n) compass points, if any,
o) position and direction of the dead body or injured.
p) position of blood stains,
q) lighting facility with the location of street lights.

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(B.) Examination of Injured Person or Dead Body
1. Attempt should be made to find out a) whether the injury was caused by a direct or glancing impact.
b) whether the injuries were due to crushing effect of weight of the vehicle.
c) whether the body was dragged along.
d) whether the person was lying on the road when hit.
e) when the person fell down from a vehicle.
f) whether the injury was by parts projecting under the vehicles, such as axle, etc.
g) the speed of the vehicle at the time of the impact.
h) any physical disabilities of the injured or deceased, cataract, deafness, epileptic, fits
etc.

2. Preserve any foreign matter present in the wound; note carefully marks, such as tyre
marks, grill marks, if on the person or his clothing. Take samples of blood and urine of
the deceased, if any along with sample of hair from the head of the deceased, if any, and
any foreign matter found on clothing and note loss of buttons and signs of tears, etc.
Preserve clothing of the deceased or injured which should be searched for flakes of glass,
traces of paints, traces of metal, blood or any other stains, dirt and debris which should be
carefully preserved. Such clothing should be dried naturally and not by using heat, before
packing.

(C.) Examination of Suspected Vehicle
1. The suspected vehicle should be protected from other interference and should not be
cleaned and search for finger prints should be made first. If glass ware is broken it should
be taken possession of and sent to the expert for examination. Specimen sample of paint
and enamel should be taken and sent to an expert for examination along with any paint
found at the scene of occurrence. Foreign objects including paints and debris found on
the suspected vehicle should be carefully collected.

2. The inside of the vehicle should also be searched for presence of material from the other
vehicles involved having been thrown inside through the window, etc. at the time of
impact. Broken portion of the vehicle found at the scene or on the route should be
preserved for comparison. These should also be photographed, if possible.
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3. Stains of blood, etc. should be scraped and collected. Hairs and fibres sticking to the
vehicle should also be collected. Sometimes pattern marks of clothing of the victim are
produced on the area of impact. These should be photographed. Dents and scratches can
provide valuable clues to find out the nature of impact and should be closely examined.

4. The presence on the vehicle of vegetation and soil typical of the scene will fix its identity.
The understructures should be examined for evidence of contact with the victim.
Mechanical examination by the Motor Vehicle Inspector should be done to find out
defects.

Examination of Driver
448. The Driver of the vehicle should be examined for drunkenness, disease or any bodily
infirmity which affects his driving. All the documents and the past record of the driver should
also be examined.

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Chapter 21

Inspection
Introduction
449. Observation, assessment and evaluation of the work and performance for analyzing the
quality, quantity and standard of work and performance, are necessary to provide speed and
dynamism to the functioning of any organization. Inspection is such a tool by which the
seniors not only observe the working of their subordinates, but they also make an evaluation
of the positive and negative aspects of the their performance. Inspection, thus, becomes and
effective mechanism of feed back and follow up with regard to working and performance of
any unit and its personnel. Inspection, as an effective and efficient supervisory style for
organizational development, personnel growth and performance evaluation, should be used
and utilized on a regular basis with objectivity and without any prejudice, bias and preconceived notions. It should not be used only as a fault finding technique. It should rather be
utilized as a sound system for arranging removal of errors and as a positive set of guidance
for better performance in future.

Objects and Aims of Police Inspections
450. Inspection of offices and police stations by superior officers is one of the effective
methods by which the efficiency of the force can be raised. It is, in fact, the only way
by which the superior officer can come to know his subordinates by personal contact,
their standard of work, and their personal difficulties on the one hand, and the general
state of crime, standard of investigation and preventive work on the other. The object
of inspections should, therefore, be not to criticize and find fault with the work of the
subordinates but to suggest or take measures for the improvement of police
administration and quality improvement in the service delivery in their work and
functioning.

Scale of Inspections
451. The heads of offices are required to make a detailed inspection of their offices at least
once a year to ensure that their offices are functioning properly and efficiently. In addition,
the officers should inspect every year in detail the police stations and the offices of their
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subordinates in accordance with the scale prescribed from time to time. The govt. and the
D.G. of Police will prescribe the scale of inspections, the inspecting authorities, and the
mode of inspection of their related matters. The inspections should also be supplemented by
surprise checks and visits, with a view to ensuring that the defects pointed out at the time of
inspection have been rectified and that there is general improvement in the standard of work.

452. Programme of Inspection
I.

Inspection should be conducted in a systematic, scientific and methodical manner.
Inspections done by fits and starts and hurried through at the tail end of the year
or half-year will not serve any real purpose nor do they enable the officers to
judge and gauge the work of their subordinates.

II.

Inspection should be properly spaced out and spread over the year or half-year, as
the case may be, particularly the first ten months (or five months) in the year (or
half-year) leaving the last two months (or one month) for unforeseen and urgent
work. The inspecting officer should make sufficiently long halts and conduct
detailed inspections. For this purpose, the inspecting officers should chalk out
regular programme of inspections during the ensuing year well in advance and
adhere to it.

III.

Each Superintendent or unit officer, as the case may be, should finalize his
programme of inspection and obtain the approval of the concerned Zone
Inspector General by the 15th of December and send copies to the Director
General. While finalizing the programme of inspections, care should be taken by
the Superintendent or the unit officer concerned to see that the inspection of the
same office/police station/unit by more than one officer do not fall on the same
day or at the same time. There should be a reasonable gap between two
inspections of the same unit.

IV.

Each Assistant Superintendent/Deputy Superintendent should finalize his
programme of inspection and send it to the Superintendent/unit officer, as the
case may be, by 1st December which should be scrutinized by the
Superintendent/unit officer concerned subject to such changes as he considers
necessary with a view to avoiding a clash of programme.
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V.

The programme should be so chalked out as to include the maximum number of
offices in the same visit. The inspection should be done periodically and
systematically. Neither the same office should be inspected too often nor do the
others completely neglect.

VI.

All the police officers should be present in ceremonial uniform during the
inspection unless otherwise ordered by the inspecting officer.

453. Inspection of a District by the Director General/ Addl.DGP
I.

The S.P. in order to enable the Director General/ADG to gauge the general
situation of a district should supply information in the prescribed Performa. The
Director General/ADG may direct the Superintendent to prepare such additional
statements as he may require for his inspection.

II.

The other officers whose units or offices are inspected should keep such
information as is necessary and as may be required for purposes of inspection.

III.

During his inspection visit to the headquarters of a district, the Director General
will inspect the police at a ceremonial parade. The parade should be arranged on a
convenient day so that maximum numbers of officers are available.

IV.

As far as possible, the Superintendent must command the ceremonial parade. If
he is unable to do so, he may depute another suitable officer to command the
parade in which case he should receive the reviewing officer as he arrives at the
parade ground.

V.

After the ceremonial parade is over, the officers and men may be tested in such
drill, use of arms and training exercises as the inspecting officer decides. For this
purpose all accessories used in training and drill should be kept handy for being
used. Armoury, stores and the entire fleet of police motor transport in the district
should be available for his inspection.

VI.

All officers of and above the rank of Sub-Inspectors, including those working in
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the Railway Police, Wireless, and other police units stationed at the place of
inspection and Inspectors and above stationed in other parts of the district should
be called to meet the Director General/ADG during his inspection/visit to the
headquarters of a district.

VII.

Arrangements should be made so that MLAs, MLCs and MPs of the district and
such officials and non-officials as may desire may meet the DGP. During the
inspection visits to the headquarters and other places of the district, the Director
General will meet as many retired police officers as would like to meet him.

VIII.

Copies of inspection notes of the Director General/ADG will be sent to the
Superintendent concerned with copies to the zone Inspector General and police
station or office concerned. The Superintendent will ensure compliance of the
instructions issued and send a report to the Director General through his range
Inspector General.

454. Inspection by the Zone/Range IGP/Deputy Inspector General
I.

Zone Inspector General/Range DIG should spend at least one week for the
inspection of the District, Armed reserve and all branches of the office of the
Superintendent, the office of the Sub-Divisional Police Officer, the Circle Police
Offices and the Police Stations in the district headquarters. He should, in addition,
spend sufficient time for inspection of other police stations in the district.

II.

The same police stations and circle offices should not be inspected repeatedly
year after year but should be taken in rotation. The inspection of the Range
Inspector General should be thorough and should cover all aspects of police
work. The one item of inspection in a district should be ceremonial parade. After
the ceremonial parade, the parade could be broken up into small units and a
particular unit directed to perform a particular drill. He should pay particular
attention to the standard maintained regarding P.T., assault course, obstacle
course, lathi drill, guards and escort duties, mob-control and fitness exercises.
Superior officers, Police Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors should be tested for their
ability to take parade, impart instructions and command the men under them.
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III.

The armoury, stores and motor transport should be inspected in detail. The
inspection of District Police Office should be a detailed one covering the work of
all branches including accounts and establishment.

While inspecting district

special branch, DCIB and district crime record bureau, he should review the state
of crime, the collection and filing of special branch/ intelligence wing.

IV.

The Inspecting Officer should inspect all the personal and confidential files and
sheets maintained by the Superintendent including confidential and secret
documents. The Inspector/Deputy Inspector General should pay particular
attention to the maintenance of discipline, speedy disposal of departmental
proceedings. Award of adequate punishments and prompt rewarding of those who
have done good work are some of the points which should be examined
thoroughly. Police buildings and lines should be inspected with a view to
ensuring their proper maintenance. Due attention to the welfare activities
organized for the benefit of police officers and their families should be given
proper and judicious use of the benevolent fund should be ensured.

V.

All officers of and above the rank of Sub-Inspectors including those working in
the Railway Police, Police Wireless, and other police units stationed at the place
of inspection and Inspectors and above, stationed in other parts of the district
should be called to meet the Range Inspector General during his inspection/visit
to the headquarters of the district. Arrangements should be made for the Range
Inspector General to meet MLAs, MLCs, and MPs residing in the district and
such officers and non-officials as may desire to meet him. During the inspection
visits to the headquarters and other places of the district, the Range Inspector
General will meet as many retired police officers as would like to meet him. It is
not necessary for the Superintendent or the Deputy Superintendent to be present
during the inspection by the Range Inspector General except at the headquarters
of the district or sub-division, as the case may be.

VI.

After completing the inspection of a district he should write a comprehensive
report on the district as a whole and also detailed note in respect of each of the
units including police stations inspected by him. Copies of his inspection notes
should be sent to the Director General along with his comprehensive report on the
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district. Copies of inspection notes of police stations and units will be sent to the
Superintendent and the office concerned for compliance of instructions issued in
the notes within a period of one month.

Inspection by Superintendent of the District
455. The inspection by the Superintendent should cover all aspects of police work including
stores, accounts, accommodation and kit. Inspections should be systematic and as far as
possible, be carried out by circles and there should be sufficient interval between the
inspection of a circle by the Superintendent and that by the Sub-Divisional Police Officer.
He should halt at the places of inspection sufficiently long and not less than 3 days in the
case of police stations to enable him to get a thorough grasp of local conditions and crime
and a full knowledge of the work of his subordinates. An outpost should as far as possible to
inspect during the inspection of the parent police station. The Superintendent should inspect
the men on parade and test them in drill. He should inspect all buildings, residential and nonresidential, as well as buildings under construction and sites selected or earmarked for
construction of police buildings. He should hold kit inspection and condemn such articles of
clothing as have become unserviceable. He should study the various welfare activities that
are carried out at the headquarters and in the police lines and take action to step up the
activities. He should make a physical check of cash and all the Government properties and
the properties seized in cases. He should go through all the station records.

455.1 The Superintendent should take the opportunity of visiting some of the villages
including colonies of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, meeting and addressing the
local people, acquainting himself with the conditions obtaining in those villages, and
devising ways and means of improving the law and order situation in the villages. It is
especially important that the approach to the people should always be marked by a polite and
helpful attitude. In cases where there are complaints from villagers, particularly in regard to
harassment or unnecessary interference by members of the police force, prompt action
should be taken to investigate them and punish the miscreant. Beat villages, which are crime
centres or where there are factions or criminals, should receive the special attention of the
Superintendent.

455.2 The Superintendent must inspect one or two branches of his office every quarter and
complete the inspection of the whole office during the year. He must record his reports in the
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visiting book maintained in his office for the purpose. The stores, armoury and motor
transport should be inspected in detail once a year.

455.3 While inspecting the district special branch and district crime record bureau and the
DCIB he should examine the state of crime as a whole in the district and the special branch
work turned out by the district special branch.

455.4 He should take with him the personal confidential sheets of head constables and
constables during the police station inspection. He should also test each head constable and
police constable and write his remarks in their sheets.

455.5 As and when the inspection of a police station or office is completed he should send
copies of inspection notes within a week of the inspection to the range IGP/Deputy Inspector
General and to the concerned officers for compliance and report within a period of one
month.

Inspection by Sub-Divisional Police Officer
456. SDPO should conduct systematic inspection of all police stations and outposts under
him. The Deputy Superintendent stationed in the district headquarters should also inspect the
district armed reserve and all branches of the district police office once a year.

456.1 His inspection of police stations and outposts should be a detailed one. He should halt
at the police station under inspection at least for three complete days to enable him to get a
thorough grasp of local conditions and crime and acquire a full knowledge of his
subordinates. If the inspection of a police station is interrupted either due to his being
required to visit a scene of heinous crime or other law and order duties he should resume his
inspection work and ensure that he spends the required number of days at the place of
inspection. The three days halt prescribed is the minimum. It may extend for bigger police
stations up to 5 complete days.

456.2 The Sub-Divisional Police Officer should test the-men in drill and parade and make a
detailed inspection of police lines and police buildings, kit inspection. He should see each
officer and test him in drill, law, procedure, etc., and make entries in the personal
confidential sheet of each head constable and constable. A physical check of cash and all
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government properties and the properties seized in cases should do along with through and
detailed inspection of station records and case diaries maintained in the police station.

456.3 The Sub-Divisional Police Officer should take the opportunity of visiting some of the
villages, meeting and addressing the local people, acquainting himself with the conditions
obtaining in those villages and devising ways and means of improving the law and order
situation. It is especially important that the approach to the people should always be marked
by a polite and helpful attitude. In cases where there are complaints from villages
particularly in regard to harassment or unnecessary interference by members of the police
force, prompt action should be taken to investigate them with a view to securing the
confidence of the public. 'A' class villages, which are crime centres or where there are
factions or bad characters, should receive the special attention of the sub-divisional police
officer.

456.4 As and when an inspection of a police station, outpost or an office is over, he should
send copies of inspection notes within a week of the inspection to the Superintendent and the
police station or office concerned for compliance and report within a period of one month.
The Superintendent may, if he considers necessary in any case, forward a copy to the range
IGP.

456.5 Station and circle inspection reports will contain the following information at the
beginning:
Inspection by Sri...........................................(Name & Rank)
(i) Name of the station house officer/Inspector.
(ii) Name of district.
(iii) Date of arrival and departure of the inspecting officer.
(iv) Date of last inspection by the inspecting officer.
(v) Date of inspection by other officers (with names and rank subordinate to the
Inspecting officer)
(vi) Name of station and /or circle,
(vii) Date of taking charge of the station/circle,
(viii) Sanctioned and actual strength of the station,
(ix) Name of the Inspector,
(x) Date of taking charge of the circle.
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(xi) Number of times he has inspected/visited the station during the past twelve months with
dates.

456.6 The officers of the equivalent ranks in all other police units will inspect the units
coming under their control as per the scale covering all aspects of their work. They should
prepare a check list of items to be covered during their inspection.

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Chapter 22

Police Public Relations & Community Policing

Introduction
457. Police organisation, in a democratic polity can discharge its duties effectively only with
the cooperation of the people. Public assistance is needed for prevention, detection,
investigation and prosecution of cases, and also for maintaining peace during all major
social, cultural, economic and political events. For eliciting and sustaining such a cooperation constant interaction with the members of the public needs to be maintained by
professional public relations set up within the organization. Police are an important wing of
the executive. They are the primary law enforcement agency. The execution of police duties
presupposes citizen and public support to police. Police need assistance of the public as
witnesses, informers and supporters. The police should therefore endeavor to create
impression in the public that they are their friends and are there to help them in case of need.
The intention to serve the public to understand the problems of others and a commitment to
job are bound to earn laurels for beneficial public relationship leading to healthy police
public relations.

458. Organization and Structure of Police PR Wing
i.

There should be one public relations officer with necessary secretarial assistance,
communications, transport and other equipment in every SP in the district and the
Commissioners of Police in large cities. At the State level a Director of Public
Relations of the rank of a DIGP with necessary secretarial assistance should be
located in the office of the Director General of Police. The Addl. DGP (L&O)
may be in charge of the public relations work at the PHQ. Professionals in print
and visual media, as well as, advertising will be part of the PR set up at state
police headquarters. The public relations officers in the district may be drawn
from police officers of the rank of Inspector or from among professionals on
deputation/contract. In the other units of the police the PR functions shall be
handled by the officer of the rank of a DSP or Inspector at the Unit headquarters.
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The CID shall have a separate PRO of the rank of a DSP or a professional on a
contract appointment or deputation.

ii.

All PROs, either from the police or on deputation may undergo a two-week
orientation course in a professional PR Institute and one-week orientation course
to be designed and implemented by training colleges with suitable curriculum
with essential features of police public relations.

iii.

The overall profile of the police department and its PR objectives are to be borne
in mind in all PR interactions PR wing should be attuned to serve the interests of
the public and the goals of the organization. Since the services to be rendered are
linked closely with the lives, possessions, liberties, rights and honor of all
persons, it is all the more necessary that the public relation functions become a
part of the police organization's work.

459. Functions of PR Wing
Following are the functions of the PR wing of the police department at various levels.
i.

Illustrate and notify the public the objectives of the police, the rights of the whereas
under law, the services which the police can render to the public

ii.

Highlight the constraints and problems of police with the mental strain to which the
policemen are subjected.

iii.

Disseminate information on the public of police matters particularly on important
incidents and crimes. And apprise the public on importance on preservation of crime
scenes for evidentiary value on informing them about the importance of giving
truthful information and also the need to come forward to give evidence in courts part
of service to the society. In times of emergencies, serious public order situations and
outbreak of crime, provide all the information required to the public.

iv.

Elaborate the need for the public to co-operate with the police in furnishing clues,
giving assistance in investigation and to come forward to figure as witnesses in the
court for the effective control of crime by the police

v.

To identify favourable as well as adverse criticism on behaviour of police officers as
reported or appeared in news media and other sources and bring to notice of
SP/DCP/CP and other unit officers with press clippings and with their instructions
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issue rejoinder with facts of the case.
vi.

Maintain interaction with voluntary organizations particularly the ones dealing with
the problems of children, women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities and
crime prevention societies.

vii.

Production, display and distribution of brochures, television serials, short films and
other mass media to bring out the areas of police-public co-operation and highlight
important aspects of police work including sensational crimes, crime prevention
measures, and manner of overcoming lapses and failures in the police; and the need
for effective co-operation by the public in detection, investigation and prosecution of
cases. It should be ensured

that the relevant articles relating to police public

relations, the need for station staff to maintain good public relation are contributed to
police magazines and other publications to enlighten the staff and the public In
addition, efforts must be made to needs awareness among public about police actions
and dispel any misunderstandings or doubts.
viii.

To launch internal communication programme between police officers through Inhouse Journals, video exhibitions, seminars, meetings etc. and to provide correct
feedback of public reactions and their grievances from publications or other media as
well as opinion leaders.

ix.

Setting up and running of an Information Centre and arrange press conferences with
senior officers when necessary and maintain close liaison and relation with media
and organise seminars with media and police officers to evolve better
communication, understanding and co-operation in police work.

x.

Organize traditional cultural forms of publicity like street plays, dramas, burrakathas,
puppet shows, songs etc. and release all advertisements of the department relating to
recruitment, procurement etc.

Internal Efforts
460. No amount of effort in public relations will yield the desired results unless it starts first
with the police personnel themselves. With a view to developing better internal relations
publications of various types can be published and circulated among the staff.

460.1 In House Journal, Magazine and Publications : This is a channel of communication
for the police personnel of all ranks to get themselves acquainted with the police functioning
in all respects. It provides a medium for expression of views and communication of various
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developments in the department from time to time. It is also a means by which the personnel
can communicate with one another. The contents of these print outs should be devoted to
discussion on police duties, personnel problems, cases of good work, updating of knowledge,
and the views of the public. The policies of the department and the legal changes are also
incorporated in the departmental publications. Publications provide a reading material for
policemen and their families. Such activities should run with regular staff headed by a
Manager of the rank of an Addl. SP. The staff needed for printing, binding, packing and
despatch can be contract appointments.

Strengthening Police Publication Efforts
461. Following activities can strengthen the police publication efforts.
Every police officer should become a life member of State Police Journal by
contribution at the subsidized rates.
The Journal should distribute direct to the entire member.
The free distribution should be limited to all police training institutions, stations and
police officers for record and use.
Apart from regular publication of the State Police Journal, the printing press of
police should be utilized for publication of other literature useful to the department as
well as informative to the public.
A video magazine of the Journal with necessary visuals and live commentaries and
interviews should be compiled and released every month.

PR as Part of Police Training
462. The training programmes of the Constables and other police officers should include a
module on public relations both at the district training centres as also in other training
institutions. Lectures should be organised on PR to the trainees in the training institutions as
well as in the district training centres by professional public relations officers. Stickers,
motivation posters for different categories of officers and a short poster on code of conduct,
do's and don'ts for field police officers displayed at all police station, training institutions,
inside the police buildings, police rest houses, barracks, parade ground etc. should be done to
improve the communication with the employees. Bulletin board is an effective medium of
internal communication which serves the purpose of talking to the personnel and listening by
the personnel. This has to be a permanent information fixture particularly in the police
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stations, control rooms, police headquarters of the districts/cities and the headquarter of the
battalions and the police training institutions.

External Public Relations
463. The Deputy Inspector General of Police, Public Relations and the PROs should .be in
regular touch with the Information and Public Relations Department of the State
Government, Door-Darsan, All India Radio, the Directorate of Field Publicity of the
Government of India etc. and organize publicity for all the good work done by the police
since positive work usually does not readily attract the attention of the media. The external
public relations campaign should be designed to inform, educate, build awareness and
confidence in the minds of the public by adopting the following methods.
A.

Educative slogans: These can be publicized through posters, hoardings, newspapers,
radio, television, and printed literature, and electronic display, meetings with voluntary
bodies, audio visuals and direct interaction with public.

B.

Newspapers: This is a powerful media and is read by a large number of people and still
those who read and discuss about what they read influence a larger number. Regular
press releases in a neat format containing information from time to time on important
policy decisions, events, bundobusts, crime information, clarifications, traffic
diversions, arrangements for fairs, festivals, elections and in times of emergencies,
peace and order situations would go a long way in keeping the public properly
informed. Press conferences by senior officers occasionally, and whenever situation
demands is a useful method of direct interaction with the press and also indirectly with
the public. The rejoinders, letters to the Editor and clarifications in a proper format
would enable clarifications and action taken on grievances brought to notice. Press
clippings provide useful feedback to the police officers and enable them to respond or
take suitable measures.

C.

Electronic Media: The educative slogans may be displayed or read out through the
electronic media and radio. Arrangements to make special announcements in the news
channels and in cases of emergencies even by interrupting the normal programmes are
an effective means of communications. Interviews with senior officers, telecast on
specific topics or matters of interest would also help in improving the information to
the public. The news releases made to the newspapers should also be conveyed through
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the radio and television channels. The other forms of audio and visual media which can
be utilised are documentaries, commercial spots, panel discussions, talks, special
announcements, specialised audience programmes, film strips, telefilms, cinema slides,
video cassettes, news photographs, and photographs for TV, pictorial albums and
record albums.

D. Advertising: The main objective of advertising is to disseminate information of major
schemes or situations, significant achievements, building up of an image based on
performance. It is also a method of presenting the good news covering the major
achievements, which sometimes the media may not normally print or give due position
or importance. This may be done in all the three media particularly in the print and the
visual media. Advertising may be done through press, radio, TV and film ads, and
outdoor hoardings and also through classified public service and institutional
advertisement.

E.

Audio-Visuals: This is an effective media to give a glimpse of the functioning of the
organisation for the benefit of employees as well as others and to select audiences like
visiting dignitaries, elected representatives, institutions, students and those who visit
the departments and its facilities.

F.

Exhibitions: The trade fairs, industrial and agricultural exhibitions and rural exhibitions
can be utilised for visibility campaign through erecting police stalls portraying the
work being done by the department.

G. Traditional Media: This media through songs, dances, drama, puppet shows and other
folk forms lends itself as a very good media for communication with the public. Being
live forms they have a powerful appeal if properly conceived and correctly portrayed.
Apart from professionals, police officers themselves who have the necessary talent can
be utilised to stage such programs. Talented teams can be prepared to tour different
areas staging plays and other programmes utilising the latest sound, light and music
equipment.

H. Other Media: This includes open house discussions, bulletin boards, sponsorship of
sports, art and culture, professional awards and scholarships etc. The sports and culture
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media is of advantage as policemen have the capacity of attractive display talents of
mass drill and other specific forms of martial arts which have a relation to their
profession. These shows attract large gatherings and are a good media of
communication. They also provide a feedback to the department directly.

I.

Verbal Communication: The conferences, meetings, group discussions, seminars,
meeting the public, which should be fully used and utilized for developing, should
police public relations.

J.

Meeting the public: The grievances of the public will be known better if the officers
meet the public face to face. Detailed instructions in this regard are issued in the duty
profiles of the various field officers in this Manual. These meetings should take place
when the officers go on tour or on inspection. The visits should be to various villages
and localities. Meetings on specific subjects or on specific problems with those affected
or likely to be affected should also be convened to know the correct facts and the
feelings of the public apart from their views. These should not be confused with the
meetings, which may be held with representatives of certain organisations to handle a
particular situation or a problem.

K

Evaluation: The primary duty of the PR organisation and the senior officers is to
evaluate the impact from time to time of the public relations function. The evaluation
should be in terms of the employee's response and the extent to which knowledge,
interest, acceptance and sympathy have replaced the ignorance, apathy, prejudice or
hostility respectively. The results should be studied and suitable modifications made to
improve the impact of the information on public relations exercise.

Some Specific Steps to Better Public Relations
464. The expectations from the public relations organization of the police will be the same as
in organisations and are briefly mentioned below:-

a. Sharpen staff communication skills and maintain good media relations by
both receiving and transmitting information of interest to the organisation;
b. Staff should keep the eyes and ears open to peoples' reactions;
c. Police should act as an ambassador of the department;
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d. Police leadership should create an all-round understanding of management
problems and actions;
e. Efforts should be made to project the image to various publics;
f. The PR wing should serve as an antenna-cum-receiver by providing feedback
information and disseminating department's policies both with the employees
and the public.
g. Identify problems and measures to solve them;
h.

Serve as facilitator lubricants of communication between the department and
the public;

i.

Make the management public relations conscious.

Do's and Dont's for Public Relations Officers
465. Following are source of the things which the police PROs should do and develop in
themselves.
A. Skill in communication and full knowledge of both mass and traditional media;
B. Intimate knowledge of the organisation to act as a source of information;
C. Ability in voracious reading, writing, speaking and patient listening;
D. Anticipating change and ability in understanding human environment;
E. Organising ability and capacity to get along with people;
F. Extrovert, team spirit, positive thinking;
G. Good at media relations to get fair coverage;
H. Eyes and ears to represent both the department and public as a harmoniser between
the public and the department;
I. Possess good grasp of imagination and sound judgment;
J. Honest, sincere and hard-working.

465.1 The PR wing staff should avoid doing the following things.
A. Never think public relations are 'panacea' to all police problems;
B. Never be a panegyric;
C. Never seek personal publicity.

465.2 Liaison with State Information and Public Relations Department:
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Every

Government has a full fledged, well equipped and organized public relations network in the
State headed by Commissioner for Information. The facilities, equipment and infrastructure
are meant for all government departments including the police department. They have
representative units in every district and city and maintain constant interaction with the news
media. The PR organization in the police must be in close touch with the State Information
Department and provide all assistance to them to disseminate information regarding the
police. The public relations campaign of the department can be successfully done through
cooperation of the State public relations wing. The SsP/CsP should similarly utilize the
services, equipment, infrastructure and other facilities available with the department in their
districts and cities. There should be frequent interaction between them and the police officers
so that the larger infrastructure can assist the police in better communication with the public.
The Government of India has its organizations like Directorate of Field Publicity and AudioVisual Publicity, Publications Division, Doordarshan, and All India Radio connected with
the department of Information and Broadcasting. Ail these are located in the State
Headquarters and also at a few other places in the state. A proper liaison is necessary with
these organizations that have a responsibility for conveying information of any government
organization to the public. In fact, the Doordarshan and the AIR have specific policy
priorities to convey matters of police interest or emergencies. Even though these
organizations have other priorities they do take up police programmes on a regular basis.
Doordarshan particularly the local channel can have a specific time fixed for police
programmes. It is necessary that the PR organization of the police department is in a position
to produce such programmes so that the regularity and the timings can be followed without
interruption.

Community Policing : Concept, Application and Areas.
466. Community Policing like normal policing is done in consultation, cooperation and
partnership with the community at large.

466.1 "Community Policing is both a philosophy (a way of thinking) and an organizational
strategy (a way to carry out the philosophy), that allows the police and the community to
work closely together in creative ways to solve the problems of crime, illicit drugs, fear of
crime, physical, and social disorder neighborhood decay and the overall quality of life in the
community. The philosophy rests on the belief that people deserve input into the police
327

process, in exchange for their participation and support. It also rests on the belief that
solutions to today's community problems demand freeing both people .and the police to
explore creative and new ways to address neighborhood concerns beyond a narrow focus on
individual crime incidents.

Principles of Community Policing.
467. Following are some of the principles of community policing:

1. The basic mission of police is to prevent crime and disorder as an alternative
to the repression of crime and disorder by military force and severity of legal
punishment.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public
approval of police existence, actions behavior, and the ability of the police; to
secure and maintain public respect.

3. The police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary
observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain public respect.

4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes
proportionately and the necessity for the use of physical force and compulsion
in achieving police objectives.

5. The police seek and preserve public favor, not only by catering to public
opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to the
law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or
injustice of the substance of individual laws; by ready offering of individual
service and friendship to all members of the society without regard to their
race or social standing; by ready exercise of courtesy and .friendly good
humor; and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and
preserving life.

6. The police should use physical force to the extent necessary to secure
observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of
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persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient to achieve police
objectives; and police should use only the minimum degree of physical force
which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police
objective.

7. The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public. They
should follow the principle that police are the public and that the public are
the police.
8. The police should always direct their actions towards their functions and
never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary by avenging individuals or
the state, or authoritatively judging guilt or punishing the guilty.

9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the
visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.

Components of Community Police Relations:
468. Police Community relations may be viewed as a kind tripod based on three equal
components. These are:
1.

Public Relations

2.

Community service

3.

Community Participation

Key Characteristics of Community Policing
469. The essence of Community Policing is to minimize the gap between policemen and
citizens to such an extent that the policemen become an integrated part of the community
they serve.

In other words the individual policeman should know each member of the

community and he should, in turn, be known by them. That is to say there is no anonymity
for either of them and there develops between them a relationship of harmony and trust.
Such a relationship is vital for the development of their abilities and initiatives to solve
problems of crime and social disorder.

(a) Community policing - that it is based on a 'small scale approach.' The basic unit of
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Community Policing should be geographically, and demographically, compact
enough to enable a foot-patrolman to know all and everyone within a reasonable
span of time and in turn be himself known in the community. Such thorough and
personal knowledge will help the policemen to take proactive measures to prevent
crime and disorder in the area under his charge, both by his own efforts and by
making use of the community's help and resources. The policing and security needs
of a compact geographical area can be easily identified and attended to by employing
local resources. Such knowledge will also have its impact on local anti-social
behaviour, apart from keeping the outsiders at bay.
(b) Proactive action is the second key characteristic of Community Policing. Pro-active
steps will lead to the growth of co-operation and partnership in crime-prevention and
security in the local area and shall earn the Community Police Officer the acceptance
and trust of the community. When such bonding takes place it shall also bring the
community together and enhance the citizens' ability to resolve their conflicts
without even involving the policeman. In fact such coming together will reduce
conflicts to a great extent.
(c) Another key element of a successful Community Policing Project is localized
decision making. What is to be done to prevent crime and disorder in a particular
community or locality', has to be worked out, decided and implemented by the police
officer serving the local area in consultation with members of the community. This
will require devolution of decision making power in such matters to the Beat level
Police Officers. In the absence of such devolution, when the Beat Level Police
Officer is seen referring such matters to his superiors for decision, his effectiveness
as a police officer will be reduced. Hence it is necessary that sufficient freedom of
action and power to decide is delegated to the Beat Level Officer.
(d) One key to the success of any Community Policing Project is the ability of its
'sponsors' to 'sell' the project to its beneficiaries. It will be a mistake if one thinks that
the community is the only beneficiary of such a project. The Community Police
Officers at the beat level, who shall generally be in the ranks of Constable and HeadConstables, are as much its beneficiaries as anyone else.

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470. What is Community Policing and What is it not?
I.

Community Policing is :

(a) A philosophy based on the concept that Police Officers and private citizens' work
together in a creative way to help solve contemporary community problems related
to crime, fear of crime, disorder and neighbourhood decay.
(b) Developing a new relationship with law abiding people in the community, allowing
them a greater say in setting local policing priorities, and involving them in efforts to
improve overall quality of life in their neighbourhood.
(c) Shifting of focus of police work from handling random calls to problem, solving
(d) Putting the Beat Police Officer in face-to-face daily contact with people in the area
so that the officer owns the Beat areas, develops rapport with the people and earns
their trust.
(e) A situation where the police serve as a catalyst and the" people accept their share of
responsibility for solving local problems related to crime, disorder and security. .
(f) Down to bottom approach where decision making is decentralised and initiatives
come from the local community and the beat police officer.

II.

Community Policing is not:

(a) A technique
(b) Public Relations
(c) Anti-technology
(d) Soft on crime
(e) A cosmetic change
(f) A top down approach
(g) Another name for social work
(h) Something to be displayed or dramatised

Object of Community Policing:
471. The avowed object of Community Policing should be to minimize the gap between
policemen and citizens to such an extent that the policemen become an integrated part of the
community they serve and they earn the acceptance and trust, of the community, leading to
spontaneous cooperation from people in crime prevention and security in the local area, and
resulting in a lasting partnership between the police and the community."
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Mission Statement: A Prerequisite of Community Policing
472. A Mission Statement is reflective of the collective ideals and will of an organisation and
provides a direction to the individual members of an organisation. It helps make the
'organisational goals' their 'own' and keeps them from straying away from the 'chosen course'.
It serves as some kind of a 'beacon'. Since Community Policing is a collective effort, it is
necessary to have a 'mission statement'. At the same time, it is also important such 'mission
statement' is something which is evolved, developed and adopted at the local level, rather
than something which is imposed from the above and looks like something alien.

Parameters of Community Policing
473. Some of the important parameters of community policing are following :
1. Citizen input : Community Policing redefines the relationship between the police
and the community. In a free and democratic society, citizens are supposed to have a
say in how they are governed. Police is required to be responsive as well as
accountable. Restructuring of policing priorities according to public, expectations is
an important component. This also presupposes opening of channels of
communication with all law-abiding members of the society and not merely the
'community leaders', and using their goodwill and help in preventing crime and
disorder.

2. Nature of Policing : Community Policing envisages policing as a broad function and
not as a narrow law enforcement or crime fighting job. The job of the police is seen
as enhancing neighbourhood security, resolving conflicts, facilitating victim
assistance, reducing fear of crime, and addressing localised community concerns like
neighbourhood decay etc. There has to be a realisation that police function cannot be
reduced to the narrow confines of apprehending criminals, call handling and
enforcing regulatory laws. The police is expected to actively intercede in respect of
such broad functions as Traffic Safety (Education and awareness), Drug abuse,
Absenteeism of children from school, domestic violence, rehabilitation of victims of
crime, security of women and maintenance of order in public places and streets. *

3. Personalised Service Delivery : Community Policing emphasises quality of service,
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citizen satisfaction, and police's responsiveness to the community. It requires greater
flexibility of response to emerging problems. Orientation of personnel to treat
citizens as real people and not merely numbers is essential.. Attitude of officers
heading the Police needs to be helpful and flexible rather than bureaucratic and
overbearing. It also requires that citizens are approached both individually and
collectively by the Beat Police .Officers.

4. Decentralised Decision making : Community Policing requires an institutionalized
internal philosophical support to promote decision making, risk taking, creativity and
innovation. It empowers employees, especially frontline policemen, by giving "them
the authority, and support, to make decisions. The goal is to free officers so that they
become enthusiastic about the possibilities and not to get bogged down by paper
work and red tape. Such empowerment will earn the policemen the trust and support
of the community and make delivery of quality service possible.

5. Problem Solving : Pro-active action is an important feature of Community Policing.
Proactive steps taken by the police will lead to growth of co-operation from the
community and development of a partnership in crime prevention and security in the
local area. "Problem-Solving Approach" of the Police is an important facet of proactive action.

