Gender Inequality in the Philippines and the Workplace

GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND THE WORKPLACE
Vivencio O. Ballano, PhD
COLLEGE RESEARCHER
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT (CSSD)
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

SEX AND GENDER
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
Source: OtherSociology.com

WHAT IS FEMINISM?
• A BELIEF THAT WOMEN SHOULD HAVE
EQUAL RIGHT WITH MEN IN SOCIETY.
• A WOMEN’S MOVEMENT THAT AIMS TO
FIGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
• THERE ARE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
FEMINISM AND FEMINISTS WHO TEND TO
DISAGREE AMONG THEMSELVES ON
CAUSES OF WOMEN’S OPPRESSION AND
HOW TO ADDRESS THEM.

EXPRESSIONS OF PATRIARCHY IN SOCIETY

3 WAVES OF FEMINISM
FIRST WAVE: 19TH CENTURY & EARLY 20TH CENT. UK AND US
It won improved rights for women in marriage and property. Biggest achievement: winning some political power. In UK, suffragettes and
suffragists campaigned for women’s votes. In 1918, women over 30 years old with property can vote and in 1928, it extend to all women
over 21.
SECOND WAVE: 1960s and 70s.
Campaign for equality extend to education, work, and the home. E.g.”The Feminine Mystique” (1963) by Betty Freidan: Women are
unhappy because of feminine mystique. Damaging: the ideal femininity as the “Happy Housewife’ which restricted women to the role of
housewife and mother, giving up work and education.
THIRD WAVE: 1990s to the present.
Widened the feminist movement beyond white and middleclass women, addressing different disadvantaged women because of
race, ethnicity, and class.
3 WAVES OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT

liberLIBERAL FEMINISM: MAIN CAUSE OF WOMEN'S OPPRESSION IS UNEQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

MARXIST-SOCIALIST FEMINIST THEORY: MAIN CAUSE OF WOMEN'S OPPRESSION IS
CAPITALIST

RADICAL FEMINISM: CAUSES OF WOMEN'S OPPRESSION ARE
BIOLOGY AND PATRIARCHY

GGENDPART II: GENDER RELATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

gEPERCEPTION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES (PULSE ASIA
SURVEY 2017)

PHILIPPINES LAWS UNFAIR TO WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES

Revised Penal Code Articles 333 and 334 (Marital Infidelity laws)
Articles 333 and 334 define adultery
and concubinage. According to
these articles, a wife may be found
guilty of adultery if she has sexual
relations with a man not her
husband.
In contrast, a husband would only
be guilty of concubinage by meeting
certain specific conditions. The
punishment for adultery is heavier
than concubinage.

THE LAW ON ADULTERY AND CONCUBINAGE IS UNJUST
AND BIASED AGAINST FILIPINO WOMEN

• Article 202 defines prostitution as the
act of women who engage in sexual
relations and lascivious acts for profit,
and outlines the appropriate
punishment for such acts.
• The law is unfair since it implies that
prostitutes are “criminals who engage
in the sex industry for monetary gain.”
It doesn’t take into account that most
prostitutes are forced into the sex trade
by socio-economic factors such as
poverty, making them victims rather
than perpetrators.
• The law only penalizes prostitutes –
not the customers or pimps.
• Prostitutes are to be decriminalized and
recognized as victims, and that
customers and pimps must bear the
brunt of criminal punishment for
prostitution.
Revised Penal Code Article 202 on Criminalizing Female Prostitution

• “Art. 14. In case either or both of
the contracting parties, not having
been emancipated by a previous
marriage, are between the ages of
eighteen and twenty-one, they
shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding
articles, exhibit to the local civil
registrar, the consent to their
marriage of their father, mother,
surviving parent or guardian, or
persons having legal charge of
them, in the order mentioned.
• The phrase “in the order mentioned”
underscored above shows that the law is
explicitly partial to the father’s decision to
give or withhold consent to the marriage of
a son or daughter. Thus, if the mother
consents but the father objects to the
marriage, there is no valid consent to the
said marriage.
• On the other hand, even when the mother
may have serious objections to the
marriage, the child’s father could decide
otherwise and the mothers’ reservations
will be left unheeded.
LAWS IN PHILIPPINE FAMILY CODE UNJUST TO WOMEN

• “Art. 96. The administration and
enjoyment of the community
property shall belong to both
spouses jointly. In case of
disagreement, the husband's
decision shall prevail, subject to
recourse to the court by the wife for
proper remedy, which must be
availed of within five years from the
date of the contract implementing
such decision...xxx”
• The husband controls the
administration and enjoyment
of the conjugal property in
marriage in the absence of
pre-nuptial agreement.
Law is biased against women on the administration and enjoyment of
community property or conjugal partnership in Articles 96 and 124

• “Art. 211. The father and the mother shall
jointly exercise parental authority over the
persons of their common children. In case
of disagreement, the father's decision shall
prevail, unless there is a judicial order to
the contrary...xxx” (Emphasis supplied.)
• Art. 225. The father and the mother shall
jointly exercise legal guardianship over the
property of the unemancipated common
child without the necessity of a court
appointment. In case of disagreement, the
father's decision shall prevail, unless there
is a judicial order to the contrary...xxx”
(Emphasis supplied)
• These provisions automatically give
the husband/father the power to
decide and completely divest the
wife/mother of any say unless she
resorts to judicial action.
• This is discriminatory to women
because it uses the proxy standard
of sex by blindly presuming that the
man always knows the best thing to
do for the family, whereas the
woman is not fit to make such
sound judgment.
On parental authority over the person and legal guardianship over
the property of common children

GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE IN GLOBAL SETTING

Gender Inequality in the Philippines and the Workplace

WOMEN'S SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

GENDER EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE IN THE PHILIPPINES

SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN GLOBAL SETTING

SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN PHILIPPINE THE WORKPLACE

PENALTIES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT & DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYER

TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE

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Gender Inequality in the Philippines and the Workplace

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