Git - Get Ready To Use It
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This document provides an introduction to using Git. Some key points: - Git is a distributed version control system that is different from CVS/SVN in that nearly every operation is local and Git stores snapshots of files rather than differences. - The basics of using Git involve recording changes by checking status, adding files, committing changes, and working with remotes like origin. - Additional topics covered include undoing changes, working with others through branching and merging, tagging versions, and using tools like interactive mode and stashing.
![NOW, COMMIT EVERYTHING ADDED TO THE STAGE
$ git commit -m 'add exhaust port plans’
[master e8c1e22] add exhaust port plans
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 exhaust_port_plans
SKIP THE STAGE AREA IF YOU DON’T NEED IT
$ git commit -a -m 'add hello message to readme’
[master 73ceaf6] add hello message to readme
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
REMOVE/MOVE FILES WITH
$ git rm
$ git mv](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-17-320.jpg)
![RECAP
RECORDING CHANGES
CHECK CURRENT WORKING COPY STATUS
$ git status
ADDING FILES TO THE INDEX
$ git add <pathspec>
SHOW CHANGES
$ git diff
COMMIT TO REPOSITORY
$ git commit [-a] [-m]
(WORKING COPY
INDEX)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-19-320.jpg)
![EXPLICITLY PUSH BRANCHES YOU WANT
TO SHARE
PUSH IS REJECTED IF CURRENT BRACH IS BEHIND
$ git push origin master
To git@git.namics.com:deathstar-v3.git
! [rejected]
master -> master (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to
'git@git.namics.com:deathstar-v3.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your
current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote
changes (e.g.
hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-31-320.jpg)
![TAGS MUST BE PUSHED SEPARATELY
$ git push origin --tags
Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@git.namics.com:deathstar-v3.git
* [new tag]
1.0 -> 1.0
LIST TAGS WITH
$ git tag
1.0
1.1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-36-320.jpg)
![BRANCH
MANAGEMENT
LIST BRANCHES
-a: remote branches
$ git branch [--merged] [-a]
DELETE BRANCHES
$ git branch [-d] [-D]
-D: force delete unmerged](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-48-320.jpg)
![REMOTE BRANCH
PUSHING TO REMOTE BRANCHES
$ git push [remote] [branch]
TRACKING REMOTE BRANCHES
$ git checkout –b <branch> <remotename>/<branch>
ALLOWS GIT PULL INSTEAD OF GIT FETCH
DELETING REMOTE BRANCHES (NOTE THE : )
$ git push <remotename> :<branch>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-49-320.jpg)
![RECAP
BRANCH MANAGEMENT
LIST ALL BRANCHES
$ git branch -a
TRACKING REMOTE BRANCHES
$ git checkout –b <branch> <remotename>/<branch>
PUSHING TO REMOTE BRANCHES
$ git push [remote] [branch]
DELETING REMOTE BRANCHES (NOTE THE : )
$ git push <remotename> :<branch>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-50-320.jpg)
![I CAN’T PULL
VERIFY THAT THERE ARE NO UNCOMMITED CHANGES
VERIFY THAT YOUR LOCAL BRANCH TRACKS A
REMOTE ONE (TRACKED ONES ARE BLUE)
$ git branch -vv
* master 4658814 [origin/master]
SUBSEQUENT TRACKING OF REMOTE BRANCHES
$ git branch --set-upstream-to <local-branch> origin/
<remote-branch>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-getreadytouseit-140228043813-phpapp02/85/Git-Get-Ready-To-Use-It-70-320.jpg)
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Git - Get Ready To Use It
