Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendly

International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 7–Issue 10, 390-397, 2018, ISSN:-2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 390
Assessing the Influence of Green Computing Practices
on Sustainable IT Services
Shedrack Mmeah
Department of Computer
Science, Ken Saro Wiwa
Polytechnic, Bori,
Rivers State - Nigeria
Barida Baah
Science, Ebonyi State
University, Abakaliki –
Nigeria
Abasiama G. Akpan
Science, Ebonyi State
University, Abakaliki –
Nigeria
Abstract: This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall
performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization,
improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability
requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an
organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been
far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value,
business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a
core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Keywords: Green Computing, Sustainable IT Services, Optimization, Virtualization, Workload Managements
1. INTRODUCTION
Green computing or its alternative “Green IT” have recently
become widely trendy and taken on increased; their
conceptual origin is almost two decades old. In 1991 the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced the
Green Lights program to promote energy-efficient lighting.
This was followed by the ENERGY STAR program in 1992,
which established energy- efficiency specifications for
computers and monitors [13, 50]. The swift growth of
Internet-based business computing, often allegorically
referred to as “cloud” computing, and the costs of energy to
run the IT infrastructure are the key drivers of green
computing. Over the last several years the link between
energy use and carbon generation and the desire to lessen both
has given rise to the green computing tag.
Drastically, increased energy use driven by the rapid
expansion of data centres has increased IT costs, and the
resulting environmental influence of IT, to new levels.
Enterprise data centers can easily account for than 50 percent
of a company’s energy bill and approximately half of the
corporate carbon footprint [15, 25].
Although energy use and its associated cost have been the key
driver for green computing, a growing appreciation of the
risks of climate change and increasing concerns about energy
security have elevated green computing to a global issue. The
new administration in the United States has stated intentions
to endorse a “green energy economy” which will likely cap
carbon emissions; increase energy costs, and holds companies
more accountable for their impact on the environment [9].
Due to the immediate influence on business value, it is likely
that green computing will remain focused on reducing costs
while improving the performance of energy- hungry data
centres and desktop computers. However, it is not likely that
this first wave of activity will fully extend to the general
minimization of the ecological footprint of IT products and
services for companies and their customers. Ecological issues
involving IT product and service design, supply chain
optimization, and changes in processes to deal with e-waste,
pollution, usage of critical resources such as water, toxic
materials, and the air shed will need to be more fully
addressed. Although these first-signal activities are driven
more by cost-reduction-based business value there is growing
potential for green IT products and services being the
deciding factor in terms of the intangible benefits of
“greenness” to the customer. Vendors are now able to position
products and services in terms of energy consumption and
lower costs, but the real benefit over time may be in
positioning on environmental and social responsibility of the
company itself [27, 32, 40].
“Sustainable IT” and especially “sustainable IT services” are
terms that are becoming synonymous with an emergent
second signal of green computing innovation. Sustainable IT
strategies are driving sustainability beyond just energy use
and product considerations. This broader approach to
corporate sustainability will necessitate the redesign of the IT
organization and indeed the company itself if the strategic
benefits of green computing are to be realized. This second
signal will include the adoption of ecological strategies that
will redefine markets, spur technological innovation, and lead
to shifts in process, behavior and organizational culture that
will integrate business models with environmental and social
responsibility [9, 32]. These changes are being driven by the
evolving changes in customer requirements from a sole
emphasis on the tangible cost-benefit of reduced energy usage
to increasingly intangible green benefits and cultural issues
motivated by concerns for global warming and climate change
[40].

www.ijcat.com 391
For this paper, we define green computing as the practice of
maximizing the efficient use of computing resources to
minimize environmental impact. This includes the goals of
controlling and reducing a product’s environmental footprint
by minimizing the use of hazardous materials, energy, water,
and other scarce resources, as well as minimizing waste from
manufacturing and throughout the supply chain [1]. Green
computing goals extend to the product’s use over its lifecycle,
and the recycling, reuse, and biodegradability of obsolete
products. We define sustainable IT services1 in broader terms
to include the impact of IT service strategies on the firm’s and
customers’ societal bottom line to include economic,
environmental, and social responsibility criteria for defining
organizational success. Therefore, as defined, green
computing practices inform a company’s sustainable IT
service strategies and process decisions.
The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on
green computing and its influences on sustainable IT services
with the idea of identifying critical issues and leverage points
to improve customer value, business value, and societal value.
