![22git – the incomplete introduction
git commit – engrave it in stone
●
Make your changes permanent
●
Commits only what you staged
●
No commit comment – no fun!
Local ~mytest$ git commit -m “Just started”
[master (root-commit) c6a0313] Just started
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 foo.txt
Local ~mytest$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
Local ~mytest$](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-22-320.jpg)
![41git – the incomplete introduction
git mv – rename stuff
●
git mv renames/relocates and stages
●
Recommended but not required
●
git tracks content not files so it guesses external
moves based on content similarity
Local ~mytest$ git mv readme.txt README
Local ~mytest$ git status
# On branch remove1
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# renamed: readme.text -> README
#
Local ~mytest$ git commit -m “Adjusted to GitHub style”
[remove1 72f240a] Adjusted to Github style
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
rename readme.text => README (100%)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-41-320.jpg)
![42git – the incomplete introduction
git diff – what changed?
●
To see changes locally: now vs. HEAD
Local ~mytest$ change a file, e.g. README
Local ~mytest$ git diff
diff --git a/README b/README
index a3a48b3..81db0bb 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -1 +1 @@
-My readme and it is more
+My readme and it is more.
Local ~mytest$ git diff --word-diff
diff --git a/README b/README
index a3a48b3..81db0bb 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -1 +1 @@
My readme and it is [-more-]{+more.+}
Local ~mytest$ git diff README
...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-42-320.jpg)
![45git – the incomplete introduction
git cherry-pick – simply the best
● Rescue commits
● Preserves all data but the SHA-1 because of the
new predecessor
● Good for downstream hotfix merges
● Use to preserve pieces of a dead branch
Local ~mytest (master)$ git checkout -b kirsche
Local ~mytest (kirsche)$ git cherry-pick 56fe781
[tets b8c3f20] New readme file
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-45-320.jpg)
![51git – the incomplete introduction
git revert – undo things II
●
Step 2: Undo the work with a “negative” commit
●
Revert a revert the same way
Local ~mytest$ git revert 5a9e51a
[master 7b6e6cf] Revert "Redundant file removed"
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 lion.txt
Local ~mytest$ git log <you know the rest> --stat
* 7b6e6cf (HEAD, master) Revert "Redundant file removed"
| lion.txt | 1 +
| 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
* 01d9051 Cleaner now
|
| * 72f240a Adjusted to Github style
| | README | 1 +
| | readme.text | 1 -
| | 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
| * 5a9e51a Redundant file removed
|/
| lion.txt | 1 -
| 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-51-320.jpg)
![68git – the incomplete introduction
git push – deliver your work
● Deliver your work to a remote destination
● Nothing changes (commit hashes)
● DO NOT CROSS PUSH
Local ~mytest$ branch, edit, commit
Local ~mytest$ git push origin qa
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 377 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
To ssh://git@git0.foobar.net:7999/train/learn_git.git
* [new branch] qa -> qa
Local ~mytest$ git log
* 0743e1d (HEAD, origin/qa, qa) QA directory
* d0400d5 (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Merge pull request
#12...
...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-68-320.jpg)
![69git – the incomplete introduction
git push – too slow and you fail
● Someone was faster
● You have to get the remote changes first
● Prefer rebase over merge, avoids ugly commit
Local ~mytest$ branch, edit, commit
Local ~mytest$ git push origin master
To ssh://git@gitlab.foobar.de/test/training.git
! [rejected] master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to
'ssh://git@gitlab.foobar.de/test/training.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you
do not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository
pushing to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote
changes (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
Local ~mytest$ git log
* 3fc556d (HEAD, master) New text
* ba74a5a (origin/master) Merge branch 'michael'
|
| * bd8bf6e Micha branch
* | 57cdc9a Code addded
|/](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/git-the-incomplete-overview-131001042947-phpapp01/85/Git-The-Incomplete-Introduction-69-320.jpg)
![[H3 2012] 오픈소스로 개발 실력 쌓기](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/a6-121105215831-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
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Git - The Incomplete Introduction
- 1. git – the incomplete introduction git the incomplete introduction René Schwietzke, Xceptance, 2015 v 0.97
- 2. 2git – the incomplete introduction Please don't... Please don't ask for any mapping of SVN to Git commands. Git is different and you cannot simply use the same approach and commands. Of course you can, but people will hate you forever.
