![Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.)
[R. 336-323 B.C.E.]
Philip II was assassinated in 336 B.C.E.
Alexander became King
Greeks called him “sacker of cities”
Romans called him Alexander the Great](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/his101chapter4-thegreekworldexpands400-150b-c-e-fall2012-120909161024-phpapp02/85/His-101-chapter-4-the-greek-world-expands-400-150-b-c-e-fall-2012-6-320.jpg)
His 101 chapter 4 the greek world expands 400-150 b.c.e. fall 2012
- 1. Chapter 4 THE GREEK WORLD EXPANDS 400-150 B.C.E.
- 2. The Rise of Macedonia
- 3. Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 B.C.E)
- 4. Philip II (R. 359-336 B.C.E.) Third and youngest son of King Amytas III Sent to Thebes as a hostage at 14. Protégé of Epaminondas. Both older brothers died in battle. Became king at age 34 . Named his son, born in 359, Alexandros (leader of men). Through combination of war and diplomacy, Philip II united Balkan kingdoms.
- 5. Philip II’s Army Hoplite force Theban organization “The Companions” and elite cavalry squad Exclusive to nobility Provided Philip with hostages to keep nobility loyal Alexander and “The Companions” educated by Aristotle who arrived at court in 343 B.C.E. Isocrates, leader of Athens saw Philip as ally against Persia Athenians refused diplomatic efforts Battle of Chaeronea in 338: Athens defeated, Theban “Sacred Band” destroyed.
- 6. Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.) [R. 336-323 B.C.E.] Philip II was assassinated in 336 B.C.E. Alexander became King Greeks called him “sacker of cities” Romans called him Alexander the Great
- 7. Plutarch & Alexander Plutarch (46 B.C.E. -120 C.E.) Greek historian and Platonist philosopher who lived during Roman Empire. Plutarch primarily interested in exploring the influence of character on the lives of great leaders. Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives to compare the lives of great leaders of Greeks and Macedonians with Roman leaders. Men of action and great deeds Referred to his sources (list of authorities) Manuscripts of Parallel Lives date from 10th and 11th centuries C.E. First modern edition published in Florence in 1517.
- 8. Alexander’s Conquests Defeated Persia in 333 Destroyed capitol city of Persepolis Gave amnesty to cities that surrendered, slaughtered civilians, soldiers and livestock of cities that did not Invaded and conquered Egypt in 322 Received as liberator from Persians Given double crown for Upper and Lower Egypt and named Pharaoh Decided that Egypt would be capital of his empire and founded the city of Alexandria Plans for library Never saw the city or the library
- 10. Final Campaigns Invaded Afghanistan and barely managed to hold it Moved down through Pakistan to the Indus valley of India Defeated Indian warlord Porus at Battle of Hydaspes in 326 B.C.C.E.) Alexander’s army refused to continue Died in 323 (likely malarial fever)
- 11. Alexander’s Idea of Governance Following defeat of Persian Empire. Attempted to create cohesion by requiring officers to marry Persian women Adopting Persian dress and customs Planned to make Egypt center of his government Did not interfere with local customs and culture
- 12. Hellenistic Kingdoms Alexander’s legacy” “To the Strongest” Died without naming an heir Turmoil till 275 B.C.E. Ptolemaic Egypt Seleucid Asia Antigonid Macedon and Greece Western world ruled by Greco-Macedonians Returned to Greek customs and culture Hellenistic = “Greek-like” Cosmopolitan Empire
- 13. Hellenistic Kingdoms c. 303 B.C.E
- 14. Ptolemy’s Egypt Ptolemy ( 367 B.C.E. – 283 B.C.E.) a General in Alexander’s army Perhaps his half-brother Asked only for province of Egypt Oversaw development of Alexandria as an academic center Scientific and medical advances in anatomy, astronomy, mechanical engineering and physics Family ruled for 300 years Male heirs called “Ptolemy” most sisters called “Cleopatra” Followed Egyptian religious practices but spoke only Greek Most successful of the Hellenistic Kingdoms
- 15. Ptolemy I
- 16. Seleucid Asia Ruled by Seleucus (358-281 B.C.E.) immediately following Alexander’s death Wife was a Persian Ceded much of the Indus Valley to the warrior-king Chandragupta By mid third century B.C.E. Seleucids had lost most of Bactra (Afghanistan) to local war lords Following Seleucus’ death in 281 B.C.E. his son, Antiochus succeeded him. Antiochus was half- Persian and ruled from the capitol, Antioch Antiochus III lost the kingdom to the Romans Antiochus IV Epiphanes who desecrated the Jewish temple in Jerusalem was great-great grandson of Seleucus
- 18. Seleucid Empire c. 200 B.C.E.
- 19. Antigonid Macedon & Greece Macedonian homeland was highly unstable following Alexander’s death 276 B.C.E. General Antigonus (382 B.C.E. -301 B.C.E.) took control of Macedonia. Dominated trade in eastern Mediterranean Dominated Greece Most effective army in the Hellenistic world
- 20. Antigonus I
- 21. Rise of Stoicism under Antigonus Zeno of Citium (335-263 B.C.E.) Stoics based on stoa a colonnade Cosmos is an ordered whole in which all contradictions are resolved for ultimate good. Evil is relative: misfortunes are merely incidents that will lead to the final perfection of the universe Everything that happens is pre-determined People are free only in the sense that they can accept fate or rebel against it One can attain happiness (tranquility of mind)by accepting that whatever happens must be for the best
- 22. Zeno of Citium
- 23. Implications of Stoic Philosophy Political? Moral? Is this a philosophy that supports the maintenance of the status quo? Positive implications?
