Go is a statically-typed, garbage-collected programming language that is fast, supports concurrency, and has built-in support for remote package management. It is well-suited for building network servers and applications with non-blocking I/O. The document provides examples of writing a simple "Hello World" program, building a basic HTTP server, and using goroutines for concurrency. It also outlines how to install Go, set up a development environment, and find additional learning resources.