- 3. 3git – the incomplete introduction Some (de)motivation first ● Most of things are borrowed ● Command line only first ● Yes, you can mess things up ● Don't be scared! ● Be scared and respect the tool! ● Not every term will be introduced ● Google is your friend ● Go http://git-scm.com/ and use the book! ● Share this deck, it is CC-BY-SA licensed
- 4. 4git – the incomplete introduction Why are we so... excited? ● Subversion is ok – Git is better ● Commit often, very often... ● Everything is local ● Everything is distributed ● Cheap branching ● Data assurance ● Fast ● Everything has a history... P.S That is going to be important later on The swiss army knife – you just have to know how to use it.
- 5. 5git – the incomplete introduction What is that GIT/git/Git thing? ● Distributed Version Control System (DVCS) ● Open Source ● Started by Linus T. to aid kernel development ● Used by a lot of projects ● Git is not GitHub! ● Git is not Stash! Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.
- 6. 6git – the incomplete introduction Git takes care of... ● Content: by protecting each commit with SHA-1 ● History: by keeping relations ● Merges: by using the history ● Speed: by using snapshots and not diffs
- 7. 7git – the incomplete introduction Distributed vs. Centralized Centralized Distributed
- 8. 8git – the incomplete introduction How things are stored ● Snapshots and not file differences
- 9. 9git – the incomplete introduction Lifetime phases of data ● Untracked – data is not known to Git ● Unmodified – you did nothing ● Modified – you changed something ● Staged – you prepared for a commit ● Committed – you made changes permanent ● Pushed – you shared your changes You have to tell Git that you want a file to be included in the next commit. Git is opt-in! The thingy where Git keeps your soon to be committed data is called the staging area.
- 10. 10git – the incomplete introduction Data assurance and commits ● Git does not have a counter ● Git has data assurance ● Changes in the past will change anything from that point in time ● A commit knows its predecessors ● A commit has a unique SHA-1 ● Any change to a commit changes the SHA-1 ● Any new SHA-1 is something new despite the same content (see rebase)
- 11. 11git – the incomplete introduction What is a commit? ● A commit is a snapshot of files ● Keeps references to its parents ● Has a unique SHA-1 over the content Local ~$ git show --pretty=raw 28d88a4 commit 28d88a44d6640a7ab89aa9b0db0597e36b50c831 tree 55335193a182bc9e2850d00700ff482896f95c0f parent bcbb62be834ca0abd4b81952e612bf64f57bedb2 author Kati Smith <[email protected]> 1379449534 +0200 committer Kati Smith <[email protected]> 1379449534 +0200 Fallback code added Local ~$ git show --pretty=fuller 0da605d commit 0da605df6974eaeef472355936b9fc15912a6211 Merge: a6c4011 28d88a4 ...
- 12. 12git – the incomplete introduction What is a branch? ● A branch is just a pointer to a commit that is the branch head ● A branch contains everything that can be reached by following the parent relations ● A branch is like a parallel universe ● Each branch has a name B A
- 13. git – the incomplete introduction Get your hands gitty We play with git
- 14. 14git – the incomplete introduction Get your hands gitty ● Local repo first ● Learn the basics ● Clone a remote repo ● Some magic around shared code Local ~$ git –-version git version 2.3.4
- 15. 15git – the incomplete introduction git init ● Creates a new repository right here ● Never ever play with .git subdirectory Local ~$ mkdir mytest Local ~$ cd mytest Local ~mytest$ git init Initialized empty Git repository in ~mytest/.git/ Local ~mytest$ ls -la total 0 drwxrwxr-x 3 tfontane tfontane 60 Jul 27 20:56 . drwxrwxr-x 7 tfontane tfontane 200 Jul 27 20:56 .git
- 16. 16git – the incomplete introduction git init File Sys git HEAD ?
