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  IMMUNOTH ER APY ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬‫را‬ ‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫رف‬ ‫ش‬‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫را‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قم‬‫ر‬ 1
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  Introduction Cancer remains aglobal health burden, demanding innovative treatment approaches. Immunotherapy leverages the immune system to detect and eliminate malignant cells, distinguishing it from traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. This targeted approach often results in fewer side effects and more durable responses in certain cancer types. Immunotherapy has rapidly advanced over the past decade, with several drugs gaining regulatory approval and showing promising results in clinical trials.
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  Immunotherapy for canceruses your body’s immune system to find and destroy cancerous cells. There are several different immunotherapy types, but all immunotherapy works by training your immune system so it can do more to fight cancer. Immunotherapy may help some people with cancer to live longer. Immunotherapy
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  The Immune Systemand Cancer The immune system consists of white blood cells, lymph nodes, and organs such as the spleen, which collectively protect the body from infections and diseases. Under normal conditions, the immune system identifies and destroys abnormal cells, preventing cancer development. However, cancer cells can evade immune detection by: Producing inhibitory signals that suppress immune responses Exploiting immune checkpoints to avoid detection Hiding among normal cells to escape immune system attacks Understanding these mechanisms has allowed scientists to develop various immunotherapy strategies aimed at reactivating the immune response against cancer.
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  types of immunotherapy
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  Checkpoint inhibitors Checkpoint inhibitorsare immunotherapy drugs that work by breaking the connection between the checkpoint proteins and other proteins. Breaking the connection keeps protein cells from telling T cells to turn off. That way, T cells keep on killing cancerous cells. treat many different types of cancer. In general, providers use checkpoint inhibitors to treat advanced cancer, cancer that’s spread, cancer that can’t be treated with surgery or cancer that hasn’t responded to other treatments. They may combine checkpoint inhibitor drugs with other treatments, including chemotherapy or targeted therapy.
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  Checkpoint inhibitors
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  Adoptive cell therapy(T-cell transfer therapy) Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy works by turning your T lymphocytes, or T cells, into more efficient cancer-fighting machines. Your T cells are white blood cells in your immune system. Your immune system monitors your body for intruders, such as cancerous cells, by tracking proteins called antigens that are located on the surface of intruder cells. Your immune system relies on T cells to track and kill intruders. CART -cell therapy treats certain blood cancers,including some types of leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.Medical researchers are investigating CART -cell therapy as a way to treat breast cancer and brain cancer.
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  Adoptive cell therapy(T-cell transfer therapy)
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  tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) Tumor-infiltratinglymphocytes (TIL) act like a small group of soldiers doing reconnaissance into enemy territory.TIL cells can sneak close to or into cancerous tumors, but they can’t put up an effective fight against the cells because they’re outnumbered.They can’t call for reinforcements because they can’t keep cancerous cells from sending signals that suppress your immune system. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasn’t approvedTIL therapy as a standard cancer treatment. Medical researchers are studyingTIL therapy as a way to treat melanoma,cervical squamous carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer).
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  tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
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  Monoclonal antibody therapy lab-madeantibodies may attack parts of a cancerous cell. For example, they may block abnormal proteins in cancerous cells. Monoclonal antibodies can also target cancerous cells for special delivery of drugs, toxins or radioactive material that can kill cancerous cells. (Healthcare providers consider monoclonal antibody therapy a form of targeted therapy. In targeted therapy,providers target a cancer’s specific genes, proteins or the tissues where tumors are growing.) The FDA has approved more than 60 different monoclonal antibody drugs that treat a wide range of cancer. Common types of cancer treated by different monoclonal antibodies include: Bladder cancer. Breast cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer. Colorectal cancer. Lymphomas,including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cutaneousT -cell lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Multiple myeloma. Non-small cell lung cancer.
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  Monoclonal Antibody therapy
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  Cancer vaccines Vaccines thatprotect against cancer work by helping your immune system identify antigens in cancerous cells.Just like other kinds of vaccines, cancer vaccines use all or part of cancerous cells to help your body identify a harmful tumor in your body. Vaccines protect your body against certain diseases. Some vaccines, such as the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV),protect against an infectious disease that’s linked to anal cancer, throat cancer and penile cancers.These vaccines prevent you from getting an infection that can later lead to cancer. Cancer vaccines don’t prevent cancer. But if you develop cancer, cancer vaccines train your body to fight it.
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  Cancer vaccines
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  Immunomodulatory drugs immunomodulatory drugs,also called biologic response modifiers, are medications that boost your immune system. Some of these drugs keep cancerous tumors from developing new blood vessels. Healthcare providers may use these drugs to treat people with advanced forms of certain kinds of lymphoma. Immunomodulatory drugs include: Thalidomide (Thalomid®). Lenalidomide (Revlimid®). Pomalidomide (Pomalyst®). Imiquimod (Aldara®, Zyclara®)
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  Targeted Cancer Therapiesand Immunotherapy Immunotherapy often overlaps with targeted cancer therapies, which focus on molecular differences in cancer cells. These include: • Cancer Growth Blockers: Drugs that inhibit signals promoting tumor growth. • Anti-Angiogenic Drugs: Medications that block the formation of blood vessels feeding tumors, thereby starving cancer cells. • PARP Inhibitors: Drugs that target cancer cells' DNA repair mechanisms, inducing cell death in cancers such as breast and ovarian cancer. Targeted cancer therapies and immunotherapy are often used in combination to enhance treatment effectiveness and reduce resistance to single-agent treatments.
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  Eligibility for Immunotherapy Notall patients qualify for immunotherapy. Factors determining eligibility include: The type and stage of cancer Previous cancer treatments received Biomarker testing to determine whether the treatment is likely to be effective In many cases, a biopsy or blood test is required to assess specific genetic markers that indicate responsiveness to immunotherapy. For example, PD- L1 expression levels and tumor mutational burden are common biomarkers used to predict immunotherapy efficacy.
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  side effects ofimmunotherapy Immunotherapy can cause side effects like Fatigue,Itchy, rash ,diarrhea , nausea ,vomiting and decrease thyroid hormone levels. many of which happen when the immune system that has been revved-up to act against the cancer also acts against healthy cells and tissues in your body. • intravenous (IV) • oral • topical • intravesical forms of immunotherapy
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  Future Directions Ongoing researchaims to improve the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy. Some promising areas of development include: Personalized Immunotherapy: Advances in genomics and artificial intelligence are allowing researchers to tailor immunotherapy treatments to individual patients based on their genetic profiles. New Biomarkers: Identifying additional biomarkers can help predict which patients will respond best to immunotherapy.