6. Geographic Focus :

Community Policing adopts a geographic focus to establish

stronger bonds between officers and neighbourhood in order to increase mutual
recognition, identification, responsibility and accountability. By its very name
Community Policing implies an emphasis on places more than on functions. One of
the key characteristics of Community Policing being that it should be based on a
"Small Scale Approach", the basic unit of Community Policing should be
geographically and demographically compact.

The Beat being the smallest unit of

Police work and functions, the 'Beat', is at the centre of any mode for Community
Policing. It is also important that Beat Patrol officers are assigned to geographical
beats for extended period of time instead of being shifted frequently.

7. Police Community Consultation : Every work done by a policeman in the discharge
of his duties is, directly or indirectly, a device to the community, and the- policeman
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cannot expect to accomplish his numerous tasks without active and positive help
from the community. So, the very nature of police work is such that consultation with
the community becomes a pre-requisite. Consultation with the Community can be
both formal and informal. Such consultation should aim at creating an environment,
which enhances public peace and ensures effective and efficient delivery of service.
The Policemen must consult the community not only to find out the community's
'service needs' but also to find out the 'manner in which the community wants those
services to be delivered. Such consultations should be an ongoing exchange and not
an 'once in a year' affair. It should be a process of regular dialogue and it should lead
to a decision.

8. Community Participation : Community participation is crucial in any programme
of community policing. Community policing is an invitation to the people to
contribute their mite to day-to-day policing. It also means the people volunteering
their time for community projects. It will also mean that people will be asked to solve
problems themselves, rather than to turn to the police for formal help. Community
policing is a way to remind everyone that it is a mutual partnership to help make the
area a safe and attractive place to live and work. Community policing is a grass-roots
effort that allows the police to build new bridges with the community.

9. Commitment to Community Empowerment : Community policing's organizational
strategy first demands that everyone in the police department, including both civilian
and sworn personnel must investigate ways to translate the philosophy of power
sharing into practice. This demands making a subtle but sophisticated shift so that
everyone in the department understands the need to focus on solving community
problems in creative, and often ways, that can include challenging and enlightening
people in the process of policing themselves. Within the community, citizens must
share the rights and responsibilities implicit in identifying, prioritizing, and solving
problems, as full-fledged partners with the police.

10. Ethics, Legality, Responsibility and Trust : Community policing implies some
kind of a contract between the police and the citizens they serve.. This relationship is
based on mutual trust and respect. It also suggests that the police can serve as a
catalyst, challenging people to accept their share of responsibility for regulating and
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improving the overall quality of life in the community. Community policing means
that citizens will be asked to handle more of their minor concerns themselves, but in
exchange, this will free police to work with people on developing immediate as well
as long term solutions for community's concerns such as crime, drugs, vice and
gambling, in ways that encourage mutual accountability and respect.

11. Expanding the Police Mandate: Community policing adds a vital, proactive
element to the traditional reactive role of the police, resulting in a full spectrum of
policing services. As the only agency of social control open 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, the police must maintain their ability to respond immediately to crises
and crime incidents. Community Policing also broadens the " police role so that the
police can make a greater impact on making changes, today that hold the promise of
making communities safer and more attractive places to live tomorrow.

12. Demonstrating the benefits: The Model for Community Policing can work
successfully only when it is owned by those who are supposed to operate it, and who
are the most likely beneficiaries.

13. Selling, the Idea : Policemen in India, see themselves in adversarial situation vis-àvis citizens and as a class, are resistant to change, and unless the protagonists of
Community Policing, manage to sell them the idea, it is apprehended that all
Community Policing initiatives will fail. And for 'selling' the idea to them, Police
Leadership must demonstrate to them the tangible benefits accruing to them. Such
benefits can be in the form of people's help in their day to day work, their-raised self
esteem, reduction of stress, and probably lesser work-load etc.

14. Grass-Roofs Creativity and Support : Community Policing promotes the judicious
use of technology, but it also rests on the belief that nothing surpasses what dedicated
human beings, talking and working together, can achieve. It invests trust in those
who are on the frontlines together on the street, relying on their combined judgment,
wisdom, and experience to fashion creative new approaches to contemporary
community concerns and problems, and it devise innovative solutions.

15. Internalise Change: Community policing must be made a fully integrated approach
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that involves everyone in the department, with community policing officers serving
as generalists who show the way to bridge the gap between the police and the people
they serve. The community policing approach plays a crucial role internally by
providing information about the awareness of the community and its problems, and
by enlisting broad based community support for the department's overall objectives.

16. Building for the Future:

Community policing provides a decentralized and

personalized police service to the community. It recognizes that the police cannot
impose order on the community from outside, but that people must be encouraged to
think of the police as a crucial resource that they can use in helping to solve
contemporary community concerns. It is not a tactic to be applied and then
abandoned, but a new philosophy and organizational strategy that provides the
flexibility to meet local needs and priorities as they change over time, with an eye on
the future.

Indian Concepts and Practices
474. Some of the institutional arrangements in India involving the people to buttress police
work are Gram Rakshak Dais, Special Police Officers, Thikari Pehra, Village Defence Units,
and Neighbourhood Watch Schemes. In the field of community policing various initiatives
have been the Friends of Police in Tamil Nadu, the Community Policing Project in West
Bengal, the Thana Level Committees, the Senior Citizens Scheme and unstructured system
of holding periodical meetings with different interest groups in a police station. None of
these schemes are institutionalized and none of these have endured the taste of time. The
reasons identified for their inadequate success are lifted below:

i.

The experiments and programmes are not always tailored to community's needs.

ii.

They work well in times of crisis. Once the emergency passes, they lose momentum.

iii.

The police interest flags after some time,

iv.

The police often consider it a diversion from their main activities.

v.

Police Community relations have mostly remain urban exercises in India to the
neglect of villages,

vi.

The programmes gradually get politicized.

vii.

Suspicion and misunderstandings creep in after some time,

viii.

The programmes are sometimes weighted in favour of preventing property offences.
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ix.

Some individual police officers make a difference. When they go, the programme
suffers.

x.

Ad-hocism characterizes community-policing efforts in India.

Some Concrete & Practical Examples
475. Some examples of community policing in Indian contexts are following :A.

Joint Patrolling Committee : Residents of a new residential colony Chandra Shekhar
Azad Nagar in the Bhilwara District (Rajasthan) have come forward to help the police
in jointly patrolling the area. Patrolling is done in a structured manner and a regular
roaster is maintained.

B. Meira Paibi (Torch Bearers) : The women of Manipuri Basti, Guwahati (Assam) have
taken upon themselves the responsibility of improving the taw and order situations and
other social problems in their Basti and tackle problems of drug-abuse by youth. The
women have come together to prevent the youth, from going out of the Basti after
sunset. They light their torches and go around the Basti guarding the entry and exit
points.

C. Preventing Employment of Miscreants : In Pratap Nagar (Rajasthan) steps were taken
to educate the community and industrialists to avoid employing miscreants. In some
areas a form was introduced to procure information of each resident of a given locality.
The Community was encouraged to fill up this form as a preventive measure of thefts.
Similar kinds of forms were used for the new tenants in some area. The rickshaw
pullers were given license and appropriate identity cards. The exercise has helped the
police to clearly differentiate between resident and floating population and in turn has
helped them keep check on criminals.

D. Peace Committees : Peace Committees were usually formed with initiatives of police
department and were composed of some eminent citizens of the locality. In most cases
department call these committees only during some communal tensions. The inability
to involve the right kind of people has been a major cause of failure of suchcommittees. Selection of right kind of people as members and empowering them is
essential for effective functioning of such Committees.
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E. Open Grievance Redressal Forums : Open grievance redress forums like the one,
which existed in Kota (Rajasthan) and which was initiated by the then SP of the district
have proved to be highly effective and beneficial for the community.

F.

Village Defence Party : In Assam there is the idea of Village Defence Party (VDP).
Each household is a member of the VCP and involved in night patrolling within the
village. They maintain a roster explaining who will be involved in what dates. The
villagers usually select a secretary who is responsible to keep regular contact with the
police station.

G.

Gaon Burah : In Assam in each village there is usually one Gaon Burah who is
traditionally selected by the village community. The government had employed these
Gaon Burah to collect village revenues. During the height of insurgency police
department tried to utilise them to get information regarding the militancy activities in
the village. The success of this system shows that the traditional mechanism to
maintain peace and harmony in society should go side by side with formal legal
initiatives.

H. Friends of Police : Friends of Police in almost all the places are an example of who act
as informers and help in prevention and detection of crime. For example, in Salem
(Tamil Nadu) the youth are monitoring traffic, ensuring that the people follow traffic
rules, etc.

Community Policing Scenario of the State Police Organizations
476. There are surviving examples of true community policing in the 'Panchayats' of
Manipur, 'Pacha Fayda' of Nagaland, 'Kebong' of Arunachai Pradesh and 'Village Defence
Courts' in Mizoram. Formal programmes such as the 'Friends of Police' in Tamil Nadu,
'Mohalla Committees' in Maharashfra including the 'Khopade' pattern in district Bhiwandi,
'Neighbourhood Watch' in Delhi and 'People Oriented Policing' in Punjab have been some
initiatives launched in this direction. Quite recently, J&K and Orissa have introduced more
ambitious programmes to actively involve the community in crime prevention and order
management. Despite initial enthusiasm and enormous public support, many of the
experiments failed to survive, probably for want of institutional support or individual
commitment.
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Legislation Efforts
477. Not many legislation attempted have been made in the past in this direction. The most
prominent and the longest surviving effort seem to be the Karnataka Village Defence Parties
Act, 1964, which introduced the institution of 'Dalpathi' as the interface between the police
and the rural community. Yet another significant dimension of police-community
relationship is discernible in certain institutionalized service oriented schemes started with
police initiative in metropolitan cities of Delhi and Bangalore which seeks out with the help
of voluntary associations, victims of social injustice to provide emergency relief as well as
arrange long-term rehabilitation. Among more recent and perhaps the most systematic effort
in community policing has been the promulgation of a Home Department Resolution by the
Government of Orissa, providing an institutional framework to put the concept on a statutory
basis. Operational since August, 1999, 'Surakhya Samiti' is the kernel of the community
policing programme of the State Government which directs Superintendent of Police/Range
DIGs to constitute these Samities by selecting volunteers from specified areas in the
city/villages through Municipal Bodies and Gram Panchayats, in consultation with the
magistracy. The objective is to "associate citizens with the police in solving neighbourhood
problems, in enforcing the law of the land, in minimising crime, in restoring order and peace
in the community, in reducing crimes against women and weaker sections of the
community".

Jammu & Kashmir
478. A pilot project on community-oriented policing has been launched in Jammu city. The
objective of the scheme is to promote citizen interaction and establish stronger bonds
between police and the public and to involve the citizens in crime prevention and detection.
Under the scheme, Police-public squads will be set up for each sector/colony. The public
will be represented by volunteer citizens and the police by beat staff. A cluster of 10 houses
will form a block and assigned to a constable.

Four such blocks will be under a Sub

Inspector designated as beat police officer. Weekly meetings will be organised between the
beat officer and the volunteers and SHO/SDPO will chair meetings fortnightly. The block
staff is expected to carry out crime prevention duties, such as surveillance of
strangers/suspicious persons, verification of antecedents of hawkers/servants, collection of
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information regarding drug trafficking, eye-teasing etc.
.

Kerala
479. In 1998, "Crime Prevention Committees" were formed at the Police station level to
provide a platform for the local public and the police to discuss crime problems locality-wise
to control crime. Monthly meetings are held with residents' associations and the local police
in Trivandrum city to devise strategies to control crime and to foster good police-public
relations. Kerala Police has also launched a Student Traffic Education Programme. The
"Crime Stopper" facility is another form of community policing where the people can call
the police on a non-metered telephone number and share information about crime and
criminals without disclosing the caller's identity.

Maharashtra (Bombay City Police)
480. Following communal riots in Maharashtra and elsewhere and in Mumbai city in
December, 1982 and January 1983, Mohalla Committees were set up to provide a platform
for the people of different communities and background to meet, plan and work together to
solve common problems. In Bhiwandi, the Mohalla Committees turned out to be grand
success in controlling communal riots. The local police have taken initiative in holding street
plays on socially significant themes, organizing cleanliness drives and medical check up
camps. Libraries and study rooms have also been established in some locations to promote
communal harmony. Joint patrolling with citizen participation in crime prone areas is
another highlight. From May, 1998, an "Alert Citizens Programme" has been successfully in
operation, enabling people to pass on information to the police in confidence.

Delhi Experiments
481. The institution of Special Police Officers has acted since 80s as a bridge between the
police and the public in Delhi. Introduced some time after the November 1984 anti-Sikh
riots, which brought Delhi Police a lot of criticism, the SPOs have played a very useful role
in controlling property offences, educating the local people in various security measures to
protect their lives and properties etc. Some time back in North District of Delhi Police, very
effective Nagrik Suraksha Samities were organized for communal harmony. Organising and
dovetailing the Residents' Welfare Associations (RWAs), Traders' Associations, Thana Level
Committees, holding their periodical meetings with follow up action, and giving them
340

various responsibilities for prevention of crime in their respective areas, have become
accepted features of Delhi Police.

Madhya Pradesh
482. For some time, Madhya Pradesh Police has also been experimenting on various
organisations on community policing, such as, Friends of Police (Police Mitra Yojna),
Village Defence Societies (Gram Raksha Samities), Neighbourhood Watch Scheme, Family
Counselling Centres, Drug De-addiction Centres, Friends of Children Scheme (Bala Mitra
Yojana), Special Police Officers, Traffic Safety Week Programmes, Students Traffic
Education - Programmes, Sports Programmes organised for Youth, and Career Counselling
Centres.

C.L.G. Concepts

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Chapter 23

Human Rights and Police

Introduction
483. Human beings are endowed with some basic rights, privileges and prerogatives which
provide them with dignity and honour. This makes their lives decent, sacred and sacrosanct.
These rights, privileges and prerogatives are popularly known as human rights. Human rights
are considered inalienable, sacrosanct and transcendental. They have also been accepted as
being fundamental to dignified human life, individual growth and overall national
development. Human rights thus mean the right to life, liberty, equality and dignity as
guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.

484. The Concept and Classification
I. The concept of human rights is a compendious expression. It embraces within its
fold all those rights which a human being enjoys by reason of his being human.
These rights have been possessed by him since time immemorial Human rights in
the course of history and international developments have come to be equated with
and considered as synonymous with various types of human freedom and liberty.
Human rights are owned by men, women and children of all categories for the
simple reason that they are sacred and noble creations of nature. These rights are
laudable and are often treated as an end to them. They are not only the gift of the
State. In fact, they had existed even before the State came into being. They are thus
neither created nor can be destroyed by the State is imperative for the State to
recognize, protect, preserve and uphold them.

II. Every human being is entitled to certain natural rights by virtue of his being a
member of human society. These rights are called human rights. The supreme
court while interpreting Article 21 of the Constitution of India emphasized that a
human being has not only a right to live but has a fundamental right to live with
dignity and it is the duty of every other human being to respect that right.

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III. As a founder member of United Nations Organisation, India is a party to "the
Universal declaration of Human Rights 1948". India also ratified the two
international conventions on, (a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social
and cultural rights. These Universal Declarations of Rights (1948) were
incorporated as fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution listed in Articles 14 to
32. Some of the important among them are:

i.

Right to every citizen, of equality before law and equal protection of laws.

ii.

Right to freedom of speech

iii.

Right to assemble peacefully and without Arms.

iv.

Right to form Unions.

v.

Right not to be prosecuted and convicted for any offence except for violation of law
in force at the time of committing the offence.

vi.

Right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself.

vii.

Right not to be deprived of his life and liberty except according to procedure
established by law.

viii.

Right not to be arrested with out informing the grounds and to be produced before a
magistrate as early as possible but not later than 24 hours.

ix.

Right to consult any one of his choice on his arrest,

x.

Right to defend himself against any allegation, and

xi.

Right to seek redressal by way of writs for any of the above violations made against
him.

IV.

Our Criminal Justice system is based on "due process of law". Every act of the
individual, Executive, Legislature or Judiciary should be with in the framework
of law. Police as law enforcement authority are also part of this law. Police in
their duties to maintain law and order or in detection, investigation, prosecution
of cases directly deals with the public. Powers are given to police for effective
discharge of duties and not to misuse them, either for their selfish interests or to
exhibit their power and vanity. There is also a misconception that results cannot
be achieved unless third degree methods are used, and that it is not possible to
deal with hard core criminals and suspects with in the framework of strict law. Its
however, is not correct. There is no conflict between strict law enforcement,
relentless pursuit of offenders, punishment of offenders on one side, and
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observance of human rights on the other. The police officer should understand
that he cannot take law into his own hand and he is not expected to be over
anxious to achieve results with the means that is not legally allowed.

V.

Various forms of custodial violence, torture, ill treatment of women and children,
fabricating false cases against innocent persons and attempts to save real culprits,
lockup deaths, custodial rapes, acts of omission or commission against weaker
section, poor and less-privileged, unwarranted arrests, unlawful searches and
excessive use of force are some of the manifestations of human rights violations
by police. The general complaint is that police officers who are to uphold the law
should not and cannot themselves indulge in illegal acts. It, undermines human
dignity, brutalizes the police system, forfeits the trust of people and the judiciary
and above all affects the image of the police organization as a whole. It also
exposes the police officers to the risk of criminal liability and punishment.
Custodial violence and tortures do not act as short cuts in any significant way to
achieve the goals and objectives. In fact they are the tools of an unprofessional
and unscientific police officer.

VI.

The other practices to be strongly put down are rude and discourteous behaviour,
refusal to entertain complaint, over bearing attitude, minimizing the gravity of
offence, delayed or poor or biased investigation, taking sides, perverse enquiries
into complaints, unjustified searches and arrests. Such practices will assume
complex dimensions if victims are women or belonging to other weaker sections.

Police Perspectives
485. The law enforcement agencies, police being the most important of them all, are under
an obligation to protect human rights. The police, in a democratic society, are expected to
play the role of a benevolent defender of free people's liberties and act as a guardian of
public peace and human rights. A democratic state does not envisage the police as an
instrument of force and coercion which ultimately tends to violate human rights. In a country
like India, the police are expected to play the role of a catalyst to social change aimed at the
amelioration of the backward, exploited, poor and illiterate masses through the instruments
of human rights. The role of police leadership in this context is required to be subjected to a
serious examination. The leaders of police, at various levels, should reconsider the
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obligations, roles, responsibilities and duties cast on them by the law of the land in this
regards.

Police Obligation
486. Commission of an offence by a person tantamount to the violation of one or another
human right of an individual. Police have the primary obligation to investigate each of such
cases honestly, competently and with utmost objectivity so that the wrong done to the victim
with regard to the violation of his human rights is redressed as per the law of the land. While
discharging this primary duty, the police should not forget that even the accused person is
endowed with basic and fundamental human rights and in the discharge of their duties; they
must ensure that they do not violate or make an encroachment upon his human rights. By so
doing the police will be able to restore the dignity and honour of human rights and repair the
loss suffered by an individual as per the due process of law. At the same time they will also
save themselves from being accused of violating human rights. The requisite attitudinal
change and human orientation to policing, in this context, can be ensured only when police
men at all levels are made aware of their duties, commitments, obligations and
responsibilities in upholding and protecting human rights. The paradoxical situation in this
context is that the security forces and the police who are primarily meant to protect human
rights are often accused of violating them.

Stop Violations: It is the Best Protection
487. People in authority as well as those possessing strength, money, political power and
influence try to use police as an instrument of threat, awe and intimidation to realize their
parochial and selfish objectives. Police powers in India are enormous. The extent of the use
and application of police discretion is also quite wide. The possibility of their misuse leading
to violations of human rights is a natural sequence of the nexus between unscrupulous vested
interests and corrupt policemen. This nexus leads to violations of various types of human
rights of citizens. Such irregularities must be stopped.

Unauthorized Calling of People by Police Must Stop
488. Discretionary powers enable police to call people to police stations and outposts on
some pretax or other. Calling citizens to police stations in an unauthorized manner amounts
to a violation of the human rights of freedom of movement and liberty. Unwarranted and
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unauthorised manner of calling people to police stations and making them sit for long hours
and using force, inhuman behaviour, awe, intimidation and coercion are serious violations of
human dignity and honour. Methods must be devised to deter police from calling people to
police stations in an unauthorized manner. Close monitoring of such cases should be done to
avoid harassment to citizens leading to misbehaviour, use of force, recourse to third degree
methods and commission of custodial crimes. New modes and methods of monitoring and
supervisory techniques are required to be introduced and adopted for the protection of human
rights. There should be a written requisition in the name of the person called to the PS, the
way it is done by the CBI and other such agencies. For effective supervision of such
instances the following Performa should be introduced at the police station level. It should be
sent to senior supervisory officers and other related officials.

8

Remarks

7

officer and the citizen

Signature of the police

6

5

Behavious of police

4

Whether requisition given

Time of departure and

3

called

Purpose

2

Name of the officer who

Time of arrival

1

duration of stay

Name

Performa for calling person to a police station.

9

False, Unwarranted and Improper Cases Should not be Registered
489. The registration of an uncalled for and an unwarranted case against a citizen is a serious
violation of his human rights, as it may impinge upon his dignity and honour. It also tends to
restrict his liberty and freedom of movement. Various types of violation of human rights are
caused by registering non-cognizable offences by giving them a colour of cognizable ones,
registering civil and revenue cases by giving them a colour of criminal ones. Burking of
cases, improper and inappropriate registration of cases and wrong application of sections of
law and legal provisions all amount to misuse of police authority cutting across the very
basis and foundation of human rights. Policing for human rights necessitates that a close and
critical scrutiny of cases should be made by supervisory leadership to ensure that no
346

unwarranted cases are registered, that no manipulations are resorted to by the police station
staff to convert a civil or revenue case into a criminal one and that bailable offences are not
converted into non-bailable ones and vice-versa. A close and scientific scrutiny by senior and
supervisory officers would ensure an appropriate action against a wrongdoer. The
supervisory obligation so discharged will go a long way towards protecting human rights.

Arrests to be Made Only When These are Necessary and Needed
490. Personal liberty and freedom of movement are the basic human rights possessed by an
individual. An arrest deprives him of these rights. A decision to arrest a person therefore has
serious implications. It should be exercised with due caution and care. An analysis of arrest
made by police would indicate that these are often made on mere suspicion, in a routine
manner and even with ulterior motives and vengeance. Unwarranted, arbitrary and illegal
arrests, unauthorized detentions and not presenting the arrested persons before a magistrate
as per the law of the land, use of handcuffs and parading the arrested people through streets
and public places are some serious types of violation of human rights committed by police in
India. This of course is done through he instrument and power of arrest. The people arrested
are not communicated the grounds of their arrest. They are also not allowed to obtain the
assistance of an advocate. Investigations are not conducted fairly and impartially. Instead of
making use of scientific aids to investigation and techniques of interrogation, people are
subjected to third degree methods for obtaining confessions and collecting evidence against
them. The junior-subordinate police functionaries in the field should be sensitized to this
aspect of police power and it should be impressed upon them that the right to arrest a person
is exercised only when it is absolutely necessary for a proper investigation of the case, in
public interest or for ensuring social security. Policing for human rights necessitates that
some adequate method and relational should be developed and adopted at the police station
level to reduce the number of arrests. Senior police leaders should discharge their
supervisory obligation to ensure that unnecessary arrests are not made and the legal
provisions are adhered to. For monitoring arrests the following Performa should be
introduced at the PS level.

Performa for Monitoring of Arrests
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Name of the arrested person

Date and time of arrest

Evidence and reasons for arrest

Whether the grounds communicated

Whether medical examination done

Whether the arrested person intimated of his rights

Period of police remand

When presented before a magistrate

Whether handcuffed

Reasons for handcuffing

Purpose of arrest

Signature of the accused and the police officer

Remarks

Supervisory observations

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Undue Searches and Seizures Should be Avoided
491. Personal and house searches and seizure of property and documents when done in an
arbitrary and unjustified manner cause serious violations of human rights. Therefore police
are under an obligation to conduct searches and make seizures after a careful assessment of
their use and utility in each case. House searches without obtaining warrants from competent
courts must be avoided. Sometimes houses are actually searched but no search memos are
prepared. This is a serious violation of law and a very serious encroachment on the human
rights of the people. Investigational relevance and evidentiary utility of each search should
be made more then clear by the investigating officer and it should be duly monitored by his
senior supervisory officer. This method of policing will reduce the instances of violation of
human rights in a substantial way, and it will also improve the quality and value of
investigations and their evidentiary status.

Unfair Investigations and Delayed Trials.
492. Cases of padding, fabricating and concocting evidence against innocent persons, wrong
arrests, not presented. The accused before a magistrate within 24 hrs of the arrest,
unreasonable and unnecessary remands in judicial and police custody etc are serious
violations of human rights. It should be ensured that such irregularities at pre-investigation,
investigation and post-investigation stages are stopped. People should not be denied fair pretrial, trial and post-trial opportunities. Protection of human rights presupposes that
investigations are conducted in a fair and judicious manner and that police and prosecution
348

agencies function without any vengeance, prejudice and preconceived notions.

Bail and not Jail
493. Whenever a person is arrested, detained or some restriction and restraint is imposed on
his personal liberty, he has a right to be considered for bail. If it is a bailable offence, bail is a
matter of right, and if the offence is of a non-bailable nature, bail becomes a matter of
discretion. But the process of releasing people on bail adopted by police is often not fair and
proper. Even in bailable cases, people are denied the right to be released on bail and in nonbailable ones hindrances of varied sorts are created in the way of the accused trying to obtain
bail as per the due process of law. Protection of human rights by police requires that they
should not be very liberal in making arrests. Persons arrested for bailable offences should be
immediately released on bail. For non-bailable offences police discretion should be exercised
in accordance with established principles. Police may follow the practice adopted by the CBI
in this context. The CBI quite often releases people on bail whereas the police arrest them.

Prevent Crimes: It Protection of Human Rights
494. Prevention of crime is one of the major obligations of police. If crimes are prevented in
time, the human rights of the people in general will be protected actually and factually. It is
so because the commission of an offence amounts to the violation of one or the other human
right of an individual. If the police are able to prevent crime efficiently, their problems in the
context of protection of human rights will reduce substantially. Not only that, their image
will improve and the popular estimation of their performance will pass through a positive
transformation. Prevention is better than cure. A stitch in time saves nine and the crime
prevented is best investigated are some of the popular dictums signifying the importance of
crime prevention and its relevance with reference to the obligation of police leadership in the
protection of human rights. That crimes should and can be prevented is the basic premise on
which each society legislates some provision or other for preventing crimes. By making an
effective use of the provisions the police officials at various levels, inter alia, will be
discharging their obligation of protecting human rights in a gainful and meaningful manner.

Investigate Crime Competently
495. Prevention of crime is the real protection of human rights in as much as the probable,
possible and potential violations are prevented and the dignity and honour of the persons in
question is preserved. Every offence, inter alia, it is violation of human rights; therefore
349

investigation of the crime in question done impartially, competently and scientifically works
as a compensatory measures for protecting human rights. The dishonour, loss and violation
of a specific human right of an individual will be compensated, if the offender is brought to
book after taking recourse to the due process of law. The crimes, therefore, should be
investigated, promptly, properly and without any delay. Justice delayed is justice denied, and
delay defeats equity are the principles which should guide the police functionaries in the
matter. By investigating cases completely, quickly and impartially the police provide
immediate relief.

Police Behaviour to be Human
496. Inhuman behaviour, inefficiency, corruption, ulterior motives, arrogance, undue
political, administrative and social influences are some of the factors responsible for the
violation of human rights by police. In order to render police conduct and behaviour human,
kind, compassionate and empathetic following oath should be implemented by each
policeman. Police leadership at various levels must ensure that the oath is followed in letter
and spirit and the violators are taken to task so as to set an example to others.
1. I will not abuse anyone.
2. I will not misbehave with people
3. I will denounce, discourage and shun the use of third degree methods.
4. I will not be inhuman, cruel and arrogant to the people coming in my contact.
5. I will not misuse my power and position
6. I will neither commit custodial crimes nor would directly or indirectly become a
party to such crimes.
7. I will become a worthy member of the citizen police of a democratic and free society
by being kind and helpful to the people in need and distress.

496.1 Behavioural modification is continuous process. Its pursuance and monitoring is
required to be done on a day to day basis. The role and obligation of police leaders in this
context is very important. They must ensure that the prescribed patterns of human behaviour
are strictly followed and the defaulting members are dealt with adequately. Police leaders
should also generate a climate against criminalization of police. Behavioural reforms and
attitudinal changes both at individual and departmental levels can go a long way to stopping
violations of human rights by police. By being professionally competent, behaviorally
courageous and morally strong, the police can set an example of their acceptance by people.
350

496.2 Police leadership at the apex level must ensure that specialized course; in group
dynamics and human behaviour are made an integral part of the various training courses.
Such behavioural changes can also be brought about by associating the police with extra
organizational, non-situational and informal police-community programmes. Behavioural
changes like reception counters at police stations and computerization of the arrival and
departure of people at police stations can be gainfully tried for protecting the human rights of
the people.

Reasons for violation of Human Rights by Police
497. Some of the reasons for violation of human rights by police can be attributed to the
following:A. Lack of interrogation techniques.
B. Lack of scientific temper and professionalism.
C. Lack of knowledge of criminal law and procedures for investigation.
D. Unrealistic public expectation for results.
E. Political and official pressures for quick results.
F. Misconception that laws are not sufficient to achieve results legally.
G. Sadistic pleasure on the part of some police officers.

Expectations From Police
498. It is felt that much is desired from police and there is need to change their attitudes and
age old and conventional methods. Scientific temper in investigation is required for
acquiring professionalism. Police should get equipped with sufficient legal knowledge
during basic training and refresher courses and should learn techniques of interrogation and
investigation. A well trained police officer with an aptitude to learn interrogation techniques,
acquiring professionalism, taking advantage of the latest scientific aids at his command, will
be in a position to protect the human rights of the citizenry.

499. Police officer should constantly bear it in mind that he needs the assistance of the public
either to maintain law and order or to gather evidence from witnesses or in obtaining clues
during investigation. He can get such co-operation from the public only when he is polite
and courteous in his dealings. Even, in dealing with the accused, there is no scope for all
treating and misbehaving with human. He should understand that his act is with in the
351

framework of law and should not exceed legal limits in his undue anxiety to get results as
this attitude will in same way or the other would end up in the violation of human rights.

Human Rights of Different Sections of Public
500. Every police officer must be aware of the legal rights of various individuals to enable
him to respect such rights, not only statutory but also to earn the good-will of the public.

501. Human Rights of Victim
A. When a cognizable case is presented, it should be registered forth-with by the SHO,
furnishing a copy free of cost.
B. Render immediate medical aid by moving him to hospital if he is injured.
C. Protect him from further danger if necessary.
D. Inform the stages of investigation from time to time as a duty.
E. Do not make the complainant go round the police station but he feels that he is being
harassed more by the police than the accused.
F. Furnish the necessary documents to victim or his legal heirs of accident cases free of
cost to enable them to claim compensation in tribunals.
G. Do not ask the complainant to go to the jurisdictional police station if they approach
the wrong police station. Register the case and transfer it.
H. Let the complainant feel free when he represents his case and do not frighten him to
give a wrong impression that police are not his friends but masters.

502. Human Rights of Witnesses
A. Examine witnesses at their place and do not call them to police station unless it is
difficult or impractical.
B. Examine women and children at their places of residence
C. Remember witnesses are there to help investigation. Therefore deal with them
courteously.
D. Child witnesses should be handled with special care.

503. Human Rights of Suspects or Accused
A. While surveillance as prescribed in the police regulations, authorised by law and
approved by the Supreme Court in AIR SC 1975 page 1378, is permissible
352

unnecessary intrusion into the privacy of persons is forbidden. Therefore a margin on
the right lines should be drawn to avoid any interference with the right to privacy.

B. Interrogation of suspect is a power vested with the police. But, interrogation should
be with in the legal framework. Prolonged detention in the name of interrogation may
amount to harassment and ultimately turn out as wrongful confinement.

C. Searches of places and more so dwelling houses have to be made strictly in
accordance with procedures laid down U/s 100 Cr.P.C. Police officer entering
dwelling houses for searches should observe decency and decorum respecting the
sentiments of women while discharging their duty. The assistance of women
constable or women witness should be taken while searching the person of a woman.
Any unlawful search not only vitiates the purpose but gives opportunity to the
accused to use the right of private defence.

D. Attempts to torture accused or suspects to obtain confessions are not only an offence
under Section 330 or 331 IPC but it is useless as such evidence is not admissible
under law. Besides there is a danger of the suspects or accused confessing falsely in
order to escape physical torture, in which case, one is likely to be misled in his
investigation.

E. No accused should be forced physically or psychologically to say any thing which is
likely to be self-incriminating. Such evidence is prohibited under article 20 clause (3)
of the constitution but voluntary disclosures of their own free will, while in police
custody and discovery of a fact in consequence to that information is not barred under
Section 27 I.E. Act.
F. There should be no arbitrary arrest. All arrests must strictly conform to the
requirements of law and procedure. Arrests need not be made just because a police
officer has a power to arrest. The necessity to confine is the principle behind the law.
The person to be arrested is entitled to know the grounds for arrest as per Article 22
of the Constitution and Section 50 of Cr.P.C.

G. Every person arrested should be informed that he has right to go on bail, if it is a
bailable offence and he should be informed that he may arrange for sureties (Article
353

22 of Constitution and Section 50(2} of Cr.P.C.)

H. The arrested person shall not be subjected to more restraint than is necessary to
prevent his escape (Section 49 Cr.P.C.). Handcuffs should not be used with out the
orders of the court.

I. An accused person arrested shall have the right to be examined by a medical
practitioner. (Section 54 Cr.P.C.).

J. The arrested person shall not be detained unnecessarily for a longer period than is
necessary and at any cost should be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours
excluding journey time. (Section 57 Cr.P.C.)

K. The arrested person is entitled to consult any one of his choice and it shall not be
denied (Article 22 of the Constitution).

L. The accused charged of any offence has a right to be defended by an advocate of his
choice. (Section 303 Cr.P.C.).

M. During custody, the arrested person is entitled for fair treatment and no custodial
torture or ill treatment is permissible.

N. Most of the custodial deaths take place during illegal detention. Produce the accused
within 24 hours of arrest and obtain police custody from court for interrogation if
necessary. This will increase the responsibility of police and minimise irresponsible
custodial tortures.

Human Rights of Women
504. A national policy for custodial Justice to women was recommended by an expert
committee on custodial Justice to women, Government of India (1983). Following are some
of the important guidelines for police officers dealing with women.
A.

Women shall be shown special treatment wherever they interfere with the system
whether as complainants, victims, accused, witnesses or inmates of institution, giving
respect for gender dignity and habitative concern for women.
354

B. Separate prisons and police lockups, correctional centres and separate courts shall be set
up exclusively to deal with women.
C.

Recognizing the children of custodialised women as innocent, the State shall
conscientiously respect the rights and privileges of the children accompanying the
women in custody.

D.

The police, prison, correctional, judicial personnel dealing with women shall be
specially trained.

E. Women shall be arrested only in case of absolute necessity and only between sun rise and
sunset except in exceptional cases.
F.

Arrests and search of women including interrogation shall be conducted according to
strict standards of decency. Women police officers shall search women and escort
women prisoners.

G. Basic amenities and privacy shall be provided to women prisoners.

Human Rights of Juveniles
505. Juvenile Justice (Care and protection of children) Act 2000 is human rights legislation
and is enacted to lay down procedures while dealing with neglected and delinquent juveniles.
Every police officer should be acquainted with the provisions of this Act while dealing with
delinquent juveniles. The following are some of the important points relating to juveniles.

A. When a delinquent juvenile (Juvenile in conflict with law) if arrested for committing any
offence, shall not be kept in lockup nor handcuffed. He shall be released on bail
whether the offence is bailable or non-bailable provided an undertaking is given by his
parents or guardians to take care of him and for production in court. If any body does
not offer surety, he shall be forwarded to observation home pending enquiry.

B. Interrogate a juvenile delinquent with sympathy, care and caution.

C. Question the juvenile in isolation and never be authoritative. Be kind but firm.

D. Whenever a statement is to be recorded from a juvenile witness keep him at ease and
make him to speak the truth away from influences.

E. Do not launch security proceedings against a juvenile.
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The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993
506. Important provisions of the Act are :1.

It is applicable to the whole of India.

2.

Human rights are, the rights relating to liberty, equality and dignity of the individual
guaranteed by the Constitution.

507. The National Human Rights Commission - Constitution
1. The

National

Human

Rights Commission

has been

formed

comprising

a

Chairman and four members.
2. In addition to this, the Chairperson of National Commission for Minorities and the
Chairperson of National Commission for Women will also be the members of the
National Human Rights Commission.
3. The headquarters of the Commission is at Delhi and the Commission (unction3
through the Secretary General, who is also the chief executive officer of the
Commission,
4. The members of the Commission will hold office for five (5) years.