- 17. 17git – the incomplete introduction git config ● Tell something about you ● Git identifies you but does not authenticate! ● Stash/GitLab/GitHub do the authentication Local ~$ git config user.name "Rene Schwietzke" Local ~$ git config user.email "[email protected]" Local ~$ git config --global user.name "Rene Schwietzke" Local ~$ git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
- 18. 18git – the incomplete introduction git status - add a little ● Create a file and fill it ● Check the status ● git status is your friend! Local ~mytest$ vi foo.txt Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master # # Initial commit # # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # foo.txt nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
- 19. 19git – the incomplete introduction Modified File Sys git HEAD ? foo.txt
- 20. 20git – the incomplete introduction git add / git status ● Stage the file to make it known to git ● Git will snapshot the file ● Check the state Local ~mytest$ git add foo.txt Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master # # Initial commit # # Changes to be committed: # (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: foo.txt # Local ~mytest$ git add . # all recursive Local ~mytest$ git add * # all in current dir
- 21. 21git – the incomplete introduction Staged master File Sys git HEAD ? foo.txt foo.txt
- 22. 22git – the incomplete introduction git commit – engrave it in stone ● Make your changes permanent ● Commits only what you staged ● No commit comment – no fun! Local ~mytest$ git commit -m “Just started” [master (root-commit) c6a0313] Just started 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 foo.txt Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean Local ~mytest$
- 23. 23git – the incomplete introduction Committed master File Sys git HEAD c6a0313 foo.txt
- 24. 24git – the incomplete introduction Play it again Sam! master File Sys git HEAD c6a0313 foo.txt 64177f
- 25. 25git – the incomplete introduction git branch / git checkout ● Cheap and fast ● Your playground to try things, finish things, and share things, all that without disturbing others ● Use a branch, Luke! Local ~mytest(master)$ git branch mybranch1; git checkout mybranch1 Local ~mytest(master)$ git checkout -b mybranch1 Switched to a new branch 'mybranch1' Local ~mytest(mybranch1)$ git status # On branch mybranch1 nothing to commit, working directory clean Local ~mytest(mybranch1)$ git branch master * mybranch1 Local ~mytest(mybranch1)$ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' Local ~mytest(master)$ git checkout mybranch1 Switched to branch 'mybranch1'
- 26. 26git – the incomplete introduction Branch View master git HEAD c6a0313 64177f mybranch1 HEAD
- 27. 27git – the incomplete introduction Modify / Add / Commit master git c6a0313 64177f mybranch1 HEAD HEAD 7a1198e
- 28. 28git – the incomplete introduction Back to master and new file master git HEAD c6a0313 64177f mybranch1 7a1198e HEAD 407084b
- 29. 29git – the incomplete introduction git rebase on mybranch1 ● Prepare mybranch1 for merge into master ● Resolve conflicts in the branch ● Rebasing means rewriting of history Local ~mytest$ git checkout mybranch1 Local ~mytest$ git rebase master First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: Longer sentence Local ~mytest$ git log --oneline --decorate 703e3f7 (HEAD, mybranch1) Longer sentence 407084b (master) First readme version 641771f Again c6a0313 Just started
- 30. 30git – the incomplete introduction We rebased master git HEAD c6a0313 64177f mybranch1 7a1198e HEAD 407084b 703e3f7
- 31. 31git – the incomplete introduction git merge into master ● Get your changes into the master ● Should run great because you rebased first ● Git will remember that the branch was merged ● Git will remember the content aka the SHA-1s Local ~mytest$ git checkout master Local ~mytest$ git merge mybranch1 Updating 407084b..703e3f7 Fast-forward foo.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) Local ~mytest$ git log --oneline --decorate 703e3f7 (HEAD, mybranch1, master) Longer sentence 407084b First readme version 641771f Again c6a0313 Just started
- 32. 32git – the incomplete introduction We merged via fast-forward master git HEAD c6a0313 64177f mybranch1 407084b 703e3f7 HEAD
