Hacking

Hacking, Cracking, and
Hactivism

Chantel Frenette, Roxanna Shinall, & Brooke Walker

The Tech Model Railroad Club

Hack definition:
1) an article or project without
constructive end
2) work undertaken on bad
self-advice
3) an entropy booster
4) to produce, or attempt to
produce, a hack

The Hacker Ethic
-Steven Levy
1. Access to computers - and anything which might
teach you something about the way the world
works - should be unlimited and total. Always
yield to the Hands-On imperative!
2. All information should be free.
3. Mistrust authority - promote decentralization.
4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not
bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or
position.
5. You can create art and beauty on a computer.
6. Computers can change your life for the better.

John Draper aka Cap’n Crunch

History Highlights
• BBSs and hacking groups emerge
including Legion of Doom
• War Games
• Hacker magazines
• CFAA
• The Morris Worm
• Cyberespionage
• Hacker’s Manifesto

History Highlights
• Operation Sundevil
• Kevin Poulsen
• Def Con
• Kevin Mitnick
• AOHell
• Pentagon breakins
• Denial of Service attacks
• DNS Attacks

Hacking - For Good
Ethical Hacking
“The Best Defense Is A Good Offense.”
• Performed for the sake of “enhancing the performance of a
device or exposing the vulnerabilities of a security system for
the benefit of the system administrator.”

• Penetration Testing- analysis and probe of system for
purpose of targeting flaws and weaknesses that could be
hacked and exploited by a malicious hacker (Black Hat
hackers).
- Old/unpatched software. - Poor configuration of
- Disabled or faulty security Web servers.
systems.

Hacking - For Good
Who are they?
 White Hat hackers.
 Computer and network experts who “possess a variety of
knowledge and skills concerning the web, network and
operating systems, programming, and physical security.”
 Abide by ethical principles which prevent them from
abusing computer systems.
 Trusted individuals with strict confidentiality policies.

Hacking - For Good
Ethical Hackers and Certifications
Universal Certification Does Not Exist

• The EC-Council (International Council of Electronic Commerce
Consultants) has released a certification called Certified Ethical Hacker
test.
• Other certifications available:
– OSCP-Offensive Security Certified Professional
– CEPT-Certified Expert Penetration Tester
– CPTE-Certified Penetration Testing Expert
– CPTS-Certified Penetration Testing Specialist
– ECSA-EC-Council Certified Security Analyst

Hackers - For good
Who uses them?
“Increasingly, companies of all types and sizes are
hiring security experts to act like the enemy.”
 Some companies have departments dedicated to ethical
hacking:
• IBM
• Microsoft

Hacking - For Good
Where did it come from?
• Ethical hacking emerged from early open source
software on the internet.
• Such software still exists such as Mozilla Firefox,
Wikipedia, and Citizendium.

“Open source is a
development method for
software that harnesses
the power of distributed
peer review and
transparency of process.”

Hacktivism:
• Fusion of hacking and activism.
• The act of hacking or breaking into a computer system,
for a politically or socially motivated purpose.
• The individual who performs an act of hacktivism is said
to be a hacktivist.
• Computer hacking always involves some degree of
infringement on the privacy of others or damage to
computer-based property such as files, web pages or
software.
• The impact of computer hacking varies from simply
being simply invasive and annoying to destructive.

What is Hacking?
• Unauthorized use of computer and network resources.
• “Hacker” originally meant a very gifted programmer.
• Hacking is a felony in the US and most other countries.
• When it is done by request and under a contract
between an ethical hacker and an organization, it is OK!
• The difference is that the ethical hacker has
authorization to probe the target.
• “The number of really gifted hackers in the world is very
small, but there are lots of wannabes…”(-Dr. Charles C.
Palmer, IBM)

Definitions
Hacker: Cracker:
A person who enjoys exploring One who breaks security on a
the details of programmable system. Coined ca. 1985 by
systems and how to stretch hackers in defense against
their capabilities, as opposed journalistic misuse of hacker.
to most users, who prefer to An earlier attempt to establish
learn only the minimum `worm' in this sense around
necessary. 1981--82 on Usenet was
One who programs largely a failure.
enthusiastically (even …though crackers often like to
obsessively) or who enjoys describe themselves as
programming rather than just hackers, most true hackers
theorizing about programming. consider them a separate and
A malicious meddler who tries to lower form of life.
discover sensitive information
by poking around. Hence
`password hacker', `network
hacker'. The correct term for
this sense is cracker.

Who hacks?
• Hackers in Eastern Europe hacked about
1 million credit card numbers from 40
financial companies in the United States in
2003 alone.
• 64% of companies suffered losses from
hackers’ activities.
• More serious offenders, able to cause
damage to a system, are known as
hackers.

