Herbal Drug Technology Unit 2 Neutraceuticals
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This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
Herbal Drug Technology Unit 2 Neutraceuticals
- 1. By- Prof. Mrs. P. N. Chougule Assistant Professor & HOD Pharmacognosy department. Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy, Peth-Vadgaon.
- 2. Syllabus- General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases. Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions: Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.
- 3. Nutraceuticals The term nutraceuticals was coined by words Nutrition and Pharmaceuticals in 1989 by Dr. Stephen De Felice , USA. Nutraceuticals can be defined as a food or part of food as nutrition which in addition to its nutrient values provides health benefits including promotion of health and prevention of disease. Most of the diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, obesity etc. occur due to incorrect diet and life style. Hence nutraceuticals plays important role in disease prevention as well as promoting health. Nutraceuticals strengthen the body defense mechanism and improves the body immunity towards the disease.
- 4. Classification of Nutraceuticals Prebiotics- Banannas, Chicory roots, Asparagus, Garlic, Onion and Wheat. Probiotics- Yoghurt Producing bacteria are Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp Bulgaricus, streptococcus thermophillus. PUFA- Corn, Soyabean, Sunflower, Eggs, Meat, Fish Vitamins- Citrus fruits, Amla, Carrots, Fish Spices- Polyphenols Dietary fibres
- 5. Probiotics and Prebiotics Probiotics are the living organisms which when administered in adequate amount confers a health benefit on the host. Human GIT contains about 10ⁱ⁴ bacteria mostly concentrated in Large intestine called as intestinal micro flora. It contributes to digestion of nutrients and waste products of metabolism and act as important barrier functions against pathogens. Prebiotics also possess anti-inflammatory activity in GIT with lactulose and inulin. Prebiotics reduces prevalence and duration of infectious and antibiotic associated diarrhea. The foods such as bananas, garlic, onions, wheat are prebiotic sources.
- 6. Polyunsaturated Fatty acids- PUFA are group of lipids comprising subclasses identified by the position of last double bond in their structure. These are called as essential fatty acids since they can not be synthesized in human body and are vital for physiological activity. Eg. Corn, sunflower, soyabeans, meat, poultry, eggs etc. They contains Omega 3 fatty acids which have major effects on CVS diseases. They give antiarrhythmic activity, hypolipidemic, also shows ant-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
- 7. Vitamins Vitamins are a class of molecules that role an essential role in metabolism. In order to enhance or to complete the nutritional value of a food, it is sometimes necessary to add vitamins. Vitamin C and E carotenoids are collectively known as antioxidant vitamins. These vitamins act both singly and synergistically for the prevention of oxidative reactions leading to several degenerative diseases like cancer, CVS diseases etc.
- 8. Vitamin Health Benefits Vitamin A Antioxidant, essential, growth and development , and in the treatment of certain skin diseases. Vitamin E Antioxidant, helps formation of blood cells, muscles, lung and nerve tissue, boosts the immunity system. Vitamin K Essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C Antioxidant, for healthy bones, gums, teeth and skin, in wound healing, prevent common cold and attenuate its symptoms. Vitamin B1 Helps to converts food in to energy, essential in neurological functions. Vitamin B2 Helps in energy production and other chemical processes in the body, helps to maintain healthy eyes, skin and nerve function. Vitamin B3 Helps to converts food in to energy, and maintain proper brain function.
- 9. Traditional Nutraceuticals Traditional Nutraceuticals are the foods in which no change is made. It is simply natural, whole foods with new information about their potential health qualities. Eg.- Vegetable grains, fish, dairy and meat products. They contain natural component that deliver benefits beyond nutrition, such as Lycopene in tomatos, Omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, saponins in Soya etc.
- 10. Global Market Overview and growth of nutraceutical segment. Nutraceutical market is predicted to record a revenue of USD 671.30 billion by 2024. Developing countries have a high prevalence of non- communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular ailments etc. There fore the demand for nutraceuticals is expected to rise in these nation. Developing markets like India, Brazil and China are relatively smaller, and yet have a huge opportunities. Indian market currently has a 2-3% share of global market. More than 60% of the market is accounted for Dietary supplements. Key players in Indian markets are GSK, Amway, Nestle, Danone, Kellogg’s and Pepsico.
- 11. Health Benefits of Nutraceuticals- In Diabetes treatment: Diabetes is chronic metabolic syndrome, where body is unable to utilize carbohydrates due to absolute or relative lack of insulin. A hormone naturally produced by the β- cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Omega 3 fatty acids can stimulate insulin sensitivity and bring the blood sugar normal. Eg.- Cinnamon tea and green tea can aid people suffering from diabetes.