- 33. 33git – the incomplete introduction That was normal but not cool ● We fast-forwarded and lost merge info ● Fast-forward makes it look like a direct commit ● Will retain all single commits and smuggle them into the target branch ● Hard to figure out what was going on ● Use --no-ff all the time when merging ● Fast-forwarding is great for rebasing but not for merging (exceptions apply)
- 34. 34git – the incomplete introduction Prepare again master git HEAD 407084b mybranch2 HEAD 703e3f7 750ba6b
- 35. 35git – the incomplete introduction Prevent fast-forwarding ● Use --no-ff all the time Local ~mytest$ git checkout master Local ~mytest$ git merge --no-ff mybranch2 Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. lion.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 lion.txt Local ~mytest$ git log --oneline --decorate --graph * f223150 (HEAD, master) Merge branch 'mybranch2' | | * 750ba6b (mybranch2) The new file |/ * 703e3f7 (mybranch1) Longer sentence * 407084b First readme version * 641771f Again * c6a0313 Just started
- 36. 36git – the incomplete introduction Perfect merge via --no-ff master git HEAD 407084b mybranch2 HEAD 703e3f7 750ba6b f223150
- 37. 37git – the incomplete introduction Remove merged branches ● Always clean up never not continue ● Merging means finishing up! ● More reasons: see reverting a merge Local ~mytest$ git branch -d mybranch1 Deleted branch mybranch1 (was 703e3f7). Local ~mytest$ git branch -d mybranch2 Deleted branch mybranch2 (was 750ba6b). Local ~mytest$ git log –-oneline –-decorate –-graph * f223150 (HEAD, master) Merge branch 'mybranch2' | | * 750ba6b The new file |/ * 703e3f7 Longer sentence * 407084b First readme version * 641771f Again * c6a0313 Just started
- 38. 38git – the incomplete introduction Clean up after merges master git 407084b HEAD 703e3f7 750ba6b f223150
- 39. git – the incomplete introduction The small helpers Other commands you might need
- 40. 40git – the incomplete introduction git rm – remove stuff ● git rm removes and stages ● Register already deleted files with git rm Local ~mytest$ git rm lion.txt rm 'lion.txt' Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch remove1 # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # deleted: lion.txt # Local ~mytest$ rm readme.txt Local ~mytest$ git rm readme.txt
- 41. 41git – the incomplete introduction git mv – rename stuff ● git mv renames/relocates and stages ● Recommended but not required ● git tracks content not files so it guesses external moves based on content similarity Local ~mytest$ git mv readme.txt README Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch remove1 # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # renamed: readme.text -> README # Local ~mytest$ git commit -m “Adjusted to GitHub style” [remove1 72f240a] Adjusted to Github style 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename readme.text => README (100%)
- 42. 42git – the incomplete introduction git diff – what changed? ● To see changes locally: now vs. HEAD Local ~mytest$ change a file, e.g. README Local ~mytest$ git diff diff --git a/README b/README index a3a48b3..81db0bb 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1 +1 @@ -My readme and it is more +My readme and it is more. Local ~mytest$ git diff --word-diff diff --git a/README b/README index a3a48b3..81db0bb 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1 +1 @@ My readme and it is [-more-]{+more.+} Local ~mytest$ git diff README ...
- 43. 43git – the incomplete introduction git diff – what changed? ● To see changes of commits Local ~mytest$ git log <you know the rest> * 079aaab (HEAD, origin/master, master) master 3 * 7ba35ee master 2 * cad3fee master 1 Local ~mytest$ git show 079aaab What changed with 079aaab Local ~mytest$ git diff 7ba35ee What changed since 7ba35ee aka the change introduced by 079aaab Local ~mytest$ git diff 703e3f7 README Same as before, but limited to a specific file Local ~mytest$ git log --since=2.weeks readme.txt List all commits that touched readme.txt in the last two weeks. Local ~mytest$ git log --since=2.weeks -G Rene Where 'Rene' was in the changes including removals in the last two weeks. You can go nuts here. Google it when you need it. It is powerful and allows basically everything possible to find and identify changes and problems.