1.2 GREEN COMPUTING: THE FIRST SIGNAL
Since its inception, the IT industry has focused on the
development and deployment of IT equipment and services
that was capable of meeting the ever-growing demands of
business customers. Hence, the emphasis has been on
processing power and systems spending. Less attention was
afforded to infrastructure issues which include energy
consumption, cooling, and space for data centres, since they
were assumed to be always available and affordable. Over the
last decade these issues have become limiting factors in
determining the feasibility of deploying new IT systems,
while processing power is widely available and affordable
[47].
Data centres typically account for 25% of total corporate IT
budgets and their costs are expected to continue to increase as
the number of servers rise and the cost of electricity increases
faster than revenues. One study indicated that the cost of
running data centres is increasing 20% per year on average
[15]. With annual energy costs for computing and cooling
nearly matching the costs for new equipment, data center
expenses can squeeze out investment in new products, make
data intensive products uneconomic, and squeeze overall
margins. The quest for data centre efficiency has become a
strategic issue [15].
The high and increasing use of electricity makes data centres
an important source of greenhouse gases. For information-
intensive organizations, data centres can account for over 50%
of the total corporate carbon footprint. For service firms, data
centers are the primary source of green house emissions. Data
centres, with their high energy costs and increasingly negative
impact on the environment, are the driving force behind the
green computing movement.
1.3 Factors Driving the Adoption of Green Computing
The following trends are impacting data centers, and to a
lesser degree, desktop computers, and driving the adoption of
green-computing practices:
 The rapid growth of the Internet
The increasing reliance on electronic data is driving the rapid
growth in the size and number of data centers. This growth
results from the rapid adoption of Internet communications
and media, the computerization of business processes and
applications, legal requirements for retention of records, and
disaster recovery. Internet usage is growing at more than 10
percent annually leading to an estimated 20% CAGR in data
center demand [51]. Video and music downloads, on-line
gaming, social networks, c-commerce, and VoIP are key
drivers. In addition, business use of the Internet has ramped
up. Industries such as financial services (investment, banking,
and insurance), real estate, healthcare, retailing,
manufacturing, and transportation are using information
technology for key business functions [2]. The advent of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act with its requirement to retain electronic
records has increased storage demand in some industries at 50
percent CAGR [48]. Disaster recovery strategies that mandate
duplicate records increases demand further. Finally, many
federal, state, and local government agencies have adopted c-
government strategies that utilize the Web for public
information, reporting, transactions, homeland security, and
scientific computing [131.
 Increasing equipment power density
Although advances in server CPUs have in some cases
enabled higher performance with less power consumption per
CPU, overall server power consumption has continued to
increase as more servers are installed with higher performance
power-hungry processors with more memory capacity [42,
47]. As more servers are installed they require more floor
space. To pack more servers in the same footprint the form
factor of servers has become much smaller, in some cases
shrinking by more than 70% through the use of blade servers.
This increase in packaging density has been matched by a
major increase in the power density of data centers. Density
has increased more than ten times from 300 watts per square
foot in 1996 to over 4,000 watts per square foot in 2007, a
trend that is expected to continue its upward spiral [13, 42, 45,
47].
3. Increasing cooling requirements
The increase in server power density has led to a concomitant
increase in data center heat density. Servers require
approximately 1 to 1.5 watts of cooling for each watt of power
used [16, 24, 39]. The ratio of cooling power to server power
requirements will continue to increase as data center server
densities increase.
 Increasing energy costs
Data centre expenditures for power and cooling can exceed
that for equipment over the useful life of a server. For a
typical $4,000 server rated at 500 watts, one study estimated it
would consume approximately $4,000 of electricity for power
and cooling over three years, at $0.08 per kilowatt-hour, and
double that in Japan [2]. The ratio of power and cooling
expense to equipment expenses has increased from

www.ijcat.com 392
approximately 0.1 to 1 in 2000 to I to 1 in 2007 [47]. With the
likely increase in the number of data centers and servers and
the advent of a carbon cap-and-trade scheme, the cost of
energy for data center power and cooling will continue to
increase [26].
 Restrictions on energy supply and access
Companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo with the
need for large data centers may not be able to find power at
any price in major American cities [14]. Therefore, they have
built new data centers in the Pacific Northwest near the
Columbia River where they have direct access to low-cost
hydroelectric power and do not need to depend on the
overtaxed electrical grid. In states such as, California, Illinois,
and New York, the aging electrical infrastructure and high
costs of power can stall or stop the construction of new data
centers and limit the operations of existing centers [24]. In
some crowded urban areas utility power feeds are at capacity
and electricity is not available for new data centers at any
price [10].