- 12. Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular diseases: Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the heart and blood vessels. It also includes coronary heart diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, cerebro-vascular diseases, hypertension, heart failure and so on. Majority of the CVD are preventable. Nutraceuticals in the form of Vitamins, Minerals, antioxidants, dietary fibers and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids together with the physical exercise are recommended for prevention and treatment of CVD. Polyphenols prevents and controls arterial diseases, flavonoids are widely distributed in vegetables, onion, grapefruits, apples, cherries, pomegranate, black grapes, red wines are playing important role in prevention and cure the CVD.
- 13. Nutraceuticals in Cancer Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries. According to The World Cancer Report, the cancer rates are increasing and it would be 15million new cases in the year of 2020 that is, rise in 50% . A healthy life style and diet can help in prevention of cancer. Fiber content in vegetables and fruits may reduce the risk of cancer formation. These food supplements have been anticipated as chemo- preventive agents for cancer treatment. Plant derived polysaccharides act as protective role in the developments of cancer lesions.
- 14. Pro-oxidants are linked with a high risk of cancer. Free radicals can induce post transcriptional modification in cancer and over expresses their related proteins. Antioxidants food supplements are an important component for treating and controlling cancer development. Dietary supplements such as microalgae, plant derivatives and vegetables are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other micronutrients. These natural sources plays a major role in health and disease. Cancer can be reduced by the use of various nutraceuticals like folate, calcium, tomato-soy diet, fibers and vitamins. Eg. Chestnuts, Berries, Soy, Garlic, Green tea, Grape seeds, Ginseng, Tomato, Red Pepper, Dietary fibers and vegetables.
- 15. Health benefits of nutraceuticals in Irritable Bowel and GI diseases. Gastro protective agents- Curcumin- it is used in both Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, especially in abdominal pain and bloating as well as inflammatory diseases. It has anti-inflammatory activity and reduces mucosal injuries. Aloe-vera- it contains several potentially bioactive compounds like salycilates , lupeol, campestrol, sitoserol, linolenic acid, aloctin A and anthraquinones these components has been reported to prevent stress induced gastric ulceration. And having wound healing properties.
- 16. Garlic- it is commonly used by the public for the variety of condition including hypercholesterolemia, indigestion of garlic results in the formation of diallyl disulphide from its organosulphur constituents causes an increase in the tissue activities of phase II detoxification enzyme quinine reductase and glutathion transferase. Garlic oil prevents alcohol induced gastric injury and this protection effects has been recognized for its anti-oxidant activity. Honey- Honey has capacity to stimulate tissue growth, enhance re-epthelization and minimizes scar formation. Honey also inhibits the growth of H. pylori, the main etiologic agent of gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma.
- 17. Herbs as health food- Alfa-Alfa: Synonym- Hay, Lucerne, Purple medica, Rijka Botanical name- Medicago sativa Family- Fabaceae It is used in animal nutrition due to its high protein and fiber contents, ranging from 170 to 220 gm of protein and about 40 to 50 C% cellulose and lignins per kilogram of shoot dry weight. It has been introduced in human diet due its richness of protein, minerals, vitamins and essential amino acids.
- 19. It is available as a nutritional supplement in the form of capsules, tablets and powders. It gives estrogenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity. It is also having antioxidant activity due to the presence of carotenes and chlorophylls. It is also useful in treatment of diabetes, CNS diseases, on damaged cells, atherosclerosis, cardiac disorders, hypercholesterolmia etc. Treat digestive problems, Removes toxins, Prevents cancer, prevents UTI, increases immunity power, helps in weight loss and also used in depression. So Alfa Alfa is included in nutraceuticals.
- 20. Chicory Synonym- Blue daisy, blue dandelion, cornflower, horse weed, chikari plant. Botanical name- Cichorium intybus Family- Asteraceae
- 21. Commonly Chicory contains Carbohydrates 4.7gm, Dietary fiber 4gm, Protein 1.7gm, sugar 0.7gm, fat 0.3gm. It is also contains various vitamins like Vitamin A 36%, Thiamine 5%, Riboflavin 8%, Niacin 3%, pantothanic acid 23%, Vitamin B6 8%, folate 28%, Vitamin C 29%, Vitamin E 15%, and vitamin K 283%. It also contains different minerals Calcium 10%, Iron 7%, Magnesium 8%, Manganese 20%, phosphorus 7%, potassium 9%, sodium 3% and zinc 4%. Chicory herb plays a key role as antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, sedative, immune booster, reproductive enhancer, Cardiovascular effects, hypolipidemic agent, anticancer, anti-protozoal, gastro protective, ant diabetic, analgesic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, wound healing and bitter tonic without inducing therapeutic adverse effects.