Functions of the Commission
508. The National Human rights Commission can suo-moto under take enquiries information
or on a petition into the components of violation of human rights 01 abetment thereon or
against officials not preventing such violation.

B. The Commission can intervene in any proceeding involving such violation pending
before a court.

C. The Commission can visit any jail or any other place for retention where persons are
allegedly confined. The commission can also summon any person and examine on
oath.

D. The commission can also receive any document or affidavit, petition etc.

E. The Commission can ask for investigation by any Central or State government agency.
356

F. After enquiry the Commission has the power to direct the State or Central Government
to initiate prosecution.

G. The Commission will submit an annual report to Central Government and to State
Government concerned about violation of human rights that were brought to its notice.

State Human Rights Commission
509. State Government, can constitute a State Human Rights Commission with a Chairman
and four (4) members. The head quarters will be situated at a place as indicated by the State
Government. The State Human Rights Commission will have the same powers as that of
National Human Rights Commission. As per Section 36, the National Human Rights
Commission does not enquire into a matter which is already pending with State Human
Rights Commission. The National Human Rights Commission or the State Human Rights
Commission does not enquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date of
commission of violation.

510. Police Code of Conduct for the Human Rights
A.

Police are expected to work with in the framework of law and are not expected to take
law into their own hands on the plea that the existing law is not sufficient. They cannot
play that role of lawmakers and judiciary. It is for the other wings to take care on the
point of sufficiency or insufficiency of law. Police are only expected to play the role of
an enforcing agency.

B.

The police in establishing and enforcing law must as far as practicable, use the methods
of persuasion, advice and warning. When use of force is inevitable, it must be as per
the procedure and to be the bare minimum.

C. The police officers must remember that they are also members of civilized society.

D. They should remember that their efficiency depends upon the ready co-operation of the
public.

357

E. They should always be courteous and well mannered and they should be dependable,
predictable and impartial.

F.

They should remember their own limitation and shall not usurp the functions of
judiciary.

Awareness
511. The human rights awareness includes awareness about the rights of the accused, victim
and the rights of the general citizens. A growing awareness will reduce these violations. This
is also possible by educating the law enforcing authorities. They should be trained about the
rights of the citizens. Accessibility to the public and prompt response to their grievances
goes a long way in protecting the human rights. Enactment of laws or making amendments
in laws may help to a certain extent but what is really needed is a change in attitude and
proper understanding of human rights.

Duties of Human Rights Cell in the Office of the DGP
512. The Human Rights Cell in the Office of DGP is headed by an Officer of the rank of
IGP, designated as IGP (HR/Coordination). The role and duties of this Cell should be as
follows;

1. The Human Rights Cell will act as the main link between the NHRC and the State
Police agencies.

2. All important cases/complaints referred by the Commission to the State Human
Rights Cell wherever specifically indicated, would be got enquired into by an officer
of appropriate level. Thereafter, the recommendations made by the Commission are
to be followed up to ensure appropriate action against the delinquent officials is
initiated and remedial measures taken, wherever required. However, in cases where
the Human Rights Cell feels that an impartial enquiry may not be possible due to
extraneous considerations, then it may recommend investigation by the State CID or
even the CBI.

3. To keep a close watch on the alleged violations of Human Rights by police personnel
358

which

come

to

light through

the

newspapers, publications/other sources

including complaints to different functionaries.

4. All enquiries/cases relating to police atrocities/harassment/abuse of authority, being
sent by the Commission to the District Supdt. of Police for ascertaining facts and
verification, may be monitored by the Cell. A copy of all such references will be sent
to the Cell, to enable them to monitor timely response from the SPs. They will also
ensure follow up action wherever specific directions have been passed by the
Commission by way of compliance.

5. Human Rights Cell to regularly interact with the District SsP on human rights
petitions/complaints and issue instructions/guidelines, so as to minimize and
prevent violations of human rights by the police.

6. To conduct surprise visits to Police Stations, to check cases of illegal detention and
abuse of authority.

7. To take such other steps as may be necessary for preventing violations and protecting
and respecting the Human Rights of the citizenry who come in contract with the
police functionaries.

8. To ensure that all Police Stations in the State display the Guidelines given by the
Supreme Court in WP No.539 of 1986, in the case of O.K. Babu Vs State of West
Bengal. These requirements are in addition to the constitutional and statutory
safeguards and directions given by the courts from time to time in connection with
the safeguarding of the rights and dignity of the arrestee vis-a-vis the duties of the
police. Special care has to be taken to see that women, children and the vulnerable
sections of the society, are not harassed by the police by calling them to the police
station in avoidable circumstances.

9. To coordinate with State Police Academy & Training Centres to ensure that their inservice training curriculum have sufficient elements of human rights jurisprudence
for the trainees of all ranks. Such a module would aim at educating and sensitizing on
the following matters:
359

a. Constitutional provisions relating to rights of citizens.
b. Key provisions in the substantive law that provide explicit "do's" and "don'ts"
in matters of arrest, interrogation, search and seizure etc.
c. Landmark judgments of the Supreme Court on human rights matters; and
d. The

implications

of

fall-outs

and

non-observance

of

the

human

rights guidelines/instructions/laws, while discharging their duties and
responsibilities.

10. Organise inter-active sessions/capsule courses of appropriate duration in all training
institutions where prominent personalities, lawyers, NGOs are called for
participation.

11. Compilation of the departmental circulars and directions on the human rights
mandate issued by the PHQ from time to time and see that these are recirculated for
recapitulation.
12. To identify specific areas of societal human rights violations in the State and to plan
out preventive and rehabilitative schemes in conjunction with the concerned
Departments for instance in the field of Child Rights-child sexual abuse, child-labour
Gender Justice, Juvenile Justice, non-criminal mentally ill lodged in prisons,
discrimination towards the under-privileged, Backward/SC/ST in specific areas etc.)

13. To organize one day seminars/workshops on human rights in different cities in
association with the State Human Rights Commissions (wherever they are
constituted), local University or colleges, philanthropic organizations like
Rotary/Lion Clubs.

14. Personally monitor investigation of cases relating to custodial deaths, rape and
torture/illegal detentions in police custody and take remedial measures/follow up
departmental action.

15. Actively promote human rights literacy and awareness through publications and
media programmes.

16. Publication of quarterly Newsletter on "Human Rights in Law Enforcement" for
360

circulation amongst police officers.

361

Chapter 24

Protection of Weaker Sections

Introduction
513. Social equality, cultural harmony and economic parity, are basic requisites for peace,
prosperity and progress in a society. If certain sections of the society are in possession, of the
resources of varied sorts and tend to dominate critical positions and enjoy special privileges,
the other sections may suffer the deprivation and get into the situation of subjugation. The
society in such a situation gets divided into weak and strong social sections. Societies often
get classified into weak and strong sections on irrational, illogical and unscientific grounds
like birth, sex, education, marital status. This type of paradoxical situation is more
pronounced in a plural, traditional, and conservative society like India. Indian society is a
typical example of such a cleavage which demark various, social segments into weak and
strong ones. Social distance, economic alienation, general apathy, helpless exploitation along
with eternal bondage of ignorance, disease and poverty and the consequent criminality
generate a general sense of dislike and social apathy for the weaker sections. The aforesaid
socio-economic and anthropological factors ultimately become responsible for unremitting
atrocities of various kinds being perpetrated on the weaker sections of the society. Illtreatment, insult, harassment and exploitation of the weaker section in any society ultimately
generate a social climate where commission of atrocities on weaker sections becomes a
natural phenomenon. But then a country which has adopted equality, justice and liberty as
basic treats of socio-politico and economic parity cannot afford that atrocities continue to be
committed on the weaker sections. Adequate and effective legislative measures have been
adopted in India for ensuring prevention of atrocities on weaker sections. Weaker sections
should be specially protected with the help of specified penal provisions and effective police
strategies. Positive and effective police-role in the area of prevention of atrocities on the
weaker sections is a vital tool for providing social security and personal protection to the
affected people. A positive police approach and effective preventive measures and
simultaneous developmental schemes can be instruments to reduce atrocities on the weaker
section.

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514. Weaker Section : Conceptualization
(i)

Weaker section of society in the Indian context would mean a group which is
under-privileged and happens to be economically, educationally and politically
backward which has been subjected to exploitation due to caste, creed and
region. Economic weakness is relevant while assessing the needs of people
requiring ameliorative measures of pecuniary character. Women, children,
physically handicapped and mentally retarded people are categorized as
physically weak. The Legal Aid Committee, headed by Justice V.R. Krishna
Iyer, identified geographically deprived, handicapped, villagers, agriculture
labourers, industrial workers, women, children, harijans, minorities and
prisoners, as weaker sections. The untouchable, in the Indian context, are
specially classified as a weaker section of the society. Article 46 of the
Constitution makes a reference about the term 'weaker sections' and provides for
the protection and promotion of educational and economic interests of the
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. A section of
society which is handicapped due to social, economic and political reasons may
be termed as a weaker section. Usually this category of the Indian society
consists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, who have been for
generations being exploited on grounds of caste, birth and other such social
considerations.

(ii)

In a broader sense the term 'weaker section' may include physically and
socially handicapped, maladjusted and unadjusted groups like juvenile
delinquents, fallen women, drug addicts, beggars and mentally retarded children
from the vulnerable sections of the community in rural and backward regions,
tribal areas and urban slums. The weaker sections may comprise weak or
weaker individuals and the causes responsible for this weakness are : Sex, age,
incapacity, money, education, power, birth and social esteem. However, as sex
and age cannot be controlled by human endeavour, they are often not regarded
as parameters of 'weakness'.

(iii)

A large chunk of the weaker sections normally consists of individuals, who
due to birth, are deprived of reasonable opportunity and access of money, power
and social esteem. Access of these situations, is generation of opportunities, so
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very essential for individual security and social competition. Most of people
belonging to weaker sections live below the poverty line. Politically, they are a
class who suffer exploitation and miseries due to deprivations that surround
them. Conservative social norms deny them the basic status of equality.
Culturally they feel handicapped because certain roles and facilities necessary
for human dignity are not made available to them.

Police to Prevent Atrocities on Weaker Sections
515. The police-role in the area of prevention of atrocities towards the weaker sections
indicates that it is not possible to evolve specific and precise parameters for identifying any
particular section of the society as Weak in absolute terms. The relative state of helplessness
or defencelessness of a person or class in securing legal rights to which they are entitled
under the law of the land with regard to his/her life, property and other matters should
determine his/her 'weakness' for this purpose. Those who are subjected to social injustice and
suffer different forms of exploitation on account of poverty and ignorance and who due to
age-old traditions, customs, and beliefs along with the interplay of vested interests are denied
the basic rights and facilities should constitute the weaker sections for the problem under
discussion. The police should keep in mind these parameters for identifying weaker sections
in any given context, for determining their own response and for defining their preventive
role with regard to atrocities on the weaker sections.

The Statutory Provisions
516. Provisions in the Constitution like Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State
Policy, guarantee protection to SC ST and other weaker and vulnerable sections. In addition,
certain acts have also been enacted and rules framed to safeguard the interest of these
sections. Police Officers should have a thorough understanding of these acts and rules for the
protection of the best interests of the weaker sections.

The Notification
517. SCs and STs have been notified vide the articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution.
Scheduled areas are covered by Articles 244 and 244A. Scheduled tribes are not only listed,
even certain portions of the areas of districts or States are declared as scheduled areas.
Several safeguards and protections are given to the scheduled tribes in the scheduled areas.
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Police in the scheduled areas should be familiar with the laws, notifications protections
available and the restrictions on those who do not belong to scheduled tribes, but living in
scheduled areas.

Specific Legal Safeguards
518. The Government of India have enacted two acts viz. Protection of Civil Rig-:s Act 1955
which prescribes punishment for preaching and practice of Untouchability and for enforcing
any disability arising there from and for matters connected there with; and the SC/ST
(Prevented of Atrocities) Act 1989 which aims to prevent the commission of offences of
atrocities against the members of SC and ST. and provides for special courts for the trial of
such offences and for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offences and for
matter connected therewith or incidental thereto. Article 17 of the Constitution of India
specifies that Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden.

Offences of Atrocities Articulated
519. The Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 is mainly a social welfare legislation. Under
this Act the punishments are defined in Sections 3 to 10 with a provision for enhancing
penalty u/s 11. The court in certain cases shall presume that an offence is committed on the
ground of Untouchability unless contrary is proved. Offences are cognizable, tribal
summarily and Probation of Offenders Act 1958 is not applicable to persons aged above 14
years. The punishments for offences under the Act are following:
Section 3: Punishment for enforcing religious disabilities on the
ground of Untouchability for various offences mentioned therein like
preventing entry into public places of worship or preventing
worshipping etc.
Section 4: Punishment for enforcing social disabilities with regard to
access to any shop, public restaurants, hotel or place of public
entertainment, use of utensils etc. in any public restaurant, hotel,
dharmasala etc.
Section 5: Punishment for refusing to admit persons to hospitals etc.
Section 6: Punishment for refusing to sell goods or render services.
Section 7: Punishments for other offences arising out of
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"Untouchability".
Section 7-A: Punishments for unlawful compulsory labour when to be
deemed to be a practice of "Untouchability".
Section 8: Cancellation or suspension of licences of a person when he
is convicted for an offence u/s 6 of this Act.
Section 9: Resumption or suspension of grant of land or money from
the Government to the manager or trustee of any Educational
institutions, hotel or a place of public worship who has been convicted
of an offence under this Act.
Section 10: Whoever abets any offence under this Act shall be
punishable with the punishment provided for the offence. A public
servant who willfully neglects the investigation of any offence
punishable under this Act shall be deemed to have abetted an offence
punishable under this Act.
Section 10-A: The State Government may impose a collective fine on
the inhabitants of the locality by way of notification if the inhabitant
of that area are concerned in or abetting the commission of an offence
etc. under this Act.
Section 11: The court can enhance the punishment if a person is
already convicted previously under this Act including for abetment.
Section 12: Where any act constituting an offence under this Act is
committed in relation to a member of a Scheduled Caste the Court
shall presume, unless the contrary is proved, that such act was
committed on the ground of "Untouchability".
Section 13: (1) No Civil Court shall entertain or continue any suit or
proceeding or shall pass any decree or order or execute wholly or
partially any decree or order if the claim involved in such suit or
proceeding or if the passing of such decree or order or if such
execution would in any way be contrary to the provisions of this Act.
(2) No Court shall, in adjudicating any matter or executing any decree
or order, recognize any custom or usage imposing any disability on
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any person on the ground of "Untouchability".
Section 14-(1): If the person committing an offence under this Act is a
company, every person who at the time the offence was committed
was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct
of the business of the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the
offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished
accordingly: Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall
render any such person liable to any punishment, if he proves that the
offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all
due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
Section 14-(2): Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section
(1), where an offence under this Act has been committed with the
consent of any Director or Manager, Secretary or other officer of the
company, such Director, Manager. Secretary or other officer shall also
be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be
proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Section 15: Notwithstanding anything contained in Cr.P.C. every
offence punishable under this act shall be cognizable and every such
offence, except where it is punishable with imprisonment for a
minimum term exceeding three months, may be tried summarily by a
Judicial Magistrate of the First Class or in a metropolitan area by a
Metropolitan Magistrate in accordance with the procedure specified in
the Cr.P.C. However when any public servant is alleged to have
committed the offence of abetment of an offence punishable under this
Act, while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official
duty, no Court shall take cognizance of such an offence of abetment
except with the previous sanction of Central/State Government by the
case may be.
Section 15-A: It is the duty of State Government to ensure that the
rights accruing from the abolition of "Untouchability" may be availedby the concerned persons.
Section 16: Act to override other laws.
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Section 16-A: The Probation of Offenders Act 1958 will not be
applicable to any persons above the age of 14 years when he is found
guilty.
Section 16-B: The Central Government has got power to make rules
to enforce the provisions of this Act.

520. The SC & ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 and Rules 1995.
(i)

The SC/ST Act is enacted to punish for the commission of offences committed by
non SC/ST against the members of SC/ST and to provide for special Courts for
the trial of such offences and for relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such
offences. Atrocities under this Act are offences listed in section (3) according to
which, whoever, not being a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.

A. Forces a member of a SC or ST to drink or eat any inedible or obnoxious substance:
B. Acts with intent to cause injury, insult or annoyance to any member of a Scheduled
Caste or a Scheduled Tribe by dumping excreta, waste matter, carcasses or any other
obnoxious substance in his premises or neighborhood.
C. Forcibly removes clothes from the person of a member of a Scheduled Tribe or
parades him naked or with painted face or body or commits any similar act which is
derogatory to human dignity.
D. Wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or allotted to, or notified by
any competent authority to be allotted to, a member of a Scheduled Caste or
Scheduled Tribe or gets the land allotted to him transferred.
E. Wrongfully dispossesses a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe from
his land or remises or interferes with the enjoyment of his rights any land, premises
or water;
F. Compels or entices a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe to do
'begging' or other similar forms of forced or bonded labour other than any,
compulsory service for public purpose imposed by Government;
G. Forces or intimidates a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe not to
vote to vote to a particular candidate or to vote in a manner other than that provided
by law:
H. Institutes false, malicious or vexatious suit or criminal or other legal proceedings
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against a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe;
I. Gives any false or frivolous information to any public servant and thereby causes
such public servant to use his lawful power to the injury or annoyance of a member
of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe;
J. Intentionally insults or intimidates with intent to humiliate a member of a Scheduled
Caste/ Scheduled Tribe in any place with public view;
K. Assaults or uses force to any woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled
Tribe with intent to dishonour or outrage her modesty;
L. Being in a position to dominate the will of a woman belonging to a scheduled caste
or a Scheduled Tribe and uses that position to exploit her sexually to which she
would not have otherwise agreed;
M. Corrupts of fouls the water of any spring, reservoir or any other source ordinarily
used by members of the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes so as to render it
less fit for the purpose for which it is ordinarily used;
N. Denies a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled tribe any customary right of
passage to place of public resort or obstructs such member so as to prevent him from
using or having access to a place of public resort to which other members of pubic or
any section thereof have a right to use or access to;
O. Forces or causes a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe to leave his
house, village, or other place or residence, shall be punishable with imprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to five years
and with fine.

(ii)

Whoever, not being a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe, -

A. Gives or fabricates false evidence intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be
likely that he will thereby cause, any member of Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled
Tribe to be convicted of an offence which is capital by the law for the time being in
force shall be punished with imprisonment for life and with fine; and if an innocent
member of a scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe be convicted and executed in
consequence of such false or fabricated evidence, the person who gives or
fabricates such false evidence shall be punished with death.
B. Gives or fabricates false evidence intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be
likely that he will thereby cause, any member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled
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Tribe to be convicted of an offence which is not capital but punishable with
imprisonment for a term of seven years or upwards, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may
extend to seven years or upwards and with fine;
C. Commits mischief by fire or any explosive substance intending to cause or knowing
to be likely that he will thereby cause damage to any property belonging to the
member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may
extend to seven years and with fine;
D. Commits mischief by fire or any explosive substance in ending to cause or knowing
it to be likely that he will thereby cause destruction of any building which is
ordinarily used as a place of worship or as a place for human dwelling or a place for
custody " of the property by a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe,
shall be punishable with imprisonment for life and with fine;
E. Commits any offence under the Indian Penal Code, punishable with imprisonment for
a term of a ten years or more against a person or property on the ground that such
person is a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe or such property
belongs to such member, shall be punishable with imprisonment for life and with
fine;
F. Knowingly or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed under this
Chapter, causes any evidence of commission of that offence to disappear with the
intention of screening the offender from legal punishment, or with that intention
gives any information respecting the offence which he knows or believes to be false,
shall be punishable with the punishment provided for that offence.
G. Being a public servant, commits any offence under section (3) of the Act, shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but
which may extend to the punishment provided for that offence.

(iii)

According to section 4 whoever, being a public servant but not being a member
of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe, willfully neglects his duties required
to be performed by him under this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than six months but may extend to one year.

(iv)

According to section 5whoever, having already been convicted of an offence
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under this Chapter is convicted for the second offence or any offence subsequent
to the second offence, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which
shall not be less than one year but which may extend to the punishment provided
for that offence.

(v)

According to section 6 subject to the other provisions of this Act, the provisions
of Section 34, Chapter III, Chapter IV, Chapter V-A, Section 149, and Chapter
XXIII of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 shall so far as may be apply for the
purposes of this Act as they apply for the purposes of the IPC.

(vi)

According to section 7 where a person has been convicted of any offence
punishable under this Chapter, the Special Court may, in addition to awarding
any punishment, by order in writing, declare that any property, movable or
immovable or both, belonging to the person, who has been used for the
commission of that offence, shall stand forfeited to Government.

(vii) Where any person is accused of any offence under this Chapter, it shall be open to
the Special Court trying him to pass an order that all or any of the properties,
movable or immovable or both belonging to him, shall, during the period of such
trial, be attached, and where such trial ends in conviction, the property so attached
shall be liable to forfeiture to the extent it is required for the purpose of
realization of any fine imposed under this Chapter.

Distinguish Factors
521. Some of the distinguishing factors of these acts are following:
A. Under SC/ST (POA) Act the accused should be non SC/ST person except abettors
whereas under PCR Act any body can be an accused;
B. In SC/ST (POA) Act victims can be either SC or ST whereas under PCR Act the
victims can be only SCs;
C. Under SC/ST (POA) Act some of the offences attract the provisions of IPC also in
which case offences can be charged both under this Act as well as under IPC.
However in PCR Act the offences are specifically religious or social disabilities;
D. In SC/ST (POA) Act the offences are tribal by special courts of a level of sessions
court established by the Government and special P.Ps are appointed for the purpose
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of conducting prosecutions whereas under PCR Acts the offences are tribal by
Judicial first class Magistrates;
E. Under SC/ST (POA) Act the offences are cognizable and non bailable and non
compoundable whereas under PCR Act the offences are cognizable and bailable:
F. The investigation under this Act should be done by an officer not below the rank of
DSP. The 10 should complete the investigation on top priority within 30 days and
submit a report to the S.P. in view of Memorandum No.508/H1/85-4 dated 14-101985 the Social Welfare Department laying down that Police should complete the
investigation speedily and file charge sheet in the cases within the shortest possible
time not exceeding 30 days.
G. The cases are cognizable, non bailable, non compoundable as contemplated under
Cr.P.C. Apart from this a public servant (not being SC or ST) who willfully neglects
his duties required to be performed by him under this Act shall be punishable with
imprisonment of a term not less than six months.
H. Some of the offences under section 3 of the Act equally attract the provisions of
corresponding sections in IPC and so a case should be registered under tne relevant
provisions of both the Acts for proper investigation of cases.

522. Rules Under Civil Rights Act
i.

The rules under the Civil Rights Act provide for enquiry into incidents by the
Sub-Divisional Magistrate and above. The Bonded Labour System
(Abolition) Act 1976, the child labour (Prohibition and Regulation Act 1986),
the Forest Conservation Act 1980, Panchayats (Extension to scheduled areas)
Act 1996 are some of the enactments intended for preventing exploitation of
children and the rights of the poor. The responsibilities of the Police in
respect of these legislation are dealt separately. It may be mentioned that
since a large portion of the affected persons are from Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes the protection available in the above Acts are applicable to
them. Wherever relevant and necessary the police officers shall apply the
provisions of these Ads as detailed above while dealing with crimes against
Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Castes.

ii.

The SC, ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules 1995 under the Act specifies the
preventive measures which have to be taken by the Police and Executive
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Magistrates and non-Government organizations. Registration of the case by
police has to be done in the manner provided under these Rules.

523. PCR Cell and its Duties
(i)

The first duty is to act directly and investigate the offences against SC/ST.
The second duty is to be a nodal, monitoring, coordinating and advisory
agency for the police department, in so far as the enforcement of these Acts
are concerned. Being one of the wings of the CID it is in a position to have
access to all data in SCRB and the DCRBs and issue suitable instructions to
all concerned on preventive, investigative and prosecuting aspects. The
advisory role of the PCR Cell is important, as several other departments are
also charged with the responsibility of enforcement of PCR and SC, ST
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act.

(ii)

The PCR Cell should be organised on the following lines.

A. Investigating teams each headed by a DSP/lnspector and 2 Sis and 6 HCs. for
investigating on an average 25 cases per year per team. Number of teams to depend
on the number of cases taken up by the Cell for investigation.
B. The specialist groups of one Scientific Assistant and photographer for every 2 teams.
C. A crime analysis group separately for this type of crimes in SCRB.
D. Legal consultations at every step of investigation.
E. Transport and other peripherals on par with Law & Order police stations.
(iii)

The PCR Cell will prepare standing instructions fixing procedures and
responsibilities for district and city police on prevention and investigation and
issue guidelines from time to time.

(iv)

The returns, reports and statements to be generated, periodicals to be prepared
should be done in SCRB on the lines required by IGP, PCR Cell. The flow of
information meant for PCR Cell in such format as necessary should be
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channeled to SCRB to avoid duplication at field level and in CID.

(v)

The CID police station will register the cases to be investigated by PCR cell.

(vi)

The IGP PCR Cell will be assisted by DIGP/SsP particularly for supervision
of the cases investigated by the Cell.

524. Duties of the District and City Police
(i)

The SP in the districts and CP in cities are responsible to organise both
preventive measures and investigation of cases. The local Police will be
responsible for preventing atrocities and investigation of cases. The more
important cases have to be taken by the detective police stations for
investigation.

(ii)

The preventive steps to be taken by local Police are -

A. Information of all incidents, even of a minor nature should be collected.
B. The disputes and frictions should be identified.
C. The areas prone to atrocities or where violations of Civil Rights Act take place should be
identified from time to time with a view to focus attention.
D. The SDPOs should regularly monitor and review such identified areas and report to SsP
in monthly crime meetings.
E. The build up to a major incident should be pre-empted by timely intervention and
activising conflict resolution machinery.
F.

If there is a simmering problem with underlying social causes, the matter should be
brought to the notice of joint Collector designated to resolve the dispute.

G.

If the problem is factional or political the SDPO should monitor and take action tc
defuse the rumblings.

H.

Action under security provisions under Cr.P.C. should be initiated by local Police in
appropriate cases.

(iii)

The instructions to beat staff in each police station should include specific
guidelines on this subject and their reports should be scrutinized by the SHO.
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Investigation of Cases
525. All instructions regarding prompt arrival, processing the scene, preservation of all clues,
examination of witnesses, searches of places and arrest of accused should be attended to with
expedition. The police station of the area should reach the spot promptly and take up
investigation without delay. All information relating to crime and criminals should be fed in
the DCRB for analysis in the interest of investigation as well as for preventive measures.

526. Monitoring and Review
(i)

A district vigilance and monitoring committee with District Magistrate as
Chairman and a state level review committee with Chief Secretary as
Chairman is formed to hold review meeting every 3 months and 6 months
respectively. The SP should review the preventive actions, investigation of
cases and progress of prosecution etc in every crime meeting.

(ii)

Some of the important points from the instructions given by the Government
are briefly stated below.

A. Review of all cases of acquittals to determine whether it is due to improper investigation
or lapses in prosecution. This should be done in DCRB.
B. All local officials from village level must educate and explain the evils of practicing the
Untouchability and its consequences.
C. Due to lack of vigilance and special attention some gruesome incidents are not promptly
noticed/reported. All incidents of torture, harassment of SC and ST should be promptly
informed to Government and dealt with.
D. SP and Collector are responsible for strict enforcement of Civil Rights Act and should
personally visit the places of incidents of violation. They shall exercise overall
supervision over prosecution of cases involving the contravention of this Act. The
District Magistrate may sanction monetary relief. They should send prompt report to
Chief Secretary.
E. Refusal to wash clothes or cut hair (Saloon) of SC is an offence.
F.

In District Police a Cell should be formed as a part of DCRB to work under the SP
directly assisted by Addl. SP.

G. Periodical/monthly reports from intelligence, CID in prescribed format are to be
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submitted to Government with a critical review by IGP in respect of atrocities, violation
of civil rights and other offences.
H. All periodical reports to Government in prescribed Performa in 8 copies are to be sent by
the special cell in CID (PCR Cell) and SP and CP may send a copy of such report to
Collector.
I. District Magistrate and SP should critically review all cases eve-y quarter including
prosecution.
J. Offences of murder, violence resulting in grievous hurt, rape and serious mischief or arson
on caste considerations are to be treated as cases of especially grave nature. As such all
the procedure prescribed for those should be followed.
K. SP and Collector should visit places of occurrence of all grave offences committed on
caste considerations and ensure proper investigation and timely relief.
L. The following questions are to be added to the questionnaire for inspecting officers;
•

whether any cases involving ill treatment or harassment or atrocities on SCs and STs due
to caste considerations were reported at the PS?

• If so, how many cases have been charge sheeted in the court?
• how many cases have been reported under the PCR Act.
• how many cases out of them have been charge sheeted inthecour0
•

what is the result of the court cases? If there are any acquittals, was there any deficiency
in investigation?

M. Village Secretaries should play an important constructive role in getting to reconcile
differences to prevent atrocities.
N.

Free legal aid should be provided in consultation with SP and PP when SC & ST are
accused.

O. PCR Cell in CID should ensure prompt investigation, prosecution and disposal of cases
under PCR Act and SC, ST, (Prevention of Atrocities) Act.
P. The PCR Cell in CID will send half-yearly reports for the half year ending 30th June and
31St December in each year to the Government giving district-wise details of all the cases
registered under the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955. An annual report also should be
sent indicating the steps taken for proper implementation of various provisions of the
Act.

(iii)

The following action should be taken by the local police for giving protection
to SCs & STs who are landless and poor:
376

A. any attempt by others to dislodge the SC/ST unlawfully from their lands should be
prevented and in cases of criminal trespass booked.
B. the arms licences in the sensitive area should be reviewed;
C. special striking and mobile forces should be located in strategic areas where trouble is
anticipated and pickets should be posted;
D. in the event of trouble in spite of preventive action, force must be moved to quell the
disturbance and arrest the offenders;
E. prompt registration of cases
F. setting up of special police stations
G. speedy investigation and charge sheets
H. bail should be opposed in non-bailable and serious cases
I. maximum punishment should be pressed for

526.1 The identification of villages or areas where atrocities are likely to be committed
should be done and report should be in the following form.
A. Name of the village
B. History of conflict between Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe/other caste groups
C. History of atrocities
D. Freed bonded labourers belonging to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe groups
E. Skewed distribution of land, money (few rich people and mostly poor people among
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes)
F. Large extent of land taken possession under Ceiling Act or under Declaration and
Litigation
G. Having highly educated youth belonging to SC/ST
H. Predominantly consisting of SC/ST members .who are agricultural labourers
I. Where Government lands have been taken from ineligible Sivaijamadars and assigned to
SCs/STs
J. Members of SC/ST communities are occupying seats of power such as Sarpanch, Fair
Price Shop Dealer etc.

National Commissions for SCs and STs
527. The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for
Scheduled Tribes have the following functions and powers for monitoring and issuing
suitable instructions to the concerned.
377

1. To visit the scene of occurrence immediately by itself or by monitoring on receipt of
information;
2. Prompt registration of FIR.
3. All the persons cited by the complainant are included in the FIR
4. Investigation is taken up by a senior officer as per provisions.
5. Culprits are apprehended and booked without loss of time.
6. Proper charge sheet is tiled mentioning the relevant sections of IPC together with the PCR
and SC, ST, PA Act.
7. The cases are tried by Special Courts
8. Special Public Prosecutors are appointed to handle these cases.
9. Police assists the courts in bringing witnesses and see that the culprits are successfully
prosecuted by the Courts.
10. The victims are provided suitable medical assistance on time;
11. Adequate protection is arranged to the victims of such incidents by providing police
protection by stationing a police party or by patrolling.
12. To see proper compensation is paid to the victims as per provisions of law.

Powers of the Commission to act as a Civil Court
528. While investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any
complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of the clause (5) of Article 338 of the Constitution the
Commission shall have the powers of a Civil Court trying a suit and in particular in respect
of the following matters:
1 -A. summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and
examining him on oath;
B. requiring the discovery and production of any document;
C. receiving evidence on affidavits;
D. requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;
E. appointing issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;
F. any other matters which the President may, by rule, determine.
2.

The State Government has set up Special Courts presided over by Session Judge in all
the Districts, mobile courts and also special public prosecutors to deal with offences
arising out of enforcement of these Acts. In the Government a special cell with the
Chief Minister as Chairman Functions to review the efficacy of measures being taken
from time to time. There are, several agencies of the Government particularly the
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District Magistrates and the Social Welfare Department who have special responsibility
to implement various safeguards. Police have their own important role in implementing
the Acts effectively.

Crimes Against Children
529. The Constitution guarantees certain rights and opportunities to children for their
development in a healthy manner under a free and conducive atmosphere. The declaration of
U.N. relating to children also lies down as;
A. Protection from economic exploitation;
B. Protection

from

harmful

substances

including

drugs

and

psychotropic

substances:
C Protection from sexual exploitation;
D Protection from kidnapping;
E. Protection from torture and capital punishment;
F Treatment of children who are accused of violation of criminal law in a manner consistent
with the promotion of child's sense of dignity;
G. To enable his reintegration and playing a constructive role in society;
H. Protection from cruelty and exploitation.

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
530. The Juvenile Justice Act 1986 is repealed and the new Act is to be followed now. In the
new Act greater attention is paid for the care and protection of Juveniles. The Juvenile under
this Act means a boy or girl who has not attained the age of 18 years. This Act is a
comprehensive legislation dealing with exploitation of children and treatment of children in
need of care and protection and with Juveniles n conflict with law.

530.1 This Act is human rights legislation. The problems of increasing juvenile delinquency
and child misbehavior have been a cause of concern to the society. This trend can mainly be
attributed to the following ills of society.
•

The so called present day materialistic approach to life;

•

Impact of Cinemas having full of sadistic crime and lustiul sex;

•

Lack of parental care:

•

Environmental factors and economic conditions - extremes of affluence and poverty;
379

530.2 Juvenile delinquency refers to the anti - social acts of children. Such acts are either
found to be a deviation from normal behaviour such as incorrigibility, disobedience, running
away from home, reading obscene literature and viewing obscene or crime prone movies, or
doing acts forbidden by law such as committing offences (from minor to major) from pickpocketing to rape and murder.

530.3 Juvenile Justice Act deals with the above two types. The first type of juveniles is
termed as neglected juveniles and second type as delinquent juveniles. A neglected juvenile
falls under 5 categories • A juvenile found begging;
• A juvenile having no settled place of abode and no ostensible means of living;
• Having parent or guardian but incapable of exercising control over the child:
•

living in a brothel or with a prostitute or visiting a place of prostitution frequently;

• being likely to be abused or exploited for immoral purposes

530.4 Child welfare Committees are constituted by Government to inquire into children who
need care and protection. The board is presided over by a chairman with two or more
members one among them being a woman compulsorily. The board is vested with powers of
a first class Magistrate.

530.5 Juvenile welfare boards are constituted to inquire into Juvenile in conflict with law
presided over by a judicial first class Magistrate. Juvenile homes are established to house
neglected juveniles and special homes are established to house delinquent juveniles after due
inquiry. Observation homes are constituted to house both neglected and delinquent juveniles
pending inquiry.

530.6 A police officer dealing with the child in need of care and protection has to strictly
follow the following procedure;
A.

When a police officer is of the opinion that a person is a child and is in need of care and
protection, he shall take charge of the person for bringing him before the juvenile
welfare board of the area. Every person taken charge shall be brought before the board
within 24 hours excluding the journey time. If the parents do not come forward to take
him in the meanwhile, he shall be kept in observation home before he is brought before
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the board but he shall never be kept in a police station or lock-up or jail.
B.

It must be noted that a child in need of care and protection is not an offender. As such
he is not to be arrested.

C.

The board holds inquiry and examines the police officer and other witnesses produced
before it. The child in need of care and protection or any one on his behalf can
challenge the witnesses. If the majority members of the board are of the opinion on
inquiry that he is a neglected juvenile, he will be sent to juvenile home till he ceases to
be a juvenile. Instead of sending a juvenile to juvenile home the board may place the
juvenile under the care of a parent, guardian of any fit person or any recognized
organization by imposing conditions with or without sureties for the good behaviour
and well being of the juvenile.

Duties of police Regarding the Juvenile in conflict with law.
531. A juvenile in conflict with law is one who has committed an offence as mentioned in
Order 390-3 (second type). The duties of police in dealing with such type of juveniles are as
follows:
A.

When a Juvenile in conflict with law has committed any cognizable offence, he may be
arrested by the police officer but he shall not be handcuffed or kept in lock up.

B.

The I.O. shall release him on bail when offered whether it is bailable or non-bailable
offence. But he shall not be so released if there appear reasonable grounds for believing
that his release is likely to bring him in to association with any known criminal or
exposing to moral danger or his release would defeat ends of justice. If he is not
released on bail, he shall be removed to observation home or a place of safety till he is
produced before the juvenile court and he shall continue there till the inquiry is
completed.

C.

When a Juvenile in conflict with law is arrested the SHO shall inform immediately the
parent or guardian and direct them to be present at a juvenile court on the day of
production of juvenile. The SHO shall simultaneously inform the probationary officer
to enable him to obtain information regarding his antecedents and forward it to the
juvenile court.