 Low server utilization rates
Data center efficiency is a major problem in terms of energy
use. The server utilization rates average 5-10 per cent for large
data centers [15]. Low server utilization means that
companies are overpaying for energy, maintenance,
operations support, while only using a small percentage of
computing capacity [9].
 Growing awareness of IT’s impact on the
environment
Carbon emissions are proportional to energy usage. In 2007
there were approximately 44 million servers worldwide
consuming 0.5% of all electricity. Data centers in the server-
dense U.S. use more than 1% of all electricity [10]. Their
collective annual carbon emissions of 80 metric megatons of
CO2 are approaching the carbon footprint of the Netherlands
and Argentina [15]. Carbon emissions from operations are
expected to grow at more than 11% per year to 340 metric
megatons by 2020. In addition, the carbon footprint of
manufacturing the IT product is largely unaccounted for by IT
organizations [15].
1.3 Implementing Green Computing Strategies
Transitioning to green computing has involved a number of
strategies to optimize the efficiency of data center operations
in order to lower costs and to lessen the impact of computing
on the environment. The transitioning to a green data center
involves a mix of integrating new approaches for power and
cooling with energy-efficient hardware, virtualization,
software, and power and workload management [10].
 Data center infrastructure
Infrastructure equipment includes chillers, power supplies,
storage devices, switches, pumps, fans, and network
equipment. Many data centers are over ten years old. Their
infrastructure equipment is reaching the end of its useful life.
It is power hungry and inefficient. Such data centers typically
use 2 or 3 times the amount of power overall as used for the
IT equipment, mostly for cooling [10]. The obvious strategy
here has been to invest in new data centers that are designed
to be energy efficient or to retrofit existing centers.
 Power and workload management
Power and workload management software could save $25-75
per desktop per month and more for servers [50]. Power
management software adjusts the processor power states (P-
states) to match workload requirements. It makes full use of
the processor power when needed and conserves power when
workloads are lighter. Some companies are shifting from
desktops to laptops for their power- management capabilities.
 Thermal load management
Technology compaction in data centers has increased power
density and the need for efficient heat dissipation. Power use
by ventilation and cooling systems is on par with that of
servers. Typical strategies for thermal management are
variable cooling delivery, airflow management, and raised-
floor data center designs to ensure good air flow, more
efficient air conditioning equipment, ambient air, liquid heat
removal systems, heat recovery systems, and smart
thermostats [10, 39].
 Product design
For example, microprocessor performance increased at
approximately 50% CAGR from 1982 to 2002. However,
performance increases per watt over the same period were
modest. Energy use by servers continued to rise relatively
proportionally with the increase in installed base [13]. The
shift to multiple cores and the development of dynamic
frequency and voltage scaling technologies hold great promise
for reducing energy use by servers. Multiple-core
microprocessors run at slower clock speeds and lower
voltages than single-core processors and can better leverage
memory and other architectural components to run faster
while consuming less energy. Dynamic frequency and voltage
scaling features enable microprocessor performance to ramp
up or down to match workloads. Moving beyond
microprocessors, the energy proportional computing concept
takes advantage of the observation that servers consume
relatively more energy at low levels of efficiency than at peak
levels [3]. Therefore, the goal is to design servers that
consume energy in proportion to the work performed. Since
microprocessors have more quickly acquired energy-saving
capabilities, it is expected that CPUs will consume relatively
less energy than other components. Therefore, it will be
necessary for major improvements in memory, disk drives,
and other components to reduce their power usage at higher
levels of utilization. Energy proportionality, which promises
to double server efficiency with the potential for large energy
savings for data centers, should become a primary goal for
equipment designers [3].
 Virtualization
Virtualization has become a primary strategy for addressing
growing business computing needs. It is fundamentally about
IT optimization in terms energy efficiency and cost reduction.
It improves the utilization of existing IT resources while
reducing energy use, capital spending and human resource
costs [30, 37]. Data center virtualization affects four areas:
server hardware and operating systems, storage, networks, and
application infrastructure. For instance, virtualization enables
increased server utilization by pooling applications on fewer
servers. Through virtualization, data centers can support new
applications while using less power, physical space, and labor.

www.ijcat.com 393
This method is especially useful for extending the life of older
data centers with no space for expansion. Virtual servers use
less power and have higher levels of efficiency than
standalone servers [3].