- 44. 44git – the incomplete introduction git mergetool – conflict solver ● Solve conflicts during rebasing and merging ● Uses the configured tool of your choice Local ~mytest$ git rebase origin/qa First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: Conflict Using index info to reconstruct a base tree... M qa/start.txt Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge... Auto-merging qa/start.txt CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in qa/start.txt Failed to merge in the changes. Patch failed at 0001 Conflict The copy of the patch that failed is found in: /tmp/learn_git/.git/rebase-apply/patch When you have resolved this problem, run "git rebase --continue". If you prefer to skip this patch, run "git rebase --skip" instead. To check out the original branch and stop rebasing, run "git rebase –abort". Local ~mytest$ git mergetool Local ~mytest$ git rebase --continue
- 45. 45git – the incomplete introduction git cherry-pick – simply the best ● Rescue commits ● Preserves all data but the SHA-1 because of the new predecessor ● Good for downstream hotfix merges ● Use to preserve pieces of a dead branch Local ~mytest (master)$ git checkout -b kirsche Local ~mytest (kirsche)$ git cherry-pick 56fe781 [tets b8c3f20] New readme file 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- 46. git – the incomplete introduction Dealing with Oops! The reason for version control
- 47. 47git – the incomplete introduction Forgot something? --amend ● Changes the last commit (when not pushed!) ● Removes old commit, creates new commit Local ~mytest$ change two files Local ~mytest$ git commit -m “Updated two files” Local ~mytest$ git log --stat * 5cb60ce (HEAD, master) Updated two files | foobar.txt | 1 + | 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) * 0da605d Merge branch 'oauth.fix' Local ~mytest$ git add file2.txt Local ~mytest$ git commit --amend -m “Really updated two files” Local ~mytest$ git log --stat * c3ae1b1 (HEAD, master) Really updated two files | foobar.txt | 1 + | readme.txt | 1 + | 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) * 0da605d Merge branch 'oauth.fix'
- 48. 48git – the incomplete introduction Staged too much? ● Remove from the staging area ● Not very intuitive... sadly enough Local ~mytest$ git add test.txt Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: test.txt # Local ~mytest$ git reset HEAD test.txt Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # test.txt nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
- 49. 49git – the incomplete introduction Get rid off the last commit ● Kills the last commit without a trace ● Of course, only when not shared yet Local ~mytest$ git log * 4db3017 (HEAD, master) Too much, oops * a0a842d Fine 2 * 99ca82a Fine 1 Local ~mytest$ git reset HEAD~1 Unstaged changes after reset: M readme.txt Local ~mytest$ git log * a0a842d (HEAD, master) Fine 2 * 99ca82a Fine 1
- 50. 50git – the incomplete introduction git revert – undo things I ● Reverting means committing reversed content ● Step 1: Identify hash aka revision Local ~mytest$ git log --oneline --graph --decorate * 01d9051 (HEAD, master) Cleaner now | | * 72f240a Adjusted to Github style | * 5a9e51a Redundant file removed |/ * f223150 Merge branch 'mybranch2' | | * 750ba6b The new file |/ * 703e3f7 Longer sentence * 407084b First readme version * 641771f Again * c6a0313 Just started
- 51. 51git – the incomplete introduction git revert – undo things II ● Step 2: Undo the work with a “negative” commit ● Revert a revert the same way Local ~mytest$ git revert 5a9e51a [master 7b6e6cf] Revert "Redundant file removed" 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 lion.txt Local ~mytest$ git log <you know the rest> --stat * 7b6e6cf (HEAD, master) Revert "Redundant file removed" | lion.txt | 1 + | 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) * 01d9051 Cleaner now | | * 72f240a Adjusted to Github style | | README | 1 + | | readme.text | 1 - | | 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) | * 5a9e51a Redundant file removed |/ | lion.txt | 1 - | 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) ...
- 52. 52git – the incomplete introduction git revert – revert a merge ● Merges are reverted like any other commit ● But when you continue to work on it and merge later, it does not work as expected ● Git does not track the content, but the commits ● When commits are already in the tree, the next merge with them again makes no difference aka they are still reverted ● Revert the revert in these cases first
- 53. 53git – the incomplete introduction git revert – revert a merge Local ~mytest (master)$ git log * 5169844 (HEAD, master) Foo is new * 35a597f Merge branch 'test1' | | * 52212e1 A change in readme |/ * bbd0c7b (origin/master) Readme 2 # identify predecessor to use Local ~mytest (master)$ git show 35a597f Merge: bbd0c7b 52212e1 Author: Peter Meier <[email protected]> ... # revert 35a597f Local ~mytest (master)$ git revert -m 1 35a597f # create branch to continue Local ~mytest (master)$ git checkout -b fix-it # revert the revert in the branch to see original code Local ~mytest (fix-it)$ git revert 42635ec # fix all the bad stuff and merge Local ~mytest (fix-it)$ edit, add, commit... Local ~mytest (fix-it)$ git checkout master Local ~mytest (master)$ git merge --no-ff fix-it # clean up Local ~mytest (master)$ git branch -d fix-it
- 54. 54git – the incomplete introduction git revert – revert a merge Local ~mytest (master)$ git log * 70e18de (HEAD, master) Merge branch 'fix-it', previously test1 | | * d980ef0 Fixed the bad stuff | * b8796e0 Revert of "Revert "Merge branch 'test1'"" |/ * 42635ec Revert "Merge branch 'test1'" * 5169844 Foo is new * 35a597f Merge branch 'test1' | | * 52212e1 A change in readme |/ * bbd0c7b (origin/master) Readme 2 ● 42635ec – revert in main branch ● b8796e0 – revert of the revert to continue later ● 70e18de – second merge attempt including fix
- 55. 55git – the incomplete introduction git reset/checkout – trash it ● Kill or revert all your uncommitted changes # git rid off all changes Local ~mytest$ change a file, e.g. README Local ~mytest$ git reset --hard HEAD is now at 25f967d ! The was the message. # remove from staging area Local ~mytest$ change a file Local ~mytest$ git reset README Unstaged changes after reset: M README # get README back to last commited state Local ~mytest$ git checkout README Local ~mytest$ git status # On branch master nothing to commit, working directory clean
- 56. git – the incomplete introduction It is called branching, not treeing Do not build trees from your branches
- 57. 57git – the incomplete introduction Branches – important to know ● Remember, every commit has at least one parent ● So your branch is based on something ● If you merge your branch to a place you have not started from, you get everything merged that is not yet in... not just what you have touched ● Git makes sure that nothing is lost ● A branch is just a pointer!
