Grid Computing

GRID
COMPUTING
Presented By :
GAJENDRA SINGH RAWAT
ROLL NO--CSI10016
RANJAN PATOWARY
ROLL NO--CSI10018
MTECH(IT)

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF GRID COMPUTING
 NEED FOR GRID COMPUTING
 METHODS OF GRID COMPUTING
 GRID ARCHITECTURE MODEL
 EXISTING WORKS OF GRID COMPUTING
 GRID COMPUTING IN FUTURE
 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Grid computing is applying the resources of many
computers in a network to a single problem, also
at the same time to a scientific or technical problem
that requires a great number of computer
processing cycles or access to large amounts of
data.
Grid Computing enables virtual organizations
to share geographically distributed resources
as they pursue common goals, assuming the
absence of central location, central control,
omniscience, and an existing trust relationship.”
– Globus Alliance

TYPES OF GRID COMPUTING
 Computational grid : This grid is used to allocate
resources specifically for computing power .
 Scavenging grids : It is use to find and harvest
machine cycles from idle servers and desktop
computers for use in resource-intensive tasks.
 Data grids : It provide a unified interface for all data
repositories in an organization, and through which
data can be queried, managed and secured

GRID CHARACTERISTICS
 Resources that
 are connected via a network
 are geographically distributed
 may consist of heterogeneous hardware and/or software
 are managed transparently for performance and fault
tolerance
 Creates the illusion of virtual organizations and
projects without the presence of
 a central authority, or
 a central control
 Explicit trust relationships between users and
resources
 A system that scales in space and time

TYPES OF RESOURCES
 Computation
 utilization of computing cycles found on processors of the machines
on the grid
 Storage
 to increase capacity, performance, sharing, and reliability of data
 Communication
 to increase capacity, performance, and reliability of data
communication
 Collaboration tools
 to facilitate collaboration through conferencing, visualization, and
data sharing
 Software and Licenses
 to share site-specific software and/or licenses
 Special equipment, capacities, architectures, and policies
 printers, imaging, sensors, or other local specialty resources

GRID TOPOLOGIES
 Departmental Grids
 localized to a specific group of people
 generally, same hardware and software
 designed for high throughput and high performance over a
dedicated network
 Enterprise Grids
 service to numerous groups within a single company or campus
 resource heterogeneity increases
 company-wide local area network
 Extraprise Grids
 service to multiple companies, partners, and customers within a
particular domain
 domain based private network
 Global Grids
 established over the public-Internet

RESOURCE-BASED GRIDS
 Compute Grids
 desktop nodes
 server nodes
 high-performance computing clusters
 Data Grids
 performance-based distributed storage
 replication for fault-tolerance
 Collaboration Grids
 support for video-conferencing, visualization and data sharing
 Utility Grids
 maintained and managed by a commercial service provider
 compute resources acquired on a per-need basis
 application resources that are purchased on a per-use or per-
minute basis

NEED FOR GRID COMPUTING
 Current distributed computing technologies, Internet technologies address
communication and information exchange among computers but do not
support coordinated use of resources at multiple sites for computation.
 Enterprise distributed computing technologies such as CORBA and
Enterprise Java enable resource sharing within a single organization
 The concept that underlies the Grid is coordinated resource sharing and
problem solving in multi-institutional virtual organizations.
 The sharing that we are concerned with is not primarily file exchange but
direct access to computers, software, data and other resources.
 This sharing is, necessarily, highly controlled, with resource providers and
consumers defining clearly and carefully just what is shared, who is
allowed to share, and the conditions under which sharing occurs.

METHODS OF GRID COMPUTING
 Distributed Supercomputing
 High-Throughput Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Data-Intensive Computing
 Collaborative Computing
 Logistical Networking

CONTINUE..
 Distributed Supercomputing
 Combining multiple high-capacity resources on a computational grid into a
single, virtual distributed supercomputer.
 Tackle problems that cannot be solved on a single system.
 High-Throughput Computing
 Uses the grid to schedule large numbers of loosely coupled or independent
tasks, with the goal of putting unused processor cycles to work
 On-Demand Computing
 Uses grid capabilities to meet short-term requirements for resources that are
not locally accessible.
 Models real-time computing demands.
 Data-Intensive Computing

CONTINUE..
 The focus is on synthesizing new information from data that is maintained in
geographically distributed repositories, digital libraries, and databases.
 Particularly useful for distributed data mining.
 Collaborative Computing
 Concerned primarily with enabling and enhancing human-to-human
interactions.
 Applications are often structured in terms of a virtual shared space.
 Logistical Networking
 Global scheduling and optimization of data movement.
 Contrasts with traditional networking, which does not explicitly model storage
resources in the network.
 Called "logistical" because of the analogy it bears with the systems of
warehouses, depots, and distribution channels.