Virtualization technology was originally developed by IBM
(as CP/CMS in the 1960’s) to increase the utilization
efficiency of mainframes. More recently the concept has been
applied to x86 servers in data centers. With the use of a
hardware platform virtualization program called a hypervisor,
or virtual machine monitor (VMM), multiple operating
systems can run concurrently on a host computer. The
hypervisor controls access to the server’s processor and
memory and enables a server to be segmented into several
“virtual machines”, each with its own operating system and
application. For large data centers, server usage ranges from
5-10 percent of capacity on average. With virtualization,
server workloads can be increased to 50-85 percent where
they can operate more energy efficiently [3]. Less servers are
needed which means smaller server footprints, lower cooling
costs, less headcount, and improved manageability.
 Cloud computing and cloud services
As Internet-based computing centralizes in the data center,
software technology has advanced to enable applications to be
used where and when needed. The term “cloud computing”
refers to a computing model that aims to make high-
performance computing available to the masses over the
Internet [35]. Cloud computing enables developers to create,
deploy, and run easily scalable services that are high
performance, reliable, and free the user from location and
infrastructure concerns [31]. The “cloud” has long been a
metaphor for the Internet. When combined with “computing”
the definition turns to services [23].
As cloud computing continues to evolve it has increasingly
taken on service characteristics. These services include utility
computing, software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service
(PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS).
• Utility computing: The first cloud services were developed
by companies such as Amazon.com, Sun, and IBM that
offered virtual servers and storage that can be accessed on
demand. This is often described as an updated version of
utility computing—essentially virtual computing capacity
where users pay for what they use when they need it. Early
adopters used this service for supplemental and non mission-
critical needs. This model could be extended to include virtual
data centers as a virtual resource pool [23].
• SaaS: This implementation of cloud computing delivers
applications through a browser interface to thousands of
customers using a multitenant architecture [17, 23, 34].
Salesforce.com is perhaps the best known of the SaaS
companies with applications in sales force automation, CRM,
human resources, and supply chain management. More
recently, Google has adopted a SaaS model for its
GoogleApps and Zoho Office [23]. The benefits for customers
include: no upfront investment in infrastructure, servers, or
software licenses; reduced operating expenses, end-to end
business processes integrated with services
anywhere/anytime; dynamically scalable infrastructure, SLAs
for composite services, mobile device and sensor control,
access to leading-edge technology, and less environmental
impact (34].
• PaaS: An outgrowth of the SaaS model, PaaS delivers
development environments as a service [23]. The model
provides the required resources to support the entire life cycle
for developing and delivering web applications and services
over the Internet. Developers can essentially create their own
applications as a service that will run on the provider’s
platform and are delivered to their customers from the
provider’s servers. Leading PaaS companies are Force.com,
Google AppEngine, and Microsoft Azure. The primary
advantages are the speed and low cost that can be achieved for
development and deployment [46].
•IaaS: This cloud offering provides basic infrastructure, such
as servers, storage, clients, and networking as an on demand
service. Leading IaaS companies include Amazon Web
Services, GoGrid, and Flexiscale [43].
• Total power consumption: In a recent study, this metric
was the most popular with 68% of IT managers specifying its
use. The cost of power and the volume of kilowatts used are
typically included in the baseline assessment [9]. This metric
can be useful in tracking power usage by facility, function,
application, and employee. Accountability for electricity
usage by IT organizations has been highlighted since it is a
cost that can easily be tracked and it is a large part of the IT
budget. Making power cost a discrete line item in the IT
budget invites action to become more efficient and generate
cost savings.
• Power usage effectiveness (PUE): PUE is equal to Total
Facility Power/IT Equipment Power. IT equipment power is
defined as the load associated with computers, storage,
network equipment and peripherals [33, 44]. Total facility
power is the total power measured at the utility meter. A PUE
of 2.0 indicates that data center demand is twice as high as the
power necessary to power the IT equipment. A PUE value of
1.0 would indicate 100% efficiency with all power consumed
by IT equipment.
• Data center infrastructure efficiency (DCiE). DCiE =
1/PUE: This ratio is equivalent to the PUE. In the above
example IT equipment uses 50% of the power in the data
center. The other 50% is of power demand is typically
required for cooling. As IT equipment uses less energy pay as
you go, access to the latest technology, faster service delivery
and time to market.
1.4 Green Computing Metrics
Power-related metrics currently dominate green computing.
Several energy-efficiency related metrics have been proposed
to help IT organizations understand and improve the
efficiency of data centers. Table 1 presents summarizes the
most widely used benchmarks per unit of performance, then
less energy is needed for cooling and DCiE will move higher
[33].
• Data center performance efficiency (DCPE). DCPE
Useful Work/Total Facility Power. This ratio is informed by
PUE and DCiE. However, it is much more complex to define
and measure “useful work” performance as a standard metric
[44].