- 22. It also gives hepatoprotective activity, it enhance immunity of gastrointestinal tract. It is used tonic and the treatment for gallstones, gastroenteritis, sinus problems etc. It contains inulin enzyme, which helps to weight loss, treat to constipation, improve bowel function and general health.
- 23. Ginger Synonym- Adrak, ale, Zingiber, Sunth. Botanical name- Zingiber officinale Family- Zingiberaceae
- 24. It has been known for several scientific properties and valued for the last 2500 years in different part of the globe. Ginger constituents are 80%, 2% Protein, 2% fibers, 1% minerals, 0.9% fat and 12% carbohydrates. Ginger has been used commonly to treat diarrhea, stomach upset, indigestion, nausea. It has hypoglycemic property, hypotension, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, anti- platelet aggregation, antibiotic. It is also useful in controlling the process of aging. Reduce muscle pain, lowers blood sugar, prevents cancer, improve brain function and reduces menstrual cramps.
- 25. Fenugreek Synonym- Greek hay, Greek clover, Bird’s foot, Methi. Botanical name- Trigonella foenum-graecum Family- Fabaceae
- 26. Fenugreek seeds are rich source of protein, minerals, vitamins, gum, fiber, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and volatile oils. It is the one of most promising medicinal herbs, known from ancient time and shows Antioxidant activity, anti- carcinogenic activity, anti-diabetic, hypocholestromic, hypoglycemic and lactation induced properties. The fenugreek seeds composed of 30% protein, 60% carbohydrates and 10% lipids. The other important compositions are alkaloids mostly trigonelline, free amino acids, saponins and glycosides. The rich source are fibers, vitamin A and C, proteins, iron and calcium.
- 27. Garlic Synonym- Lasun, Lehsun, garlic Botanical name- Allium sativum Family- Liliaceae
- 28. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds, several enzymes and the minerals germanium, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, selenium and zinc. Vitamins A, B1, C, fiber and water. There are 17 amino acids to be found in garlic. Histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid threonine, glutamine, proline, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. The most abundant sulfur containing compound in garlic is Alliin, Allicin, which is present at 10 to 30mg/ gm in fresh and dry garlic respectively. Garlic is called one of nature’s wonderful plants with healing power.
- 29. It can inhibit and kill bacteria, fungi, lower blood pressure, lowers blood cholesterol and lower blood sugar, also prevents blood clotting, antioxidant and contains anti-tumor properties. It can also boost the immune system to fight off potential disease and maintain health. It has ability to stimulate the lymphatic system which expedites the removal of waste products from the body. It is also considered an effective antioxidant to protect cells against free radical damage. It can help to prevent some forms of cancer, heart diseases, strokes, and viral infections.
- 30. Honey It is a sweet, viscous food substances made by bees. Bees produces honey from the floral nectar or from secretions of other insects like honeydew by regurgitation (action to bringing swallon food up and again in come to mouth), enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. Bees stores honey in wax like structures called a honeycomb. The variety of honey is produced by honey bees. The genus species of bees is Apis. Apis mellifica, Apis dorsata. Family- Apidae.
- 31. Natural honey contains about 200 substances, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals and enzymes. But it primarily contains sugar and water. Sugar accounts for 95- 99% of honey dry matter.
- 32. The principal carbohydrate constituents of honey are fructose 32- 38% and glucose 28-31% present. Which represents 85- 95% of total sugars that are readily absorbed in gastro-intestinal tract. It also contains variety of enzymes such as oxidase, invertase, amylase, catalase etc. are present in honey. Honey has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on around 60 species of bacteria, and some species of fungi and viruses. Anti- oxidant capacity of honey is important in many disease condition and is due to wide range of compounds and is due to a wide range of compounds including phenolics, peptides, organic acids, enzymes reaction products.
- 33. Honey has also been used in some gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, inflammatory, wound healing and neoplastic states. Honey has been useful in the treatment of surgical wounds, burns, and decubitus (skin wound ulcer by pressure) ulcers, eye diseases, throat infections, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, hiccups, thirst, dizziness, fatigue, hepatitis, worm infestation, constipation, piles, eczema and the antibacterial, antifungal properties of honey have been well documented. It is used as nutrition, easily digestible food for weak peoples. It promotes semen and mental health. Aged honey is used to treat vomiting, diarrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Honey is popular in cosmetic treatments.