- 1. GIT GET READY TO USE IT DANIEL KUMMER SENIOR SOFTWARE ENGINEER NAMICS AG ZÜRICH WWW.NAMICS.COM
- 2. 1 FORGET WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT CVS/SVN GIT IS DIFFERENT EMPTY YOUR MIND – A FULL ONE CAN’T LEARN ANYTHING…
- 3. THE BASICS (NEARLY) EVERY OPERATION IS LOCAL YOU HAVE YOUR OWN REPO GIT STORES SNAPSHOTS, NOT DIFFERENCES GIT ONLY ADDS DATA
- 4. STANs REPO YOUR REPO ORIGIN CENTRAL REPO IRONs REPO DISTRIBUTED VCS
- 5. ORIGIN LOCAL STASH WORKSPACE INDEX / STAGE REPOSITORY REPOSITORY CLONE STATUS STASH SAVE STASH POP STASH APPLY ADD COMMIT COMMIT -A MERGE REVERT CHECKOUT PUSH PULL FETCH
- 6. ENVIRONMENT SETUP INSTALL GIT www.git-scm.com INSTALL SOURCETREE GUI - OR A GUI OF YOUR CHOICE www.sourcetreeapp.com
- 7. INITIAL CONFIG YOUR IDENITY – COMMIT AUTHOR INFORMATION $ git config --global user.name “Darth Vader” $ git config --global user.email [email protected] ADDITIONAL USEFUL GLOBAL SETTINGS $ git config --global core.filemode false $ git config --global core.autocrlf true $ git config --global core.ignorecase false $ git config --global rerere.enabled true $ git config --global color.ui true $ git config --global format.pretty oneline
- 8. JOIN A PROJECT git.namics.com TELL YOUR MASTER TO ADD YOU TO THE PROJECT
- 9. IN 3 STEPS GENERATE SSH KEYS $ ssh-keygen –t rsa –C [email protected] UPLOAD YOUR SSH PUBLIC KEY TO YOUR ACCOUNT https://git.namics.com/keys CLONE THE REPOSITORY $ git clone [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git
- 10. YOUR CLONE IS A WORKING COPY OF THE ORIGINS’ MASTER BRANCH – NONE OTHER! $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean CONTAINS EVERY VERSION OF EVERY FILE CONTAINS A .GIT FOLDER IN THE ROOT DIRECTORY WITH EVERYTHING GIT NEEDS
- 12. ORIGIN LOCAL STASH WORKSPACE INDEX / STAGE REPOSITORY REPOSITORY CLONE STATUS STASH SAVE STASH POP STASH APPLY ADD COMMIT COMMIT -A MERGE REVERT CHECKOUT PUSH PULL FETCH
- 14. CHECK THE WORKING COPY STATUS $ git status # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: README # # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # exhaust_port_plans
- 15. LETS ADD A FILE TO THE STAGE – READY FOR COMMIT $ git add exhaust_port_plans $ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: exhaust_port_plans # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: README
- 16. MORE INFO THAN STATUS WITH DIFF $ git diff diff --git a/README b/README index e69de29..18ef097 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +hello my empire minions - let's build a death star that works this time!
- 17. NOW, COMMIT EVERYTHING ADDED TO THE STAGE $ git commit -m 'add exhaust port plans’ [master e8c1e22] add exhaust port plans 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 exhaust_port_plans SKIP THE STAGE AREA IF YOU DON’T NEED IT $ git commit -a -m 'add hello message to readme’ [master 73ceaf6] add hello message to readme 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) REMOVE/MOVE FILES WITH $ git rm $ git mv
- 18. IGNORE THINGS YOU CAN’T IGNORE ALREADY TRACKED FILES AN EXAMPLE OF THE .GITIGNORE TEXTFILE # a comment - this is ignored *.log .DS_store .idea/**/* **.classpath **.project **.settings (INSIDE THE PROJECTS ROOT DIRECTORY)
- 19. RECAP RECORDING CHANGES CHECK CURRENT WORKING COPY STATUS $ git status ADDING FILES TO THE INDEX $ git add <pathspec> SHOW CHANGES $ git diff COMMIT TO REPOSITORY $ git commit [-a] [-m] (WORKING COPY INDEX)