www.ijcat.com 394
• Other energy efficiency benchmarks: An alternate
approach to energy efficiency monitory at the data center level
is to build energy efficiency into the initial design of
components and systems and to adaptively manage system
power consumption in response to changes in workload and
environment [36]. These benchmarks include Analysis tool,
Energy Bench, SWaP, Energy Star, SPEC Power, and
JouleSort.
2. Environmental Impact
• Carbon footprint: Regulations to reduce green house gas
emissions worldwide will likely be forthcoming soon as a
carbon tax or cap and trade scheme is being considered by the
U.S. government and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). Already some businesses are requesting that
their partners provide information on carbon dioxide
production [6]. One emerging strategy is to purchase
electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind, solar,
or hydro. Google has adopted this strategy, although the low-
cost hydro energy it has tapped into has significant
environmental drawbacks that offset its attractiveness long
term [20]. The key metric here is the volume of carbon
dioxide that is produced by various business processes and
products—the carbon footprint.
2.0 SUSTAINABLE IT SERVICES: THE
SECOND SIGNAL
Sustainable IT services are essential to business success.
There is increasing pressure to adopt sustainable business
practices. Sustainable IT services are not only about the first-
wave green computing focus on data-center efficiency or how
to minimize carbon footprints. It is squarely focused on the
long-term importance of IT to the organization, its customers
and to society at large—all second-wave sustainability issues.
Therefore, sustainable IT is about everything an organization
needs to do to ensure that IT services delivers superior value
to attain a strong market position and to ensure its ability to
survive. It is about aligning IT with business strategy to
achieve market-leading business value, customer value and
societal value. This will ensure the viability of the IT
organization itself. There are several elements that comprise
sustainable IT services [7].
• Service sustainability: At a minimum, this includes
effective and reliable processes for delivering IT
services. It is about managing performance and
doing what is necessary to keep the service running
smoothly such as constant security, systems
recovery planning, and keeping versions current [7].
• Temporal sustainability: To sustain IT services
over time an organization has to start with a clear
understanding of the value that is to be created. It
must have a strong business case, be responsive to
business conditions, and create value for the
customer and society, as well as the business [7].
• Cost sustainability: This includes acquisition and
operating costs such as the choice of low cost
hardware and software that also offer benefits such
as low power consumption and ensure high levels of
resource utilization. Life cycle management and
replacement costs are also important consideration
[7, 11, 28].
• Organizational sustainability: Organizational
change is inevitable. Whether it derives from
personnel changes or major changes in technology,
markets, or mergers and acquisitions, IT services
must continue to operate and innovate. Well
managed systems with good documentation and
training are more able to manage change [7].
• Environmental sustainability: In an ecological
context, IT services must be able deliver customer
and business value while ensuring that the Earth’s
resources are being used at a rate that ensures
replenishment. In essence, the goal for
environmental sustainability is for IT services to be
able to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their needs [40].
We define sustainable IT services from a total societal value
perspective as the aggregate value available to society from
the systematic integration and alignment of the individual IT
service components for the purpose of creating superior
societal value. Therefore, all aspects of IT services must meet
societal goals for sustainability while meeting customer and
business value goals in terms of economic, environmental,
and social responsibility requirements [38].
 From Business Value to Customer Value to
Societal Value
Business value is the overall benefit for business units and the
enterprise as a whole that results from IT solutions or
services. Business value is evidenced by increases in revenue
or market position that derive from meeting customer
requirements, providing customer savings or ROI, and making
investments in innovation that advance the industry as a
whole [1, 43]. Although this definition does recognize the
customer and the industry at large, the overall focus of
business value is to provide returns to the company. As such,
business value often focuses on short-term, cost-based
solutions that can overlook the long-term best interests of the
customer, society, and resultantly, the business as well. The
first wave focus on green computing, with its primary
emphasis on cutting energy costs, can certainly increase
business value, while increasing customer and societal value
(carbon reductions). However, the short-term focus on costs
cannot ensure that benefits to the customer and society will
continue to be realized over the long term. A sole focus on
creating business value is not sufficient for a sustainable IT
services orientation.
Customer value is the overall benefit derived from a product
or service, as the customer perceives it, at the price the
customer is willing to pay [21, 22, 41]. A focus on customer
value requirements forces companies to look to the markets
and the customer as the core drivers of business activity. With
this external focus, customer value is a broader concept than
the mostly inward looking business value. IT service
providers must first understand how their customers perceive
value in terms of the perceived benefits perceived and the

www.ijcat.com 395
perceived price of the service that delivers those benefits [21].