- 24. Adaptation of Stoicism under Antigonus Kingship is a form of noble servitude, to be endured rather than enjoyed Refused to compete with Seleucids or the Ptolemies Used “soft” power to keep them at war with each other and away from Macedonian sphere of influence Greeks resented rule by Barbarians and created new form of political alliance to resist them
- 25. Aetolian League and Achaean League Ancient form of Federalism Citizens of member poleis participated in councils of state that dealt with foreign policy and military affairs Each poleis was admitted as an equal member All citizens of a member poleis was a citizen of the league Applied common civil and criminal laws and judicial procedures Common weights, measures, and coinage
- 26. Hellenistic Cosmopolis By 300 B.C.E. Admired all things Greek Common language Fueled by Greek emigration to major cities around the former Alexandrian empire Greek homeland population decreased by 50% Cities were connected by trade Infrastructure spending Migration of workers from rural areas to cities in search of work, increased wealth, opportunities Militaries of Hellenistic Kingdoms kept roads and sea lanes relatively safe for trade
- 27. Ancient Alexandria Center of learning Commercial port 500,000 inhabitants Orderly grid of wide streets Splendid public buildings and parks Museum was the storehouse and showcase of Greek culture
- 30. Muntazah Complex
- 31. Pediment on Alexander’s Sarcophagus
- 34. Economic Issues In Hellenistic Cities Agriculture major occupation Small farmers suffered exploitative taxation Industrial production based on individual labor of artisans Artisans also suffered from exploitative taxation High unemployment Boom and bust syndrome created constant extremes and wide divisions between rich and poor
- 35. Epicurean Philosophy Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.) based his theories on Democritus who lived in the 5th century B.C.E. The universe is made up entirely of atoms Every individual object or organism in a product of a combination of atoms Based on the randomness of atoms Epicurus concluded that there is no ultimate purpose in workings of the universe Highest good cannot come from enduring hardship and suffering Misfortune is the chance by-product of random atomic actions gods do not intervene in human affairs Highest good is pleasure The moderate satisfaction of bodily appetites Intellectual pleasure of contemplating excellence and remembering past enjoyments Serenity in the face of death
- 36. Implications of Epicurean Philosophy Political? Moral? Is this a philosophy that supports the maintenance of the status quo? Positive implications?
- 37. Similarities & Differences: Stoicism and Epicureanism Stoics Epicureans Nothing is better than Nothing is better than “tranquility of mind” tranquility of mind Focus on individual not the Focus on individual not the community community Pursuit of virtue is highest Virtue is not an end in itself importance No universal absolutes of Universal absolute of justice justice is attainable Government is at best a Government exists for nuisance to be endured as benefit of citizens even when long as it benefits individual it is unjust Stay away from politics Duty to be active in politics
- 38. Skeptics Carneades (214-129 B.C.E.) Born in Cyrene, North Africa Student of Aristotle All knowledge is based on sense perception and is therefore limited and relative No one can prove anything Because our senses can deceive us, they are unreliable We can say something “appears” to be a certain thing but we cannot say we know it for certain One can have no definite knowledge of the supernatural, the meaning of life or right or wrong The only recourse is to suspend judgment
- 39. Carneades of Cyrene Is Socrates the philosophical father of skepticism? What about scientific inquiry? How can change exist without skepticism?
- 40. Religion in the Hellenistic World Intersection between religion and politics Early civilizations gods (one or more) protected a community and furthered its interests; failure to worship or obey the gods led to personal or communal misfortune; man’s duty to the gods Greeks: “man is a creature of the poleis” Man may have duties to the gods but these duties are in the service of the poleis Many gods and all are deserving of worship Hellenistic world Elites gravitated toward philosophy Rational relationship to the world and to religion “Rootless multiculturalism” fostered worship of many different gods and religious diffusion (Greeks worshiped Egyptian and Persian gods; Persians and Egyptians worshiped Greek gods Septuagint: translation of Hebrew scriptures into Greek for Jews who did not live in Palestine Majority of people still worshiped gods rather than engaged in philosophical speculation
- 41. Scientific Revolution Hellenistic period called “most brilliant age in the history of science before the 17th century” Stimulus of fusion of Greek, Egyptian and Mesopotamian/Persian science Common language, affordable travel improved communication between scientific communities Competition among patrons of science
- 42. Achievements Measuring and mapping (astronomy, geography, geometry) Earth and planets revolve around the sun Euclid geometry Eratosthenes of Alexandria Circumference of the earth One might reach Asia by sailing West Medicine and Mechanics Archimedes of Syracuse Specific gravity Physical properties of pulley, lever, and screw Herophilus of Chalcedon Detailed description of the brain as the engine of intellect Arteries contain only blood not blood and air Heart functions to carry blood to all parts of the body
- 43. Sculpture Counter-positioning Creating action Realism Influence on sculpture of Renaissance
- 44. Winged Victory of Samothrace or Nike Of Samothrace, Louvre Museum, Paris
- 45. Laocoon and His Sons , Vatican Museum, Vatican City
- 47. Importance of Hellenistic World in Development of Western Civilization Cosmopolitan cities: greater public facilities and more opportunity to a wider range of people Wide cultural diffusion Greek language and culture may have been dominant but Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Persian cultures provided important contributions to Hellenistic cities and society Framework for Roman imperial government Bridge between older civilizations and Rome Romans emulated Hellenistic city planning not Athenian planning Modernity: cosmopolitan population did not consider themselves bound by the old prejudices and superstitions of the past