- 21. CHANGE YOUR LAST COMMIT –EX: ADD FORGOTTEN FILES $ git commit --amend NEVER AMEND AFTER YOU PUSHED YOUR CHANGES! UNSTAGE ADDED FILES $ git status # Changes to be committed: # # new file: alimony_for_luke $ git reset HEAD alimony_for_luke $ git reset HEAD alimony_for_luke # Untracked files: # # alimony_for_luke
- 22. REVERT CHANGES IN YOUR WORKING DIRECTORY $ git status # Changes not staged for commit: # # modified: README # $ git checkout –- README $ git status # On branch master # nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 23. REVERSE COMMIT $ git revert <commit> CREATES NEW COMMITS RECORDING THE REVERT CHANGES IF YOU GET MERGE CONFLICTS, RESOLVE AND CONTINUE $ git revert --continue CANCEL REVERT OPERATION $ git revert --abort
- 24. RECAP UNDOING THINGS ALTER LAST COMMIT $ git commit --amend UNSTAGE FILES $ git reset HEAD <file> REVERT CHANGES $ git checkout -- <file> REVERSE COMMIT $ git revert <commit>
- 25. JOIN THE TEAM EFFORT 3. WORK WITH REMOTES
- 26. ORIGIN LOCAL STASH WORKSPACE INDEX / STAGE REPOSITORY REPOSITORY CLONE STATUS STASH SAVE STASH POP STASH APPLY ADD COMMIT COMMIT -A MERGE REVERT CHECKOUT PUSH PULL FETCH
- 27. YOUR CLONED REPO ALREADY HAS A REMOTE - ORIGIN $ git remote -v origin [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git (fetch) origin [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git (push) ADDING A REMOTE TO YOUR LOCAL REPOSITORY $ git remote add origin [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git YOU COULD HAVE MULTIPLE REMOTES
- 28. GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT A REMOTE $ git remote show origin * remote origin Fetch URL: [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git Push URL: [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git HEAD branch: master Remote branch: master tracked Local branch configured for 'git pull': master merges with remote master Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (fast-forwardable)
- 29. FETCH VS PULL GET DATA FROM THE REMOTE REPOSITORY $ git fetch <remote-name> FETCH ONLY MANUAL MERGING FETCH $ git pull FETCH AND MERGE TRACKED BRANCHES PULL
- 30. PUSH CHANGES PUSH BRANCH TO REMOTE $ git push <remote-name> <branch-name> ONLY WORKS IF NOBODY HAS PUSHED IN THE MEANTIME $ git push origin master Counting objects: 8, done. Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 650 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done. Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git 5d31566..73ceaf6 master -> master
- 31. EXPLICITLY PUSH BRANCHES YOU WANT TO SHARE PUSH IS REJECTED IF CURRENT BRACH IS BEHIND $ git push origin master To [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git ! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to '[email protected]:deathstar-v3.git' hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
- 32. RECAP REMOTES LIST REMOTES $ git remove -v ADDING REMOTES $ git remote add <shortname> <url> INFORMATION ABOUT REMOTE $ git remote show <shortname>
- 33. RECAP REMOTES FETCH FROM REMOTES $ git fetch <remote-name> PULL FROM REMOTES $ git pull PUSH CHANGES TO REMOTES $ git push <remote-name> <branch-name>
- 35. LIGHTWEIGHT VS ANNOTATED $ git tag v0.1 $ git tag –a v1.0 –m ‘first rel’ CHECKSUM IN A FILE FULL OBJECT INTERNAL PROJECTS CHECKSUM AUTHOR INFO GPG SIGNED (-s) OPEN SOURCE REPOSITORIES
- 36. TAGS MUST BE PUSHED SEPARATELY $ git push origin --tags Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To [email protected]:deathstar-v3.git * [new tag] 1.0 -> 1.0 LIST TAGS WITH $ git tag 1.0 1.1
