hernia.pptx
- 1. Hernia Presented by Instructor Amer M. Naser Internal Medicine
- 2. Definition A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides
- 3. Causes of hernia • Improper heavy weight lifting, • Hard coughing • Sharp blows to the abdomen, and incorrect posture. • Obesity, straining during a bowel movement or urination (constipation, enlarged prostate),
- 4. • Classification by Severity • Irreducible. • Incarcerated. • Strangulated
- 5. Types of the hernia Classification according to Sites: 1.Inguinal hernia 2.Femoral hernia. 3.Umbilical hernia. 4.Incisional hernia. 5.Epigastric hernia. 6. Hiatal hernia
- 6. causes • Chronic lung disease, • Fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). • Muscles are weakened due to poor nutrition, • Smoking and overexertion hernias are more likely to occur. • Previous surgery
- 7. Inguinal hernia: Occurs when a small portion of the bowel bulges out through the inguinal canal-a passage or opening through the muscles of the abdominal (belly) wall-into the groin. The bulge usually contains tissue lining the inside of the abdomen as well as fatty tissue from inside the abdomen.
- 8. Femoral hernia: The femoral canal is the path through which the femoral artery, vein, and nerve leave the abdominal cavity to enter the thigh. Although normally a tight space, sometimes it becomes large enough to allow abdominal contents (usually intestine) to protrude into the canal. A femoral hernia causes a bulge just below the inguinal crease in roughly the middle of the upper leg.
- 9. Umbilical hernia: These common hernias (10%-30%) are often noted in a child at birth as a protrusion at the belly button (the umbilicus). An umbilical hernia is caused when an opening in the child's abdominal wall, which normally closes before birth, doesn't close completely. If small (less than half an inch), this type of hernia usually closes gradually by age 2. Larger hernias and those that do not close by them usually require surgery when a child is 2 to 4 years of age.
- 10. Incisional hernia: Abdominal surgery causes a flaw in the abdominal wall. This flaw can create an area of weakness through which a hernia may develop. This occurs after 2%-10% of all abdominal surgeries, although some people are more at risk. Even after surgical repair, incisional hernias may return.
- 11. Epigastric hernia Occurring between the navel and the lower part of the rib cage in the midline of the abdomen, epigastric hernias are composed usually of fatty tissue and rarely contain intestine. Formed in an area of relative weakness of the abdominal wall, these hernias are often painless and unable to be pushed back into the abdomen when first discovered.
- 12. Hiatal hernia: This type of hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm. The diaphragm normally has a small opening for the esophagus. This opening can become the place where part of the stomach pushes through. Small hiatal hernias can be asymptomatic (cause no symptoms), while larger ones can cause pain and heartburn.
- 13. • • Management Mechanical (reducible hernia only). • A- A truss is an appliance with a pad and belt that is held snugly over a hernia to prevent abdominal contents from entering the hernial sac. • B- hernia is often managed with a hernia support belt with Velcro, • C - Conservative measures—no heavy lifting, straining at stool, or other measures that would increase intra-abdominal pressure. • 2-Surgical—recommended to correct hernia before strangulation occurs, which then becomes an emergency situation. • A-Herniorrhaphy—removal of hernial sac; • B- Hernioplasty involves reinforcement of suturing (often with mesh) for extensive hernia repair. • C-Strangulated hernia requires resection of ischemic bowel in addition to repair of hernia.
- 14. Complications Inflammation Obstruction such as bowel obstruction in intestinal hernias Strangulation Hydrocele of the hernial sac Hemorrhage Autoimmune problems