- 58. 58git – the incomplete introduction Branches – the unexpected ? B C 1 2 A E F CD12 D ZYXW
- 59. 59git – the incomplete introduction Branches – cherry-pick from red 1 2 1' 2' Local (red)$ git checkout -b get-red-in Switched to new branch 'get-red-in' Local (get-red-in)$ git cherry-pick 1 2 Local (get-red-in)$ git checkout green Switched to branch 'green' Local (green)$ git merge --no-ff get-red-in -m “Cherry picked the red” ... Local (green)$ git branch -d get-red-in
- 60. git – the incomplete introduction A small workflow Just you and git. Local and simple.
- 61. 61git – the incomplete introduction Small and quick local workflow ● Practice the workflow in your local world Local (abranch)$ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' Local (master)$ git checkout -b new-branch Local (new-branch)$ edit and commit often Local (new-branch)$ git rebase master Local (new-branch)$ git checkout master Local (master)$ git merge --no-ff new-branch -m “Cleaner now” Removing lion.txt Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. readme.text => README | 0 lion.txt | 1 - 2 files changed, 1 deletion(-) rename readme.text => README (100%) delete mode 100644 lion.txt Local (master)$ git branch -d new-branch
- 62. git – the incomplete introduction Let's go remote now Play with others in the same sandbox
- 63. 63git – the incomplete introduction Let's go remote ● Every repository is a complete repo ● Except for unsynced changes with “friends” ● No obligation to use a remote ● More than one remote possible ● No obligation to upload (push) everything ● Only what you want to share ● Only what you have to protect
- 64. 64git – the incomplete introduction git clone – get a remote repo Local ~mytest$ git clone ssh://[email protected]:7999/train/learn_git.git Cloning into 'learn_git'... remote: Counting objects: 192, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (160/160), done. remote: Total 192 (delta 78), reused 0 (delta 0) Receiving objects: 100% (192/192), 20.35 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (78/78), done. Checking connectivity... done Local ~mytest$ cd learn_git Local ~mytest$ git status * master Local ~mytest$ git remote --verbose origin ssh://[email protected]:7999/train/learn_git.git (fetch) origin ssh://[email protected]:7999/train/learn_git.git (push) ● Get a remote repo downloaded ● Git automatically sets up tracking
- 65. 65git – the incomplete introduction git fetch – get work from others ● Fetches data from remote ● Does not touch your work Local ~mytest$ git fetch origin remote: Counting objects: 7, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done. remote: Total 4 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0) Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done. From ssh://git0.svc1.foobar.net:7999/train/learn_git aa2e115..d85515d qa -> origin/qa Local ~mytest$ git diff aa2e115..d85515d diff --git a/qa/start.txt b/qa/start.txt index 006f308..067ab29 100644 --- a/qa/start.txt +++ b/qa/start.txt @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ This is beginning of a text. It might continue. Or it might now. +I am remote.