- 39. COMMITS AND BRANCHES COMMIT - OBJECT THAT CONTAINS A POINTER TO THE SNAPSHOT OF THE CONTENT THE GIT HISTORY IS A LINKED LIST OF POINTERS 98ca9 34ac2 f30ab Snapshot A Snapshot B Snapshot C
- 40. A BRANCH IS A LIGHTWEIGHT POINTER TO A COMMIT LOCAL POINTER TO YOUR CURRENT BRANCH MASTER BRANCH POINTER 98ca9 34ac2 TESTING BRANCH POINTER HEAD master f30ab testing
- 41. CREATING A BRANCH IS WRITING 41 BYTES TO A FILE (SHA-1 HASH PLUS NEWLINE) THAT’S WHY BRANCHING IS SUPER FAST
- 42. CREATE A NEW BRANCH $ git branch testing CHECKOUT EXISTING BRANCH $ git checkout testing SWITCHING TAKES A BLINK OF THE EYE EVERYTHING HAPPENS IN YOUR WORKING COPY 98ca9 34ac2 NOW YOU’RE ON THE TESTING BRANCH SHORT FORM FOR BRANCH AND CHECKOUT $ git checkout –b testing master f30ab testing HEAD
- 43. BASIC MERGING C0 I WANT TO MERGE ISS53 INTO MASTER Snapshot to Merge Into Common Ancestor C1 CHECKOUT THE TARGET BRANCH C2 master C4 C3 C5 $ git checkout master MERGE THE ISSUE BRANCH $ git merge iss53 iss53 Snapshot to Merge In
- 44. master MERGE MAGIC HAPPENED: C0 C1 C2 THE RESULT $ git checkout master $ git merge iss53 C4 C3 C6 C5 iss53 Auto-merging README Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. README | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) FEATURE BRANCH NO LONGER NEEDED, DELETE IT $ git branch –d iss53
- 45. RESOLVING CONFLICTS WHAT IF MAGIC DOESN’T HAPPEN? CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in README Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. USE A MERGETOOL TO RESOLVE THE CONFLICTS $ git mergetool (DIFFMERGE FOR EXAMPLE)
- 46. COMMIT CHANGES AFTER RESOLVING THE CONFLICTS $ git commit Merge branch 'testing' Conflicts: README # # It looks like you may be committing a merge. # If this is not correct, please remove the file # .git/MERGE_HEAD # and try again. THE MESSAGE IS AUTOGENERATED YOU CAN STILL EDIT IT OF COURSE
- 47. RECAP MERGING CREATE BRANCH $ git branch <branchname> CHECKOUT BRANCH $ git checkout <branchname> MERGE BRANCHES $ git merge <commit> RESOLVE CONFLICTS $ git mergetool
- 48. BRANCH MANAGEMENT LIST BRANCHES -a: remote branches $ git branch [--merged] [-a] DELETE BRANCHES $ git branch [-d] [-D] -D: force delete unmerged
- 49. REMOTE BRANCH PUSHING TO REMOTE BRANCHES $ git push [remote] [branch] TRACKING REMOTE BRANCHES $ git checkout –b <branch> <remotename>/<branch> ALLOWS GIT PULL INSTEAD OF GIT FETCH DELETING REMOTE BRANCHES (NOTE THE : ) $ git push <remotename> :<branch>
- 50. RECAP BRANCH MANAGEMENT LIST ALL BRANCHES $ git branch -a TRACKING REMOTE BRANCHES $ git checkout –b <branch> <remotename>/<branch> PUSHING TO REMOTE BRANCHES $ git push [remote] [branch] DELETING REMOTE BRANCHES (NOTE THE : ) $ git push <remotename> :<branch>
- 51. BRANCHING WORKFLOWS GIT FLOW STRUCTURE FOR LARGE PROJECTS FEATURE BRANCH NEW BRANCH FOR EVERY FEATURE CENTRALIZED SVN LIKE FORKING USED BY GITLAB
- 52. GIT FLOW MASTER OFFICIAL RELEASE HISTORY HOTFIX PRODUCTION RELASE PATCHING RELEASE POLISHING – NO NEW FEATURES DEVELOP FEATURE INTEGRATION FEATURE FEATURE DEVELOPMENT, CHILD OF DEVELOP
- 53. GIT FLOW
- 54. REBASE A MERGING ALTERNATIVE TAKE ALL COMMITED CHANGES ON ONE BRANCH AND REPLAY THEM ON ANOTHER ONE
- 55. SAME RESULT AS MERGE BUT CLEANER HISTORY IT APPEARS THAT ALL WORK HAPPENED IN SERIES B E F master C BEFORE A D experiment master AFTER A B E F C' D' experiment