Who cracks?
• There are 3 groups of crackers:
• Vandals: hack computer systems for
destruction (deleting files).
• Jokers: the most harmless; hacking systems
and carrying in different sounds, noises, and
visual effects.
• Breakers: professional criminals commit
hacking of computer systems with the
purpose of money theft, industrial or
commercial espionage, and thefts of
expensive software.

Laws, Fines, and Penalties
• Hackers, virus and worm writers could get 20
years to life in federal prison.
• Anyone who uses computers to cause death or
bodily harm, such as bringing down power grids
or airport control centers, can get the maximum
sentence.
• The sentence is increased by 25% if they steal
personal information.
• The sentence is increased by 50% if they share
the stolen information.
• If posted on the Internet, sentence is doubled!

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Summary of CFAA Compromising Confidentiality Provisions

Offense -Sentence
•Obtaining National Security Information -10 (20) years
•Compromising the Confidentiality of a Computer -1 or 5
•Trespassing in a Government Computer -1 (10)
•Accessing a Computer to Defraud & Obtain Value -5 (10)
•Knowing Transmission and Intentional Damage -10 (20 or life)
•Intentional Access and Reckless Damage -5 (20)
•Intentional Access and Damage -1 (10)
•Trafficking in Passwords -1 (10)
•Extortion Involving Threats to Damage Computer -5 (10)

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Original 1986 Act:

Intentional Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = No crime
Reckless Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = No crime
Negligent Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = No crime
1994 Revision:

Intentional Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = Felony
Reckless Damage: Trespassers = Misdemeanor Authorized Users = Misdemeanor
Negligent Damage: Trespassers = No crime Authorized Users = No crime

1996 Revision:

Intentional Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = Felony
Reckless Damage: Trespassers = Felony Authorized Users = No crime
Negligent Damage: Trespassers = Misdemeanor Authorized Users = No crime

Works Cited
• Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2003.
• “A Convicted Hacker Debunks Some Myths.” CNN.com. 13 Oct 2005. CNN. 3 Nov
2007. <http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/internet/10/07/kevin.mitnick.cnna/>.
• Draper, John. “The Story so Far…” Cap’n Crunch in Cyberspace. 2005. 3 Nov 2007.
<http://www.webcrunchers.com/crunch/story.html>.
• Eltringham, Scott (ed.). “Prosecuting Computer Crimes.” Computer Crime &
Intellectual Property Section of the United States Department of Justice. Feb 2007.
United States Department of Justice. 3 Nov 2007. <http://
www.cybercrime.gov/ccmanual/index.html>.
• InfoSec Institute, "Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures." Certified Ethical Hacking.
EC-Council. 10 Nov 2007. <http://www.infosecinstitute.com/>.
• Kreider, Aaron. “Ambiguous Definitions of Hacker: Conflicting Discourses and their
Impact Upon the Possibilities of Resistance.” Campus Activism. 13 Dec 1999.
Campus Activism. 3 Nov 2007. <http://www.campusactivism.org/html-
resource/hackers/index.html>.
• Lemos, Robert. "New laws make hacking a black-and-white choice." CNET
News.com. 23 Sep 2002. CNET News. 11 Nov 2007 <http://www.news.com/
2009-1001-958129.html?tag=fd_lede>.
• McMillan, Robert. "Hackers at Microsoft?! ." Washingtonpost.com. 6 Oct 2007. PC
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Works Cited
• “The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 Legislative Analysis.”
Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section of the United States
Department of Justice. 1996. United States Department of Justice. 3 Nov 2007.
<http://www.cybercrime.gov/1030analysis.html>.
• PCWorld.com staff. “Hacking’s History.” PCWorld.com. 2007. PC World Magazine. 3
Nov 2007. <http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,45764-page,1/article.html>.
• Peterson, Craig R. "The Laws, Fines and Penalties Facing Hackers." Mainstream
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hacker_laws_sentencing_penalties.shtml>.
• ProzacOD. “Business card for Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC.” Online Image.
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• Raymond, Eric S. “The New Hacker’s Dictionary.” Jargon File Resources. 25 July
1996. 3 Nov 2007. <http://www.ccil.org/jargon/jargon_toc.html>.
• Redfern, Chad. "What is Ethical Hacking?." PRWeb Press Release News Wire. 29
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Works Cited
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• Scholes, Dan. “Kevin Mitnick: The Most Notorious Hacker.” Webster University
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philosophy/~umbaugh/courses/frosh/dairy/mitnick.htm>.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat>.

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