- 66. 66git – the incomplete introduction git merge/rebase – pull it in ● Works like a local rebase or merge ● Picks the way that fits best ● Merge to make operation visible ● Rebase to just get you updated to latest Local ~mytest$ git fetch origin Local ~mytest$ git merge origin/qa Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. qa/start.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) Local ~mytest$ git rebase origin/qa First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
- 67. 67git – the incomplete introduction git pull – fetch and merge ● Pull is fetch and merge in one command ● There is no --no-ff option, git picks the best way ● So prefer --rebase when content is unpushed Local ~mytest$ git pull origin mybranch From ssh://git0.foobar.net:7999/train/learn_git * branch mybranch -> FETCH_HEAD Updating 0d1c02a..974c00d Fast-forward qa/start.txt | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) Local ~mytest$ git pull --rebase origin mybranch
- 68. 68git – the incomplete introduction git push – deliver your work ● Deliver your work to a remote destination ● Nothing changes (commit hashes) ● DO NOT CROSS PUSH Local ~mytest$ branch, edit, commit Local ~mytest$ git push origin qa Counting objects: 5, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 377 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done. Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0) To ssh://[email protected]:7999/train/learn_git.git * [new branch] qa -> qa Local ~mytest$ git log * 0743e1d (HEAD, origin/qa, qa) QA directory * d0400d5 (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Merge pull request #12... ...
- 69. 69git – the incomplete introduction git push – too slow and you fail ● Someone was faster ● You have to get the remote changes first ● Prefer rebase over merge, avoids ugly commit Local ~mytest$ branch, edit, commit Local ~mytest$ git push origin master To ssh://[email protected]/test/training.git ! [rejected] master -> master (fetch first) error: failed to push some refs to 'ssh://[email protected]/test/training.git' hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again. See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details. Local ~mytest$ git log * 3fc556d (HEAD, master) New text * ba74a5a (origin/master) Merge branch 'michael' | | * bd8bf6e Micha branch * | 57cdc9a Code addded |/
- 70. 70git – the incomplete introduction git pull --rebase ● You have not shared the commit, so rebase for clean history with the remote content. ● See, no non-sense merge! Local ~mytest$ git log * 3fc556d (HEAD, master) New text * ba74a5a (origin/master) Merge branch 'michael' ... Local ~mytest$ git pull --rebase origin master ... First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: New text Local ~mytest$ git log * 85f62f6 (HEAD, master) New text * c2e9a1a (origin/master) One more thing added * ba74a5a Merge branch 'michael' | | * bd8bf6e Micha branch ...
- 71. 71git – the incomplete introduction git pull – the ugly merge ● By default you get a merge when you have local changes Local ~mytest$ git log * 2272ff5 (HEAD, master) No stuff anymore * f5d6db1 (origin/master) Entry 10 * fd4fdd7 Entry 9 Local ~mytest$ git pull origin master ... From ssh://gitlab.foobar.de/asdf/traning * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD f5d6db1..d39a17e master -> origin/master Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. asdf.txt | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 asdf.tct Local ~mytest$ git log * d1247b3 (HEAD, master) Merge branch 'master' of ssh://gitlab.foobar.de... | | * d39a17e (origin/master) New file * | 2272ff5 No stuff anymore |/ * f5d6db1 Entry 10
- 72. git – the incomplete introduction A small shared workflow Just you, git, and other dudes or dudettes.
