Generation of computer.pdf
- 2. History of computer • Abacus chinese 3000 (add, subtract, count) • Napiers bone jhon napier 1617 (multiply ) • Slide rule william oughtered 1622 (multiply , divide, square ,square root ) • Pascaline blaise pascal 1642 (add , subtract upto 8 digits=83889807) • Difference engine charles babbage 1822 ( all calculation polynomial equation) • Analytical engine charles babbage 1833 (IPO)
- 3. Computer generation • The evolution of modern digital computing took place in five distinct phases known as computer generation which are classified on the basis of speed , storage capacity, reliability, components used etc.
- 4. First generation • Time period 1945-1956 AD • Technology used : vacuum tube (1904: British engineer John Ambrose Fleming ) • Operating speed was measured in terms of milliseconds.1/1000=0.001 • Punch cards and paper tapes were used for input and output processing. • Occupies Very large space , consumed more electricity (1800 volts ) and produce more heat. • It required a cooler system . • Machine level language were used. • Jobs were performed in Batch processing (similar task grouping and manage in queue ) system • Processor is almost idle (rest )
- 5. Second generation • Time period : 1956-1964 • Technology used : transistor • A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. (John Bardeen and Walter Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Labs.) • Operating speed was measured in terms of micro seconds 1/1000*1000=0.000001 • Assembly language was used. • Much faster, more storage space, more reliable, better speed than first generation. • Magnetic tape, magnetic core memory were used. • Punched cards were used for input and output.
- 6. Third generation • Time period : 1964-1971 • Technology used : IC (Integrated circuit) • Operating speed was measured in terms of nano second=1/1000*1000*1000 • High level language are used to develop programs. ( FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++) • Secondary memory like magnetic or floppy disk were used. • Primary memory such RAM and ROM were used. • Monitors and keyboards were used for data input and output respectively. • Multiprogramming concept were used. • Processing speed, storage capacity and web based software and use of computer increased. • Size , power requirement , heat generation decreased.
- 7. Fourth generation • Time period : 1971 – present • Technology used : or VLSI (very large scale integration) microprocessor • Operating speed measured in terms of Picoseconds.= 1/1000*1000*1000*1000 = 1*10-12 • Problem oriented software were developed. • Primary memory such as RAM, ROM , cache and registers are used. • Secondary memory such as harddisk, CD, DVD, pendrives, blu ray disk. • Micro computers like desktop pc , workstation ,laptop, tablet pc ,mobile ,palmtop, notebook are developed. • Flexible input devices like mouse, touch screen, scanner and output devices like LCD, LED, monitor , color printers are developed. • Computer is used for all scientific, engineering, commercial , entertainment and communication applications. • Advanced, user-friendly, web based software are developed.
- 8. Fifth generation • Time period : present to future • Technology used : ULSI (ultra large scale integration)(resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.) • Future device will used gallium arsenide and biochips (Stephen Quake, is a professor of bioengineering and applied physics at Stanford University ) • The computers will have artificial intelligence. (human like behave ) • Natural language will be used to develop programs. • Parallel processing capacity. • Operating speed measured in femtoseconds (1×10−15 )or attoseconds(1×10−18 of a second)
- 9. Artificial intelligence • Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals with helping machines, finds solutions to complex problems in a more human like fashion. It is generally associated with intelligence in human behavior, understanding language, learning, reasoning and solving problems.
- 10. Characteristics of AI • AI is man made. • The level of activity depends on programming capacity. • It has potential to extend problem solving beyond normal capabilities. • It is a mechanism that is not subject to human feeling (worry, fatigue, happy etc). • Appearance of a variety of parallel computers (100- 1000 processors) • Word processing architecture (128-156 bits )emerging.