HCI Fundamentals - Part 2 : Human memory and thinking
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This document discusses human-computer interaction and human cognition. It covers the topics of human memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also discusses human thinking processes like reasoning, problem solving, and the different models of memory and thought such as semantic networks, frames, and production rules.
HCI Fundamentals - Part 2 : Human memory and thinking
- 1. HUMAN COMUPTER INTERACTION HUMAN MEMORY AND THINKING Tamizharasi A Assistant Professor /CSE RMD Engineering College
- 2. Overview Interaction with world ◦ Occurs through information Interaction with computer ◦ Input and output channels Then the information is stored in the memory Finally the information is processed and applied. Reasoning Problem solving Skill acquistion Error
- 3. Human Memory
- 4. Sensory Memory act as buffers for stimuli received through the senses iconic memory for visual stimuli, echoic memory for aural stimuli haptic memory for touch. These memories are constantly overwritten by new information coming in on these channels. Examples – iconic memory Moving a finger infront of the eye “sparkler” Information remains in iconic memory very briefly, in the order of 0.5 seconds.
- 5. Examples – echoic memory direction from which a sound originates Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to only those which are of interest at a given time. Information received by sensory memories is quickly passed into a more permanent memory store, or overwritten and lost.
- 6. Short-term memory working memory acts as a ‘scratch-pad’ for temporary recall of information. used to store information which is only required fleetingly Example: calculate the multiplication 35 × 6 in your head 5 × 6 and followed by 30 × 6
- 7. Short-term memory can be accessed – rapid access ~ 70ms – rapid decay ~ 200ms Two basic methods for measuring memory capacity. determining the length of a sequence which can be remembered in order. limited capacity 7± 2 chunks allows items to be freely recalled in any order.
- 8. Examples 212348278493202 0121 414 2626 HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET chunking information can increase the short-term memory capacity
- 9. Long Term Memory store factual information, experiential knowledge, procedural rules of behavior – Stores everything we know. Characteristics: 1. It has huge capacity 2. It has a relatively slow access time of approximately a tenth of seconds. 3. Forgetting occurs more slow in long- term memory
- 10. Long-term memory structure 2 types episodic memory represents memory of events and experience in a serial form. Can recall an actual events took place at a given point of our lives. semantic memory structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we have acquired. semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM
- 11. LTM MODELS: Semantic Network Semantic memory is structured as a network. Items are associated to each other in classes, and may inherit attributes from parent classes. Example: knowledge about dogs may be stored in a network as shown
- 12. semantic network
- 13. LTM MODELS: Frames Information organized in data structures Type–subtype relationships DOG Fixed legs: 4 Default diet: Carniverous sound: bark Variable size: colour COLLIE Fixed breed of: DOG type: sheepdog Default size: 65 cm Variable colour
- 14. Frame slots may contain default, fixed or variable information. A frame is instantiated when the slots are filled with appropriate values. Frames and scripts can be linked together in networks to represent hierarchical structured knowledge.
- 15. LTM MODELS: Scripts Scripts attempt to model the representation of stereotypical knowledge about situations. Eg: knowledge of the activities of dog owners and vets
- 16. A script comprises a number of elements, which, like slots, can be filled with appropriate information: Entry conditions Conditions that must be satisfied for the script to be activated. Result Conditions that will be true after the script is terminated. Props Objects involved in the events described in the script. Roles Actions performed by particular participants. Scenes The sequences of events that occur. Tracks A variation on the general pattern representing an alternative scenario.
- 17. LTM MODELS: Production rules Representation of procedural knowledge. Condition/action rules if condition is matched then use rule to determine action IF dog is wagging tail THEN pat dog IF dog is growling THEN run away
- 18. Long-term memory processes 3 main activities Storage or remembering of information, Forgetting Information retrieval
- 19. Storage of information rehearsal : Information is moved from short-term memory to long-term memory. by repeated exposure to a stimulus or the rehearsal of a piece of information transfers it into long-term memory. repetition is not enough to learn information well. If information is not meaningful it is more difficult to remember. structure, meaning and familiarity – information easier to remember
- 20. Forgetting 2 main theories of forgetting: Decay Interference. Decay information is lost gradually but very slowly Interference new information replaces old: retroactive interference Ex: remembering your new phone number old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition Ex: find your self going to your old house instead of new one.
- 21. retrieval recall information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, e.g. categories, imagery recognition information gives knowledge that it has been seen before less complex than recall since the information is provided as cue
- 23. Reasoning • Is the process by which we use the knowledge to draw conclusions or infer something new about the interest. • inferring new information from what is already known Kinds of Reasons: Deductive Inductive Abductive
- 24. Deductive Reasoning • Deductive reasoning derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises. e.g . If it is Friday then she will go to work It is Friday Therefore she will go to work. e.g. People from Pampanga cooks well and delicious She is from Pampanga Therefore she cooks well and delicious
- 25. Deductive Reasoning • Logical conclusion not necessarily true: e.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry It is raining Therefore the ground is dry
- 26. Deduction (cont.) • When truth and logical validity clash … e.g. Some people are babies Some babies cry Inference - Some people cry Correct? • People bring world knowledge to bear
- 27. Inductive Reasoning • Induction: generalize from cases seen to infer information about cases unseen e.g. all elephants we have seen have trunks therefore we infer that all elephants have trunks. • Unreliable: – can only prove false not true • Humans not good at using negative evidence e.g. Wason's cards.
- 28. Wason's cards Is this true? How many cards do you need to turn over to find out? …. and which cards? If a card has a vowel on one side it has an even number on the other 7 E 4 K In fact, to test the truth of the statement we need to check negative evidence
- 29. Abductive reasoning Abduction reasons from a fact to the action or state that caused it. e.g. Sam drives fast when drunk. If I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk. • Unreliable: – can lead to false explanations •If an event always follows an action, the user will infer that the event is caused by the action unless evidence to the contrary is made available. •If, in fact, the event and the action are
- 30. Problem solving • Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task using knowledge. • There are a number of different views of how people solve problems. • Several theories.
- 31. Gestalt Theory Problem solving is a matter of reproducing known responses or trial and error. problem solving both productive and reproductive Reproductive problem solving draws on previous experience. Hindrance to finding a solution Productive problem solving involves insight and restructuring of the problem
- 34. Problem space theory Proposed by Newell and Simon problem space comprises of problem states problem solving involves generating states using legal operators The problem has an initial state and a goal state and people use the operators to move from initial to the goal. heuristics may be employed to select operators
- 35. Sample Heuristic means-ends analysis the initial state is compared with the goal state and an operator is chosen to reduce the difference between the two. Eg: reorganizing your office and you want to move your desk from the north wall of the room to the window Operators : carry or push or drag them If desk is heavy then new subgoal: to make it light.
- 36. An important feature of Newell theory is that it operates within the constraints of human processing system so searching the problem space is limited by the capacity of short-term memory, and the speed at which information can be retrieved. General Problem Solver model largely been applied to problem solving in well- defined domains, for example solving puzzles. Also solving a programming problem- you need knowledge of the language and the
- 37. Analogy in problem solving• how people solve novel problems. • analogical mapping: • by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known domain to the new problem. Eg:
- 38. Procedure Notice the relationship Map source and target Apply mapping
- 39. Thank You