- 73. 73git – the incomplete introduction Let me flow alone # get the master latest changes Local ~(master)$ git pull --rebase origin master # create a new branch with a meaningful name and switch Local ~(master)$ git checkout -b jaropener-4210 # do some development Local ~(jaropener-4210)$ git add File.java; git commit -m “base class” Local ~(jaropener-4210)$ git add .; git commit -m “tests added” # switch to master Local ~(jaropener-4210)$ git checkout master # get the latest master changes, no local changes assumed Local ~(master)$ git pull --rebase origin master # switch to branch Local ~(master)$ git checkout jaropener-4210 # rebase branch against master, assuming you have not pushed your branch! Local ~(jaropener-4210)$ git rebase master # switch to master Local ~(jaropener-4210)$ git checkout master # merge the branch in without fast-forward to get a single commit Local ~(master)$ git merge --no-ff jaropener-4210 # delete the branch now, you merged it! Local ~(master)$ git branch -d jaropener-4210 # refresh your master, no further local changes Local ~(master)$ git pull --rebase origin master # push your work and be happy Local ~(master)$ git push origin master
- 74. git – the incomplete introduction Merge vs. Rebase The common misunderstanding
- 75. 75git – the incomplete introduction But SVN... ● SVN does not have a rebase ● Server counts up and each commit gets a number ● What is merged ends in mergeinfo properties ● Git uses a cryptographic hash to protect content ● Includes the parents in that aka new parent, new hash ● It is non-linear but linear... confused? ● Git forms a chain of content
- 76. 76git – the incomplete introduction Rebase vs. Merge ● Rebase ● Makes your work latest ● Set's your work aside, updates branch, puts your work on top of it, so your work wins mostly ● Removes all your commits and creates them new ● Bad when already shared ● Merge ● Fits your work into the timeline ● Uses the timeline to figure out who is right ● Creates a commit with the merge content
- 77. 77git – the incomplete introduction Local rebase and merge visualized HEAD aa 1245aab ccbb master aa 1245aab ddbb mybranch aa 1245aab ccbb master dddd git rebase master aa 1245aabbb mybranch HEAD cc aa 1245aabbb master git merge --no-ff mybranch ff HEAD ee eeee eedd cc
- 78. 78git – the incomplete introduction Rebase from remote visualized HEAD a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 19ab4dda54341b master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b origin/master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b master61b48aa git pull --rebase origin master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b origin/master git push origin master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b 61b48aa origin/master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b master61b48aa HEAD HEAD
- 79. 79git – the incomplete introduction Remote merge visualized a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 19ab4dda54341b master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b origin/master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1a54341b master git pull origin master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1 561abcda54341b origin/master 561abcd a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1a54341b master git push origin master a54341b 1245aab c3dffd1a54341b origin/master 561abcd 561abcd 981715a 19ab4dd 981715a 19ab4dd 981715a 19ab4dd HEAD HEAD HEAD
- 80. 80git – the incomplete introduction When to rebase ● When you cannot push because someone was faster: git pull --rebase ● When you have not shared anything and want to have a clean branch and solve the possible merge conflicts before merging ● When you do not care about your base
- 81. 81git – the incomplete introduction When rebase becomes evil ● When you shared commits already ● When you branch off of the to-be-rebased branch aka you shared you commit with yourself already ● When you already merged in from other branches ● Do not forget, squashing means rewriting too Rebasing means rewriting of commits!
- 82. 82git – the incomplete introduction Rebase kills merges ● A rebase after a merge removes the merge and makes everything flat ● How ugly! http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11863785/make-git-pull-rebase-preserve-merge-commits Local ~mytest$ git fetch origin/master Local ~mytest$ git rebase origin/master --preserve-merges # Make it default to preserve (Git >= 1.8.5) Local ~mytest$ git config pull.rebase preserve
- 83. 83git – the incomplete introduction Merge/no-ff/squash?
- 84. git – the incomplete introduction Misc Does not fit anywhere else
- 85. 85git – the incomplete introduction Some other stuff ● Force branch delete: git branch -D name ● Remote delete: git push origin :name ● Stash things away: git stash save ● Get things back: git stash apply ● Remove stash: git stash drop ● Clean up after merge: git clean -f -d
- 86. 86git – the incomplete introduction Golden git advantages to use ● Always branch ● Commit often ● Not sure about a merge? New branch and try ● Rebase your branch before merge, if not shared ● Do not run anything advanced, there is barely any reason for doing that ● Keep it simple!
- 87. git – the incomplete introduction Tools In case you don't like the command line
- 88. 89git – the incomplete introduction Tools - tig
- 89. 90git – the incomplete introduction Tools - gitk
- 90. 91git – the incomplete introduction A list of tools ● GitEye ● SmartGit ● TortoiseGit ● EGit for Eclipse
- 91. 92git – the incomplete introduction git blame Q & A Your moment to ask questions, to show off, to blame us for wasted life time, blame git, or blame Linus.
- 92. 93git – the incomplete introduction git resources ● Atlassian's Git Pages ● https://www.atlassian.com/git ● The official web page ● http://git-scm.com/ ● Stuff about Git ● http://gitready.com/
- 93. 94git – the incomplete introduction Sources used ● http://git-scm.com/ ● http://gitready.com/ ● https://www.atlassian.com/git ● Subversion DB: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Database-vcs-subversion.svg (CC-BY-SA) ● Creative Commons icons: http://creativecommons.org/about/downloads (CC-BY)
- 94. 95git – the incomplete introduction License ● Use these slides freely ● Share them freely ● Modify them freely but share them again Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US