- 56. DO NOT REBASE PUSHED COMMITS REBASING ABANDONS EXISTING COMMITS AND CREATES SIMILAR NEW ONES USE REBASE IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU’RE DOING NEWBIES SHOULD USE MERGE – IT’S SIMPLER REBASE A BRANCH ONTOP OF THE CURRENT ONE $ git rebase <branch> REBASE ONTO TARGET BRANCHES $ git rebase --onto <branches>
- 58. SUBMODULES TRACKED BY THE EXACT COMMIT SPECIFIED IN THE PARENT REPOSITORY – LOCKED TO COMMIT GOOD FOR NOT TOO FREQUENT UPDATES THE WHOLE REPOSITORY IS INCLUDED AS SUBMODULE PARTIAL INCLUDE IS NOT POSSIBLE
- 59. MANY BUTS’ LOTS OF DISADVANTGES AND PITFALLS YOU CAN’T JUST CLONE THE PARENT REPOSITORY SUBMODULE NEEDS TO BE INITIALIZED AND UPDATED NEVER AUTOMATICALLY UPDATED WHEN THE SUBMODULE REPOSITORY IS UPDATES YOU CAN’T BRANCH EASILY ACCIDENTIAL SUBMODULE REVERT HAPPENS EASILY LOTS OF THINKING INVOLVED WHEN USING SUBMODULES
- 60. SUBTREE MERGE IT’S A MERGE STRATEGY (LIKE RECURSIVE FOR BRANCHES) NO NEW METADATA SUB-PROJECT CONTRIBUTION IS SLIGHTLY MORE COMPLICATED YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR NOT MIXING SUPER AND SUB-PROJECT CODE
- 62. INTERACTIVE MODE ENHANCED COMMAND LINE ADD –i TO COMMAND LINE; FOR EXAMPLE $ git add –i staged unstaged path 1: unchanged +0/-1 TODO *** Commands *** 1: status 2: update 3: revert 4: add untracked 5: patch 6: diff 7: quit 8: help What now>
- 63. THE STASH A “DIRTY LITTLE HELPER” STORE YOUR LOCAL MODIFICATIONS AWAY AND REVERT WORKING COPY TO HEAD COMMIT SAVE CHANGES TO STASH $ git stash APPLY STASH $ git stash pop
- 64. ORIGIN LOCAL STASH WORKSPACE INDEX / STAGE REPOSITORY REPOSITORY CLONE STATUS STASH SAVE STASH POP STASH APPLY ADD COMMIT COMMIT -A MERGE REVERT CHECKOUT PUSH PULL FETCH
- 65. CHERRY PICK APPLY CHANGES FROM ANOTHER COMMIT $ git cherry-pick <commit> BEFORE C0 C1 AFTER HEAD C2 C4 C0 C1 HEAD C2 C4 C6 git cherry pick C3 C3 C5 APPLY CHANGES FROM C3 AS NEW COMMIT ON TOP OF C4 C3 C5
- 66. BISECT YOUR CODE FIND THE CHANGE WHICH INTRODUCED THE BUG $ git bisect start CURRENT VESION (HEAD) IS BAD $ git bisect bad LAST TESTED VERSION WHICH WAS GOOD $ git bisect good v0.4
- 67. GIT SVN BIDIRECTIONAL OPERATIONS BETWEEN GIT AND SVN TRACK STANDARD SVN REPOSITORY “TRUNK/BRANCHES/TAGS” UPDATE GIT WITH FETCH $ git fetch UPDATE SVN WITH DCOMMIT $ git dcommit
- 69. I CAN’T CLONE CHECK YOUR SSH CONNECTION $ ssh -T [email protected] Welcome to GitLab, Daniel Kummer! VERIFY YOUR PUBLIC-KEY IN YOUR GITLAB PROFILE VERIFY YOUR PROJECT ACCESS IN GITLAB TRY RE-ADDING YOUR KEY TO SSH-AGENT $ ssh-add –D $ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa # deletes all identities in agent # add key to agent
- 70. I CAN’T PULL VERIFY THAT THERE ARE NO UNCOMMITED CHANGES VERIFY THAT YOUR LOCAL BRANCH TRACKS A REMOTE ONE (TRACKED ONES ARE BLUE) $ git branch -vv * master 4658814 [origin/master] SUBSEQUENT TRACKING OF REMOTE BRANCHES $ git branch --set-upstream-to <local-branch> origin/ <remote-branch>
- 71. I CAN’T PUSH CHECK IF YOUR LOCAL BRANCH IS BEHIND $ git push # Your branch is behind 'origin/master' by 5 commits CHECK IF YOUR LOCAL BRANCH IS TRACKING A REMOTE ONE
- 72. I CAN’T DELETE A FILE FROM REPO TRY DELETING THE CACHED FILE ONLY (LEAVES WORKING COPY INTACT) $ git rm --cached eclipse.properties IF THE FILE NEEDS TO BE REMOVED FROM THE HISTORY $ git filter-branch … https://help.github.com/articles/remove-sensitive-data
- 73. MORE MATERIAL GIT-PRO BOOK / REFERENCE http://git-scm.com/ TUTORIALS https://www.atlassian.com/git GIT FLOW CHEATSHEET http://danielkummer.github.io/git-flow-cheatsheet 15 MINUTES INTERACTIVE TUTORIAL http://try.github.io
- 74. GETTING HELP $ git help <command> ASK YOUR LOCAL GURU GOOGLE IT CONT@CT ME