D. After due inquiry if the juvenile is found not guilty, he will be discharged.
E. If the juvenile is found guilty a court may order either of the following steps •

allow the juvenile to go home after advice or admonition

•

direct the juvenile to be released on probation of good conduct and placed in the care of
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parents or guardian after executing a bond with or with out sureties for a period not
exceeding 3 years;
•

he may be placed in the care of a fit institution for a period not exceeding 3 years; or
ordered to perform community service.

•

he may be sent to special home till he ceases to be a juvenile or till the juvenile attains
the age of 18 years in the case of a boy and 20 years in the case of a girl;

•

fine also can be imposed if the juvenile is above 14 years.

Some Special Points
532. The following points are to be noted relating to juveniles.
1.

No sentence of imprisonment shall be imposed on a juvenile even after conviction.

2.

Only a juvenile welfare board inquires any offence committed by a juvenile n to.

3.

If the juvenile welfare board finds in the preliminary inquiry that he is not a juvenile,
he shall be forwarded to the ordinary court of concerned jurisdiction for his trial.

4.

If he ceases to be a juvenile during inquiry in the juvenile welfare board, the inquiry
will continue in the same court.

5.

Inquiries are conducted by Magistrates in observation homes.

6.

Inquiries are conducted in camera.

7.

There shall not be a joint trial of a juvenile and non juvenile for offences committed by
them jointly. Though common investigation is made against them, charge sheets
should be filed separately in the respective courts.

8.

No security proceedings under sections 107 to 110 Cr.P.C. shall be launched against a
juvenile.

9.

The Act provides punishments for offences committed against juveniles. Section 23
provides punishments for willfully neglecting a juvenile or assaulting, abandoning,
exposing or causing mental suffering to a juvenile who under their control or charge
but the sanction of the Government is necessary before filing a charge sheet under this
section.

10. Section 24 provides punishment for those who employ or use any juvenile for the
purpose of begging. Abetment is also an offence under this section. The offence under
this section is cognizable.
11. Section 25 provides punishments for giving intoxicating liquor or narcotic drug or
psychotropic substance to a juvenile.
12.

Section 26 provides punishments against persons who procure a juvenile for the
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purpose of employment and withholds his earnings.
13.

The offences under sections 41 to 44 can be charged together with any other offence
provided under any other law and cases are to be filed in the ordinary courts.

Other Legislations for the Children
533. There are some other legislations to protect the interest of children.
1.

The Child Labour Prohibition And Regulation Act (1986) prohibits children below 14
years from employment in railway, in such other processes as beedi making, carpet
weaving, cement manufacturing, cloth printing, dyeing and weaving, bagging,
manufacture of matches, explosives, fire-works, mica cutting and splitting, shellac and
soap manufacture, tanning, wool cleaning and building construction. In other cases
where children are employed, certain precautions have to be taken in the interest of
their safety and health as per section 13. Violation of provisions entails punishment of
3 months up to one year. Tie offences however are not cognizable.

A. Section 16 empowers any person and police officer or inspectors appointed under the Act
to file complaints in a competent court.
B. Whenever violation of the Act comes to notice, the duty of the police officer should be to
make a record in the General Diary and file a complaint before the Metropolitan
Magistrate or first class Magistrate who is competent to try the case. For every second
offence, the punishment is 6 months to 2 years of imprisonment.
C. The main duty of enforcing this Act is that of the inspectors appointed for this specific
purpose. The police officer need not therefore undertake the job of going round the
factories or places of work with a view to detect and prosecute the violation.
D. The police should make thorough inquiries where they come across organized, deliberate
employment of children against the provisions of this Act, and a proper FIR should be
registered under appropriate sections of IPC and the Act. The example of such
racketeering is the middle men who gather children and make them work taking
advantage of the poverty of the parents.
E. Every police station should maintain missing children register and make efforts to trace
them. The register should be kept up to date with details of inquiries conducted.

2.

The Child Marriage Restraint Act provides for punishments against any male person
above 18 years marrying a female child below 18 years. It also provides for
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punishments against persons who perform, conduct or direct any child marriage and
also against the parents and guardians having charge of a minor female child
conducting marriage or failing to prevent the marriage of a child.

3.

All these offences are cognizable for the purpose of registration and investigation of
these offences but arrest can be made only on a warrant from a court.

4.

Charge sheets must be filed within one year from the date of offence. Otherwise courts
will not take cognizance.

Crimes against Women
534. Women have equal rights under the Constitution. Special provisions aimed at protection
of women and to prevent atrocities against them have been made by various laws. Article 23
of the Constitution prohibits trafficking in women, which is recognized as a fundamental
right. Trafficking in human beings covers exploitation and trading by taking advantage of the
vulnerability, poverty and physical weakness of the women. The provisions in the Indian
Penal Code relating to crimes against women are contained in sections 294, 304B, 354, 366,
366A, 366B, 372, 373, 374, 376, 376-A, B, C, D, 493, 494, 496, 497, 498, 498A, 509.
Sections 125 to 128 of Chapter VIII of CrPC relate to maintenance of women. The
investigation of some of these offences is covered in the relevant Chapters in this Manual.

A. Organized criminal activity is known to operate in illicit trafficking subjecting the
women to untold trauma, agony and suffering.
B. Women are subjected to physical harm, molestation, and physical and mental suffering
arising out of dowry system and conflicts in the family due to various reasons.
Domestic violence against women and girls is yet another manifestation of sufferings
of women.
C. Adequate safeguards and protections are provided for the treatment of arrested women
and women offenders by various laws and rules.
D. Apart from the Indian Penal Code, special legislations also exist. In the matter of
rehabilitation, rescue and treatment, the welfare departments of the government and
recognised non-governmental organizations have an important role to play. The role of
the police which is complementary to these is set forth in the concerned Acts and
Rules. In respect of atrocities against women of an unorganized nature, the
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governmental and non-governmental agencies and also the police have a role to play.
In the matter of dealing with organised crime against women particularly trafficking
and serious crimes it is entirely the responsibility of the police.
E. The norms of conduct of the police towards women whether they are offenders or in
custody or come in contact on various occasions requiring police intervention are set
forth and any violation attracts action against them. Police Officers of all ranks should
familiarize and assimilate in spirit and letter, the various provisions of law and rules in
the discharge of their duties. The training branch of the police and all the training
institutions shall cover these aspects comprehensively in the induction, in-service and
on-job training courses. The syllabus of induction training for all police officers should
contain a module on the manners of official conduct with women.

The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
535. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 prohibits trading, trafficking and
exploitation of women. Under the Act prostitution is not by itself punishable but exploitation
of prostitution by others is made punishable under section 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the Act.
Prostitution in public places and inviting for prostitution from public places is punishable
under section 7 and 8. Inducing for prostitution by persons under whose custody the women
are punishable under section 9. This Act attracts offences against both males and females.
The opposite party (accomplice) can be prosecuted as abettor. There are deterrent
punishments if the exploitation relates to child prostitutes. A public place is one which is
within 200 meters radius to any place of Worship, Hospital, School, Hotel, or any other place
declared by the government as such. Section 18 provides for removal of a brothel from a
public place by police by the orders of an executive magistrate. Rehabilitation measures are
also provided under the Act and Rules.

Investigation Duties of Police
536. Under the Act, a special police officer who shall not be lower than the rank of an
Inspector as notified by the Government is only competent to detect make searches, and
effect arrests in these cases. Sub Inspector and below can only assist him, but in cases of
emergency Sis can arrest and immediately report to the Inspector. Searches shall be made in
the presence of two independent witnesses and one among them shall be a woman. The
victims of prostitution snail be clearly differentiated from organisers and such persons
385

should be rescued and rehabilitated. Prompt registration of cases, investigation, and
prosecution with care and caution is important. The police should collect information
relating to brothels and enter the information in part IV of the village crime history in a
separate sheet. Trafficking in minor girls is a heinous crime and special attention must be
paid by police for prevention and for rehabilitation. Though there are several nongovernmental organisations and government departments, the police must play a supportive
role in rescuing the victims from the clutches of organised crime or gangs or professional
traffickers.

Preventive measure for Crimes Against Women
537. The following are the preventive measures to check the illegal practices of trafficking in
women and minor girls for the purpose of prostitution and illegal practices.
A.

Gathering information relating to procurers, brokers, agents, and pimps through beat
constables and other police officers.

B. Prompt recording of information and action regarding missing women and girls.
C. Maintain a liaison with voluntary bodies and concerned departments regarding care and
custody of rescued females.
D. Keeping watch at holiday resorts.

538. Attacks against women and their modesty
(i)

This category of offences relate to physical assault, vulgar gestures, lewd
remarks and other conduct intended to outrage or insulting the modesty of a
woman and cause annoyance and put her to shame etc. The eve teasing which
is rampant in many parts of the State and which sometimes leads to disastrous
consequences like suicide is not uncommon. Incidents of throwing acids to
disfigure a woman also occur. Section 354, 509 IPC deal with the attacks on
modesty of women and their dignity as individuals. Section 354 IPC deals
with criminal force and outraging the modesty of women. The ingredients of
this offence are -

• there is an assault or use of criminal force;
• against a woman irrespective of age;
• intention to outrage her modesty;

386

(ii)

Section 509 IPC punishes uttering words, making sounds or gestures or
exhibiting any object within the hearing or view of the woman or intruding on
her privacy to insult her.

(iii)

Modesty of any woman relates to her sex and her body. Law has interpreted
that modesty of a woman as capable of being outraged whether she is young
or old, intelligent or innocent, awake or asleep. Any Act suggestive of sex is
deemed to be affecting her modesty. The other ingredient necessary in such
offence is guilty intention and motive.

(iv)

Obscenity arises out of the use of language gestures motions signs and eve
teasing. The following factors determine obscenity of any matter.

A. It is so depraved as to corrupt the minds of ordinary persons;
B. Suggests to the mind of young persons impure thoughts;
C. Arouses lust and stimulate sexual impulse;
D. Vulgar and immodest as to affect the reader or viewer;

(v)

The police are required to collect information with regard to circulation of
such literature or objects and conduct searches with or without warrant.

(vi)

The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition Act 1986) prohibits
vulgar and indecent representation of women through advertising or in
publications, writings, and paintings figures or in any other manner. The
figures or writing in scientific and medical journals and books are exempted
from this Act. The offences under the Act are cognizable and bailable. The
powers to enter end search and seize any thing which is in contravention of
the Act and examine any record, register and document and seize if necessary
are conferred on any gazetted officer. A warrant is necessary for the search.

(vii)

The production and circulation of obscene articles, literature and visual media
is some times a major money-spinner and often a subject of organized
criminal activity. When information is obtained regarding the operation of a
gang, the police should register a case under 120 (B) IPC and other relevant
sections and conduct thorough investigation.
387

The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
539. Dowry under this Act is defined as any property or valuable security given or agreed to
be given directly or indirectly by one party of the marriage to the other party at, before or
after the marriage and in connection with the marriage. Section 3 makes giving or taking or
abetting dowry punishable with a minimum and maximum of 5 years. Section 4 makes
demanding dowry an offence punishable with a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 2
years. The offences are cognizable for the purpose of registration and investigation but arrest
cannot be made without the orders of the Magistrate. Reports to police must be given only by
the aggrieved or their parents or guardians or recognized institutions. The offences are non
bailable and non compoundable. The presents given at the time of marriage either to the
bride or bridegroom is exempted provided the gifts are given by persons having the financial
capacity and a list of articles is made out at the time of marriage and those articles are made
over to the bride or bridegroom.

Offences relating to the marriage
540. Some other categories of offences relating to marriage are following :
1. Section 493 is an offence whereby any person fraudulently co-habits with any women
inducing her in a belief that she is his legally wedded wife. The man going through
ceremony of the marriage, which he knows is not valid, may practice the deception
contemplated under this section,
2. Section 494 to 496 IPC deal with cases of bigamy. Bigamy is defined as marrying again
during the lifetime of spouse when the personal law does not permit and when the
marriage takes place without the first marriage being legally made null and void. These
offences are cognizable but by virtue of section 198 Cr.P.C. courts will not take
cognizance unless a complaint is filed by the aggrieved or by the parents or by the
guardians or by any recognized welfare organisations.
3. Section 498 IPC deals with enticing a married woman or conceals or detains her with the
intention of having illicit intercourse. In this case also the complaint should be filed in
the court by the husband, who is aggrieved.

388

The National Commission for Women Act 1990
541. This Commission has varied statutory functions which inter alia include investigation
and examination of matters relating to safeguards and look into complaints of nonimplementation of laws enacted to provide protection to women, inspect the place of custody
where women are kept as prisoners or otherwise and take up with the authorities for remedial
action. The Commission has powers to summon witnesses and production of documents
receiving evidence on affidavits, requisition of public records etc.

542. Arrest of Women
(i)

Whenever any women has to be arrested under the law, the women police
officers should be employed and for any reason if the services of women
police could not be secured, it is necessary to secure the presence of services
of women social workers or other respectable women witnesses of the area.
The Police Officers making arrest shall not use force unless there are
circumstances which make him believe that the prisoner is likely to escape or
there is danger to her life or she is in possession of fireworks, explosives or
any other dangerous weapons.

(ii)

In respect of women offenders whose custody in the police station becomes
necessary, a woman police officer should be available in the police station or
the prisoner shall be left under the charge of woman police in the same police
station or in a women police station. The Investigation Officer or the SHO
may permit her male or female relatives not exceeding two to visit her or to
be in attendance near the police station until she is sent to judicial custody.

(iii)

The interrogation of women in custody in the course of investigation of a case
should be done in the presence of woman police officer if the I.O. is not a
woman police officer. The women prisoners should be kept in separate lock
up meant for women and toilet facilities be provided with women escorts. In
respect of women prisoners with a child in arms, the child should be
permitted to be with the mother and arrangements made with the help of any
NGO or government welfare department or the concerned department of
government to provide medical aid and care of child and mother. There
389

should be no objection to allow an elderly female member of the family to be
present near the police station for any assistance that may be required for the
child.

543. Bonded labour
(i)

Bonded labour is forced labour under which he enters into an agreement with
the employer that he would by himself or through his descendants serve him
for a specified or unspecified periods with out wages or with nominal wages
in consideration to the advance obtained by him from the employer earlier.
Thus he is curtailed from liberty to move freely or to take other employment
till the debt is discharged.

(ii)

The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976 provides punishment for
enforcement advancement, extracting bonded labour under bonded labour
system. Abetment is also an offence under this Act. All the offences are
cognizable and bailable and tribal by executive Magistrates who are vested
with the powers of judicial first class Magistrates o second class Magistrates,
Police Officers have to file these cases after investigation before the
concerned executive Magistrate Court.

390

Chapter 25

Foreigners
Introduction
544. Revolutionary developments in the areas of transport and communication
coupled with the process of globalization have converted the world into a global
village. The geographical distances have now reduced. Social, political, cultural,
industrial, educational and economic interactions have become more frequent and
more intensive than ever before. The movements of the nationals and citizens of
different countries to other nations have become smooth, easy and frequent.
Consequently more and more foreigners visit India now on some reason or the other.
This might be a welcome phenomenon on various considerations, but this calls upon
police to play their role with regard to foreigners with more vigilance, dexterity and
awareness.

Foreigners Valid Passports and Visas
545. "Foreigner" means a person who is not a citizen of India. The entry of foreigners
into, and their residence and movements in India are regulated by Acts made by the
Parliament and rules framed by the Central Government from time to time. A
foreigner cannot enter India without a valid passport issued by his Government and a
valid visa issued by or on behalf of the Government of India. The period of his
residence in India is determined by the period of validity of the passport and visa. All
foreigners except those specifically exempted are required to report their entry into
India and their subsequent movements. The extent to which this is regulated is laid
down for different categories of foreigners in the relevant rules.

Foreigners' Acts and Rules
546. The following Acts, important Orders, Rules and Instructions are relevant and all
police officers should be conversant with their powers and duties specified in these
enactments, instructions Acts, Orders, Rules and Instructions governing the
registration and stay of foreigners in India. Besides these, there are orders and rules
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relating to protected and restricted areas restricting movements of specific categories
of people and foreigners.
A. Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939;
B. Registration of Foreigners Rules 1939 including the Executive Instructions issued
by the Government to supplement and facilitate the administration of these rules;
C. The Foreigners Act, 1946;
D. Foreigners Order, 1948;
E. Registration of Foreigners (Exemption) Order 1957; and
F. Foreigners (Exemption Order 1957)
G. Passport (Entry into India) Act 1920
H. Exemption Orders under the Passport (Entry into India) Rules 1950
I. The Foreigners (Internment) Order 1962
J. The Foreigners (Restriction on Chinese Nationals) Order 1962
K. The Foreigners (Restriction on Pakistani Nationals) Order 1965
L. The Foreigners from Uganda Order 1972
M. The Registration of Foreigners (Bangladesh) Rules 1973
N. The Foreigners (Report to Police) Order, 1971
O. The Foreigners (Restriction on Pakistani Nationals) Order 1971
P. Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958
Q. Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order 1963

;

Passport and Visa Related Laws
547. Following are the Acts and Rules governing the grant of passports and visas;
A. The Passport Act 1967 and the Rules made there under;
B. Rules relating to the issue of passports and visas between India and Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;
C. Rules relating to visits to Nepal and Kashmir.

548. Emigration and Extradition Related Laws
(i) Following are the Acts & Rules relating to Emigration and Extradition
A. The Emigration Act 1983;
B. The Extradition Act 1962.

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(ii) The instructions contained in this Chapter are intended for assisting Officers
entrusted with the administration of Laws and Rules relating to foreigners. They
do not, however, relieve the officers of their responsibility to consult the
concerned Acts, Notification, Orders and Rules including the additions,
modifications and other amendments in their application, as declared by the
Government of India and State Government from time to time. The instructions
issued by State Intelligence Department from time to time should also be
implemented. The SHOs should seek guidance in case of any doubt from the
SDPO and the SP / CP concerned. In view of the increasing flow of foreigners
and the liberal immigration policy of Government of India, it is necessary that all
Police Officers fully understand their powers and obligations with regard to
foreigners in this important area of their work. It should, however, be noted by all
police officers that while the laws should be implemented and the rules followed,
it should not cause unnecessary harassment to foreigners.

The Exemptees under Various Enactments
549. The Central Government may, by order declare that any or all of the provisions
of the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939,
and Foreigners Act, 1946 and the rules made there under shall not apply, or shall
apply only with such modifications or subject to such conditions as may be laid down
or in relation to any individual foreigner or any class or description of foreigners

(A) United Nations Organization
i.

Representatives of Principal and Subsidiary Organs of the UN or its
Specialized Agencies, and delegates to Conferences convened by the UN or
its Specialized Agencies, are entitled to certain privileges and immunities
under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947. They are
exempted in respect of themselves and their families from registration under
the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939 in the State they are visiting or
passing through. It is also not necessary to issue residential permits to these
persons as long as they remain in India on official business. The performing
missions for the United Nations or its Specialised Agencies are also exempted
from registration under the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939.

ii.

All officers shall make themselves familiar with the provisions of the United
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Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1947, and see that the personnel of
the United Nations, who will be in possession of United Nations Laissez Passe
or other document indicating their status with the UN or its Specialized
Agencies, are not put to any inconvenience.
iii.

For the purpose of visas, the UN Officials fall in two categories. The first
categories are those who stay in India for an indefinite period and the second
relates to those who stay in India for a short specified period. Applications for
visas where required; from the holders of United Nations Laissez Passe or any
other document showing that they are travelling on the business of the United
Nations shall be dealt with appropriately and as speedily as possible.

(B) Foreigners of Diplomatic Status and Their Families
550. All Officers of diplomatic status, Consuls-General, Consuls and Vice-Consuls
are exempt from registration under the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939. Their
wives and children are exempt from registration by the Registration of Foreigners
(Exemption) Order, 1957. Registration Authorities at the seaports and airports will
generally accept diplomatic passports and/or diplomatic visas produced by diplomatic
and consular officers and members of their families as proof of their status entitling
them to exemption from registration.

(C) Registration Officers and Civil Authorities
(i) Certain powers are conferred by the Government on the Commissioner of Police,
and Superintendents of Police under the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939,
Foreigners Act, 1946, and Foreigners Order, 1948. These officers should study
and follow the orders, rules and instructions issued by the Central and State
Governments and the Addl. DG/IGP, Intelligence who is the State Registration
Officer. Registration Officers are further authorized to empower in writing police
officers not below the rank of Head Constable, Officers of the Customs
Department and Office Superintendents of their Offices to perform any or all of
their functions under the said rules.

(ii) Under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 2 of the Foreigners Order, 1948, the
Governments appoint the following Officers to be Civil Authorities for purposes
of that order.
394

i.

Commissioner of Police,

ii.

Collectors of districts

iii.

Secretary to Govt.

551. Restrictions and Conditions for Foreigners
(i) Foreigners arriving in India are subject to the restrictions imposed by the
Foreigners Act, 1946, the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, and the rules
made there under, and the Foreigners Order, 1948 or any other orders passed by
the competent authority under the law. Some of the important provisions of these
Acts are given below:

(ii) Grant of visa does not necessarily mean that the grantee will be permitted to land
in India on arrival. A competent civil authority may A. refuse, in certain circumstances, permission to a foreigner to enter or leave India;
B. attach such condition(s), as it .may think fit to the grant of permission to land:
C. impose restrictions on the movements of a foreigner; or
D. arrest and/or detain a foreigner, if it is necessary to do so in the public interest.

(iii) A competent civil authority may prohibit a foreigner from entering or remaining
in a prohibited or protected area or may impose such conditions as it may think
fit on a foreigner visiting or remaining in such an area.

Formalities to be Observed by Foreigners
552. All foreigners are required to furnish full particulars in respect of themselves on
arrival. They have to complete disembarkation/ embarkation cards in Form 'D' while
entering or leaving India by sea or air and hand them over to the registration staff
along with their passports and other travel documents. A foreigner is required to
produce sufficient proof of his identity for registration, such as his passport or such
other proof of his identity as may be required by any Registration Officer, Magistrate
or Police Officer not below the rank of Head Constable within twenty four hours of
demand being made of him. Every registered foreigner has to produce his Certificate
of Registration for inspection when demanded of him by any Registration Officer,
395

any Magistrate or any Police Officer not below the rank of Head Constable within
twenty four hours. The time limit may be extended by the Officer demanding these
documents as may be necessary. When the passport or other documents of
identification produced by a registered foreigner, in the opinion of the Registration
Officer, Magistrate or Police Officer not below the rank of Inspector, do not provide
adequate proof of identity, he may be required to produce four copies of a photograph
of passport size of himself or four complete sets of his finger impressions, if his
Registration Certificate does not already contain his photograph or finger
impressions. If the Registration Certificate bears a set of finger impressions, the
foreigner may be required to furnish a further set of finger impressions for
comparison.

553. Movements in India
(i)

A resident foreigner who intends to be absent from his registered
address for a continuous period of two weeks or more, is required to
furnish, before he leaves, the Registration Officer of the district, with a
report in writing, giving particulars of his itinerary including the places
he proposes to visit, the address/addresses at which he proposes to stay
and the date on which he proposes to return to his registered address. If
any change is made in the itinerary, the Registration Officer to whom
the original report was made, as well as the Registration Officer of any
additional place included in the changed itinerary should be informed.

(ii)

A resident foreigner who has to travel about frequently can obtain a
travel permit valid for a specified period and between specified places
or within a specified area. A foreigner who obtains such a permit is not
required to furnish his itinerary. A resident foreigner visiting districts
other than the district in which he is registered is required to report his
presence in the latter district within seven days of his arrival, if his stay
there exceeds seven days. The report should be made to the
Registration Officer or to the nearest Police Station either in person or
in writing. When such a report is made at a police station, the SHO
will immediately forward the report to the Superintendent of police
simultaneously intimating the fact to the Sub-Divisional Officer. This
396

report is not required in the case of a person who has obtained a travel
permit or who stays in a hotel. A resident foreigner changing his
registered address is required to report such a change to the
Registration Officer of the district in which he is registered. He has
also to report to the Registration Officer of the district to which he
moves within forty-eight hours of his arrival.

(iii)

Tourists who come on Tourist Visa on visits for recreational or sightseeing purposes, are exempt from reporting changes in their address
and their movements as no registration formalities are required if the
stay is less than 180 days. Every registered foreigner, except a tourist,
should report to the Registration Officer of the district in which he is
registered within 14 days, any circumstances, which in any way affect
the accuracy of any of the particulars set out in his Certificate of
Registration.

Departure
554. Every registered foreigner who is about to depart finally from India shall
surrender his certificate of registration either to the Registration Officer of the place
where he is registered or of the place from where he intends to depart or to the
Immigration Officer at the port/check post of exit from India. If the certificate is
surrendered other than to the Immigration Officer of the port or check post of exit, a
receipt indicating such surrender of the document may be obtained and shown to the
Immigration Officer. It is no longer necessary for foreigners to seek exit/departure
clearance from the Registration Officers of their place of registration and they can
straight away depart from the Immigration Check post. The Registration Officer at
the port or place of departure may, if he is not fully satisfied of the applicant's
bonafides, make a reference by telegram/fax to the Registration Officer of the district
in which the foreigner is registered.

555. Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939
(i)

Foreigners holding visas for 180 days or less are not required to get
397

themselves registered. In case they wish to stay in India beyond a
period of 180 days they should get themselves registered and obtain a
certificate of registration before the expiry of the visa period.
Foreigners coming on visas for more than 180 days are required to
register within 14 days of their arrival in India.

(ii)

Under these Rules (Rule 6) a foreigner is required to inform the
Registration officer of his presence in India and obtain a Certificate of
Registration from that office. He is required to surrender the
Certificate of Registration immediately before his departure (Rule 15)
and obtain an endorsement to that effect from the Registration Officer.
Foreigners holding visas for a period exceeding 180 days should report
for registration within two weeks of their arrival in India. Such
foreigners are called Resident Foreigners. Those who stay in India for
less than 180 days are called Itinerant Foreigners. Foreigners whose
destination in India is a place other than the port or place of entry will,
in addition, take out a Temporary Registration Certificate in Form 'B'
from the Registration Officers of the port or places of arrival. They
have to surrender the Temporary Registration Certificates to the
Registration Officers of their destination and get themselves registered
and obtain a regular Certificate of Registration. A foreigner is required
to apply for extension of stay at least 15 days prior to expiry of visa.

(iii)

It should be noted that Residential Permit as contemplated in part 7 of
Foreigners Order 1948 is not the same as Certificate of Registration
under Rule 6 of Registration of Foreigners Rules 1939. Registration is
not required if the stay is for less than 180 days but permit is required.
Certain categories are exempted from Registration as per Registration
of Foreigners. (Exemption) Order 1957.

556. Categories of Foreigners
(i) All arrivals of foreigners including tourists, at the sea or airports will fall under
one or other of the following classes:
A. foreigners coming to India on visa for 180 days or less;
398

B. foreigners holding visas for more than 180 days whose destination is the port or
place of entry; and
C. foreigners holding visas for more than 180 days whose destination is a place other
than the port or place of entry.

(ii) Foreigners holding visas for a period exceeding 180 days will be required to
report for registration within 14 days of their arrival in India at the Registration
Office specified which would be at the port or place of entry. A foreigner whose
destination in India is a place other than the port or place of entry will, in
addition, be issued with a Temporary Registration Certificate except in case of
Pakistan Nationals in Form 'B1 requiring him to report to the Registration Officer
of his destination within a period of 14 days. A copy of this form will also be sent
direct to the Registration Officer concerned on the same day. If within 14 days of
the receipt of the duplicate of Form 'B' the foreigner mentioned therein does not
report to the Registration Officer, the latter will inform the Officer who issued the
temporary certificate and institute enquiries to ascertain the whereabouts of the
foreigner.

(iii) In respect of foreigners holding visas for more than 180 days, Registration
Officers should see that such a foreigner who has been in India for more than 30
days should get himself registered wherever he happens to be at that time. This
will be possible, as, in addition to the stamp on his passport the hotel arrival
report (Form-C) will show the date of the foreigner's arrival in India. The
Registration Officer concerned should carefully check the hotel arrival reports
received by him daily to see that a foreigner who has been in India for more than
30 days has been duly registered.

(iv) The registration staff at the ports or places of entry should send every day list of
all foreigners whose destination is the port or place of entry, to the Registration
Officer of the port or place if his headquarters is the town in which the port or
place of entry is situated.

(v) In the case of foreigners whose destination is a place other than the port or place
of entry, the concerned Registration Officer who would have received duplicate
399

of Form 'B' should see that the foreigners get themselves registered within 14
days of arrival. The Registration Officers should recover the temporary
certificates from the foreigners and send them to the Registration Officer who
issued them.

(vi) All foreigners will be registered in form 'A'. When a foreigner is registered, the
Registration Officer concerned should give Part III of Form 'A' to him as his
Certificate of Registration and Part I kept for record. Part II should be
transmitted to the Central Foreigners Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, and
New Delhi on the same day. Simultaneously, a duplicate copy of Part II should
be sent to the State Registration Officer.

Children of Foreigners
557. Children of foreigners under 16 years of age residing in India need not be
registered as they are exempt from such registration by clause 2 of the Registration of
Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 1957, but they will be issued residential permits as
required by paragraph 7 of the Foreigners Order, 1949.

Registration Certificate
558. Serial numbers of Registration Certificate: When a foreigner changes his
registered address to any district other than the one of his registered address, the
original serial number allotted to him when he was first registered in a district, should
be retained.
Hotel Arrival Reports - Form 'C'
559. A foreigner staying in a hotel will not be required to fill in Form 'C'. It will be
filled in and submitted by the hotelier within 24 hours of the foreigner's arrival in the
hotel. The Officer in charge of the nearest Police Station who is authorized by the
Registration Officer to receive reports in Form 'C' in the districts, should make such
enquires as may appear to be necessary on receipt of such a report in respect of a
foreigner. He will transmit promptly the report direct to the Superintendent of Police
or Commissioner of Police i.e. Registration Officer on the same day with his remarks
retaining a copy, if necessary. The term 'hotel' includes any boarding house, club, dak
400

bungalow, rest house, sarai or other premises of a like nature. The SHO should
effectively ensure that the hotel keepers obtain and submit the reports without fail.

560. Registration of Pakistan Nationals
i.

Pakistanis holding Visitor Visas will be required to register themselves at
the check-post of entry and will, within 24 hours of their reaching the
specified places of stay, report their arrival in person and in writing to the
prescribed authority or the nearest Police Station. They will also make a
similar report 24 hours prior to their intended departure from the place of
stay. In the case of families, only one member of the family will be
required to appear before the registration authority for registering himself
and the members of his family. All persons with valid visa for up to 14
days shall be exempted from police reporting. Any change in the
residential address shall also be reported to the said registration officer
within 24 hours of such change m the same manner.

ii.

Bonafide Pakistani Businessmen coming on business visits will be
required to register themselves at the check post of entry. However, they
may not be required to report

In

person to the prescribed authority or the

nearest Police Station for registration. For this purpose, they may depute
their authorized representatives to report their arrival in writing to the
prescribed authority or the nearest Police Station within 24 hours of their
reaching the specified place. The authorized representatives will also make
a similar report on their behalf 24 hours prior to their intended departure
from the place of stay.

iii.

Pakistanis holding Transit Visas valid for a period not exceeding 72 hours
will be required to register themselves only at the check post of entry.
They will not be required to report their arrival/departure to the prescribed
authority or the nearest Police Station for registration.

iv.

A Head of Mission can exempt individual Pakistani Nationals from
reporting to the Police in India provided he is personally satisfied about
the antecedents of the Pakistani National and considers him a fit and
401

desirable person to be given such exemption. In such a case, the
application should be stamped with a special rubber seal "Exempted from
police reporting".

v.

The FRROs are to make endorsement on the residential permit at the time
of registration. There will be no temporary residential permits or regular
residential permits. There will be only one residential permit to be used.
The diplomatic, non-diplomatic and official visa holders are not required
to register. The visitor visa holders are required to register. The official
visa holders who are desirous of visiting any place on personal work will
have to obtain a visitor's visa in which case the registration formalities as
aforesaid will have to be observed.

Bangladesh Nationals
561. Bangladesh Nationals visiting India for a continuous period of over 6 months are
required to get themselves registered with the foreigners registration office within 14
days of their arrival and to obtain residential permits. Those entering on visas for
short periods but seek extension so that their total stay in India exceeds 6 months are
also required to get themselves registered.

562. Transit Visas of air Passengers
(i) Transit visas need not be insisted upon in the case of air passengers proceeding
through India in direct transit by the same flight or by the next regularly
scheduled flight, irrespective of whether the flight is of the same or of a different
airline. The entry of such persons may be regulated as follows:

A. In the case of passengers not leaving the precincts of the aerodrome, irrespective
of the fact whether they arrive by one flight and depart by the same flight or arrive
by one flight and depart by another (of the same or of a different airline), they
may be allowed to land without landing permits, provided there is no security
objection, • and provided the air companies concerned undertake to ensure that
the passengers do not leave the precincts of the aerodrome.
B.

Passengers who arrive by one flight and depart by another (of the same or of a
402

different airline) but leave the precincts of the aerodrome should obtain a landing
permit in the form below:
"Sri/Srimati/Kumari ................who arrived in India on ................ (date) .....................
from ....................... (Place) ...................... by ........................ (description) .................
(description) aircraft is permitted to land temporarily in India until his/ her departure
by .................. (description) aircraft on ................... (date) ................ to ............. )
final destination) .................................

(ii) This permit is to be surrendered to the airport police authorities on departure from
India and upon its surrender, the passport, which has been, deposited with
authorities shall be returned. The validity of such landing permits should not
normally exceed 72 hours. Foreigners proceeding by air in transit, who arrive at
one airport and leave by the next regularly scheduled flight, should be required to
be in possession of transit visas for India.

563. Residential Permits
i.

All foreigners, except those exempted, entering India irrespective of
whether they have previously been in India or not should be required to
obtain residential permits under paragraph 7 of the Foreigners order, 1948.
The period of validity of a residential permit issued to a foreigner is
dependent on the validity of the visa granted to him. Residential permits
will normally be issued to diplomatic and consular Officers and their
wives and children who are in possession of diplomatic visas, with the
authorized period of stay indicated by the words "on Government duty"
(or, in the case of member of their family" "While husband" "father, etc.
etc. remains on Government duty").

ii.

Diplomatic and consular officers and their wives and children, who are in
possession of diplomatic visas which are limited to specified periods of
stay in India, will be given residential permits for the periods mentioned in
their visas. If, after they take up their posts, it transpires that they will be
required to remain in India for a longer period, the validity of the
residential permits issued to them will be extended to cover the duty
period on application to the Government.
403

iii.

The procedure for the issue and extension of residential permits in the case
of non-diplomatic personnel and staff of consulates and members of their
families will be the same as that for diplomatic and consular officers.
Foreigners who are exempt from registration should be issued with
residential permits at the port or place of entry itself. In all other cases, the
residential permit should be issued at the time of registration. No
residential permits need be issued to foreigners who stay in India for 30
days or less.

564. Extension of Stay
(i) The Commissioner of Police, and all Collectors, who have been appointed 'Civil
Authorities' under the Foreigners Order, 1948, are authorized to exercise, in
respect of the following classes of persons the powers conferred on the State
Government by paragraph 7 of the Foreigners Order to extend the period specified
in a permit granted under that paragraph.

A.

foreigners who are holders of transit visa, for the period necessary to make
arrangements for their onward journey;

B. foreigners who have been residing in India for a period of five years or more and
are engaged in useful occupations, for a period of one year at a time.
C. foreigners in whose cases the Government of India have authorized the grant of
an extension in the first instance, for period not exceeding that for which
extension was initially authorised.
D. foreigners admitted into India for medical treatment, provided it is certified that
their continued stay in India is essential for such treatment.
E.

foreigners who are employed either by educational institutions or as technical
experts in firms, whose stay in India would be definitely in the national interest,
extension for a period of one year at a time; and

F.

foreigners who have come to India on short visits of less than one year, for a
period not exceeding two months.

(ii) The grant of extension of stay in cases mentioned above should be subject to the
following conditions:
404

A. They entered India lawfully and for the purpose of the business at present pursued
or for a cognate or authorized purpose. This excludes diplomats, consuls or their
staff who entered in their official capacity and on termination of employment
have remained in India.
B. That they have not come to adverse notice. Prosecution for breach of registration
or other formalities and violation of such formalities will constitute 'adverse'
notice although minor breaches may be ignored in suitable cases.
C. That they have bonafide or settled business of work in India and, in case of
missionaries, necessary guarantee for their good behaviour and maintenance has
been furnished.

(iii) The Civil Authorities should refer to the Government all doubtful cases, i.e.,
where the individual concerned is definitely, due to adverse notice or otherwise
not eligible for further stay. The Civil Authorities should also submit a return in
triplicate, in the form prescribed by the Government of India, on the 1st and
15th of each month of all applications for extension of stay in India disposed of
by them during the preceding fortnight. These returns should reach the
Government not later than 5th and 20th of each month.