- 34. Amla Synonym- Amla, Amlaki, Indian goose berry, Embellica, myrobalan. Botanical name- Phyllanthus emblica, Embellica officinalis. Family- Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae It gives health benefits as an immunity booster, treat respiratory disorders, manages diabetes, cure eye disorder, cures anemia, enhance food absorption, helps to urinary system, good for the skin, promotes growth to healthier hair, scurvy.
- 35. The Amla berry is a traditional food and medicine. Amla is rich source of Vitamin C. Its major chemical constituents are tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, gallic acid, ellagic acid emblicanin A & B, phyllembein, quercetin and ascorbic acid. Research reports on amla reveal its analgesic, anti- tussive, cardio, gastro, nephro and neuroprotective, chemopreventive, radio and chemo modulatory and anticancer properties. Amla is also reported to possess potent free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, immuno-modulatory activity, also useful in prevention and treatment of various diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, liver and heart diseases.
- 36. Ginseng Synonym- Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng and Korean ginseng. Botanical name- Panax ginseng Family- Araliaceae
- 37. Ginseng refers to the root of several species in the plant genus Panax. The main bioactive constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides which are triterpene saponins. Ginseng shows number of pharmacological activities. Red ginseng is more effective as an herbal medicine than white ginseng because steaming process brings changes in the chemical constituents and enhances the biological activities of ginseng. Ginseng has many therapeutic application it acts on central nervous system, cardiovascular system and endocrine secretion, possesses bio-modulation action, anti-stress and anti-ageing properties.
- 38. Ginseng have anti-oxidative and reduces lipid peroxidation. It also increases cognitive performance learning and memory by modulating neuro- transmission. Ginseng also helps to fight against cardiovascular diseases it relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells through NO and Ca+2 mediated mechanisms and inhibit the production of endothelia which plays a role in blood vessel contraction. It gives some health benefits, treats Alzheimer's disease, manages chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD), improves mental function, treats flu, lowers blood sugar, increases energy level of body. Eg. Revital, Health OK.
- 39. Ashwagandha Synonym- Winter cherry, Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry. Botanical name- Withania somnifera Family- Solanaceae
- 40. Its roots have been employed in Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. Ashwagandha has been considered as an excellent rejuvenator (To look younger), a general health tonic and a cure for number of health complaints. It is a sedative, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and generally respected for increasing energy, act as an adaptogen that exert strong immunity stimulatory and anti-stress agent. Ashwagandha is taken for treating cold and coughs, ulcers, diabetes, conjunctivitis, epilepsy, insomnia, leprosy, Parkinson’s diseases, nervous disorders, rheumatism, arthritis, intestinal infections, bronchitis, asthma, importance and a suppressant in HIV/AIDs patients. According to Ayurveda Ashwagandha is considered one of the most important herbs and the best adaptogenic.
- 41. It contains constituents like cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine and anaferine, glycosides, withanolides and amino acid. Withanolides consists of steroidal molecules which is said to fight inflammation. It stimulates the immune system, combats inflammation, increases memory, and helps to maintain general health and wellness. Ashwagandha is known to increase the production of bone marrow, semen and act as anti-aging. It is anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory agent. Diseases like tuberculosis, chronic upper respiratory diseases and HIV have been added to the list of Ashwagandha due to its strong immuno-stimulatory activity. And it is recognized as a blood tonic, especially in gynecological disorders including anemia and irregular menstruation.
- 42. Spirulina Spirulina is basically algae. It is biomass of cyanobacteria which is blue and green algae. Botanical name- Spirulina platensis or Arthrospira platensis. It is photosynthetic, filamentous, spiral shaped, Multicellular micro algae. It contains chlorophylls. Its chemical composition includes proteins (55- 70%), carbohydrates (15- 25%), essential fatty acids (18%), vitamins, minerals and pigments like carotenes, chlorophyll A and phycocyanin.
- 43. Spirulina also contains vitamin A, B and E, amino acids, significant amount of gamma linoleic acid ,fatty acid that promotes cardiovascular health and the chelated forms of minerals potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, phosphorus and iron. Also contains complex sugars, trace elements and enzymes. It boosts the immunity and increases resistance to various infections. The anti-oxidant and anticancer properties has also been reported. Spirulina plays an important role in metabolic diseases like diabetes, hypertension and anemia.