It is necessary to understand what these tradeoffs are and how
they might influence service configurations that can maximize
customer value and business outcomes. The power of choice
will ensure that those configurations that deliver superior
value will also achieve superior business value. However, a
short-term focus on customer value, which is the default
approach given short product lifecycles and competitive
pressures, is not sufficient for a sustainable IT services
orientation. Some customers are willing to look at their long-
term needs in a societal context, but for most consumers cost
and performance are the dominant drivers [9].
The concept of societal value holds that companies should
meet their market goals in such a way that enhances the
customer’s and the society’s long-term well being. In that
way, customer value and business value will be maximized as
well. Societal value calls upon organizations to build ethical,
social responsibility, and environmental considerations into
their business practices. Therefore, companies must balance
profits, customer requirements, and social responsibility in
their business models. These goals are often in conflict and
successful sustainable IT strategies should provide a roadmap
for their alignment [38, 40].
 Toward a Framework for Sustainable IT
Services
Although the need for the development of strategies to
address the environmental sustainability of IT services has
been apparent for many years, there is no extant body of
literature on strategies or best practices. The issues
surrounding the first wave of green computing are clearer and
focused on reducing energy costs through new data center
designs, architectures, facility and server density, and
virtualization. Beyond that, companies are approaching
sustainability through a fragmented incremental “greener IT”
approach [8].
Cost optimization was the primary emphasis of the first wave
of green computing. Problems and solutions associated with
green computing are well known. The second wave, which we
call sustainable IT, or more appropriately, sustainable IT
services, has a much broader focus on the role of IT in the
society. The primary driver of sustainable IT is corporate
social responsibility (CSR), especially as it applies to firm’s
impact on the economy, environment, and society at large
[52].
3.0 CONCLUSION
Sustainable IT has been a major focus for IT organizations for
the past decade as the cost of power for data centers has risen
rapidly. The focus of the first wave of sustainable IT
initiatives has been on strategies to increase data center
efficiency. Therefore, infrastructure, power and workload
management, thermal management, product design,
virtualization, and cloud computing strategies have assumed
primacy in terms of both strategic and tactical focus. The
second wave of sustainable IT services is nascent and much
more difficult to define and implement. It involves defining
the role of the IT organization in an enterprise’s overall CSR
strategy. It will involve establishing a roadmap and baseline
metrics, redesigning business processes, encouraging
participation, and adapting the organization’s culture to new
ways of doing things [49]. IT governance and decision
making will likely be substantially impacted.
This paper offered a review of current thinking and suggested
factors that should be considered for a sustainable IT strategy.
Future research should address the relationship between
customer value, business value, and societal value and how
sustainable IT strategies will impact each. It would seem that
these concepts should be mutually supportive. However,
many business professionals view them to be at odds with
each other, or at least to involve tradeoffs that may not always
be beneficial for the company. More research is needed to
fully understand the market impact of a sustainable IT
services strategy. Beyond cost savings are there benefits from
sustainability oriented business strategies that customers are
willing to pay for? Does sustainability for IT services create
competitive advantage? Finally, a model for the development
and implementation of sustainable IT services needs to be
developed. This model will likely involve the integration of
the IT organization’s sustainability initiatives with the
enterprise-level model and throughout the corporate
ecosystem.
REFERENCES
[1] Akpan, A. G and Onu, F. U. (2016). Carbon
Footprint and Nigerian Banks: Exploring Factors of
Green Computing Adoption in Data Centres. Nexus
Journal of Science and Energy Studies. Vol. 5, no.3,
pp. 166 – 172.
[2] Baldwin, E. and M. Curley. Managing IT
Innovation for Business Value, Intel Press, 2007.
[3] Bailey, M., M. Eastwood, T. Grieaer, L. Borovick,
V. Turner, and R.C. Gray. Special Study: Data
Center of the Future, New York: IDC 06C4799,
2007.
[4] Barroso, L. A. and U. Hblze. “The Case for
Energy-Proportional Computing,” IEEE Computer
Society, December, pp. 33-37, 2007.
[5] Barreto, L., H. Anderson, A. Anglin, and C.
Tomovic. “Product Lifecycle Management in
Support of Green Manufacturing: Assessing the
Challenges of Global Climate Change,” Proceedings
of the International Conference on Comprehensive
Product Realization 2007 (ICCPR2007), June 18-
20, Beijing, 2007.