(iv) While granting extension of stay in India or forwarding applications of foreigners
for extension of stay in India to the Government, it should be ensured that
passports or other recognized travel documents are valid for sufficiently long
periods. The passports should be valid for at least 60 days beyond the date up to
which extension is applied for. Should a foreigner be not in possession of a
passport valid for this period, he should, as an interim measure, be granted an
extension of stay for a period of 60 days less than the expiry of his passport.
Further extension should be granted only when he gets his passport renewed or
obtains a new passport. In no case should passports of foreigners be taken away
from them for the purpose of mainly checking their validity.

"No Objection to Return to India" Endorsements
(i) The Commissioner of Police, and all Collectors, who have been appointed Civil
Authorities under the Foreigners Order, 1948, are authorized to grant without
reference to the Government "No Objection to return to India" endorsements to
405

foreigners falling within the following categories subject to their satisfying the
requisite conditions.
A. foreigners, other than missionaries, settled in India;
B.

foreign missionaries permanently settled in India;

C.

foreigners permanently settled in India but proceeding to Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. on short visits with the intention of returning to India;
and

D.

missionaries from Commonwealth countries (other than South Africa, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka) and the Republic of Ireland, who fulfill conditions of five years
residence in India.

(ii) Civil Authorities should refer to the Government all doubtful cases where the
individual concerned has come to adverse notice or is not otherwise eligible for
the grant of a 'No objection to return to India' endorsement. They should also give
intimation to the Home Department Government of the State Govt. of each
endorsement granted by them.

(iii) To prevent a suspect foreigner obtaining a "No Objection" endorsement, the Civil
Authorities should maintain a close liaison with the local or State Intelligence.

(iv) The fee for the grant of a 'No objection to return to India' endorsement as
prescribed may be obtained in postage stamps and cancelled. Commonwealth
missionaries are exempt from paying fees for the endorsement.

565. Arrest of Foreigners
i.

When foreign nationals are arrested on major criminal or civil charges, it
is possible that the Foreign Diplomatic/Consular Missions in India may
wish to assist the nationals of their countries in regard to their defence
before a court of law and/or take such other action, as they may deem
appropriate in accordance with diplomatic practice. Therefore as soon as a
foreign national (including Pakistan national) is arrested in a major crime,
the fact, with a brief description of the offence should be brought to the
notice of the Ministry of External Affairs through the State Government
by the DGP/CP concerned. Government of India, who decides about the
406

necessary action, should bring these cases to the notice of the Foreign
Diplomatic/Consular missions concerned. The report of the arrest of a
foreign national in a major crime, together with a brief description of the
offence, should be communicated to the Director General of Police, Addl.
DGP, CID and Addl. DGP Intelligence and Security.

ii.

Arrests of foreign Government officials in India, while they are on duty or
on leave or otherwise, regardless of the nature of the crime committed by
them, should be intimated to the Ministry of External Affairs, Government
of India, through the State Government, with full particulars, e.g. name
and designation of the officer arrested, circumstances under which the
arrest was made and charges against him. Information regarding the arrest
of Foreigner who is not registered in this State will be passed on
immediately to the Registration Officer in whose jurisdiction the foreigner
has his registered address under intimation to the Provincial Registration
Officer to enable Registration Officer with whom the foreigner is
registered to maintain a check on the movements of the foreigner.

Prosecutions
566. The orders of the Government should be obtained before prosecution is launched
against foreigners for a breach of the provisions of the Registration of Foreigners Act
and Rules, 1939. In view of section 8 of the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 the
fact that a foreigner, who may have entered India in contravention of the Passport
Rules 1950, has been registered, does not affect his liability to be proceeded against
under the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.

567. Proof of Identity of Foreigners
i.

The particular attention of all officers is drawn to the following
instructions regarding the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, and the
rules under the Foreigners Act, 1946.

ii.

Burden of proof: Under section 4 of the Registration of Foreigners Act,
1939, and section 9 of the Foreigners Act 1946, the burden of proving that
407

a person suspected of being a foreigner is not a foreigner lies upon that
person, Rules 8 and 9 of the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939, gives
power to officers of and above the rank of Head Constable to demand the
production of a passport and other proof of identity and to inspect
Certificates of Registration. The account given by a foreigner should be
tested as far as possible and not be accepted too readily.

iii.

Acceptance of passports: A passport issued not more than five years
before the date of production should normally be accepted as sufficient
proof of identity under rule 8(1) of the Registration of Foreigners Rules,
1939. A renewed passport issued more than five years previously should
also be accepted, if the Registration or other officer is satisfied that it
establishes the identity of the foreigner. If, however, the photograph is
faded or obsolete or the passport is in any way suspicious, further proof of
identity should be demanded.

District Police to Report the Movements of Foreigners
568. The movements of foreigners, including their arrivals and departures, will be
reported to the District Special Branch direct by quickest means by the SHO
concerned. Upon the appearance of a foreigner, about whose identity, conduct or
demeanour the SHO entertains suspicions, he should send a special report to the SP or
CP with copies to ACP/SDPO. The foreigner should, under the circumstances, be
kept under unobtrusive surveillance if necessary. The SP or CP should take action on
such reports as instructed by the State Intelligence Department from time to time. If a
foreigner is suspected of having taken part in a grave crime, the SHO or his superior
should promptly inform the CID. The foreigner should not be lost sight of till orders
are received on such reports. If the foreigner moves out, the SHO of the Station,
whose limits he is about to enter, should be alerted by the quickest means available to
expect his arrival and the SP will inform his counterpart of the district to which he
moves.

Enquiries Relating to Foreigners
569. All important enquiries under the Indian Passport Act 1920, Registration of
408

Foreigners Act, 1939 and foreigners Act, 1946, and the Rules, and Instructions issued
there under will be made by an officer not below the rank of Sub-Inspector, except in
cases where it is required under the rules that an officer superior to him should attend
to this work. Routine enquiries may be entrusted to Head Constables who are
conversant in that work. The enquiry reports should be prepared with care, based on
facts and not on conjectures and guess work.

Registers and Records
570. A Registration Officer will maintain a register of registrations and other records
as contemplated in the Executive Instructions under the Registration of Foreigners
Rules, 1939, and any other records as are ordered from time to time by the
Government and the Provincial Registration Officer.

Role of District Special Branch Relating to Foreigners
571. A special staff consisting of adequately trained officers will be posted to the
District Special Branch to deal with work relating to foreigners at district
headquarters. Suitable accommodation should be provided for reception of foreigners
in those districts where this work is heavy. Records will be maintained in the District
Special Branch in accordance with the instructions of the State Intelligence
Department. These records should contain essential information like the names and
particulars of foreigners, the dates of their arrival, the dates of expiry of their
passports and visas, the purpose of their journey or visit, and local addresses. Suitable
indices should also be maintained. The DSB will keep the State Intelligence
Department promptly informed of the arrival and movements of all foreigners.
Reports will also be submitted to the State Intelligence furnishing such information
and statements in this connection as may be called for from time to time. To prevent
undesirable foreigners from departing, the attention of the Registration Officers is
specifically drawn to the fact that if they are undesirable, the District Special Branch
should institute enquiries into the matter, under rule 15 of the Registration of
Foreigners Rules, 1939.

Role of Central Foreigners Bureau
572. To implement the procedure under the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939, a
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Central Foreigners Bureau is set up by the Government of India in the Ministry of
Home Affairs, New Delhi. The functions of the Bureau are:
1. maintenance of all records in respect of every foreigner from the time of grant
of a visa to the time of his departure from India.
2. maintenance of up-to-date and complete statistics in respect of all foreigners
in India;
3. maintenance of records of movements of all foreigners visiting India;
4. coordination of the work of all Registration Officers; and
5. taking steps to ensure that foreigners leave India within the authorized periods
of their stay.
6. when a foreigner leaves India by a port or place of entry other than the one
through which he enters, intimation regarding such departure will be sent by
the Central Foreigners Bureau to the Registration Officer of the port of place
of entry.

Documents furnished by Registration Officers to the Central
Foreigners Bureau and State Registration Officer
573. A Registration Officer should furnish the following documents directly to the
Central Foreigners Bureau, New Delhi, with copies to the State Registration Officer.
1. Disembarkation/Embarkation

Cards,

completed

by

all

foreigners

entering/leaving India to be sent daily by the Port Registration Officer after
keeping copies for hi reference.
2. Part (II) of Form 'A' - original copy to be sent to the Central Foreigners
Bureau and duplicate copy to the State Registration Officer.
3. Copies of reports of movements/itineraries submitted by non-tourist foreigners
registered in Form 'A'.
4. Copies of reports of changes of particulars in registration certificates of nontourist foreigners.
5. Return of extension of stay granted by the Commissioner of Police.
6. Warning Circulars.

574. Report of Death of Foreigners
(i) The death of all foreigners shall be reported to the DGP for onward
410

communication to the Government. The following particulars should be given in
the report.
A. Name of the deceased
B. place of birth and nationality
C. particulars as to family connections
D. approximate age at the time of death
E. particulars as to property (if any)
F. profession at the time of death
G. place and date of death
H. cause of death
I. dependents or relations, friends, if any, in India, if so, whether they are aware of the
event
J. address of any relatives in the country of the deceased, if known
K. length of service (if employed in the Government service) and
L. remarks

(ii) The report should not be held up for want of any of the particulars not readily
available. Whatever information is readily available should be sent as soon as
possible. The report should be furnished in respect of all aliens as well as nonIndians. Death of minors of foreign nationals also should be reported in the same
manner.

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Chapter 26

Economic Offences and White Collar Crimes

Introduction
575. Indian economy has witnessed epochal changes, during past two decades in
various spheres. Bureaucratic controls have either been dismantled or substantially
reduced. Changes have also taken place in trade and exchange rate policies, foreign
investment policy, tax structure, financial sector and the public sector. Even in the
changed scenario, economic offences would continue to exist, in all these areas as
long as controls remain and decision making processes lack transparency. The
foreign exchange coming into the country as foreign direct investment may generate
black money through import and export frauds and crimes. Clandestine foreign
exchange routed back into the country through investment and banking channels
may initiate laundering operations. Similarly most of the legal gold and silver import
into the country is also being widely done by conversion of black money into hard
currency through hawala channels. The integration of Indian economy with the
global economy may spin global crimes. The flow of money from international
narcoracketeering, illegal arms sales and funding of terrorist outfits gets laundered
through various 'shells' companies. The only way in which integration with the world
economy and the increasing threat of international crimes can be reconciled is by
formulating increased international co-operation and strict enforcement of existing
enactments.

Economic Offences and White Collar Crimes : Conceptualization
576. A Crime, with sole objective to accumulate money, wealth or illicit profit, at
the cost of others by exploiting the loopholes in the system, by misusing the
opportunities extended by the State
prosperity, in violation

to

its

citizens

for

their

economic

of established regulations and fiscal laws can be broadly

categorised as Economic Offences. Such crimes have the potential of damaging
socio-economic fabric of the society, crippling the democratic development and
derailing the industrial progress of the country.
412

An economic offence may appear victimless on the face of it but in fact it vicitimises
the whole society. These crimes are also popularly known as 'White Collar Crimes'
by virtue of the fact that perpetrator of such crimes are normally persons of
responsibility, holding high offices and in the course of their occupation, either they
themselves commit the crime or facilitate the perpetration of crime by others.

576.1 White-collar crime is a Crime committed by a person of responsibility and
high social status in the course of occupation. White Collar/Economic Crimes cover
offences of

cheating

or

fraud, criminal misappropriation and embezzlement,

criminal breach of trust, even corruption

and

counterfeiting

etc. With

the

economic liberalization and as a result of revolution in the fields of communication
and technology, many more new type of crimes ranging from misappropriation of
money raised as equity capital by companies or as deposits by Non-Banking Finance
Companies, money laundering from simple frauds to floating fictitious companies,
making false representations to the public for raising money by way of public issues,
fraudulent manipulations of banking transactions with clever attempt to exploit the
loopholes, over invoicing. of-exports with an objective of claiming various export
related benefits, encashment of cheques/drafts, through fictitious Bank accounts are
adding to the rising number of economic crimes. The economic offences have
assumed the proportions of trans-border/International crimes committed in a preplanned and well-organised manner by a syndicate of ill meaning, well educated and
well connected criminals. Such criminals operate in a way as if they are in a
borderless world, while the Law Enforcers of a country are confined to operate
within the borders of their country. It gives a distinct advantage to the Economic
offenders to take the country's economy to ransom, yet remain beyond the arms of
Law.

Corporate and Bank Frauds
577. Corporate frauds have emerged as a major economic offence in recent times. This
term includes a large number of activities such as frauds by business people against
each other, against investors, consumers, tax authorities, by directors and employees
against their companies. Different forms and modus operandi are adopted.

The broad

categories are embezzlement by employees, management frauds, investment scams and
customer frauds. Stock market frauds include sale of forged share certificates, cheating
413

by sub-brokers, theft of securities from share registries or theft while in transit. The
range of bank frauds is also quite wide and covers fraud prone areas in the banking
system like loans, advances, remittances and foreign exchange transactions. The use of
plastic money has also generated offences of credit and cheque fraud. Technological
developments have propelled some of the old crimes into new shape.

Classification
578. Economic offences or white collar crimes and can be broadly categorised as
under :Income/Corporate/Wealth/Interest Tax Evasion
Excise/Customs duty evasion/Smuggling in contraband goods Export/Import
frauds. Bank frauds/Scams Corporate frauds/offences under Companies
Act/SEBI Act etc.
Stock market manipulations/ e.g. rigging of stock prices, circulation of fake
hare certificate etc.
Insurance frauds
Foreign Exchange Violations (Hawala)
Money Laundering,
Drug trafficking
Real estate dealing in benami names
Industrial espionage and unfair Trade Practices
Intellectual property Right Violations,
Credit Card frauds/Passport frauds/fake certificates
Corruption, in Public as well as Private Sector.
Counterfeiting of Currency / Bonds/ Shares,
Large Scale public frauds, cheating and forgery cases
Land and Building rackets and other mafias
Fake placement agencies, foreign jobs and manpower agents.
Tax exemption rackets
Production and role of spurious goods.
Floating fictitious companies for raising public funds e.g. raising
from public on false promises & then vanishing.
414

money

Floating Non-Banking Financial Companies to raise deposits from public with false
promises and misappropriating the same in due course.
Collection of rangdari tax/Protection money
Frauds relating to misuse of Govt. subsidy and breach of trust
Misuse/abuse of foreign aid programs.
Cyber Crimes including software piracy
Discounting of cheques/drafts etc.
Inflation of cost of projects for obtaining higher credit from Banks/Financial
Institutions and sharing the inflated portion with the officials, who facilitate
advances against inflated projects etc.

579. Major Areas of Economic Offences
(i) Public Servant orientation: Economic Offences and public servants are closely
interlinked. It w i l l not be an exaggeration to say that most economic offences can
not be committed without the active connivance of the Public Servant. The
unscrupulous among the entrepreneurs make the unscrupulous among the public
servants their partners in crime.
(ii) Import/Export Frauds : Involvement of Public Servants is found in issuance of
licence to fictitious and nonexistent parties, acceptance of faulty letters of
undertaking furnished by the party, and in extending the validity of the licence. These
days recourse is taken by unscrupulous operators to the value based advance
licensing scheme (VABAL), to under-invoice the exports in money laundering
operations, many a time only junk is exported, paid for by the exporter through
hawala and duty free import licences are obtained. This has become one of the most
favoured routes of money-laundering by black-marketers and those who have
unaccounted wealth.

(iii) Forgery in Travel Documents : Serious/widespread Passport Act offences
including those involving job-racketeering are on the increase. Passport rackets also
have clear security implications as they are required primarily by trans-bordei
criminals, smugglers and drug traffickers. The usual modus operandi in such cases is
following:415

a)

Photo-substitution

b)

Page substitution and fake booklets

c)

Fake endorsement of arrivals/departure stamps, of children
and alteration in respect of entries etc.

d)
e)

Obtain passports based on false/suppressed information.
Fake/forged visas and Haj permits etc.

579.1 Involvement of public servant of the Regional Passport Offices and Local
Police officials is often found in these cases.

Loopholes can be plugged by

introducing features in the passport and visas which would make their forgery
difficult e.g machine readable passports and visas, distinctive watermark, complicated
printing technique, permanent inscription of biographical data, high quality of inked
(wet and embossed (dry) seals and advance passenger information systems.

(iv) Bank Frauds : Bank have evolved detailed systems/procedures/rules, inter alia,
taking into account the instructions issued by Reserve Bank of India from time to time
on the various areas of their operations. If such rules/norms/procedures, as laid down,
are strictly adhered to, the chances of malpractice's can be well avoided/restricted to
great extent. An analysis of the fraud cases reported by banks to the Reserve Bank
however, broadly indicates that frauds perpetrated on banks could be classified into the
following :(i)

Misappropriation of cash tendered by the bank's constituents and
misappropriation of cash in remittances.

(ii)

Withdrawals from deposit accounts through forged instruments.

(iii)

Fraudulent encashment of negotiable instruments by opening an
account in fake/fictitious name.

(iv) Misappropriation through manipulation of books of accounts.
(v)

Perpetration of frauds through clearing transactions.
416

(vi) Misutilisation/over stepping of lending/discretionary power,
non-observance of prescribed norms/procedures in credit
dispensation etc.
(vii) Opening/issue of letters of credit, bank guarantees, co-acceptance of
bills without proper consideration and'
(viii) Frauds in foreign exchange transactions, mainly through non-adherence to
Exchange Control Manual Provisions.

(v) Insurance Frauds : Broadly Insurance frauds are of two types viz within the
Insurance industry and outside the industry. Under the first category frauds occur with
the definite connivance of public servants e.g. granting insurance cover without
booking (accepting) the premium and until claim is made by party, providing afteraccident/loss insurance cover, allowing inflated claim, not taking over an accounting
the salvage and other recoveries to reduce the loss to the company entertaining a
totally fictitious claim etc. Examples of frauds under the second category are endless
and the following examples are only illustrative :a)

deliberately setting fire to the insured article/factory/godown when the market is
low;

b)
c)

making repeated claims on the basis of same accident.
making claims based on false repair bills/invoices without conducting any repairs
or without purchasing parts;

d)

utilizing bogus lorry receipts as proof of goods sent and making claim of nondelivery ;

e)

scuttling vessels where value of cargo is disproportionately higher than the value of
the ship etc.

(vi) Corporate Frauds, Embezzlements and Scams : Corporate frauds have emerged as a
major economic offence in recent times. This term includes a large number of
417

activities such as frauds by business people against each other, against investors,
consumers, tax authorities, by directors and employees against their companies.
Different forms and modus operandi are adopted. The broad categories are
embezzlement by employees, management frauds, investment scams and customer
frauds. Stock market frauds include sale of forged share certificates, cheating by
sub-brokers, theft of securities from share registries or theft while in transit. The
range of bank frauds is also quite wide and covers fraud prone areas in the banking
system like loans, advances, remittances and foreign exchange transactions. The use
of plastic money has also generated offences of credit and cheque fraud.
Technological developments have propelled some of the old crimes into new shape.
For example, the developments of the multi-colour copiers whose laser scanners
can reproduce exact colour variations and other subtle nuances in the printing
process have increased the forged currency notes rackets. The direct dialing
facilities, computer aided dispatch system and fax message enable fraudsters to
distance themselves geographically from their targets.
(vii) Forged Currency Notes : Under the Currency Department Code, forged currency
notes received into Treasuries and Banks are sent to the Police Station in the
jurisdiction of which the Treasury or Bank is situated for enquiry. Whenever
counterfeit currency is presented or discovered by the Bank an offence may be
construed to have been committed and the Police may register a case and investigate it.
The same principle should be applied and followed in cases in which a member of the
public reports the appearance of forged notes direct to the police station. In every
instance, in addition to sending a special report to the Criminal Investigation
Department, a report should be sent to the Currency Officer, immediately on the
appearance of a forged note. The report should give the following particulars.
A. series and number of notes
B. value
C. from whom and under what circumstances they were received and date of
receipt
D. designation of officer receiving the note
E. reasons for not registering a case, if a case has not been registered, and
F. any other particulars

418

G. The note seized should be sent to the Currency Officer along with the
report, except when the note is required for investigation, in which case the
note should be forwarded to the Currency Officer after the investigation is
over, quoting the number and date of the original report sent to him.
(A) Methods employed for circulating counterfeit currency: The fake currency is
mixed with genuine -notes and passed on in bundles to unsuspecting but avaricious
victims. The forged currency notes are passed on to the agents at a reduced value
providing them with the commission as an incentive. The notes are also used in shops
and establishments for the purchase of valuable items.
(B) Method of identification: The-forged currency notes can be identified from the
paper, colours, and sharpness of the print, watermark, security thread and serial
numbers. The paper of the genuine notes is crisp and the print extremely sharp and of
good quality and each note contains a separate number. The alignment of number is
not proper on a forged note compared to a genuine note. All the counterfeit currency
notes in circulation have to be pooled by the Investigation Unit of the CID and each
series separated. An analysis and comparison of different series and areas of their
circulation would provide a clue to the Investigating Officer. Each series should form a
separate case for investigation unless the comparison of different series shows the
same pattern. The IO should maintain close liaison with the Reserve Bank to know the
circulation of the fake currency in question. The opinion of the expert on the type of
paper used, colours, watermark and security thread mark would provide clue as to the
source from where these materials were obtained. It is rare that a genuine security
thread can ever be inserted in a fake currency note. It is shown more as a thin line
whereas in a genuine currency note a metal wire is inserted as part of the paper on
which note is printed.
(viii) Money Laundering : Money laundering, i.e., conversion of money secured
through illegal means into white money is the main method, which helps the economic
offenders. To facilitate transfer of the proceeds of crime which include narcotics trade,
smuggling of arms and explosives, hawala transactions have come to surface. The total
amount of money involved due to economic crimes is considerably higher compared to
the traditional crimes such as dacoities, burglaries etc. Money laundering for a layman
means conversion of dirty money into clean money. The Interpol as "Any act or
419

attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that
they appear to have originated from legitimate sources describes it". It may also be
defined as "(A) engaging directly or indirectly in a transaction which involves property
by utilizing proceeds of crime, or (B) receiving, possessing, concealing, disguising,
transferring, converting, disposing off within the territories of India, removing from or
bringing into the territory of India the property i.e., proceeds of crime". Crime refers to
several IPC offences like waging war against the Government of India, murder,
attempted murder, voluntarily causing hurt, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, robbery,
dacoity, criminal breach of trust, cheating, forgery, counterfeit currency etc.; certain
provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1983; NDPS Act, 1985; Foreign
Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and the Customs Act. 1962. The money
generated through 'crime' is liable to be confiscated by the State. The existing laws
relating to confiscation of proceeds of crime are found in different statutes. Till the
proposed money laundering bill is enacted, the confiscation of proceeds of crime can
be taken only under these laws. The important Acts in this regard are (A) Sections 102
and 452 of CrPC; (B) The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 1994 (Ordinance
XXXVIII of 1994); (C) Sections 111 to 121 of the Customs Act, 1962; (D) Section 68
of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985; (E) Foreign Exchange
Management Act, 1999 (Section 63); (F) Smugglers and Foreign Exchange
Manipulations (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976; (G) Section 20 of AP Control of
Organised Crime Act 2001. The illegal currency transfers via non-banking channels
are called hawala. It is an underground banking system. This medium is used for
overcoming the Government regulations on foreign exchange and also to conceal the
proceeds of illegal earnings.
(A) The Features : The features of money laundering are —
A. criminals

distance themselves

from the crime making it more difficult to

prosecute them;
B. to prevent/delay the proceeds of crime from being confiscated, if the criminal is
caught;
C. enjoy the fruits of the proceeds without being noticed;
D. reinvest the proceeds in future criminal activity or in legitimate business;

420

(B) The Stage : The process by which money is laundered has three stages.
A. Placement - Physical disposal of cash proceeds for its placement into a financial
services institution.
B. Layering - Adding complex layers of transactions
C. Integration - Place the laundered money back into economy in such a way that it
appears as normal business earnings.
(C) The Agencies to Investigate Economic Offences : The methods of laundering
take the form of currency smuggling, real estate, gold and diamonds, shell companies,
tax havens, casinos, hotels, stores, wire transfer etc. There are various investigating
agencies to deal with corporate frauds and other economic offences. The Customs and
Central Excise, the Income Tax, the Directorate of Enforcement, the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) are some of the agencies authorised under the
relevant Acts for investigation of cases. The criminal offences, which fall within the
IPC as also the other cognizable offences, which the police have been, empowered to
investigate, are the responsibility of the police. The investigation of these offences
requires a thorough knowledge of the procedures, laws and practice prevalent in
financial sector, taxes both direct and indirect, exchange regulations, functioning of
stock' markets, banking, non-banking financial institutions, audit and accounting,
computer technology etc. Next order contains instructions for guidance for
investigation of economic crimes by the police and the Investigation Units or CID.

Role of Computers in Economic Crimes
580. The economic offences involve a multitude of transactions and entries and vast
volume of information. The IO is advised to prepare a chart and load the
information in a computer system to enable analysis and comparison as also not to
miss out any important aspect. If for any reason, a computer system cannot be used,
this may be done manually. The Investigating Officers have to remember that a
computer is on the same footing as a document and as such will prove a useful and
necessary piece of evidence. The matter entered in a computer whether on magnetic
media like hard discs, tapes, floppy discs or optical media like compact discs,
whether audio or video, come within the meaning of a document as defined in the
421

Indian Evidence Act. In preserving them as evidence or producing them the
procedure laid down in the law for search, seizure, and forwarding should be
followed as in the case of any other document or material object.

581. Computer Crime
(i) In this age of Information Technology Revolution, computers and computer
networks are now within the reach of citizens, businessmen and public
authorities. Computer networks and stand alone computers, which have wide
applications at home, in business, in industry and commercial establishments, in
public offices, are being used for data processing and storing vital information.
In other words, the information technology encompasses the entire gamut of
human activity. While on one hand the computer and computer networks have
opened new vistas for various segments of the society and business, they are
also being used as tools by criminals who use them as other devices such as
firearms, explosives etc. Since the extensive use of computers has made some
areas of our life increasingly dependent on them, the need to protect these areas
from crime has become extremely important. The financial system,
transportation systems, public records, manufacturing processes and the
information infrastructure is amenable to attack by cyber criminals. The
number, economic cost and sophistication of such attacks at the hands of welleducated criminals will be increasing in days to come. The international
communication networks and omnipresent Internet have erased the national
boundaries and the computer crime is increasing becoming international both in
its scope and ramifications. This poses a new challenge for the police and other
law enforcement authorities that are being called upon to ensure that users of
computer and computer networks do not become victims of computer/cyber
crime and also to take up investigation of this new generation of offences.
(ii) In dealing with criminal activity an also computer related crime, it is essential
for the police to have the basic knowledge of computers. In the paragraphs that
follow, the functions of the computers and computer networks have been briefly
explained for the benefit of police officers.
(iii) A computer is a machine that carries out logical instructions in a predetermined
422

manner. It is programmed to perform certain operations and store large
amount of information depending upon its capacity. The computer networks
consist of number of computers connected with each other by various means
and are capable of sharing and transferring information between each other.
The information or data stored in a computer can be retrieved or transferred,
or used in an output form in number of ways.
(iv) A typical computer consists of 'input device', 'output device' 'central processing
unit' and 'memory'. The input devices are used to feed the data or instructions
in a computer from the user or from another computer system. The following
are some of the input devices:
•

a keyboard

•

a mouse

•

a magnetic tape drive

•

a disk derive such as floppy disk derive, CD drive, DVD drive

•

any kind of electric sensor

•

a digital camera

•

a microphone

Narcotic Drugs Cases
582. Nexus between national, international and local criminals have kicked off drugtrafficking rackets all over the country. The legal frame work is provided by the
NDPS Act and the PIT-NDPS Act. Police field formations and the field officers must
be conversant with provisions of the relevance Acts and must comply with them with
utmost sincerity.

Counterfeit Currency Cases
583. Police have to deal with cases of counterfeit currency cases and the rackets
involved. Counterfeit Indian Currency, US Dollars, The Bangladeshi Taka as well as
counterfeit stamps, judicial and non-judicial stamp papers. National Saving
Certificates and certificates of Examination Board are on the increase and the police
should enquire themselves for dealing with cases in an efficient manner.
423

Art and Antiquity Smuggler
584. The rich cultural heritage of our country is under a serious threat due to
onslaught unscrupulous criminals. The nexus between local and international
smugglers has created a congenital ....where in smuggling of the art.. has acted
serious threat to the men existence of our rich heritage culture in . The police have an
serious role of work and vigilance to stop the trend. It has taken up a number of cases
relating to the smuggling of priceless antique idols, manuscripts, paintings and
artifacts stolen from various museums, temples, monuments and private collections.
While there is no instance yet of any public servant's involvement in the act of
smuggling antiquities, there is one case of a senior IAS Officer and his wife, also a
public servant, who were charge sheeted by the branch of possessing an antique
which was not registered or declared.

Impact on National Economy
585. Economic Crimes or the white collar crimes cause significant damage to the
economy of a country. It has the effect of eroding the confidence of the world in the
financial credibility and financial stability of the nation. These crimes further
weaken global competitiveness and making the economy unattractive to investments
and effect in the infrastructural development of the country adversely. Some of the
major adverse impacts of economic offences on the economy of the country can be
summarized as under:
Marginalization of tax base due to parallel economy thriving on tainted
money generated by way of White Collar Crimes, thus depriving the
Government of revenue required for development work.
Increase of inflationary pressure due to availability of tainted money in the
market in abundance.
(Uneven distribution of resources and creation of elitism.
Generation of abundant black money and Creation of parallel economy.
It becomes a breeding ground for corruption as the booty is shared by the
criminal and facilitators of economic offences.
Illicit businesses thrive by adversely affecting licit businesses.
Resources of financial and commercial institutions are diverted, distorted and
misappropriated making them sick and unviable.
424

Weakens moral fabric of society and commitment of citizens.
Poor/weak continue to be poor and at risk whereas white collar criminals
continue to become richer. Countries' economic equilibrium is put at stake.

Making the Industry sick thus leading to unemployment.
Av ail abili ty of tainted money in plenty also leads to increase in other
criminal activities e.g. financing drug trafficking, arms smuggling etc. Money
accumulated by way of white collar crimes is again used in furthering and
facilitating such crimes on a larger scale which ultimately poses a threat to
the socio-economic security of a country.

The Criminal Nexus
586. Economic offences of various types such as, drug trafficking, smuggling of
contraband goods, arms and ammunition, explosives, transfer of money through
Hawala etc. are interdependent and have close nexus by being complementary to
each other. The tainted money generated in one type of activity is used to make
investment in other criminal activities depending on the availability of demand and
supply in a particular region of the world. In fact, of late, most of the terrorist
organisations have been indulging in drug trafficking to make millions, which are'
required by them for procurement of arms, ammunitions, explosives, training of their
cadres for subversive activities etc. In the past, the Government of Taliban in
Afghanistan was believed to have been tacitly supporting large scale cultivation of
cannabis for manufacture of charas, ganja etc. which found its ways to various parts
of the world. Thus the economic offences perpetrated in one part of the world have a
potential to adversely affect the economy of other parts of the world as well.

Tackling Economic Offences
587. Tackling the Economic Offences in effective way is a challenging task. All such
crimes, which have attained alarming proportions with the Economic liberalization
pose challenges of different kinds to the Law Enforcing Agencies, some of which may
be of the following type :
The dividing line between the Economic offences and default / violation of
425

fiscal nature is at times exceptionally fine. This fineness at times leads to the
perspective that unless there is a fraud, forgery and/or misrepresentation of
facts, it does not exactly fit into the ingredients of a criminal offence
punishable under the provisions of Indian Penal Code or other criminal Laws
but needs to be dealt with only under specific Laws of civil nature e.g. misuse
of telephone lines attracts a measure fine of Rs.1,000/- only under Telegraph
Act whereas it may result in loss of Crores of Rupees to Telecom Department
by dishonest use of such lines.

To prove mens-rea or criminal intention or malafides or dishonesty / on the
part of white collar criminal may be difficult to establish and the crimin al
can effectively try to absolve himself of criminal larges by claiming
procedural irregularities, lack of knowledge, s hifting responsibility on
others etc. Cyber Crimes would be the challenge of the future m a i n l y due to
lack of knowledge and technical know-how to tackle such crimes, by the
Investigating Agencies.

As the economic offence is normally an outcome of execution of a wellorganised pre-planned collective initiative, fixing liability for a crime on an
individual becomes difficult. Such infirmities more often than not benefit
only the white collar criminals. Most of the offences of criminal nature
provide for fines, penalties/confiscation of the crime proceeds, etc. by way
of adjudication proceedings and very rarely the fines, penalties or
confiscations are followed by criminal prosecution, specifically by Revenue
Dept., whose main focus is on generation of revenue and not criminal
prosecution of the offender. This mind set hardly acts as disincentive and
deterrence for criminals to repeat the crime.

The Public perspective of an Economic offence and a get rich quick syndrome
of majority of the public does not rob an offender of his prestige, social
status etc. e.g., an offender of Govt. Tax/Duties, a fraudster claiming higher
duty drawbacks by indulging in over invoicing of exports, an importer
diverting funds abroad by over invoicing of imports and receiving the
426

difference in foreign accounts, a willful defaulter of banks' dues of Crores of
Rupees is not looked down upon by .the society with contempt in the same
way as a thief or a dacoit responsible for theft or dacoity of property of even
few hundred or thousands worth of rupees. Lack of professional competence
in the investigating agencies and Law enforcing agencies also acts as silent
promoter of Economic Crimes by not creating any deterrence or fear
psychosis in the minds of perpetrators of Economic crimes.

Multi facet agencies dealing with regulations, enforcement and investigation
of various fiscal laws and lack of effective co-ordination among them with a
mind set of one upmanship also ' poses a challenge in effective control of
Economic crimes.

The legal doctrine of establishing the involvement of the criminal in the crime
beyond all reasonable doubts also makes the task of / bringing the white
collar criminal to book much onerous. Considering the nature of crime, the
conduct of the criminal prior to commission of crime as well as afterwards
and shifting the burden of proof on the cri mi n al after his involvement is
prima facie established by the prosecution, can go a long way in effectively
tackling the crimes of Economic nature

Simplifying the law relating to attachment and confiscation of property of a
criminal as against existing cumbersome provisions, which make it almost
impossible to effectively deprive the criminal of the crime proceeds, would
reduce the incidences of Economic crimes in a significant way.

Inordinate delays in trial proceedings allowing the criminals enough time to
win over the witnesses or witnesses themselves losing interest in the case
or fading memory due to lapse of time works to the distinct advantage of
criminals.

Inadmissibility of a statement made before a Police Officer by a criminal is a
major handicap in effectively tackling the 'white collar crimes' specifically
427

in view of the fact that statements made before the officers dealing with
administration of various fiscal laws such as Customs Act FERA/FEMA,
Income Tax Act, NDPS Act, Central Excise and Salt Act etc. , the violation
of which is normally the objective of Economic Crimes or the means to
commit a financial fraud, are admissible as evidence. Thus, suitable
amendment in Cr.P.C is the need of the hour.

Aggravating Factors
588. In India, the m u l t i p l i c i t y of agencies, lack of co-ordination amongst
them, lack of faith in each other, lack of expertise and commitment on the part of
Law Enforcement Agencies coupled with sudden spurt in opportunities for frauds on
opening up of economy, has resulted in virtual explosion in number of economic
crimes. Lack of permanent centralised data base of criminals accessible by all
investigating agencies concerned with investigation of economic offences has made
India very vulnerable for perpetration of Economic crimes of varied nature. A
Finger-print data Bank of all the citizens, while issuing the citizens ID Cards (As is
being contemplated by the Govt.) or while issuing election ID cards for citizens of
18 yrs of age and above, which should be connected through computer to all the
districts and offices of investigating agencies all over the country. This would make
the identification of the criminals very easy.

589. Prevention of Economic Offences
(i) Regular up gradation and updating of Laws commensurate with the technological
changes and in exceptional cases enactment of special laws to deal with
emerging crimes of a special nature should receive attention of Law makers.
Attempts would also be made to reduce number of agencies with overlapping
jurisdiction to deal with Economic crimes as well as to set up special Courts to
deal with speedy trial of Economic offences. Training of Personnel, who are
required to detect and investigate Economic offences as well as training of
Judges, who try economic offences cases, is also essential to equip them with
required expertise.