GRID ARCHITECTURE MODEL
(THE GLOBUS VIEW)
 Software stack
consisting of
 Standards
 Protocols
 APIs and SDKs
 Loosely based on
the Internet model

A DETAILED VIEW…
 Fabric – protocols and
interfaces to resource being
shared
 Connectivity – protocols for
grid-specific network
transactions (IP, DNS,
WSDL); Security
implementation (GSI)
 Resource – protocols to
initiate and control sharing of
local resources (GRAM,
GridFTP, GRIS)
 Collective – protocols for
system-wide deployment
(versus local)
 Application – protocols
targeted at a specific
application or class of
applications

GRID PROTOCOLS
 Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI)
 Grid Resource Allocation and Management
(GRAM)
 Grid File Transfer Protocol (GridFTP)
 Grid Information Services (GIS)

GRID SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE
 Extended from SSL/TLS and X.509 protocols
 Utilizes PKI for Certificate Authority
 Primary objective is “Authorization”
 Generates primary credential
 Generates temporary proxy credential
 Certificate Authority
 Positively identify entities requesting certificates
 Issuing, removing, and archiving certificates
 Protecting the Certificate Authority server
 Maintaining a namespace of unique names for certificate
owners
 Serve signed certificates to those needing to authenticate
entities
 Logging activity

PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE
1. User A encrypts message with his
private key
2. Obtains User B’s public key from CA
3. Encrypts message with B’s public key
4. Sends message
1. User B decrypts message with his
private key
2. Obtains User A’s public key from CA
3. Decrypts A’s message with public key
4. B knows message is from A
Publi
c
Priva
te
Priva
te
Publi
c
Public
Keys
“A” “B”
Certificate
Authority
B’s public
key
A’s public
key
Authentication
Credential

GRID RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND
MANAGEMENT
 Allows programs to be started on remote resources
 Resource Specification Language (RSL)
 Resource requirements
 machine type, number of nodes, memory, etc…
 Job configuration
 directory, executable, arguments, environment
 Communication protocols
 HTTP-base RPC (early protocol)
 Web-services (WSDL, SOAP)
“create 5-10 instances of myprog, each on a machine with at least 64MB
memory that is available to me for 4 hours, or 10 instances, on a machine with
at least 32MB of memory”

GRID FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
 Providing high-speed and reliable transfer of large
volume data (petabytes)
 Extension of standard FTP to include
 striped/parallel data channels
 partial files
 automatic and manual TCP buffer size settings
 progress monitoring
 extended restart functionality

GRID INFORMATION SERVICES
 Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS)
 provides resource specific information
 Grid Resource Registration (GRR)
 updates GRIS about resource status
 Grid Index Information Service (GIIS)
 an aggregate directory service
 provides a collection of information that has been
gathered from multiple GRIS servers
 Grid Resource Inquiry (GRI)
 queries GRIS server for resource information
 queries GIIS server for information

OPEN GRID SERVICES ARCHITECTURE
 Marriage of grid protocols with web service
protocols
 Specifications for
 How Grid Services are created and discovered
 How Grid Service instances are named and referenced
 Interfaces that define any Grid Service
 Initial release with GT 3.0 mid-2003; GT 4.0 Jan
2005

EXISTING WORKS
OF GRID
COMPUTING

SETI@HOME PROJECT
 SETI is an acronym for the Search for Extra-
Terrestrial Intelligence.
 is an internet-based public volunteer computing
project
 One of the most famous cycle-scavenging
networks, which was using more than 3 million
computers to achieve 23.37 sustained teraflops

ENABLING GRIDS FOR E-SCIENCE
 is a series of projects funded by the European
Commission
 It connects more than 70 institutions in 27
European countries to construct a multi-science
computing Grid infrastructure for the European
Research Area, allowing researchers to share
computing resources.

BEINGRID (BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN
GRID)
 is a research project partly funded by the European
Commission
 Started on June 1 2006, the project was run 42
months, till December 2009
 their mission is "to establish effective routes to
foster the adoption of Grid Computing across the
EU and to stimulate research into innovative
business models using Grid technologies."

DISTRIBUTED.NET
 Also known as Distributed Computing
Technologies, Inc. or DCTI
 started in 1997
 is a worldwide distributed computing effort that is
attempting to solve large scale problems using
otherwise idle CPU

WORLD COMMUNITY GRID
 mission is to create the largest public computing
grid that benefits humanity
 This work is built on belief that technological
innovation combined with visionary scientific
research and large-scale volunteerism can change
our world for the better.

FUTURE WORKS
OF
GRID COMPUTING

SEMANTIC GRID
 Grid Service + Ontology + Knowledge Driven
Services
 The semantic web is an extension of the current
Web.
# information is given a well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers
and people to work in cooperation

 Semantic Grid has the idea of having data on the
Web defined and linked in a way that can be used
for
1. more effective discovery,
2. automation,
3.integration and
4.reuse across various applications.
o The web can reach its full potential if it becomes a
place where data can be processed by automated
tools as well as people.

AUTONOMIC GRID
 The increasing system complexity is reach a level
beyond human ability to design, manage and
secure
 Programming environments and infrastructure are
becoming unmanageable, brittle and insecure
 One solution is Autonomic Grid application which
are context aware and capable of self-configuring,
self-composing, self-optimizing and self-adapting.

REFERENCES
 [1] http://www.google.com
 [2] http://www.gridcomputing.com
 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org
 [4] ] Ihssan Alkadi, Grid Computing: The Trend
Of The Millenium

Grid Computing

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