[6] Belady, C. L. “In the Data Center, Power and
Cooling Costa More Than the IT Equipment it
Supports,” Electronics Cooling, February, 2007.
[7] Butner, K., D. Geuder, and J. Hittner. ‘Mastering
Carbon Management: Balancing Trade-Offs to
Optimize Supply Chain Efficiencies,” Supply Chain
Management, IBM Institute for Business Value, pp.
1-13, 2008.
[8] Clifford, A., “Sustainable IT,” It toolbox, com:
Project Management Community, 2009, Retrieved
February 25, 2009 from:

www.ijcat.com 396
htto://it.toolbox.com./blogs/minimalit/sustainable-it-
30 157
[9] Daoud, D. “Beyond Power: IT’s Roadmap to
Sustainable Computing,” IDC Whitepaper, October
2008, www.idc.com.
[10] Deloitte Touch Tohmatsu. “The Next Wave of
Green IT,” CFO Research Services, Boston: CFO
Publishing Corp, 32 pages, January 2009.
[11] Dietrich, J. and R. Schmidt. “The Green Data
Center,” IBM Global Services, white paper, 21
pages, May 2007.
[12] Dubie, D. “How to Cut IT Costs With Less Pain,”
Network-world, pp.11,40, January 26, 2009.
[13] Elkington, J. Cannibals with Forks: Triple Bottom
Line of2l” Century Business, Oxford: Capstone
Publishing Ltd. 1999.
[14] Fanara, A. ‘Report to Congress on Server and Data
Center Efficiency: Public Law 109-431, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency: Energy Star
Program, 133 pages, 2007. Retrieved February 25,
2009 from
http://www.energystar.gov/ia!partners/prod
development/downloads/E PA Datacenter Report
Congress Final I .pdf
[16] Foley, J., “Google in Oregon: Mother Nature Meets
the Data Center,” Information Week’s Google
Weblog, August 24, 2007.
[I6] Forrest, W., J. M. Kaplan, and N. Kindler, “Data
Centers: How to Cut Carbon Emissions and Costs,
The McKinsey Quarterly, Number 14, Winter 2008.
[17] Goodin, D., “IT Confronts the Datacenter Power
Crisis,” Info World, October 6, 2006,
www.infoworId.com.
[18] Guptill, B. and W. S. McNee, “SaaS Sets the Stage
for Cloud Computing,” Financial Executive, pp. 37-
44, June 2008.
[19] Hanselman, S. E. and M. Pegah. “The Wild Wild
Waste: e-Waste,” SIGUCCS ‘07, pp. 157-162.
October 7-10, 2007.
[20] Harmon, R. R. and K. R. Cowan. “A Multiple
Perspectives View of the Market Case for Green
Energy,” Technological Forecasting & Social
Change, 76, Pp.204-213,2009.
[21] Harmon, R. R., H. Demirkan, B. Hefley, and N.
Auseklis. “Pricing Strategies for Information
Technology Services: A Value-Based Approach,”
Proceedings of the 42” Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences (HJCSS-42), 10
pages, CD-ROM, IEEE Computer
Society, January 2009.
[22] Harmon, R. R. and G. Laird. “Linking Marketing
Strategy to Customer Value: Implications for
Technology Marketers,” In Kocaoglu, et al (Eda.)
Innovation in Technology Management, Portland,
OR: PICMET/IEEE, Pp. 897-900, 1997.
[23] Knorr, E. and G. Gruman. “What Cloud Computing
Really Means,” Info World, April 7, 2008,
www.inforworld.com.
[24] Lawton, G., “Powering Down the Computing
Infrastructure,” Computer, Vol.40(2), pp. 16-19,
February 2007.
[25] Mckeefry, H. L. “A high-energy Problem,” eWeek,
March 2008.
[26] Mitchell, R. L. “Power Pinch in the Data Center,”
Computer World, April 30, 2007,
www.computerworld.com
[27] Murugesan, S. “Harnessing Green IT: Principles
and Practices.” IT Professional. pp. 24-33, January-
February 2008.
[28] Nagata, S. and Shoji O. “Green Process Aiming at
Reduction of Environmental Burden,” Fujitsu
Science and Technology Journal, 41(2), pp. 25 1-
258, July 2005.
[29] Olson, G. “Creating an Enterprise-level Green
Strategy, Journal of Business Strategy, 29(2), pp.
22-30, 2008.
[30] Ou, G., “Introduction to Server Virtualization,”
Techrepublic.com, 5 pages, May 22, 2006.