(ii) In containing economic offences there has been an overbearing approach for
428

introduction of fresh regulations and for enactment of new / laws Regulations
are good provided they are religiously implemented and

laws are good

provided they are effectively enforced. Therefore emphasis should be on
effective enforcement of existing

laws and implementing existing

regulations, instead of adding to large number of legislations and regulations
without any political/ bureaucratic will to enforce their implementation. As
has been highlighted earlier various innovations have helped contain
incidences of economic crimes in certain sectors e.g. counterfeit proofing
measures have proved very effective to prevent counterfeiting of currencies,
shares travel documents, etc. Similar measures in economic operations are
likely to result in prevention of economic crimes e.g.
i. Shares can be counterfeit proofed to prevent use of forged
shares for transactions. Steps arc being taken by variouscompanies in this direction.
ii. The Depository System can be adopted where shares are held in
trust by the depository and their trading is done only fictionally
with out physical exchange / transaction in shares. It is picking
up gradually with setting up of various depositories.
iii. Floating of fictitious companies in the name of non-existing
persons can be frustrated by obtaining photographs of the
constituent members, by verifying their addresses, by
subjecting the cases for physical inspections and obtaining
introduction of directors of a company having a good track
record of certain years on the lines of system of introductions
of bank accounts. It will facilitate tracing of directors of
vanishing companies and preventing incorporation of fictitious
companies.
iv. Operation of Non-Banking Financial Institutions can be
subjected to tighter regulations, regular monitoring, their
members made accountable and by simply generating
public awareness campaigns. RBI is already working on
this.
v. Unauthorised taking of deposits should also be made a
429

cognizable offence.
vi. Discounting of cheques - It has been observed that in respect
of most of the frauds of economic nature, the funds are
siphoned off through Bank a/cs by resorting to discounting of
cheques through Cheque Discounting Agents who deposit the
cheques in their A/cs, withdraw the cash and return the same to
the Issuer. Discounting of cheques is done on a very large
scale. In Mumbai alone, as per the market sources, it is
believed to be of the order of approximately Rs. 100 Crores per
day. Restricting the

;

withdrawal of cash of higher amounts

from the Bank a/cs, and putting a cap on withdrawals on single
occasions by any party from the Bank A/c, making the
discounting of cheque per se or encashment of A/c payee
cheques through the A/c of third parties as cognizable offence
would improve the situation. Also reporting of transaction of
large amounts, say in excess of Rs.50, 000/- per transaction to
Income Tax Authorities on a regular basis, would reduce the
activities of cheque discounting, which apart from facilitating
siphoning off of Bank funds, encashment of forged drafts etc. also
cause heavy loss to the State and Central Government by way of
concealment of Sales Tax and Income Tax.

Legal Remedies
590. Legally it is becoming more and more difficult to deal with economic offences as
the specialisation

in commission of Economic Offences

is

on

increase

with

advancement in technology. The traditional provisions of Laws to deal with such
offences are often found inadequate to bring the crimes within their ambit e.g., if a
company which is a legal entity in itself commits a crime, attempts are required to be
made to fix the liability of the individual Directors, which, at times becomes
impossible considering the fact that various acts of omission or commission on the part
of the company are done by assorted
stages

employees

of

the

company

at

various

under express/implied/oral instructions of the Directors, who try to absolve
430

themselves by putting the blame on poor employees, who do not in any way gain due to
the crime committed by the company, but more often than not loose their livelihood.
It would be worthwhile to amend the Law to make each and every functional Director
of the company liable for cri min al prosecution in the eventuality of the commission
of an offence by the company, even though various steps in commission of crime
may

have

been taken

otherwise do not have

knowingly or

unknowingly by other employees,

who

any interest in such wrongdoings. Also the requirement

to prove the existence of mens-rea or criminal and dishonest intention needs to be done
away with as far as Economic offences are concerned. Once preponderance of
probabilities and predominance of adverse circumstances indicate involvement of an
individual in an Economic Crime the burden of proof should be shifted on him
prove his

to

innocence. Along with these measures, the legislation to provide for

forfeiture of the amount together with the market rate of interest on such amount from
the date of commission of Offence, resulting in deprivation of property, irrespective of
whether the victim is an individual, institution or the State, out of the properties owned
by Criminal, cither in his own name, in benami names or in the names of his minor
children, whether acquired out of crime proceeds of the crime under question or from
other sources would definitely reduce incidence of economic offences. It will act as
an effective deterrent for the white collar criminals in case the criminal has already
misappropriated the proceeds and does not have any tangible assets, of which the
prosecution is aware, the law should provide for a life term for such criminal unless
the loss is made good by him.

Infrastructure Development
591. To prevent Economic Crimes, it is also essential to develop a sound
infrastructure, which would deal with Economic Offences in systematic and logical
manner. Most of the Economic Offences are committed in very well-organised
manner and thus requires a very well-organised, systematic and professional approach
to deal with them. Some of the steps which can make the things improve can be
summarised as under :-

I. Organized/Standardized collection and collation of information and close
monitoring of its dissemination to respective agencies.
431

II. Setting up of common database with a view to exchange information on
regular basis.
III. Establishment of proper infrastructure to discharge crime prevention
responsibilities
IV. Informal measures, such as personnel exchange and regular coordination at
operational levels amongst officers of various agencies.
V. A transparent information sharing mechanism among various agencies.
VI. Networking of all agencies through innovative technological solutions.
VII. Hosting the set-up with officers of proven integrity and competence.
VIII. Incentives to effective enforcement of crime prevention detection and
recovery measures.
IX. As the Economic Crimes have crossed the borders of the country and are
committed with the help of Transnational set ups, it is absolutely essential to
also evolve an institutional mechanism, which may ensure easy access to the
information/records available with the member countries for each other and
evolving a strategy to combat the crime. Mutual co-operation of very high
order among various countries will help in effectively combating the transborder white collar crime.

592. Investigation of Economic Crimes
(i) Preliminary Enquiry : In financial crimes the report generally lists out
certain details with a request for investigation. The report may not clearly
disclose a cognizable offence and at the same time the information cannot also be
ignored. The newspapers also publish information on some frauds. The
documents to support allegations may not be available immediately. Some of the
information received may not be clear about the period and the exact offence
committed but it may very often contain general information. The place of the
offence in some cases is spread over a vast area. On the face of it, sometimes the
information may only disclose a civil liability. In such situations it is necessary to
take up a preliminary enquiry. The IOs should have the full knowledge about the
way these crimes are committed and its ramifications besides possessing
minimum

knowledge

in

Computer

applications,

432

foreign

exchange

transactions, import and export, excise and customs, share market
transactions etc.
(ii) Registration of FIR: A preliminary enquiry into the information is
permissible before registering an FIR and taking up investigation. As and when the
enquiry discloses a cognizable offence, it should be registered and investigated.
Sometimes departmental authorities conduct enquiries and lodge a complaint for
registration of a case and investigation. In such cases the facts will be clear and the
case should be registered and investigation taken up. If, even such report does not
disclose an offence, the authorities should be informed in writing and requested to
make further enquiries or clarify and send a report.
(iii) Role of Documents : The investigation into economic crime is mostly based
on documents and instruments. The IO has to secure all the relevant files and
documents as per the procedure and processes prescribed in law. The location and
tracing of the documents is a matter of utmost importance. In cases involving
official agencies no time should be lost in getting hold of the connected files. The
documents and & files include those stored in computers. Presently computers of
various sizes are used to store information files or notes instead of paper files or
notebooks or in addition to them. The courts have to be provided with best
available evidence.
(iv) Examination of Witnesses : The examination of witnesses particularly those
who are connected with the documents are the other steps that an IO has to take. A
questionnaire should be prepared with reference to the records and the statements
of the witnesses recorded. It will be difficult for the witnesses to deny or mislead if
the documents are in possession of the Investigating authorities.
(v) Examination of Accused : The examination of the accused person in great
detail is required to know the significance of various entries in the registers as also
other documents seized if the course of investigation. As in the case of witnesses
the 10 covering a-; the points that require to be elicited should prepare a detailed
questionnaire. I: is if framing the questionnaire the skill of the IO is exhibited. The
question should no" be framed in such a manner that the accused comes to know
the native of evidence available with the investigating authorities. As investigation
433

in economic frauds is a lengthy process, it will be necessary to fully utilize the
provisions of remand of the accused to police custody. Lie detector tests wherever
necessary would be useful in such cases.
(vi) Co-operative and Coordination : Mutual cooperation with different agencies
and other institutions is extremely important in the investigation of these cases.
After locating the witnesses or documents it would be very necessary to enlist the
cooperation of the concerned authorities in securing the documents and the
presence of the witnesses. The personnel either posted in the department or working
elsewhere who have the expert knowledge should be identified and their help
obtained. Mostly the accounts, banking, stock markets, excise and other tax
departments and chartered accountants would be useful for consultation and
scrutiny of documents in such cases.
(vii) The most effective method of dealing with economic offences is to obtain
information relating to location of the money involved in the form of cash or bank
deposits or fixed assets or in any other form and taking measures for its seizure. It
will be necessary to collect evidence to link the money or the assets to the accused.
It is in this area that painstaking enquiries are required. The first action to be taken
on the information should be to safeguard the property or the assets movable or
immovable either by having the bank account frozen or seizing the property or
entrusting the property to the concerned Revenue authorities under the provisions
of section 452 Cr.P.C. After this action is taken it would be necessary to collect
evidence so that its forfeiture and confiscation can be done. In the event of the
assets being in another jurisdiction within India the help of concerned police should
be taken in the manner provided in CrPC. A 10 has powers to search and seize the
property concerned in a case anywhere in the country. It is advisable however to
take the assistance of the local police at a proper level. If the property or money is
abroad, the investigative assistance may be requested under 166-A CrPC.
593. Investigation Difficulties
i.

The investigation of economic offences is primarily document based and
involves laborious scrutiny of a large number of financial transactions spread
over a vast territory. The skill of understanding, interpreting and connecting
434

documents with another have to develop in the IOs.
ii.

Scientific examination of the documentary evidence is an important aspect of
the investigation and opinions are delayed because of huge work-load at the
GEQD and documents Division of the CFSL and the Security Printing Press
and the Bank Note Press and the investigation work consequently held up.

iii.

Difficulty in obtaining documents from foreign countries and the testimony of
the person who has to prove the document necessitates recourse to the timeconsuming process of issuing of letters rogatory and awaiting their replies.

iv.

Part investigation conducted through Interpol many at time do not give any
concrete results as a large number of economic offences in India are not an
offense at all under the laws of many foreign countries and they are not keen
to part with any information in such cases.

v.

Many a time a Govt. agency involved is not too keen to give a complaint.
Complaints let apart the investigation; even a case/crime is not registered.

vi.

Prosecution in most economic offences is also delayed because the trial is
under complaint procedure where pre charge evidence has to be brought in u/s
244 Cr.PC only after the completion of which the charge is framed u/s 246
Cr.PC and in fact witnesses are examined and cross examined twice.

vii.

Since most economic offenders are extremely rich and powerful, the legal loopholes
are fully exploited and sometimes, even investigation is stayed due to courts orders.

435

Chapter 27

Organized Crimes and Police

Introduction
594. "Organised crime" means any continuing unlawful activity by an individual,
singly or jointly, either as a member of an organised crime syndicate or on behalf of
such syndicate, by use of violence or threat of violence or intimidation or coercion, or
other unlawful means, with the objective of gaining pecuniary benefits, or gaining
undue economic or other advantage for himself or any other person, "Organised crime
syndicate" means a group of two or more persons who, acting either singly or
collectively, as a syndicate or gang indulge in activities of organised crime. Organised
crime is committed against property, persons or human welfare, engineered by a
leader with members professing fierce loyalty. Organised crime in a large measure
affects law and order and public order. The terms mafia crime or mafia gangs are used
in common parlance to mean organised crime and criminal gangs. The collaborative
criminal activities by cohesive groupings in the underworld are known as organised
crime. This has assumed menacing proportions in large cities, more particularly the
metropolitan ones. These bands of criminals are continuously increasing their spheres
of activity territorially and functionally. This has enabled them to spread their
tentacles to lesser urban conglomerates on the one hand and conducive foreign
countries on the other. Escalation of organised crime is global in the sense that there is
immense mushrooming of organised criminal gangs all over the global landscape.
Organised crime has how become truly transnational and should no longer be taken
lightly as a localized minor disturbance.

Characteristics
595. Some of the groups are so well organized that they are able to perpetrate crimes
without being caught or punished. It means they must have certain code of conduct,
abilities, equipment, arms, and intelligence within the group and power to have their
way. Some times, they resort to elimination or threatening to the persons who come in
their way including witnesses, informers, police officials, lawyers or judge or
436

politicians or alternately try to buy their support by bribery and collusion. They
infiltrate into political parties and use muscle power to manipulate elections and even
occupy positions of political power. Therefore at the one end of spectrum there are
small criminal organisations operating in a limited sphere quietly and at the other end,
more sophisticated outfits with all attributes of a mafia gang. The purpose of
organised crime is mainly to make illegal money. These organised groups have a
complex network with well-defined structure and command and control and use force
or violence in perpetration of crimes.

Investigation Approach
596. Investigation into organised crime therefore calls for a highly professional
approach, intelligence and investigative skills and well knit coordination at interdistrict, inter-state and international levels. There are several laws to deal with each
one of these activities. It is necessary that the IO is familiar with those provisions of
law.

Legal Provisions
597. The legal provisions relating to confiscation of proceeds of crime are contained
in sections 102, 452 of CrPC, 111 to 121 of Customs Act, Section 68 of NDPS Act
and section 20 of AP Control of Organized Crime Act 2001. The Criminal Law
(Amendment Order 1944), Foreign exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA) and the
Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulation (Forfeiture of Property) Act 1976
also relate to forfeiture of proceeds of crime.

Organized Criminal Gangs
598. Criminal gangs have been operating in India since ancient times. They usually
preyed on travelers and wayfarers whom they waylaid while traversing lonely routes
that passed through thick jungles. Occasionally they invaded villages and towns and
freely indulged in reckless plunder and murder of innocent inhabitants. Today,
however, the organized criminal gangs' activities have proliferated in diverse
directions and have become more complex and potent. Organized crime has become a
nightmare for the law enforcement agencies more particularly the police who are the
frontline forces when it comes to accountability to people, because there is no easy
437

way of handling this menaces that will yield quick results.

The Special Features of Criminal Gangs
599. An extremely high degree of consensus exists among professional organized
criminals, who develop common attitudes towards themselves, towards their crimes,
and towards the police who are seen as common enemy. There is quite definitely a
code of honour among them and highly specialized vocabulary peculiar to a group of
the underworld developed and transmitted from one generation to another. They also
develop a common approach to problems such as

i.

the decision as to which crime shall be committed

ii.

the geographical area of operation

iii.

the initiation of new members

iv.

how to dispose to the stolen property

v.

how to protect a member of the gang if caught and,

vi.

securing cooperation of powerful people.

vii.

the group has a common culture, a common bond and a common code.

600. Criminal Gang and Organized Crime
I.

An organized crime group is defined as any group having some manner of
formalized structure whose primary objective is to obtain money through
illegal activities and maintains it position through the use of violence or
the threat of violence, corrupt public officials, graft or extortion and has an
adverse effect on the people in its locale or region or the country as a
whole.

II.

Organized crime as a phenomenon seeks to operate outside the control of
the people and their government. It involves thousands of criminals
working within structures as complex as those of any large corporation,
subject to laws of their own making more rigidly enforced than those of
the legitimate government. Its actions are not impulsive but rather the
result of intricate conspiracies carried on over years and aimed at gaining
control over whole fields of activity in order to amass huge profits.
438

III.

The criminal group involved in organized crime as continuing structured
collectivity of persons who utilize criminality, violence and a willingness
to corrupt in order to gain and maintain power and profit. Any enterprise
or group of persons engaged in a continuing illegal activity which has as
its primary purpose the generation of profits irrespective of national
boundaries can be termed as organized crime.

IV.

Organized crime as an integral part of a nation's social political, and
economic life and as one of the major social ills, grows with urban living.
The practitioners of organized crime often are society's economically poor
young people who have lost faith in the capacity of the society to work on
their behalf. Because of this perception many young people have
organized and created counter-cultural structures that they believe are
capable of delivering the kinds of emotional support and material goods
the large society promises but does not make available to youngsters like
themselves.

V.

Organized crime like any other enterprise, it supplied goods and service
declared illegal by government illicit sex, illegal alcohol and drugs and
usurious wares to voluntary customers in a supply and demand model. At
the same time, however, organized criminals use the proceeds from these
illegal activities to finance such related crimes as hijacking, extortion, the
resale of stolen goods, and the use of criminal tactics to monopolize
business and labour unions. The profits are also used to corrupt public
officials who in turn promote and protect the criminal activities.

Nature of Organized Crime
601. There are certain basic assumptions about the nature of organized crime.

i.

The organized crime is indeed organized. It possesses some form of
regularized interaction, roles and structure. It differs from street crime which
is more incident centered and does not involve the degree of planning or the
inter-connected network of legal and illegal activities which are a
439

characteristic of organized crime.
ii.

Organized crime has goals and objectives, strategies and tactics to attain these
ends and to minimize risk.

iii.

Organized crime is protected, in as much as, it uses violence or the threat of
violence and to an extend depends for its existence on some degree of
corruption and influence in the political and enforcement sectors and

iv.

Organized crime encompasses a wide range of illegal and illicit activities
whose major purpose is to provide goods and service to an accepting public.

v.

Organized crime is a group activity

vi.

It has continuity over time

vii.

Organized criminal groups:
a) ensure that they can survive the death of imprisonment of their leaders
and
b) can vary the nature of their activities to take advantage of changing
criminal opportunities.

viii.

All organized groups are headed by a single charismatic leader or a syndicate
and is structured into a series of subordinate ranks, although they may vary in
the rigidity of their hierarchy.

ix.

Large and widespread organiztions may be composed of multiple separate
groups or units, each unit generally headed by its own leader who is supported
by the groups hierarchy of command.

x.

Inter-group disputes, joint ventures and new membership are generally
reviewed by a syndicate or Board composed of leaders of the groups.

xi.

Key members are protected, insulted and buffered by forms of organization
structuring and by the use of fronts and non-members associates.

xii.

Members are formally accepted by the group after a demonstration of loyalty
and a willingness to commit criminal acts. Membership any be limited by
language, region, religion, ethnicity or common background and generally
involves a life time of commitment to the group which can be enforced
through violent group activities.

xiii.

Wealth, power and control are key goals of organised crime and may be
achieved through criminal activity of one or several types.

xiv.

Criminal activity may be designed directly to generate income or to support
440

the group's power through bribery, violence, and intimidation. Violence is
used to maintain group loyalty and to intimidate outsiders, and is a threat
underlying all group activity. Specific violent acts include, murder, kidnapping
arson, robbery and bombings.
xv.

Organized crime possesses capital for complex, long term, planned enterprises
and operations.

xvi.

Long term goals stress the maximization of profit and power through the
cartelization or monopolization of criminal enterprises and markets, as well as
control over legitimate business and sectors of economy.

xvii.

Legitimate businesses are used to launder illegal funds or stolen goods.
Legitimate business involvement also elevates the social status of organized
crime figures.

Police Perspectives
602. Organised crime is neither created nor sustained by the police though they may
perhaps derive certain benefit both legitimate as well as illegitimate from its
existence. They simply have no control over the causative factors that give rise to
organised crime or its growth. They can at best control and contain organised crime
which exists in every large city in a lesser or greater degree. It can be justifiably said
that organised crime grows with the growth of a city.

602.1 Neutralization of the law enforcement machinery is a vital objective of
organised crime because only by doing so it can expand its multifarious criminal and
other antisocial activities. It tries to accomplish this important objective basically by
bribery. It tries to bribe police officers involved in the enforcement of laws that
hamper criminal activities of organised gangs so that they look the other way when
the gangsters are engaged in their criminal trade. In the alternative or in addition they
try to put pressure on the officers by bribing and in several ways obliging politicians
especially those in power. This subterfuge is taken recourse to more particularly when
a dutiful police officer resists their attempts to corrupt him.

602.2 During the course of their duties as busters of crime the police do come in
contact with criminals either as suspects and accused or as informers. The total effect
441

on the personality of a police officer of these encounters with baser elements of
society, one must admit, is negative which slowly almost imperceptibly in the
beginning erodes his personality. Therefore, unless he is a man of strong character
and is aware of the malefic influence of the criminals he deals with; it is highly
possible that he comes under their influence especially if they are affluent criminals
who can offer heavy bribes and good things of life one may aspire for. With the
erosion of values in the society and less of professionalism in younger police officers,
it is inevitable that their resistance collapses like a domino before the high allurements
held out by the organised criminals for the "small" and not easily detectable favour of
not doing one's duty sincerely and diligently. Every police officer, the senior police
leaders and supervisors must ward themselves off these influences for fighting
organised crimes in an effective way.

Action Plan for Handling Organised Crimes
603. Following action plan and strategy should be adopted for dealing with organised
crimes:

(A) Structuring and Equipping Police : Organised crime's versatility, flexibility of
operational techniques, abundant resources with the criminals, their easy access to
modern technological innovations, operational ruthlessness, ability to corrupt and
neutralize political, bureaucratic as well as enforcement agencies of the government
and above all the obsession with money and the power etc., all make it imperative that
the police entrusted with the task of grappling with it should be properly equipped to
handle the situations of organised crimes. Organised criminal gangs transgress police
jurisdictional limits and even the international boundaries, therefore, police forces
must of necessity be geared to face the menace with mutual support and cooperation
to one another.

(B) Special Task Force (STF) : A Special Task Force (STF) with whole time and
sole responsibility should be constituted to tackle organised crimes.
(C) Coordination and Cooperation : Organized crime operates across jurisdictions
of police stations, across states and even across the national boundaries, therefore, it
needs to be treated as a problem of national priority. It would require a high degree of
442

intra-police force and inter-police forces coordination and cooperation.

(D) Comprehensive Approach : Instead of targeting only individual gang members
who have committed an offence, the entire criminal gang which has backed the effort
must be targeted. The investigation should have for its objective the prosecution of
gang members at all levels of its hierarchy more particularly the top leadership.

(E)

Efficiency and Effectiveness : Efficient and effective handling of organised

crime calls for a high degree of sophistication in the techniques of investigation and
sound knowledge of law and procedure. The Special task Force should have, as its
main component, a professional investigating team comprising experienced police
officers known for their knowledge of criminal law and procedure and a penchant for
meticulously and painstakingly carrying out an investigation. They should have the
necessary flair for writing, as in this kind of investigation preparation of case papers
in a methodical and systematic manner is absolutely necessary. These police officers
should be duly assisted by trained financial personnel like Chartered Accountants,
Financial Analysts etc. The Special Task Force should have strong investigative
ability, in addition to having ready availability of Forensic Science laboratory
assistance and aid of photographic and technical personnel as well as handwriting
experts.

(F) Legal Aid and Assistance : It is necessary to associate a prosecutor or legal
advisor with the investigative wing so that from the very beginning the investigating
team will have the benefit of legal advice in the light of the latest rulings of the
superior courts, past experiences in the trial courts etc. The prosecutor or legal
advisor should also assist the investigating officers in preparing charge sheets and
choosing witnesses and evidence to be cited. What is more, when the case comes up
for hearing he will be able to competently and confidently brief the special
government counsel who will be actually conducting the case or when bail
applications come up for consideration.

(G)

Criminal Intelligence: General Context : Reliable, accurate, complete and

timely criminal intelligence is the basis of any sustained campaign against organised
crime. A sound system need to be developed, for collecting strategic as well as
443

tactical intelligence. Collection of criminal intelligence is the responsibility of every
policeman. A policeman on beat or patrol duty, a traffic policeman at a fixed point,
an officer going to a crime infested locality to investigate a reportedly minor
complaint, and an investigating officer interrogating an accused in a seemingly
unrelated crime can all make useful contribution, if they are made aware of the
requirement and sensitized to recognize their responsibility in the war against criminal
gangs.

(H) Intelligence Collection by STF :
(i) The Special Task Force should have a Criminal Intelligence Wing. The wing
should have the following functions:

(a) Responsibility of this wing should be to act as store house for all reliable
information on criminal gangs and gangsters. A system should be developed
whereby all relevant information received from any quarters would
automatically flow to it. IT should get information on gang related crimes.
(b) Information on arrested gangsters and persons suspected to be involved in
some capacity in gang activities.
(c) Information on victims and property that is subject of gang crime
(d) Information about vehicles, weapons, houses, hotels, business place,
telephones etc. used by gangsters for their activities.
(e) Persons, establishments, enterprises, who are known or suspected to be
helping gang activities and,
(f) Particulars of the complaints received against them.
(g) A complete background files on gangsters and gangs to be used at some stage
in investigation and prosecution.

(ii) The STF intelligence wing should work out an integrated computer records system
which will, apart from storing vast information will bring speed to data
verification and would also help the investigator to quickly check a complaint in
hand against past complaints of related nature so as to get a picture of the
criminal's or gang's past criminal activities.

(iii) Another important responsibility of the Criminal Intelligence Wing of STF
444

should be the collection of sensitive and reliable intelligence about the
clandestine and covert activities of organised criminal gangs more importantly
their operational plans, their front organisations and enterprises, auxiliary
members and associates who lend support and facilitate gang survival and
activities.

(iv) The information required by the police regarding the activities of the gangs fall in
two categories, First, information that can able gleaned from open sources such as
newspaper reports, articles and interviews appearing in news-magazines and
journals, business records pertaining to gang connected business enterprises and
so on. Second, information that is not openly available. Apart from the
information and knowledge culled out from interrogation reports, statements of
witness such information can be fruitfully collected through running sources or
paid informers.

(v) Important information about daily activities of the gangs can be likewise collected
by winning over persons living in localities where gang activities abound and
where a gang's headquarters is located. Such sources can be recruited from the
residents who had become victims of gang atrocities in the past or are sympathetic
to a rival gang. As a matter of fact most gangs collect information about the gangs
they are on inimical terms with in this manner. Itinerant sources, that is to say,
sources who visit such localities on the pretext of selling wares or services can
also collect information by observation or listening to chance unguarded
conversations.

(vi) As a long term measure, which can reap rich dividends, some budding young
criminals with promise can be persuaded to join the gangs. This can be done with
ease in jails where most new recruitments take place. When these persons reach
positions of vantage in a gang they can provide very valuable information. It is a
risky operation that requires professional handling.

(vii) It is, therefore, necessary to explore the possibility of using technological sources
especially because gangsters do make frequent use of technological innovations
the simplest and the most commonly used being the telephone. The police have
445

been for decades tapping telephones to collect information clandestinely.
Cellular and digital phones are all set to invade not only metropolitan cities but
even the country side. The gangsters who have no dirth of money are sure to
make use of these innovations in a big way because of the versatility and relative
safety of communication they offer. As it is the gangsters are using telephones
installed in secret safe houses, in the flats of friends and associates and the public
call offices several of them are now owned by gang affiliates.

(viii) Short-range transmitters or bugs can be used with considerable advantage in
such situations provided the requisite homework is done to find out the places
of rendezvous and taking the owners in confidence or even otherwise. Similarly
a decoy or in the alternative a gang member who has been won over, or a victim
of crime can be persuaded to carry a miniature transmitter on his person and his
conversation recorded. As a cruder and more risky proposition he can carry a
mini-tape recorder in his pocket. Mini cameras concealed in cigarette cases and
the like can also be used to take photographs. Such technical evidence coupled
with actual deposition of the person who collected the evidence can go a long
way in establishing the complicity or criminality of the gangsters.

(ix) Actual physical surveillance can also be mounted either by using trained
policemen in plane clothes or hired auxiliary agents on gangsters when they are
on the move or in their known hideouts. Many hideouts, hitherto unknown
members and associates and rendezvous joints can thus be discovered.
Photographic evidence obtained during these surveillance errands can later be
used in a court of law to establish relationships.

(x) Intelligence information should also be obtained as a standing arrangement on a
give and take basis from other enforcement and interested agencies such as State
CID, police forces of other States, CBI, IB, R&AW, Enforcement Directorate,
Central Excise and Customs Department, Income Tax Department and Narcotics
Control Bureau. The list is not exhaustive.

(xi) The sources and informers who collect sensitive information, often risking their
lives, collect sensitive information, often risking their lives, invariably want to be
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properly treated by the officers, who liaise with them and of course most of them
wants to be well paid the exception occasionally being those who want to seek
revenge through police. The police officers should keep all these points in mind
while handling informers.

(xii) The criminal intelligence wing should form the backbone of the anti-organized
crime campaign that the Special Task Force would be expected to launch and
pursue relentlessly.

(I)

Awareness and Training Needs : It is important for the police personnel to

understand and appreciated the nature of the problem of the organized crimes vis-àvis their own roles in tackling that problem. The right step in this context is to educate
the whole police force about the true nature of the scourge of organized crime. Such
education should start as part of the basic police training to be imparted to police men
of all rank at various training schools. It should be made part of the syllabus. This
should be followed with periodic in-service short term courses that would update the
knowledge of the participants about the reality of the organized crimes and gangs and
the method/techniques for tracking the problems. Such training on organized crime
and its impact on policing may include following topics:
i.

What constitutes organized crime? i.e. essential features of organized crime

ii.

A brief survey of growth of organized crime (a) in important countries in the
world (b) in big cities in our country (c) its trans-national aspect

iii.

Traditional crimes committed by organized criminal gang both violent and
white collar.

iv.

Entry of organized crime in legitimate business and its methods of doing so.

v.

How organized crime affects general crime scenario and its impact on society
in various fields, social, political and economic.

vi.

Laws relating to organized crime

vii.

How police fight organized crime

viii.

Citizen's role and obligation in fighting organized crime and the imperative
need for enlisting their involvement by the police.

603.1 Police officer in the Special Task Force should be given more intensive and hoto-o it kind of training in order to develop in acute insight and confidence to take
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actual steps on the ground. Therefore, whenever officers are posted to the Special
Task Force they should be given an intensive orientation course preferably on the
following lines;
i.

An overview of organized crime activities - national as well as global.

ii.

A survey of the international movement to coordinate law enforcement efforts.

iii.

Similar efforts among various police forces within the country.

iv.

Important gangs operating indigenous as well as outside gangs (a) structures
and methods of operation of these gangs (b) their important leaders (c) fields
of operation (d) their resources and capabilities and (d) associate organizations
and outfits.

v.

Laws and rulings relating to organized criminal activities

vi.

Methods of collection of criminal intelligence and its use in investigations,
gang case preparation etc.

vii.

Modern technical devices and their practical use in intelligence and evidence
collection.

viii.
ix.

Organisation and functioning of the Task Force
Some typical case studies.

603.2 Some Special task Force Officers will have to be frequently apprised of the
latest techniques of commission of crime that have come to notice locally and
elsewhere, the countermeasures that have been found useful by actually examining
cases. They must also be made aware of the latest pronouncements of superior courts
that are relevant to organized crime investigation. A detailed critical analysis of the
cases that have ended in acquittal must also form part of regular briefings.

603.3 The staff posted in STF should be made to go through an intensive course in
firing with revolvers, pistols and automatic weapons. Familiarization with improvised
explosive devices should also form art of this course which may be held
simultaneously with or in succession to the orientation course. Regular firing practice
thereafter would be necessary in order to keep the officers in good trim.

603.4 The Special Task Force should apprise itself with the methods of operation of
professional kidnappers for ransom and the methods of tackling them. Apart from the
skills for rescuing a hostage from the clutches of armed gangsters without any harm
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coming to him, the team would require ability to effectively intercept all forms of
communication which is an indispensable concomitant of this form of crime. Some
suitable officers should also be trained in the craft of persuasive negotiations or
arrangements made on standing basis to obtain service of experienced psychologists.
The rescue operation will also require the assistance of the commando unit.

(J) Administrative and Operational Modalities :
I. It should be emphasized on all officers particularly of the Special Task Force
that enforcement of law in relation to gang activities should be strictly done
every time a violation is reported or noticed, and this should be regarded as the
imperative duty of all.
II. All enforcement techniques, whatever the seeming compulsions of a given
situation, should be strictly within the circumscription laid down by law. The
temptation to take law into one's own hands and inflict spot justice should be
tenaciously suppressed. No supervisory officer should sanction or connive at
violations of this dictum no matter what the expediency of a situation
suggests. Once the seniors turn a blind eye to this kind of unethical behaviour
there is no knowing to what depths of de gradation it would sink the force.
III. It should be repeatedly emphasizes that the campaign against organized crime
should be regarded as corporate venture in which all policemen must sincerely
contribute their bit whatever their posting.
IV. Nobody, whatever his individual contribution, should be allowed to stay on in
the Special Task Force for a longer period than his normal tenure. Period
rotations of personnel are the best guarantee against vested interest.
V. No cliques or groups should be allowed to be formed within the Special Task
Force. This can be best ensured by the Head of the Unit by discussing ongoing investigations in group meetings and by not allowing a particular team
to keep the whole of its information and work secret from others. This is not to
say that the principle of restrictive security should be given a go bye but that it
should be adhered to more in respect of people who are not part of the Special
Task Force.
VI. A small cell comprising officers of known integrity and dedication should be
created within the Special Task Force for internal security. The unit should
function directly under the Head of the STF. The main brief of this cell will be
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to see that the officers posted in the Special Task Force do not get
contaminated by corrupting influences form outside and that they do not
blabber away sensitive information to unauthorized persons least it reaches the
gangsters. The cell should have the authority to conduct internal audits of
investigations, operations and other activities after obtaining clearance from
the Head of the STF. It should also have the authority to conduct an enquiry to
find out the kind of contacts and friends the STF personnel have or how they
spend their off duty time.

(K)

Sensitizing Prosecution and Judiciary : An effective control on organized

criminal activity is possible only when it is regarded as the joint and corroborative of
the criminal justice system. All components of the criminal justice system must be
sensitized to the need for active cooperation in curbing this kind of crime which has
assumed international proportions with monstrous possibilities for the future.
Orientation courses should be designed for all limbs of the criminal justice system.
Perhaps special courses for judges and government prosecutors can be run by apex
training schools or the State level every National Institute for Criminology and
Forensics Science at the National Level. In addition seminars conference, symposia
for police, prosecutors, judges and prison authorities both serving and retired, should
be periodically organized. Even social scientists and other researchers who have taken
interest in studying organized crime should be invited to contribute their ideas about
possible solution and make an input about people's perceptions. These seminars will
educate the participants about the current trends in organized crime and the damage it
is causing to the social fabric, the difficulties faced by each limb of the criminal
justice system in playing its respective part more effectively, and thereby work out
ways for greater cooperation. They may also throw up new ideas about more effective
methods and techniques of combating organized crime. Above all, it will on the one
hand enhance sensitivity of the whole criminal justice system and attract attention of
the public whose cooperation also is indispensable on the other.

(L)

Special Enactments and Legal Provisions : Proactive intelligence and a well

trained special team will not be effective enough to crush organized criminal gangs
unless there is a special law or laws that would enable the police achieve their goals.
It is indisputable that the stringent provisions governing granting of bail are most
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desirable in dealing with gangsters who cannot be easily arrested and who invariably
go underground when released on bail. In order to put the gangsters out of circulation
they must in the first instance not be released on bail and secondly, must be
expeditiously tried. This is possible only if there is special provision in the law for the
purpose. Organized crime can be effectively curbed when the gangs are hit at several
levels simultaneously. It would be necessary for the police to make out a case or cases
against most gang members especially those at the top for being members of an outfit
that is engaged in illegal activities. An organized criminal gang can really be broken if
the most important source of power, i.e. the ill-gotten money is attacked. Therefore,
legal provisions must exist that will enable the law enforcement agency to investigate
all benami assets of a gang and taken appropriate measures to seize and ultimately
confiscate such assets. Once a gang runs short of money several field operators who
risk their lives for the money they get in return will desert the gang. The greatest
difficulty in proving a case is in the prosecution not being able to produce convincing
evidence. This is one of the reasons for the poor rate of convictions in TADA Act
cases too. Witnesses do not generally come forward to give evidence before the police
and if they do it is only when they cannot avoid it or in rare case they do so in the heat
of the moment. Such witnesses invariably do not support the prosecution at the time
of the trial.

(M) The three Fold Approach to Seek Conviction : A three-fold approach is called
for obtaining conviction for criminals in viewed in organized crimes.
i.

Making a confession made to a police officer admissible in law creates one
great impediment which no professional police officer would like. It
invariably inducts a sense of complacency as, the investigating officer tends to
feel that he had thus established the case. The case falls flat when the
confession is retracted, shown as suffering from some infirmity or is not
adequately corroborated. A confession should be regarded only as a reliable
beacon light that shows in which direction the investigation should be carried
out and what all needs to be established to prove the case. Therefore, in order
to permit every kind of evidence available to come before the trial court
confession made to a police officer should be made admissible but the police
themselves should not totally rely upon it to prove the case.

ii.

The effort should be that natural witnesses to a crime or criminal activity
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should depose sincerest treats and honesty in a court of trial. They therefore,
need to be given adequate protection which need not be only physical.
Secondly, those witnesses who resile should be legally made accountable for it
in a manner that would deter others from following the same path.
iii.

The third most important thing that needs to be done is to increasing reliance
on scientific investigation that makes use of modern technology. There should
be adequate enabling in the law itself so that police are able to tap these and
produce the evidence thus available before the trial.

(N)

Justice not to be Delayed : Delays in court to take up a case for trial and

disposed off expeditiously by not holding hearings in quick succession belittle efforts
of the law enforcement agencies. The court procedures, therefore, have to be
streamlined and it should be ensured that a criminal does most merrily go on
committing crimes, intimidating and even killing witnesses. A criminal when gets
convicted promptly goes in appeal and when the appeal is admitted he is released on
bail. This practically nullifies the conviction. The appeal takes its own time to get
listed for hearing. At times even leniency is shown in awarding punishment. It is
necessary, therefore, that a minimum punishment that would by itself act as a
deterrent is laid down in law. Even prescribing minimum amount of punishment in the
body of the Act itself has not brought about any improvement due to disconcerting
lack of sensitivity towards social ills and over concern for human liberty to antisocial
elements and the criminals. It is emphatically stressed that a new law covering all
aspects of organized crime's multi-faceted and multi-dimensional activities, is the
crying need of the day. No attempt has been made here to submit a draft bill. Some
legal luminaries in the Govt. of India would surely undertake that task once the need
is accepted. It has to be realized, however, that a legislation that is intended to
effectively grapple with a social malady should not be left to the legal experts alone to
formulate. A comprehensive and holistic endeavour is required in the matter.

(O) People Participation for Effective Control on Organized Crime : If citizens
are unaware of the true nature and dimensions of organized crime, and how it
eventually affects even a law abiding citizen, there is little hope that the relentless
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growth of organized crime will be halted. It has to be realized that the ultimate
prevention and control of any crime depends the citizen awareness and public
cooperation. The common public should be made aware of the danger that organized
crime poses to them. This will build public pressure that will ultimately squeeze out
organized crime. Similarly public spirited voluntary bodies should be enthused to take
p uprooting of organized crime as their primary task. These organizations in the first
instance should take up the responsibility of educating people about the sinister nature
of organized crime. Further, they can in conjunction with the police launch campaigns
to see that young men do not join these gangs. The public bodies can also serve as
eyes and ears of the law enforcement machinery. In other words they can serve as
intelligence sources and thus render yeoman's service to the cause of organized crime
suppression. As a corollary they should encourage witnesses to come forward and
help police. Later, they can help keep up the courage of these witnesses so that they
also truthfully depose during trial. These organizations should truly launch a citizen's
war on organized crime in which risky endeavour they must get whole hearted
support from the police. In order to institutionalize this arrangement it would be a
good idea for the city police chief to constitute an inter-action committee of activist
voluntary organizations and a few dedicated individuals. The Committee can discuss
action taken against organized crime, exchange views on what needs to be done and
formulate future police thrusts.

New Horizons of Overall Cooperation
604. It would be naive on the part of any police organization to believe that it can
contain much less eradicate the menace of organized crime on its own. Organized
crime and related gang activities are now spreading from metropolitan cities to not
only the remote suburbs and satellite townships but also to other large urban
conglomerates. In such a situation, no single police force can fight any of these gangs
single handed. Frequent interaction, exchange of information among affected police
forces and an understanding that will allow them to operate in one another's
jurisdiction either on their own or in conjunction and occasional joint planning of
operations are indispensable for giving worthwhile fight to these highly mobile, well
armed are resource rich gangs. Therefore, the preferable line of action would be that,
i.

The Commissioner of Police or DGP or the senior most officer in charge of
the Crime Branch should organize frequent exchange of information between
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the Special Task Force and other units of police and Crime Branch so that the
Special Task Force gets the necessary support from other Units.
ii.

It is desirable to convene periodic meetings among various units of police.
These meetings should be attended by executive police crime branch official,
STF personnel of investigation, Intelligence Bureau and perhaps Research and
Analyzing Wing.

iii.

In all round attack has to be launched against organized in order to subdue
them. Considering the kinds of criminal activities they indulge in, it will be
highly desirable to associate with any police action plan such other
enforcement agencies as the Central Excise and Customs Department, the
Income Tax Department, the Enforcement Directorate and Narcotics Control
Bureau so that each agency would initiate action under its own authority and
power to debilitate a gang that has been earmarked for action. A collaboration
of this nature will also greatly facilitate a thorough investigation in a crime
committed by a gang.

iv.

The Crime branch should have a small cell devoted exclusively to the task of
organizing these meetings and to ensure prompt follow up action. Since gang
activities are spread over more than one States a similar arrangement for
exchange of information must exist among all the affected States. The Central
Bureau of Investigation should act as the nodal agency for organizing such
interactions.

v.

Since organized crime has crossed national frontiers it would be necessary to
establish close links with countries which seem to show similar concern for
control of organized crime, more so with those countries where the Indian
gangsters appear to be operating or taking shelter. The objective should be to
enhance understanding of one another's problems, thereby increasing chances
of cooperation in respect of sharing gang related criminal intelligence.
Organized crime is not only deeply entrenched in several other countries
including developed countries but is increasingly taking advantage of the
readily available new technologies. It would be of considerable benefit to
know the methods of operation adopted by organized gangs in those countries
and how they are being effectively countered so that tomorrow when the
indigenous gangs bring those technologies in use the police would know how
to deal with them.
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The Expanding Horizons
605. It should be evident that O r g a n i z e d C r i m e is a growth industry not only in
India but also in several other countries. In India, Organised Crime initially got roots
in big cities like Bombay and Delhi, but now other metropolitan cities like
Calcutta, Madras and Bangalore and even the other cities particularly the
capital headquarters of the States cannot be immune from this scourge, for the
incubation factors are available there too in abundant measure. It is axiomatic that so
long as these cities continue to produce educationally deficient, socially misfit because
of lack of family care, and economically unemployable youths who have no credible
notion of economic opportunity ahead; youths who have nothing to look forward to
that will give them a sense of belonging and achievement, the ranks of organised
criminal gangs are bound to swell. From purely criminal acts like extortion with all its
variants, trafficking in illicit services and goods, it is bound to step into in fact in
several instances it has already done so legitimate business and allied forms of financial
activities where it is sure to give free rein to its fondness for using violence, to amass
huge profits and in the process establish its own stranglehold and monopoly over these
commercial activities.

606. The Basic Components of the new Strategy
(i) Organised gang activity has not remained a localised urban phenomenon alone but
has spread its tentacles into country side as well as can be easily gleaned from what
is happening in Utttar Pradesh, Bihar and elsewhere. What is worse, it has become
trans-national which has opened vast avenues for it to generate easy money.
International cooperation in the field of countering organised crime is gaining
momentum elsewhere because the problem has assumed frightening proportions.
Therefore, it is imperative for police and other law enforcement agencies that they
develop a sound strategy to combat organised criminal activities at home and a
conscious policy to join the international cooperative efforts by governments,
so that a synergistic multi-pronged attack could be launched with a view to
eradicating organised gangs and their concerted criminal activities.

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(ii) Further, the police and the other law enforcement agencies in the country which
have a vital role to play and without whose willingness to support and cooperate the
police would be considerably handicapped, must launch a concerted attack on the
organised criminal gangs with a view to incapacitating the top leadership as well as
the lower echelons down to the foot soldier.

More specifically it should be their

endeavour to secure for the leaders and the second line leadership as well long
sentences of imprisonment. Putting one or two top leaders of the gang behind bars
causes them only minor inconvenience, if at all.

(iii) The second front should be opened against their money power. Financially these
gangs must be crippled then only their back would be broken. This in fact holds the
key to success in the war against organized crime. A gang will collapse the moment
money and the ability to earn it cheap is taken away from it.

(iv) These important objectives cannot be achieved unless the police re-structure
themselves to create special units of dedicated professionals who are good at
systematic and painstaking investigations and at fighting it out in the streets when it
comes to that.

Of course their hands will have to be reinforced with a legislation

that takes into account the special problems created by the organised crime in
launching prosecutions and aims at destroying the menace, and by creating a socially
sensitive judiciary that would realise the need of the hour and contribute its share
which cannot be mean by any reckoning.

(v) People's cooperation, support and involvement are equally indispensable. No
social malignancy has ever been eradicated without people's active support which in
this case will come only when people are made aware of the true nature of organised
crime and how it affects them in the long term too, and then encouraged to rise
against it together.

(vi) However, before any such grand national strategy is worked out it would be
necessary to study this phenomenon of organised criminal gangs formation and
activities in its various manifestations in other metropolitan cities as well as in rural
areas.

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Chapter 28

Cyber Crimes and Police
Introduction
607. Due to information technology revolution; computers and the computer
networks are now within the reach of citizens, businessmen and public authorities.
Computer technology has wide applications at home, in business, in industry,
commercial establishments and in public offices for data processing and storing vital
information. The information technology now encompasses the entire gamut of
human activity. The computer and computer networks have opened new vistas for
various segments of the society and business, and they are also being used as tools by
criminals. An extensive use of computers has made our life increasingly dependent
on them. The need to protect the areas of computer use from crime has become
extremely important. The financial system, transportation systems, public records,
manufacturing processes and the information infrastructure are amenable to attack by
cyber criminals. The number, economic cost and sophistication of such attacks at the
hands of educated criminals will be on increase in the days to come. The
international communication networks and omnipresent Internet have erased the
national boundaries and the computer crimes are increasingly becoming
international, both in their scope and ramifications. This poses a new challenge for
the police and other law enforcement authorities to ensure that users of computer and
computer networks do not become victims of computer/cyber crime and also to take
up investigation of this new generation of offences with the requisite competence and
professional vision.

Computer Basics
608. For dealing with computer related crime, it is essential for the police to have the
basic knowledge of computers. A computer is a machine that carries out logical
instructions in a predetermined manner. It is programmed to perform certain
operations and store large amount of information depending upon its capacity. The
computer networks consist of number of computers connected with each other by
various means and is capable of sharing and transferring information between one
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other. The information or data stored in a computer can be retrieved or transferred, or
used in an output form in number of ways.

Components of Computer System
609. A typical computer consists of 'input device', 'output device', 'central processing
unit' and 'memory'. The input devices are used to feed the data or instruction in a
computer from the user or from another computer system. A keyboard , a mouse, a
magnetic tape drive, a disk derive such as floppy disk derive, CD drive, DVD drive,
any kind of electric sensor, a digital camera, a microphone ,

a bar coding reading

machine and scanners etc. are input devices.

The Output Devices
610. The output devices receive processed data for the user or another compute
system. Some of the output devices are: a visual display unit also known as monitor,
a printer which produces 'hard copies' of the output,

magnetic tapes, cassettes,

disks such as floppy disks, CDs, DVDs etc.,

The CPU
611. The central processing unit (CPU) can be described as mind of the computer. It
carries out the instructions that have been pre-programmed into it either by the user
or by software. In a typical personal computer, the central processing unit may
consist of one or more microprocessors - also called chips. It generally has memory
store, which is measured in units known as Kilobytes (Kb), Megabyte; (Mb),
Gigabytes, (Gb) and Terabyte (Tb). It also has unit which processes the information.
Central processing systems use "operating systems", which govern the way the
computer operates. Some of the popular operating systems are MS DOS, Windows,
UNIX, Linux etc. The memory is important component to the investigator- for this
is where evidence is likely to be obtained. The memory is generally classified as
temporary memory and permanent memory. Temporary memory is known as
Random Access Memory (RAM) or read/write memory, which can be altered or
erased The information contained in RAM is not saved or transferred to other storage
media and it is lost the moment power source in disconnected. The permanent
memory, known as Read Only Memory (ROM) cannot be altered or erased.
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Computer Hardware
612. The mechanical devices that constitute the computer are called hardware. The
hardware can be seen and felt. The hardware consists of various inter-connected
electronic devices such as processors, video screens, printers and several other
peripherals such as disk drives, CD writers etc.

Computer Software
613. The hardware by itself cannot do any data processing. It requires electronic
instructions that drive a computer or any other hardware component to perform
specific tasks. Any computer software, information / data are organised in a structure
of files, software in programme files and information in data files. Though there are
number' of software programme, these can be broadly categorized into 'system
software' and 'application software'

Classification of Computers
614. The descriptions of various types of computers are given in the following
paragraphs:
A.

Super Computers: Super Computers are generally the largest and most
powerful computers made to process huge amount of data and carry out
large number of calculations per second.

The scientists and engineers

generally use the Super Computers. Due to their size and cost, Super
Computers are very rare and only used by large corporations, universities
and government agencies.
B.

Main Frame Computers: The largest of a computer, which is commonly
used for processing huge volume of data, are called Main Frame
Computers. These are normally used in large organizations like insurance
companies, banks and airlines, where same data need to be accessed by
several people. Main Frame Computers are also used for providing
services on the internet. Retrieving evidence from a Main Frame
Computer may require a high degree of expertise.
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C.

Mini Computers: Mini Computer systems are smaller computers
but have large capacity for processing the data. These are
normally used as servers and provide network to number of
users and are capable of data sharing with the linked computer
systems.

D.

Work Stations: Work Stations are normally used for specialized
purpose by single user. These normally have processing power
of a mini computer and are used by scientists, engineers, graphic
artists, programmers etc.

E.

Microcomputers / Personal Computers: These are generally
used by individuals for various applications. These days, with
advanced technology, processing power of microcomputers
often drives that of workstations or mini computers. These
computers may also be used with network interface card to
connect to the network of an organization or to the Internet,

F.

Note Book / Laptop computers: Note Book / Laptop computers,
as the name suggests, are smaller portable versions of micro
computers and can perform any function of a micro computer.
These computers can be carried anywhere and can be connected
to the network through physical or wireless interface.

G.

Hand held computers: The past few years have seen
introduction of many hand held personal computers, which are
also called on Palmtop Computers or Personal Digital Assistants
(PDAs). These are small portable computers less powerful than
microcomputers providing services on the internet.

Computers Networks
615. A network of computers can be defined as several computers connected with
each other through cables or wireless, so as to capable of sharing various kinds of
information / data. Generally, main types of networks i.e. Local Area Network (LAN)
and Wind Area Network (WAN) are in use these days.
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A.

A Local Area Network (LAN) can be defined as a network of computers
located in vicinity. These are normally connected by cable, an Infra red
link or through a radio transmitter. The data is normally shared by these
computers through certain software protocols, which are a set of rules and
forms for sending and receiving data. TCP / IB is one of the most popular
protocol, which is in use these days for exchange of data.

B.

Wide Area Network (WAN) can be defined as network of two or more
LANs connected together covering a wide geographical area. A WAN
may link computers situated in one country or across various countries.
The computers in WAN may be connected through high speed telephone
lines, fibre optics, under sea cables or through satellites,

Storage Devices
616. The data / information is often stored on what is known as storage media. The
hardware component, on which, data can be written and read from it, is also known
as storage device. There are two main categories of storage technology, which exist
today i.e. magnetic storage and optical storage. Certain storage devices / media may
employ both kind of technology. For detailed description, any standard book on
storage devices may be referred to.

A. Primary Storage Devices
617. The primary type of magnetic storage devices are as follows:
• Diskette
• Hard Disk (could be fixed or removable)
• High capacity floppy disks
• Disk cartridges
• Magnetic tape
• Cards (credit and debit cards etc.)

B. Optical Storage Devices
618. The various types of Optical Storage devices are as follows:

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• Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
• Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM)
• CD-Re-cordable (CD-R)
• CD-Re-Writable (CD-RW)
• Photo CD

Computer Crimes
619. Given the dynamic nature of information technology, communication
infrastructure and ever changing legal measures towards better effort to prevent
computer / cyber offences, the paragraphs that follow are not a comprehensive
description of computer crime. The police officers should consult computer/cyber
crime manual and also to refer to the latest legal provisions on the subject.

Cyber/Computer Crime : Conceptualization
620. There is no universal accepted definition of computer / cyber crime but broadly
in general parlance, the computer crime is any illegal or unauthorized activity
involving computers. The crime can be against an individual or organization or
against the nation endangering or threatening to endanger its integrity and security.
Such an illegal or unauthorized act may manifest in, preventing the computer to
perform its duties as designed, or slow down its operations, or corrupting or copying
the data or software. A computer crime can thus broadly define as commission, or
attempt or abetment to the commission of any one or any combination of the
following illegal/unauthorized activities.
A. unauthorized access, alteration, addition, deletion or hiding data;
B. unauthorized access, alteration, addition, deletion or hiding programme
or information;
C. stealing of data, programme in any manner;
D. unauthorized (physical/logical) entry into computer work environment;
E.

change or alter the defined system.

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Modus Operandi of the Cyber Crimes
621. Digital or electronic tress-passing requires very few tools such as home
computer, or a note book computer or a desk top personal computer, a modem and a
telephone line. The criminal first identifies and breaks into the communication
channel to which the computer is connected. This may be a dial up line connected to
telephone line or a leased line connected to a telephone line or to the public data
system network. He then tries to log into the system by trying out various passwords
or stolen password. For an insider to gain unauthorized access to the system becomes
all the easier. In the case of stand-alone systems, his job becomes easy once he gets
physical access to the system.

Computer Hacking
622. This is, also known as intruding or cracking, a practice of gaining unauthorized
access to a networked computer from a remote source. It involves decoding of
password, breaking into the system and unauthorized use of system. Electronic eves
dropping could also be used as a method by hackers for interception of computer
services. This is a serious problem as most major computer systems in the world are
on the computer network. By this method the offences that can be committed are
forgery, sabotage and unauthorized access for interception. Hacking is defined under
section 66 of I.T. Act 2000. In cracking, normally the perpetrator makes minor
changes in the programme, in violation of the copyright restrictions with the
objective of extracting information, illegally.

Other Type of Computer Crimes
623. Software Piracy and other Copyright Violations, Cyber Pornography, Cyber
Terrorism and introducing deliberately the virus etc. are the other type of Computer
Crimes. This list will keep on growing with the growth of the computers and the
Information Technology. Virus is the latest and the most destructive type of
identified computer crime. It has the capacity of instantaneously multiplying and
attaching themselves to programme under certain circumstances. They can damage
computer systems, programs and data. A programmer writes a virus which is nothing
463

more

than

a

few

lines

of

numbers

or

letters

that

instruct

the

computer to change or destroy information inside another computer. The virus
instructions are hidden inside a legitimate program - one that might contain a
spreadsheet or a word processing programme. It can in fact be through a disc or even
through phone lines. The computer reads the virus along with the real software
program. The computer reacts to the hidden virus instruction. It might tell the
computer to destroy information on a certain date or simply flash a harmless
message on screen. It might also tell computer to put a copy of the
infected software on every other disc inserted into the machine. A virus can spread
from computer to computer system over a telephone line and electronic bulletin
boards and floppies / discs. It can damage the computer memory and knock out the
total system.

624. Investigation of Computer Crime : Some Precautions

i.

Unlike collection of evidence in normal crime, the collection of computer
evidence on any scene of crime requires specialist care. Serious problems
could arise if the computer evidence is not collected properly and with
necessary specialist care. Therefore, the investigators are advised that they
may call for specialist of computer crime unit of Crime Investigating
Department or computer forensic scientist from the Forensic Science
Laboratory.

ii.

Whenever the investigators comes across a computer during investigation of
any crime, he should remember that it could be a valuable piece of equipment
and could contain quantity of data, which could lead to valuable evidence for
the crime being investigated. Therefore, preservation of the same becomes
important from the point of view of evidence. Any mistake in preserving the
evidence could result in loss of valuable evidence. On the other hand, any
mishandling could also result in huge economic loss to the owner of such
computer, which must be avoided at every cost. The investigator must
remember that computers could frequently be connected in a network and the
vital necessary evidence might have been transmitted or stored at a location
different from the site of the search. The information could be stored even
464

across the boundaries of the country. The investigating officer must therefore
be extremely careful whenever he comes across a network of computers. It
may also be necessary to involve a computer expert at the earliest as
investigator may not be equipped to collect various kinds of data storage on
magnetic or optical media.

iii.

If the investigator has prior knowledge that the scene of crime which is going
to be searched would have computer systems or computer network in place, it
is advisable to contact the specialist computer crime unit of Crime
Investigation Department or computer forensic scientist of Forensic Science
Laboratory. In case it is possible, advanced information may be collected
regarding the make, model, operating system, network connections etc. being
used by the organization or individual, whose premises is being searched, as
this information could prove valuable. The information so collected must be
passed on to the expert, who can make necessary preparation that may be
required to collect evidence. This is necessary, as many a times, it may not be
possible to remove the computer systems physically and the data or
programme may have to be copied as per provision of Indian Evidence Act on
the crime scene itself. The investigator or the expert, who may accompany the
police personnel going for search should carry necessary media in the form of
disk, floppy disks, optical disks, tapes, tools, software, labels and other
specialized items and should carry necessary packing material, which can
prevent loss of evidence collected as offered on such media as data on
magnetic media can be destroyed by media, dust and electrostatic
environment.

iv.

In case computer equipment is to be removed, necessary care would have to
be taken to pack it properly and if necessary the material which will prevent
any damage, as sometimes read write heads could malfunction if subjected to
sudden jerk or force should be arrange for packing. If the computer system at
crime scene happens to be large, special attention may be required for proper
transport and storage arrangements, so that, data contained therein is
preserved for the purpose of evidence. If necessary and possible, the place
465

which contains such computers could be sealed and guarded properly till
arrangement is made to collect the evidence.

v.

During the course of the search, the investigator must not, under any
circumstances, allow a suspect or accused to touch any part of the computer
system. It must be remembered that even a press of a key could erase the
entire data. These days, it is even possible to enter or delete data with the help
of remote keyboards and mouse. Hence care should be taken that suspect or
accused does not have possibility of passing any instructions to the computer
through any of such devices. Sometimes, it may be desirable / necessary for
suspect or accused to be present during the search to collect valuable
information especially if data is protected by user identities or passwords. In
such situations, the investigator must be careful to keep the suspect / accused
out of reach of computer system and must not try to recover data by using the
identities or passwords told by such person. He should invariably take help of
an expert under such circumstances.

vi.

Now-a-days, most of the computers are part of the network, which may be
connected through cables, radio links, telephone, fibre optics etc. In a network
individual computer systems may function as stand alone machines also may
contain significant data / programmes. On the other hand, the information
could be found elsewhere in a physically remote area as server connected in
the network. Therefore, it is important that help of an expert is taken to
identify where the storage is located. The type of storage arrangement in use
in a network would determine the search and seizure procedures. It is,
therefore, necessary that when a network environment is to be searched,
adequate technical personnel along with general investigator must be assigned
for the job. In case, it is found that the server or data storage is located outside
the boundaries of India, prompt necessary action has to be taken through a
competent court to issue a "letters rogatory" under the provisions of section
166(A) CrPC. The assistance of National Crime Bureau (N.C.B.) represented
by Central Bureau of Investigation may be taken in this regard.

466

vii.

It may therefore be necessary to ensure that the suspect / accused is not able
to temper with the information contained in the computers at the time of the
search. The investigator is well advised to take help of an expert to ensure
that all such connections are removed and data communication facilities
disabled at the earliest.

Search and Seizure of Evidence Contained in Computer Systems
625. The actual collection / seizure of evidence should take place after all necessary
steps have been taken. It may be necessary to associate an expert or a forensic
specialist before carrying out the search and seizure procedure. Few precautions and
steps taken during the search are detailed below :

I. The system should be observed carefully and the name and the
model number of the system should be noted. It is necessary to
prevent loss or corruption of evidence and to ensure
preservation of quality of evidence.

II. Under no circumstances, crime suspect / accused should be
allowed to touch a computer system or use remote control
devices, which can manipulate the data / programmes
contained in the computer systems.

III. The suspect / accused or anybody else must not be allowed to
remove anything from the scene or carry out any activities on
the computers. It must be remembered the computers/ video
screens, printers and other peripheral devices may also contain
valuable evidence, which could be destroyed, if anybody is
permitted to handle these equipments. In case, no technical /
expert assistance is available, and the investigator is not
trained to handle such computer systems, it may be advisable
to leave computers on the scene as it is, till technical assistance
arrives.
467

IV. In case, computer systems are found working, it may be
necessary to power down these with the help of experts
depending upon the operating system in use. Care should be
taken to use the shut down system of the operating system and
not shut off power as that could result in loss of data /
programme, which may make recovery of evidence extremely
difficult and even impossible.

V. Before disconnecting

and

dismantling

any

computer

component, even/thing must be labeled, initiated with date
along with the signatures of witnesses as per provisions of law.
Special care should be taken to label and document all the
cables. The corresponding labels must be placed on the
devices, which are connected with particular cables and if
necessary a descriptive labeling system i.e. LPT1, Serial Port
etc. may be used.

VI. It may be extremely useful and necessary to take close up
photography both still and video of all the individual pieces of
hardware and connections. The investigator may also draw a
diagram of the location of the various computer systems.

VII. The equipment available at the scene must not be dismantled
by the investigator and the job shall be best left to a specialist,
who may disable a network/remove the peripherals first and
then the computer system.

VIII. Any documentation or notes or scratch paper etc. found at the
scene must be scrutinized properly and seized. Many a times,
these could give important clues regarding passwords and
other information.

468

IX. In case, the scene of crime contains multiple computer
systems, care must be taken to keep one system separate from
the other and the peripherals attached to such system must be
marked and packed separately, so that they do not get mixedup.

X. The investigator is cautioned that when no expert is available,
he should not try to handle the system as due to any improper
handling, there is a risk of tempering the evidence available
therein. Switching or disconnection of power may result in loss
of temporary memory (RAM), which will create difficulties in
re-gaining access to the system and collection of evidence by
the expert. Even if the investigator is conversant with
computer, keying in instructions could overwrite data and can
be construed as interfering with the evidence. Therefore, care
should be taken to have expert assistance available also for
preserving the evidence.

XI. The investigator should remember that sometimes the
computer may appear no: to be working but actually it could
be in hibernation / sleep mode and it might no: have been
turned off. Some computer especially laptops work with the
help of batteries and therefore care should be taken for
handling such systems for collecting the evidence.

626. Analysis of Computer Evidence
i.

The evidence collected from scene of a crime from computer system(s)
must be sent to forensic laboratory for examination by computer forensic
experts or any other designated expert as per the. provisions of Indian
Evidence Act Forensic laboratory may make a copy of the data seized
analysis and should not work on the original as the data on re media
seized is required to be produced in the court as an evidence, and it my get
destroyed or altered if the process of analysis is done on the original
469

stored data.

ii.

The investigator must ensure that all equipment tapes, disks, peripherals
etc. must be stored in a dust free environment under regulated
temperature. The investigator is well advised to consult an expert for
properly storing the equipment and other seized material. The
investigation into computer crimes should be done by police officers who
have the necessary experience and training in the field.

The Legal Penal Provisions
627. The various types of computer crimes may fall within the ambit of existing
provisions of Indian Penal Code or Chapter-XI of Information Technology Act,
2000. These offences and their nature are rot being discussed here and the
investigators may consult some of the books published on the subject and manual on
Computer Crime published by International Criminal Police Organisations (Interpol).
The relevant definitions and sections in Chapter - XI entitled "Offences" of
Information Technology Act, 2000 should be thoroughly understood by an IO
doing investigation of cyber crime.

Important Provision of the Act
628. Section 43: Penalty for damage to computer, computer system, etc. If any
person without permission of the owner or any other person who is in charge of a
computer, computer system or computer network (a) accesses or secures access to such computer, computer system or computer
network.
(b) downloads, copies or extracts any data, computer data base or information from
such computer, computer system or computer network including information or
data held or stored in any removable storage medium;
(c) introduces or causes to be introduced any computer contaminant or computer
virus into any computer, computer system or computer network;
(d) damages or causes to be damaged any computer, computer system or computer
network, data, computer data base or any other programmes residing in such
computer, computer system or computer network;
470

(e) disrupts or causes disruption of any computer, computer system or computer
network;
(f) denies or causes the denial of access to any person authorized to access any
computer, computer system or computer network by any means;
(g) provides any assistance to any person to facilitate access to a computer,
computer system or computer network in contravention of the provisions of
this Act, rules or regulations made there under.
(h) Charges the services availed of by a person to the account of another person by
tampering with or manipulating any computer, computer system, or computer
network, he shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation not
exceeding one crore rupees to the person so affected.
629. Explanation - for the purposes of this section (i) "Computer Contaminant" means any set of computer instructions that are
designed (a) to modify, destroy, record, transmit data or programme residing within a
computer, computer system or computer network; or
(b) by any means to usurp the normal operation of the computer, computer
system, or computer network;
(ii) "Computer Database" means a representation of information, knowledge,
facts, concepts or instructions in text, image, audio, video that are being
prepared or have been prepared in a formalized manner or have been produced
by a computer, computer system or computer network and are intended for use
in a computer, computer system or computer network;
(iii) "Computer Virus" means any computer instruction, information, data or
programme that destroys, damages, degrades or adversely affects the
performance of a computer resource or attaches itself to another computer
resource and operates when a programme, data or instruction is executed or
some other event takes place in that computer resource;
(iv) "Damage" means to destroy, alter, delete, add, modify or re-arrange any
computer resource by any means.
471

630. Section 44: Penalty for failure to furnish information, return, etc. If any
person who is required under this Act or any rules or regulations made there under to
(a) furnish any document, return or report to the Controller or the Certifying
Authority, fails to furnish the same, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding
one lakh and fifty thousand rupees for each such failure;
(b) file any return or furnish any information, books or other documents within the
time specified therefore in the regulations, fails to file return or furnish the
same within the time specified therefore in the regulations, he shall be liable to
a penalty not exceeding five thousand rupees for every day during which such
failure continues:
(c) maintain books of account or records, fails to maintain the same, he shall be
liable to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees for every day during
which the failure continues.

631. Section 45: Residuary Penalty. Whoever contravenes any rules or regulations
made under this Act, for the contravention of which no penalty has been separately
provided, shall be liable to pay a compensation not exceeding twenty-five thousand
rupees to the person affected by such contravention or a penalty not exceeding
twenty-five thousand rupees.
632. Section 46: Power to Adjudicate. (1) For the purpose of adjudging under this
Chapter whether any person has committed a contravention of any of the provisions
of this Act or of any rule, regulation, direction or order made there under, the Central
Government shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), appoint any officer
not below the rank of a Director to the Government of India or an equivalent officer
of a State Government to be an adjudicating officer for holding an inquiry in the
manner prescribed by the Central Government.
(2) The adjudicating officer shall, after giving the person referred to in sub-section
(1) a reasonable opportunity for making representation in the matter and if, on
such inquiry, he is satisfied that the person has committed the contravention, he
472

may impose such penalty as he thinks fit in accordance with the provisions of
that section.
(3) No person shall be appointed as an adjudicating officer unless he possesses
such experience in the field of Information Technology and Legal or Judicial
experience as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
(4) Where more than one adjudicating officers are appointed, the Central
Government shall specify by order the matters and places with respect to which
such officers shall exercise their jurisdiction.
(5) Every adjudicating officer shall have the powers of a civil court which are
conferred on the Cyber Appellate Tribunal under sub-section 58, and (a) all proceedings before it shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within
the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code;
(b) shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purposes of sections 345 and 346
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
633. Section 65: Tampering with Computer Source Documents. Whoever
knowingly or intentionally conceals, destroys or alters or intentionally or knowingly
causes another to conceal, destroy or alter any computer source code used for a
computer, computer programme, computer system or computer network, when the
computer source code is required to be kept or maintained by law for the time being
in force, shall be punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which
may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both.
634. Explanation - For the purposes of this section, "Computer Source Code" means
the listing of programmes, Computer Commands, Design and layout and programme
analysis of computer resource in any form.
635. Section 66: Hacking with Computer System. (1) Whoever with the intent to
cause or knowing that he is likely to cause wrongful loss or damage to the public or
any person, destroys or deletes or alters any information residing in a computer
resource or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously by any means,
commits hacking. (2) Whoever commits hacking shall be punished with
473

imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh
rupees, or with both.
636. Section 67: Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form.
Whoever publishes or transmits or causes to be published in the electronic form, any
material which is lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect is such
as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant
circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it, shall be
punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which
may extend to two years and with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees and in
the event of a second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to ten years and also with fine which may
extend to two lakh rupees.
637. Section 68: Power of Controller to give directions. (1) The Controller may,
by order, direct a Certifying Authority or any employee of such Authority to take
such measures or cease carrying on such activities as specified in the order if those
are necessary to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act, rules or any
regulations made there under.
(2) Any person who fails to comply with any order under sub-section (1) shall be
guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three years or to a fine not exceeding two lakh rupees or to
both.
638. Section 69: Directions of Controller to a subscriber to extend facilities to
decrypt information. (1) If the Controller is satisfied that it is necessary or
expedient so to do in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of India, the security
of the State, friendly relations with foreign States or public order or for preventing
incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence, for reasons to be recorded
in writing, by order, direct any agency of the Government to intercept any
information transmitted through any computer resource.
(2)The subscriber or any person in charge of the computer resource shall, when
called upon by any agency, which has been directed under sub-section (1),
extend all facilities and technical assistance to decrypt the information.
474

(3) The subscriber or any person who fails to assist the agency referred to in subsection (2) shall be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may
extend to seven years.
639. Section 70: Protected system. (1) The appropriate Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, declare that any computer, computer system or
computer network to be a protected system.
(2) The appropriate Government may, by order in writing, authorise the persons
who are authorised to access protected systems notified under sub-section (1)
(3) Any person who secures access or attempts to secure access to a protected
system in contravention of the provisions of this section shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term, which may extend to ten years
and shall also be liable to fine.
640.

Section

71:

Penalty

for

misrepresentation.

Whoever

makes

any

misrepresentation to, or suppresses any material fact from, the Controller or the
Certifying Authority for obtaining any licence or Digital Signature Certificate, as the
case may be, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to
two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or both.
641. Section 72: Breach of confidentiality and privacy. Save as otherwise
provided in this Act or any other law for the time being in force, any person who, in
pursuant of any of the powers conferred under this Act, rules or regulations made
there under, has secured access to any electronic record, book, register,
correspondence, information, document or other material without the consent of the
person concerned discloses such electronic record, book, register, correspondence,
information, document or other material to any other person shall be punished with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may
extend to one lakh rupees, or with both.
642. Section 73: Penalty for publishing Digital Signature Certificate false in
certain particulars. (1) No person shall publish a Digital Signature Certificate or
otherwise make it available to any other person with the knowledge that -

475

(a)

the Certifying Authority listed in the certificate has not issued it; or

(b)

the subscriber listed in the certificate has not accepted it; or

(c)

the certificate has been revoked or suspended, unless such publication is
for the purpose of verifying a digital signature created prior to s^>ch
suspension or revocation

(2) Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be
punished with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to two years, or
with fine, which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both.

643. Section 74: Publication for fraudulent purpose. Whoever knowingly creates
publishes or otherwise makes available a Digital Signature Certificate for any
fraudulent or unlawful purpose shall be punished with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or
with both

644. Section 75: Act to apply for offence or contraventions committed outside
India. (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), the provisions of this Act shall
apply also to any offence or contravention committed outside India by any person
irrespective of his nationality.
(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), this Act shall apply to an offence or
contravention committed outside India by any person if the act or conduct
constituting the offence or contravention involves a computer, computer
system or computer network located in India.
645. Section 76: Confiscation. Any computer, computer system, floppies, compact
disks, tape drives or any other accessories related thereto, in respect of which any
provision of this Act, rules, orders or regulations made there under has been or is
being contravened, shall be liable to confiscation:
645.1 Provided that where it is established to the satisfaction of the court
adjudicating the confiscation that the person in whose possession, power or control
of any such computer, computer system, floppies, compact disks, tape drives or any
other accessories relating thereto is found is not responsible for the contravention of
476

the provisions of this Act, rules, orders or regulations made there under, the court
may, instead of making an order for confiscation of such computer, computer system,
floppies, compact disks, tape drives or any other accessories related thereto, make
such other order authorised by this Act against the person contravening of the
provisions of this Act, rules, orders or regulations made there under as it may think
fit.
646. Section 77: Penalties and confiscation not to interfere with other
punishments. No penalty imposed or confiscation made under this Act shall prevent
the imposition of any other punishment to which the person affected thereby is liable
under any other law for the time being in force.
647. Section 78: Power to investigate offences. Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, a police officer not below the
rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police shall investigate any offence under this Act.

477

Chapter 29

Crime Against Women
Introduction
648. Women are quiet important and vital part of any community, because in
addition to their quality contribution in the social, familial, political and economic
spheres, quantitatively also they occupy significant position in any society, in as
much as, almost 50% of the total population consists of them. Their contribution to
the overall social progress, family cohesiveness and in the overall national
development has always been quite significant. The unfortunate part of their destiny
is that they become victims of various types of crimes, despite the fact that a number
of legislations providing protection to women exist. Although women may be victim
of any of the crimes such as murder, robbery, cheating etc., only the crimes, which
are directed specifically against women, are characterized as crime against women.
These are broadly classified under two categories.
(A) The crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
i.

Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)

ii.

Kidnapping & Abduction for different purposes (Sec. 363 - 373 IPC)

iii.

Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC)

iv.

Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A IPC)

v.

Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC)

vi.

Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC)

vii.

Important of girls (upto 21 years of age) (Sec. 366-B IPC)

(B) The Crimes under the Special & Local Laws (SLL)
649. Although all laws are not gender specific, the provisions of law affecting
women significantly have been reviewed periodically and amendments carried out to
keep pace with the emerging requirements. The gender specific laws for which
crime statistics are recorded in the country are :
i.

Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

ii.

Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

iii.

The Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1979
478

iv.

Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

v.

Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987

Some Basic Issues
650. Some of the basic issues which are important in relation to crime against women
are following :
o Women are an easy target of violence
o Major part of domestic violence consists of violence against women.
o Violence against women has a direct and indirect bearing on the phenomena of
domestic violence.
o Violence against women may or may not form part of crime against women
but this definitely is violence of Human Rights.
o This signifies the role of H.R. in violence against women.
o Enormity and seriousness of atrocities committed against women are a matter
of serious concern for every right thinking person.
o The battle of crime against women has to be waged by
1. Various sections of I he society
2. Various campaigns and various programmes
3. With social support, legal protection, safeguards and reforms in CJS

The Causes
651. Some of the important causes for crime against women are following :
•

Lack of awareness

•

Illiteracy and backwardness

•

Oppressive practices and customs

•

Male chauvinism and ego

•

Economic, emotional and social dependence.

The Consequences
652. Crimes against women have serious consequences for the family, community,
society and the nation. Some of these consequences are following:
•

Lop sided development

•

Fall in sex ratio
479

•

High infant mortality rate

•

Low literacy rate

•

High drop out of girls

•

Low wages

•

Inadequate socio-politico and economic progress

Rape: The Worst Form of Crime Against Woman
653. Rape is a heinous offence that destroys the dignity, self esteem and honour of a
woman. Society looks upon a rape victim with apathy, hatred and disgrace. It is
a blot on her matrimonial prospects, if un-married, and a disruption in her
matrimonial life, if married. The rapist deserves the highest condemnation socially
and legally. According to the definition in section 375 I PC, a man is said to commit
'rape' who has sexual intercourse with a woman under any of the six circumstances
described under section 375 of the IPC.

Aggravated Forms of Rape
654. The more aggravated forms of rape have been defined under section 376 (2) of
IPC as mentioned below with enhanced punishments.
A. If a police officer commits rape within his police station limits or in the
premises of any police station or on a woman in his custody or in the custody
of his subordinate;
B. If any other public servant taking advantage of his official position commits
rape on any woman in his custody or in the custody of his sub-ordinate;
C. Wherever being on the management or on the staff of a jail, remand home, or
other place of custody established under/by law or of a woman or children's
institution takes advantage of his official position and commits rape on any
inmate;
D.

Wherever being on the management or on the staff of a hospital, takes
advantage of his official position and commits rape on a woman in that
hospital;

E. Wherever commits rape on a woman knowing her to be pregnant;
480

F Wherever commits rape on a woman under 12 years of age; and
G. Wherever commits gang rape;

The Parameter of Consent
655. Submission without resistance does not necessarily amount consent. Consent of
the victim girl obtained by giving false promise of marriage and her age being 16
years at the time of occurrence is no consent under law. The consent must be free and
be given prior to the act. Helpless resignation in the face of inevitable compulsion or
passive submission when the volitional faculty is either clouded by fear or vitiated by
duress can not be deemed to be consent.

656. Investigation of Rape Case : Some Precautions
i.

The investigating officer must make careful enquiries to find out if other
evidence corroborates the statement of the victim. Corroboration may be
by direct or circumstantial evidence, which should, in addition to
confirming that the offence was committed, establish that the accused
committed it. Courts have generally found no reason to disbelieve the
statement of victim unless circumstances exist that prove her to be false.
Facilities are afforded during trial or other proceedings that enable the
victim to depose fearlessly and to overcome natural and societal
inhibitions, by in camera proceedings.

ii.

Immediately after the case of rape is reported, the FIR should be lodged
and the victim should be sent to the medical examination at the earliest
accompanied by a woman police officer. IO should remember that as per
the definition of the rape, it is not always necessary that rape is clinically
proved. Mere penetration is sufficient to constitute the offence of rape.
Hence absence of semen or injuries on the victim does not mean that rape
is not committed. When a woman submits to the commission of rape out of
fear or threat, obviously there will be no injuries or marks of resistance.
I.O. should also request the medical officer to whom the victim is sent for
medical examination, to examine the private parts of victim and for the
removal of semen or any hair from the vagina and pubic region. The
481

examination of private parts of both victim and accused for injuries,
presence of blood, semen or hair and evidence of a venereal disease should
be done by a medical officer. Under no circumstances IO himself at the
place of occurrence or in police station or at any other place should
attempt this examination.

iii.

The scene of offence should be visited, photographed, video graphed and
thoroughly examined by IO for any material incidence. The accused
should be arrested and sent with his wearing apparel for medical
examination if the apprehension is immediately after the commission of
offence. If there is delay in arrest, the clothes, which he was wearing at the
time of the commission of offence, should be seized and sent for medical
examination.

Points for Consideration With Regard to Victims
657. In the case of the victim of a rape case following points should be noted :
A.

The exact time and duration of the incident

B.

Age

C.

the character of the woman;

D.

the place where the offence was committed, and whether her cries could
reach some one in the vicinity;

E.
F.

whether she was drugged, if so, by whom;
injuries to the body, their nature and position particularly nail or teeth
marks on the cheeks or the other parts of the victim's body, injuries
around the wrist, forearms or other parts caused by broken bangle pieces;

G. presence of marks on external clothing when the offence is alleged to have
been committed outside a house including torn portions of clothing
H.
I.

presence of semen or blood stains on her person or on the clothes;
injuries to private parts and presence of blood or semen or any foreign hair
in or near the vagina or other parts of the body or on the clothes
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J.

in the case of young and unmarried girls ruptures of hymen and whether
the rupture is recent;

K. whether the victim has been infected with any venereal diseases, and
L.

the condition of pubic hair, whether mixed with semen or blood,

The Accused
658. In the case of accused, following points should be noted :
A. age and physical development;
B. injuries to his person, face, neck, and in the neighbourhood of
genitals;
C. tearing of clothes;
D. presence of blood or semen stains on his person or clothes or pubic
hair. Blood and saliva should be collected for DNA if necessary.
E. injuries to the male organ ;
F. presence of foreign hair on the body/clothes of the accused;

The Place of Occurrence
659. At the place of occurrence, following points should be noted:
A. marks of struggle like trampling of the ground if it is grassy or
marshy.
B. broken bangle pieces etc.
C. Examine the scene of offence and satisfy as to whether the place is a
secluded one affording privacy for the accused to indulge in sex against her
will at the time when the offence is alleged to have occurred. The scene of
offence is photographed and video graphed to convince the court as to how
the scene of offence is secluded one, affording privacy for the accused to
indulge in the rapacious attack on the victim.

Identity of the Victim & Other Precautions
660. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the identity of victim is not revealed
in any publication. Violations in this regard are liable for penal action u/s 228 A
IPC. Do not subject the victim to too many embarrassing questions. Examine and
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record her statement in the presence of a female attendant. The victim should be
asked to show the exact scene of offence. This should be done in such a way that she
is least exposed to the public gaze. Collect the wearing apparel of the victim at the
time of commission of offence under panchnama and send immediately for medical
examination. Collect evidence regarding the prior illicit relation between the accused
and the victim if any. Protect the victim and her parents from the possible
intimidation, threats, coercion and reprisals by the accused or their supporters. Also
render the help that is possible to the victim in her rehabilitation. The determination
of blood groups may prove to be of invaluable help in the detection of rape cases.
The DNA finger printing provides convincing scientific proof in cases of rape.
Wherever necessary the samples should be sent for DNA analysis and opinion
should be taken in the manner prescribed in this regard.

Offences of Sexual Intercourse
661. There are four types of sexual intercourse by a man with a woman, which
are made offences though not amounting to rape under section 376-A.to 376-D.
They are;
A.

a man having sexual intercourse with his own wife who is living
separately from him under a decree of separation or under any
custom or usage, without her consent;

B.

any public servant taking advantage of his official position induces
or seduces any woman in his or in his subordinate's custody, to have
sexual intercourse with him;

C.

any superintendent or manager of a jail, remand home or other place
of custody or a woman's or children's institution takes advantage of
his position induces or seduces any woman in his custody to have
sexual intercourse with him; and

D.

any person on the management or staff of a hospital taking advantage of
his position induces or seduces any woman in that hospital to have sexual
intercourse with him.

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661.1 All the above "'four types of sexual intercourse except the first one are
cognizable offences but no arrest shall be made by a police official without the
orders of a court.

662. Unnatural Sexual Offences
(i) Unnatural offence, as defined in section 377 of the IPC, is carnal intercourse
against the order of nature with a man, woman or animal. Sodomy is anal
intercourse between two males, or between a man and a woman. Mostly, young
boys are victims of such unnatural carnal connection. These offences are
common but are rarely brought to notice. There are also a few eunuchs who are
fond of appearing in a woman's costume, and ostensibly, live by singing, but
habitually indulge in sodomy as passive agents.
(ii) A case under section 376/377 of the IPC can be charged on the basis of the
evidence of the victim, if it is not of a doubtful nature. It is not unsafe to act on
the uncorroborated testimony of the victim alone, if the victims' evidence is
found to be truthful. More so if the victim is a child whether male or female.
Corroboration through circumstantial or other evidence would be of immense
value as ultimately the guilt has to be established beyond doubt. For instance,
stains of semen may constitute important circumstantial evidence in these cases.
Evidence of the medical officer, who has examined the victim soon after the
offence is committed, is important. The skilful and sympathetic questioning and
ascertaining of details from victims would itself provide clues for further
evidence and the Investigating Officer must therefore make painstaking efforts to
collect the same. Apart from other circumstantial evidence, DNA Finger printing
is the most reliable evidence, which the IO should utilize in cases where it is
necessary and where other circumstantial evidence is not forth coming.
Trafficking in children and child prostitution is a reprehensible but flourishing
activity of organized criminal gangs. Investigation of such cases should
comprehensively aim at the organization and individual members thereof so that
Police can deal them with in the specific case or under other laws apart from
enabling preventive action.
(iii) The following are some of the points to be ascertained while investigating these
485

cases:
A. injuries to the body, such as scratches and bruises on face, neck and hands;
B. stains of semen on person or clothing;
C. presence of semen in the anus, particularly in young children;
D. injuries to, or in the neighbourhood of anus;
E. laceration of rectal mucus membrane,
F. infection of venereal disease present in the accused, and
G. presence of hair of the victim on the offender and vice versa.
H. In respect of child victims of either sex the procurer or persons who
arranged the transaction, the place of birth, parentage, sex and age of the
child; recovery of money or valuables from persons who are benefited;,
enquiries and evidence of parents and others at his/her native place as to
the procurement etc.

(iv) It is very important that the investigating officer should, in cases of rape and
unnatural offences, send the victim and the accused to the medical officer for
examination as early as possible. Clothing and other articles with semen or
blood stains in their possession must be seized, carefully packed and despatched
to the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) for analysis and report.

663. Dowry Deaths
I.

Dowry deaths are defined in section 304-B IPC, It provides for cases of
death under suspicious circumstances within 7 years of marriage due to
cruelty and harassment of husband or his relations in matters connected
with dowry. Section 306 IPC deals with suicides of women due to
harassment of the husband or the in-laws. Section 498-A IPC deals with
cruelty and harassment to a woman by her husband or relations of the
husband, which causes mental or physical harm to her. Sections 113-A
and 113-B of Indian Evidence Act provide for a presumption to be raised
against the accused in these cases, thereby shifting the onus of proof of
innocence, to the accused from the prosecution. Section 174 (3) CrPC
provides for inquest by Magistrate in cases of death of women under
suspicious circumstances within 7 years of her marriage. Section 2 of the
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Dowry Prohibition Act defines the word 'Dowry'. These are some of the
legal provisions, which should be thoroughly understood for investigation
into the cases of dowry deaths.

II.

The main ingredients to be proved by the prosecution in a case under
section 304-B are the death of a woman within 7 years of marriage and
secondly that it was occasioned by cruelty on account of demand for
dowry. The cruelty is defined in explanations A & B of section 498 A.
While both explanations apply to 498 A and 306 IPC, explanation B only
applies to 304 B. The presumption available under section 113 A I.E. Act
is applicable to cases of 498 A and 306 IPC where as the presumption
under 113 B I.E. Act is applicable to 304 B IPC. The IO should be
thorough with these important provisions of law for correct and legally
sound investigation of cases u/s 498-A, 306 and 304-B IPC.

III.

If the complaint discloses a dowry death it should be registered under
section 304-B and 498-A IPC may be added. Where it is a suicide due to
cruelty or harassment, a case under section 498 A and 306 IPC should be
registered. The inquest of the dead body should be held in these cases,
only by an executive magistrate according to 174(3) CrPC. Prompt
intimation should be sent to the concerned Executive Magistrate to visit
the scene and hold the inquest. The police should associate with the
inquest/enquiry conducted by the executive magistrate. As soon as the
inquest is completed the body should be sent for postmortem
examination. The procedure for inquests and postmortem examinations
would be the same as for any case of murder. The Government has issued
instructions as to the manner of conducting inquest by executive
Magistrates in the States on different occasions.

IV.

The investigating Officer should visit the scene of occurrence promptly,
inspect it, collect all relevant material and evidence, record the statements
of witnesses and take all necessary steps regarding the processing of the
scene of offence for processing of crime scene. The IO should particularly
look for evidence in the form of letters and other communications or
487

documents and all other material, which show evidence of harassment and
cruelty. He should also collect evidence relating to the receipt or
agreement regarding the dowry. Evidence in proof of marriage should
also be collected.
V.

While examining the relatives of the victim care should be taken to
inspire confidence in them to disclose all details and evidence of cruelty
or harassment and details concerning dowry. Some times the bereaved
parents overwhelmed by emotions may also make wild allegations.

VI.

Independent evidence has to be collected by examining the neighbours of
the area particularly near the victim's residence and other persons known
to the deceased. It may not be entirely safe to rely only on the evidence of
the close kith and kin of the victim, particularly in the absence of some
other circumstances. In such cases the friends and other acquaintances
than to the parents will know instances of harassment more. It is also
possible that the victim might not have disclosed all the instances to her
parents.

VII.

The offences are non-bailable and non-compoundable. The arrests of the
accused should be made as soon as the initial investigation is completed
and culpability is established. If there is any risk of the accused
absconding, action should be taken to keep them under surveillance if
necessary till the initial investigation is completed. The initial
investigation means inquest and postmortem and examination of
important witnesses. When the prima facie case is established against any
accused, there should be no delay in arrest.

VIII.

The evidence of cruelty is the vital factor in the cases of dowry deaths.
Closest examination of independent witnesses apart from the relatives,
letters indicating the state of relationship between the victim and her
husband, the transfer of money through banks to the husband or his
relatives and their accounts, the purchases and assets acquired after the
marriage and their source would be necessary to establish not only the
transactions relating to dowry but also the cruelty exhibited by the
488

husband and his relatives.
IX.

In investigation of dowry deaths by burning, the remnants and all
evidence
relating to the burning of the victim should be carefully collected.

The

investigation should be conducted on a day-to-day basis without any
delay and completed promptly. During the trial it is necessary that the
witnesses are produced and their evidence recorded in the court as early as
possible.

664. Matrimonial Cruelty and Harassment
(I) Cruelty is defined in section 498 - A IPC. Cruelty means;
A. any willful conduct which is of such a nature as likely to drive the woman to
commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health
(whether mental or physical) of the woman; or
B. harassment of the woman to coerce her or any person related to her to meet
any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of
failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
C. Cruelty may be either by the husband or the relative of husband of the woman
subjected to such cruelty.
D. The stipulation of 'within 7 years of marriage' is applicable to section 304 - B
and not to 498-A and 306 IPC.

(II) Section 113A of Evidence Act raises presumption against her husband and his
relatives of abetment of suicide by a married woman. If there is cruelty as defined
in this section prior to the woman committing suicide within seven years of
marriage is established, the presumption is raised against her husband and other
accused.

(III) In the investigation of cases of this nature the 1O should pay attention to the
following points.
A. The complaint from the affected woman or her parents or brothers or
recognised women forum or sisters should be registered promptly.
489

B. The prosecution should establish that she is a married woman, that she is
subjected to cruelty and that it was by her husband or his relatives.
C. The evidence collected particularly the letters, notes, diaries, bank accounts
and other material objects should be examined and properly appreciated. All
witnesses who are likely to testify to the acts of harassment or cruelty should
be promptly examined.
D. The husband and his relatives should be examined.
E. The orders governing the arrest and search etc. contained in the Chapter 25
should be scrupulously followed.
F. Where there are injuries, the procedure prescribed for medical examination
and certificate should be complied.
G. Very often allegation of persistent demands for money or property is made.
Normally oral assertions are made and the IO should skillfully, by examining
as many witnesses as possible ascertain the correct situation. Such
circumstances as the woman being sent away or going away to her parents'
place, her disclosures to relatives and friends would be useful evidence.
H. The cases under this section are cognizable, non-bailable and of warrant
procedure tribal by a First Class Magistrate and also non-compoundable.
I. Where reconciliation takes place between wife and husband and the
application is made, the High Court u/s 482 CrPC, in exceptional cases, may
permit them to compound. But the wife is not permitted to withdraw the
charge sheet filed by police.

665. Immoral Traffic in Women
(I) The trafficking in women and abuse of children is a very heinous crime. The
prevention of Immoral Traffic Act (PITA), 1956 as modified in 1988 contain
various new provisions to effectively deal with the menace of this problem. The
very definition of prostitution has been altered and the status of the prostitute
more as a victim has been recognised in the modified Act. This Act is more of a
human rights legislation intended to protect the interest of the weaker sections
such as women and children from abuse. Stringent penal provisions are provided
to deal with the exploiters of these people. The modus operandi adopted by the
offenders generally consists of tempting young girls from the villages and towns,
490

promising affluent life, glamour of cities, career in cinema and subsequently
landing them in brothel houses. The victims include poor and illiterate persons,
those who have domestic and marital problems, widows etc. The other M.O. is
recruiting girls on grounds of marriage with rich persons abroad and ultimately
their being exploited sexually and used as domestic servants after the formality of
a marriage or otherwise. Procuring minor girls and boys has also become serious
form of crime. The following instructions should be observed in the investigation
of such cases. Wrongful confinement, kidnapping and abduction are some times
the accompanying offences along with the offences under PITA.
(II) In PITA, prostitution is defined as sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for
commercial purposes. As per this definition, the prostitution is not confined to
only women. Homosexuality is also brought under this definition. Further it
includes not only exploitation of one person by another but also abuse of one's
own self for commercial purposes. Exploitation or abuse for purposes other than
commercial is not covered under this definition.
(III) Brothel is defined as a place where sexual exploitation for abuse is carried on
for the gain of another person or for the mutual gain of two or more prostitutes.
Prostitution is not an offence by itself. Section 3 to 9 contains the penal
provisions in the Act. In the offences covered by sections 3 to 6 and 9 of PITA,
prostitute is a victim and not an accused where as in the offences covered by
section 7 and 8, prostitute is an accused. The IO should appreciate these
provisions of law clearly in order to ensure correct investigation of cases.
Running a brothel or letting premises to a brothel is offence under section 3.
Living on the earnings of the prostitute being above the age of 18 years is an
offence under section 4. Even husband or adult children can also be accused
under this section. Procuring or inducing or taking any person for the sake of
prostitution whether the victim accompanies willingly or unwillingly is an
offence under section 5.
(IV) Detaining a person in premises where prostitution is carried on is an offence
under section 6. Certain important presumptions are provided in this section for
the benefit of prosecution in proving the cases under this section. It shall be
presumed that she is detained in place of prostitution if;
491

A.

a child of the victim is found in a brothel; or

B. a minor victim is medically examined and found with sexually transmitted
diseases; or
C. The jewellery of a victim is in the custody of the management of the brothel.
(V) Prostitution in the vicinity of a public place is an offence against the prostitute
under section 7. A public place is one that is accessible to the public in general.
Seducing or soliciting for the purpose of prostitution from any public place or
within the site of or to the hearing of any person in any public place, whether
from within a building or house, by means of words, gestures or any exposures is
an offence under section 8. Seduction of any person when in custody or charge
or care of any person in authority is an offence under section 9. The special
police officers not below the rank of inspectors appointed by the State
Government under this Act are only competent to investigate the offences under
this Act falling in their jurisdiction.
(VI) Searches, for rescue of persons from brothels or to detect offences under this
Act, can be carried out only by special police officers without warrant, in the
presence of two independent witnesses and one among them shall be woman.
Any other officer not below the rank of a Sub-inspector can also- conduct a
search for rescue of persons only under the warrant from a competent
magistrate. Arrest without warrant may be made by a special police officer or
under his direction or subject to his prior approval; a police officer not below
the rank of an S.I. may arrest the accused and immediately report to the special
police officer.
(VII) When an offender was prosecuted and convicted for an offence under this Act
and again convicted for the second time within a period of 5 years, the IO can
file a memo at the time of passing the sentence to the Court requesting the
court to notify the address of the convict. At the time of conviction of female
offenders found guilty for the offences under section 7 and 8, a trial court may,
instead of sentencing them to imprisonment, send them to corrective homes
taking in to consideration the character, state of health and mental condition of
the offender and other circumstances. The victims of offences under sections 3,
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4, 5, 6 and 9 may also make an application to the concerned magistrate for
sending them to protective home or a correctional institution. If the magistrate
is satisfied, he may make such an order to send them to such places.
(VIII) The area executive magistrate, on information from the police or otherwise
that prostitution is being carried on in a house or brothel within 200 meters of
any public place as defined in section 7 (1) of the Act, may issue notice to the
owner, lessee or occupier of the place to show cause within 7 days as to why
that place shall not be attached for improper use and after making due enquiry
and after giving opportunity to be heard, may pass an order; A) Directing the
eviction of the occupier within 7 days from the date of order and B) also
directing the owner to obtain previous approval of the magistrate if the owner
wants to let out the premises within one year from the date of order. Similarly
a prostitute may also be evicted under section 20.
(IX) The IO should keep in mind the following guidelines in the investigation of
cases under this Act.
A. The rescued women should be examined in great detail, with sympathy and not
with derision and hostility. The grip of the procurers would be so strong and
possibility of their acceptance in society or family being bleak, they tend not to
disclose any details. Hence the IO should first take all steps in coordination
with the Advisory Bodies, voluntary Social Welfare Organisations in the field,
the Governmental agencies in charge of correctional and Protection homes to
give confidence to the women to be able to tell the details of persons who
exploited them.
B. The law is intended to punish those who exploit the women and trade on them
and not the victims. The evidence of victims is therefore extremely important.
C. The names and identity of women is often changed, and hence, the correct
identity should be established by gathering information about their native
village/town.
D. The persons doing odd jobs in the brothel or place where the women are kept
and used as sex workers would be a useful corroboration.
493

E. The chits, papers or bank transactions if any, house owner's title, the rental
documents true or false, municipal records, details of previous cases in which
the accused may be involved should be collected.
F. The means of livelihood of the accused should be thoroughly investigated
including the adequacy or otherwise of such means to the style of life being led
by him.
G. The circumstances under which the girl has disappeared or left should be brought
out clearly.
H. Medical examination of persons found whether women or minors, male or female
should be got conducted.
I. Where offences under this Act or the Indian Penal Code are part of organised
crime, 120B I PC should be added.
J.

Photographic or video graphic evidence whenever possible should be secured
during investigation of the cases. The IO should take special care to produce the
witnesses and in consultation with the APP/PP ensure the posting of case on a
day-to-day basis. It should be remembered that a sense of shame, reluctance and
even fear very often prevents the witnesses from deposing either during
investigation or trial. Necessary precautions should be taken to prevent undue
publicity. For necessary publicity, permission of the concerned court should be
taken.

494

Chapter 30

Drug Trafficking
Introduction
666. Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are essential for human being and
animals. These are used as basic components in the manufacture of various types of
medicines. Different types of medicines whether sedatives, amphetamines or
hallucinogens have some form of narcotics or psychotropic substances as their basic
component. Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, thus, are used for the
diagnosis, cure and treatment of various diseases and their prevention in man and
animals both. However, the unscrupulous and criminals misuse and abuse of the
narcotics and psychotropic substances have created varied health hazards and health
problems, and have also triggered off a chain of activities leading to misuse, abuse
and smuggling of these substances locally, nationally and internationally. Police as a
chief of law enforcement agency are expected to play an effective and efficient role in
the area of prevention and detection of misuse, abuse and trafficking of the drugs.

The NDPS Act, Other Acts & Efforts
667. The offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS)
Act 1985 are heinous in nature and directly or indirectly amount to poisoning large
number of people to ultimate death. This crime is a serious threat to the life of the
victims and poses a danger to society at large. The Police all over the world are
fighting this crime. The NDPS Act has replaced the Opium Act and the Dangerous
Drugs Act. The Act has provided for deterrent punishment by providing for
imprisonment up to 20 years and fine up to Rs. 2 lakhs. Several departments are
empowered to deal with these cases including the police. The offences under this Act
are cognizable and non-bailable.

495

668. Powers, Procedures and the Authorities
A. All first class Magistrates and all Gazetted officers of departments empowered to
deal with these cases are competent to search any suspected premises either by
themselves or issue warrants to persons above the rank of an attender or a
constable for search.
B. In cases of emergency, the persons who are entitled to search by virtue of warrant
issued by those Gazetted officers are competent to search even without a warrant
but should report searches and seizure if any immediately to such officers
competent to issue warrants.
C. But for the special procedure for investigation provided in the Act, the police have
to adopt the same procedure as laid down in Chapter 12 of CrPC.
D. There are two different procedures for searches and seizures. While the search of
premises is to be carried out as laid down above, different procedure is prescribed
for search of persons, When a person is to be searched, he must be informed in
writing whether he would like to be searched by the police officer conducting the
search or in the presence of a Gazetted officer or a Magistrate (section 50). If he
opts for taking him to a Gazetted officer or a Magistrate, the person conducting
the search can detain him till such time.

E. Any Gazetted officer or any person entrusted with the warrant by a Gazetted
officer or when such person in case of emergency conducts search without
warrants, if the above persons are not SHOs, they shall forward the arrested
person and the material seized without un-necessary delay to the officer in
charge of the nearest police station (section 52) and the officer in charge shall
take charge of and keep in safe custody such articles pending the orders of a
magistrate (section 55). The arrested person shall be re-arrested and forwarded
to the nearest magistrate for remand (section 43 CrPC).

F. The failure on the part of the officer in charge of the police station to follow the
above procedure (order 680-1-5) or refusal to lake charge of such person or
material will render him liable for punishment up to one year or fine or both
(section 59 NDPS Act)
496

669. Other Important Provisions
i.

Sections 15 to 32 of the NDPS Act lay down the punishments for various
offences. Most offences except possession of small quantity for personal
consumption are punishable with minimum of 10 years and a maximum
of 20 years of imprisonment. Section 27, which deal with possession of
small quantity for personal consumption has lesser punishment. The
thrust of the Act is on trafficking, which include cultivation, manufacture,
transport, export and import of the drugs and their distribution. The Act
also provides for forfeiture of property derived from, used in illicit traffic
in narcotics for which detailed procedure has been laid down in sections
68-A to 68-Y. Section 52-A permits disposal of seized property after
taking an inventor/ and photographs which can be accepted as evidence as
they are certified by the concerned Magistrate.

ii.

The most important point to be proved in all cases of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances is possession of the drug. Any omission or noncompliance with the legal requirements laid down in the search or seizure
will vitiate the proceedings and may result in acquittal of the accused.
Whether it is transport, distribution or cultivation or manufacture, it is the
possession of the drug that has to be proved by the prosecution. Even
preparation, attempt, abetment and conspiracy relating to these drugs are
also punishable. The Act also provides for enhanced punishments for
subsequent offences.

Guidelines of the Narcotics Control Bureau
670. Some of the mandatory provisions and points to be remembered are indicated
below:

I. A gist of information received should be incorporated in the
Police Station records and the same should be intimated to the
immediate superior officer and also entered in the Station
House general diary. The accused should be informed about
the grounds of his arrest as in all other cases of arrest (section
52 CrPC). Report of arrest and seizure should be forwarded to
497

the immediate superior officer within 48 hours under
acknowledgement. All these records are required to be
produced in court before trial.

II. Since the prosecution has to prove possession of the drugs
beyond doubt before any presumption can be raised, it is
necessary to follow the guidelines given below in the matter
relating to raid or search by the Police Officers.
III. All officers deployed for search should carry their Identity
Card.
IV. There should be a prior planning including survey of the place
where the search has to be undertaken. The officer-in-charge
of the search should deploy his officers in such a manner that
all the entrances/exits are properly guarded.
V. All incoming telephone calls should be received by the
searching officers only. No person within the premises should
be allowed to talk on phone with any person outside.
VI. Immediately on entering the premises, the occupants should be
instructed not to converse with each other.
VII. The searching officers should examine every document and
record and decide its worth for purposes of recovery and
seizure.
VIII. Samples should be drawn as per the procedure prescribed.
IX. The documents/records to be seized should be numbered
serially and a brief description of the file/records and the
period to which it belongs should be mentioned in the
Panchnama.
X. The statements of the persons concerned should be recorded on
the date of search itself lest the party tutor them. For this
purpose,

a

brief
498

and

immediate

scrutiny

of

the

records/documents should be done.
XI. Soon after the commencement of the search the contact
telephone number of the party should be given to the officer
who is monitoring the search/raid. He should be apprised of
the commencement of the search and its progress from time to
time and the important material that has come to notice till
then. Before withdrawal from the search, as far as possible,
clearance from the same officer should be taken unless the
search party has already briefed him in this regard.
XII. All papers including search warrant (executed) and the
Panchnama, the initial intelligence and other papers given
before proceeding on search should be returned to the person
who issued the warrant.
XIII. Search / Raid party should invariably carry with them a drug
identification / testing kit and should also have kit bag
containing certain essentials like, screw driver, torch, flash
light, mirror, walkie-talkie, binocular, night vision devices,
hand cuff, seal, sealing materials, emergency medical kit etc.

Preparation of Panchanama
671. Following points should be noted while recording Panchanama
1.

Name, occupation, age and address of Ranch.

2.

Time, date and place of proceedings.

3.

Reason for search

4.

Authority for search

5.

Identify yourself by showing Identity Card, mention the same in
Panchnama.

6.

Mention names of a few other officers included in the search party.

7.

Offer personal search of each member

8.

Mention presence of the occupants of the premises/person to be searched.

9.

Mention description of place to be searched.
499

10.

Give graphic description of the search operation e.g., who opened the
suitcase, who had the key, from where the incriminating documents or
contraband was recovered, how it was concealed etc.

11.

Test drugs with field testing kit and mention results.

12.

Mention where and how the weighment of contraband goods was done.
Give gross weight, net weight.

13.

Mention value of contraband to be seized.

14.

Mention number of samples drawn and their weight, what identification
marks were given to contraband samples and documents proposed to be
seized/taken over.

15.

Mention time of conclusion of Panchanama.

16.

Offer personal search on conclusion of search before leaving the place of
search.

17.
18.

Take photographs, finger prints wherever possible.
Mention money and valuables given back to the person searched or seal
them for handing over later in the court.

19.

Seal contraband and exhibits mentioning seal no.

20.

Take signature of Panchas, officer writing the Panchanama and the person
being searched on tables pasted on contraband, exhibits and documents.

21.
22.

Mention provisions of law under which the seizure was done.
Mention any important event taking place during search e.g., arrival of
more officers or persons etc.

23.

Give a copy of Panchnama to the persons searched and obtains receipt
from him.

Procedure with Regard to Samples
672. Procedure of drawal, storage, testing and disposal of samples from seized
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
500

1.

All illicit narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances recovered from a
person, place, conveyance etc. are liable to confiscation (sections 60 to 63
NDPS Act). Further, they constitute important evidence for any act,
omission or commission on the part of a person rendering him liable for
punishment under Chapter IV of the NDPS Act, 1985. Most of the
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances cannot be conclusively proved
to be such drug or substance merely by visual examination in the trial
Court and hence the drugs seized should be sent for chemical examination
to FSL The disposal of the confiscated goods should be as per the orders
of the court.

2.

If the drugs seized are found in packages/containers the same should be
serially numbered for purposes of identification. In case the drugs are
found in loose form the same should be arranged to be packed in unit
container of uniform size and serial numbers should be assigned to each
package/container. Besides the serial number, the gross and net weight,
particulars of the drug and the date of seizure should invariably be
indicated on the packages. In case sufficient space is not available for
recording the above information on the package, a Card Board Label,
should be affixed with the seal of the seizing officer and the above details
should be recorded.

3.

Samples from the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances seized must
be drawn at the place of recovery, in duplicate, in the presence of search
(Panch) witnesses and the person from whose possession the drug is
recovered and a mention to this effect shall invariably be made in the
Panchanama drawn on the spot.

4.

The quantity to be drawn in each sample for chemical test should be 5
grams in respect of all narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances except
in the cases of Opium, Ganja and Charas/Hashish where a quantity of 24
grains in each case is required for chemical test. The same quantities
should be taken for the duplicate sample also. The seized drugs in the
package/containers should be mixed well to make it homogeneous and
representative before the sample in duplicate is drawn.
501

5.

In the case of seizure of a single package/container one sample in duplicate
is to be drawn. It is advisable to draw one sample in duplicate from each
package/container in case of seizure of more than one package/container.

6.

However, when the package/containers seized together are of identical size
and weight, bearing identical markings and the contents of each package
give identical results on colour test by UN kit, conclusively indicating
that the packages are identical in all respects, the packages/container may
be carefully bunched in lots of 10 packages/containers. In case of seizure
of Ganja and Hashish, the packages/containers may be bunched in lots of
40. For each lot of packages/containers, one sample in duplicate may be
drawn.

7.

After making such lots, in the case of Hashish and Ganja, if less than 20
packages/containers remain, and in case of other drugs less than 5
packages/containers remain, no bunching would be necessary and no
samples need be drawn.

8.

If it is 5 or more in case of other drugs and substances and 20 or more in
case of Ganja and Hashish, one more sample in duplicate may be drawn
for such remaining package/containers.

9.

While drawing one sample in duplicate from a particular lot, it must be
ensured that representative drug in equal quantity is taken from each
package/container of that lot and mixed together to make a composite
whole from which the samples are drawn for that lot.

Numbering of Packages/Containers
673. Subject to the detailed procedure of identification of packages/ containers, as
indicated, each package/container should be securely sealed and an identification slip
pasted/attached on each one of them at such place and in such manner as will avoid
easy obliteration of the marks and numbers on the slip. Where more than one sample
is drawn, each sample should also be serially numbered and marked as S-1, S-2, S-3
and so on, on both the samples. It should carry the serial number of the packages and
marked as P-1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. All samples must be drawn and sealed in the
502

presence of the accused, search witnesses and seizing officer and all of them shall be
required to put their signatures on each sample. The official seal of the seizing
officer should also be affixed. If the person, from whose custody the drugs have been
recovered, wants to put his own seal on the sample, the same may be allowed on both
the samples.

674. Packaging and Sealing of Samples

i.

The sample in duplicate should be kept in neat sealed plastic bags, as it is
convenient and safe. The plastic bag container should be kept in paper
envelope, properly marked as original or duplicate. Both the envelopes
should also bear the S.No. of the package(s) container(s) from which the
sample has been drawn. The duplicate envelope containing the sample
will also have a reference of the test memo. The seals should be legible.
This envelope along with test memos should be kept in another envelope,
which should also be sealed and marked "Secret-Drug Sample/Test
memo" to be sent to the FSL.

ii.

All drugs should be properly classified, carefully weighed and samples
drawn on the spot of seizure. After sampling, detailed inventory of such
packages/containers should be prepared for being enclosed to the
Panchanama, Original wrappers must also be preserved for evidentiary
purposes.

iii.

After completion of Panchanama, the drugs should be packed, in heat
sealed plastic bags. For bulk quantities of ganja, instead of plastic bags,
gunny bags may be utilized. Agencies of the Central and State
Government, who are vested with the powers of investigation under the
law, specifically designate their godowns for storage purposes.

iv.

All drugs must invariably be stored in safes and vaults provided with
double-locking system. Such godowns, as a matter of rule, be placed
under the overall supervision and charge of a Gazetted Officer of the
respective enforcement agency, who should exercise utmost care,
503

circumspection and personal supervision, as far as possible. Such officers
should not be below the rank of Superintendent in the Departments of
Customs, Central Excise, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Narcotics
Control Bureau, CBI, BSF, and station house officer/officer in charge of a
Police Station. Superintendent of State Excise, MRO, Drug Inspector of
Drug Control Department, etc. in the states and enforcement agencies in
Union Territories. They will personally be held accountable for safety and
security of the drugs. Each seizing officer should deposit the drugs fully
packed and sealed with his seal in the godown within 48 hours of seizure
of such drugs, with a forwarding memo indicating Crime Number,
name(s) of accused, test memo reference, description of drugs in the
sealed packages/containers and other goods, if any, drug-wise quantity in
each package/container, drug-wise number of packages/containers and
total number of all packages/containers.

v.

It will be incumbent upon the Inspecting Officers of the various
departments mentioned to make visit to the godowns for ensuring
adequate security and safety and for taking measures for timely disposal
of

drugs.

The

Inspecting

Officers

should

record

their

remarks/observations.

vi.

The Heads of respective enforcement agencies (both Central and State
Governments) may prescribe such periodical reports and returns, as they
may deem fit, to monitor the safe receipt, deposit, storage, accounting and
disposal of seized drugs. Since the early disposal of drugs assumes utmost
importance, the enforcement agencies should obtain orders for pre-trial
disposal of drugs and other articles

504

Functions, Roles and Duties of Police in General

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