[31] Perry, G. “How Cloud & Utility Computing are
Different,” GigaOM, February 28, 2008. Retrieved
March 5, 2009 from:
htto://gigaom.com!2008/02/28/how-cloud-utility-
computing-are- different!
[32] Pohle, G. and J. Hittner. “Attaining Sustainable
Growth through Corporate Social Responsibility,”
IBM Institute for Business Value, White paper, 20
pages, 2008, www.ibm.com.
[33] Rawson, A., J. Pfleuger, and T. Cader. Green Grid
Data Center Power Efficiency Metrics: PUE and
DCiE, The Green Grid, Whitepaper No. 6, C.
Belady (Ed.), 9 pages, 2008.
[34] Reid, C. K. “SaaS: The Secret Weapon for Profits
(and the planet)” Econtent Magazine, pp. 24-29,
January-February, 2009.
[35] Ricadela, A. “Computing Heads for the Clouds,”
Business Week, November 16, 2007,
www.businessweek.com.
[36] Rivoire, S., M. A. Shah, P. Ranganathan, C.
Kozyrakis, and J. Meza. “Models and Metrics to
Enable Energy-Efficiency Optimizations,” IEEE
Computer Society, Pp. 39-48, December 2007.
[37] Ryder, C. “Improving Energy Efficiency through
Application of Infrastructure Virtualization:
Introducing IBM WebSphere Virtual Enterprise,”
The Sagezo Group Whitepaper, 13 pages, April
2008.
[38] Savitz, A. and K. Weber. The Triple Bottom Line:
How Today’s Best- Run Companies Are Achieving
Economic, Social and Environmental Success—and
How You Can Too, San Francisco: Josey-Bass
Publishers, 2006.
[39] Schmidt, R. R. and H. Shaukatallah. “Computer and
Telecommunication Equipment Room Cooling: A
Review of the Literature,” 2002 IEEE Inter Society
Conference on Thermal Phenomena, Pp. 751-766,
2002.

www.ijcat.com 397
[40] Senge, P., B. Smith, N. Kruschwitz, J. Laur, and S.
Schley. The Necessary Revolution: How
Individuals and Organizations are Working to
Create a Sustainable World, New York: Double
Day, 2008.
[41] Sheth, J. N., Newman, B.l, and Gross, B.L.
Consumption Values and Market Choices: Theory
and Applications, Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern
Publishing Company, 1991.
[42] Stanford, E. “Environmental Trends and
Opportunities for Computer System Power
Delivery,” Proceedings of the 20” International
Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices &
ICs, pp. 1-3, May 18-22, 2008.
[43] Sward, D. Measuring the Business Value of
Information Technology, Intel Press, 2006
[44] The Green Grid. “Get a Grip on Your Data Center
Power Efficiency,” Power Management Design
Line, 7 pages, June 7, 2007.
wwwpowermanagementdesienline.com
[45] Torres, J., D. Carrera, K. Hogan, R. Gavalds, V.
Beltran, and N. Poggi. “Reducing Wasted
Resources to Help Achieve Green Data Centers,”
IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and
Distributed Processing 2008, April 1-8, 2008.
[46] Urquhart, J. “Finding Distinction in ‘Infrastructure
as a Service,” The Wisdom of Clouds — CNET
News, January 11, 2009. Retrieved February 25,
2009 from: http’//news.cnet.comJ83Ol-194I3 3- I
0l40278-240.html
[47] Wang, D. “Meeting Green Computing Challenges,”
Proceeding of the International Symposium on High
Density Packaging and Microsyslem Integration,
2007 (HDP ‘07), IEEE, 2007.
[48] Warmenhoven, D. “Three Years Later: A Look at
Sarbanes-Oxley, Forbes, July 27, 2005.
[49] Wellsands, S. and S. Snyder. “Building a Long-
Term Strategy for IT Sustainability,” Intel
Information Technology, White paper, 12 pages,
April 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009 from
http://communities.intel .com/
community/openportit/it
[50] Wilbanks, L. “Green: My Favorite Color,” IT
Professional, pp. 63-64, November-December,
2008.
[51] Wong, H., “EPA Datacenter Study IT Equipment
Feedback Summary,” Intel Digital Enterprise
Group, Cited in: Report to Congress on Server and
Data Center Efficiency Public Law 109-43 1, U.S.
EPA Energy Star Program, August 2, 2007.
[52] Zarella, E. “Sustainable IT: The Case for Strategic
Leadership,” KPMG IT Advisory, White paper, 24
pages, 2008. www.kome.com.

Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendly

More Related Content

Similar to Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendly (20)

More from Editor IJCATR (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendly