History chapter 2 class 8

From Trade To Territory
The Company Established Power
Class 8 History
(Chapter 2)

Introduction to the Important
Historical characters
Hi friends…..I am
Aurangzeb….I am the Last
Mughal Emperor

Hi friends…..I am Vasco Da
Gama….I am Portuguese
Explorer …Who
discovered the sea Route
to India

 Aurangzeb was the last of the Mughal rulers.
He established control over a very large part of
the territory that is now known as India
 After his death in 1707, many Mughal
governors and big Zamindars began asserting
their authority and establishing regional
kingdom .
 As powerful regional kingdoms emerged in
various parts of India , Delhi could no longer
function as an effective Centre.
 By the second half of the eighteenth century
,however a new power was emerging on the
political horizon- The British.
Aurangzeb –The Last Mughal Emperor

East India Company Comes East
 In 1600, the East India Company
acquired a charter from the ruler of
England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it
the sole right to trade with the East .
 This meant that no other trading group
in England could compete with East
India company.
 Mercantile trading companies in those
days made Profit primarily by excluding
competition , so, that they could buy
cheap and sell dear .
 The first English ship sailed down the
west coast of Africa , round the cape of
good Hope ,and crossed the Indian

It was Vasco-da-Gama , a Portuguese explorer , who
had discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

East India Company Begins Trade in Bengal
 The first English factory was set near the banks of
river Hooghly in 1651 .
 It was the base from which the company traders ,
known at that time as the “Factors” .
 The factory had a ware house where the goods for
export were stored, and it had offices where Company
official sat.
 By 1696 it began to building forts around the
settlements .
 Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the
company zamindari right over three villages. One of
these was Kalikata , which grew later Calcutta or
Kolkata.

• The East India company also
persuaded the Mughal Emperor
Auranzeb to issue a Farman granting
the company the right to Trade.
• The Farman granted the company the
right to trade duty free but the officials
where asked to pay duty on Private
Trade.
The concept of Farman

How Trade led to Battle's
 The early eighteenth century the
conflicts between the company and the
Nawabs of Bengal intensified.
 After the death of Aurangzeb ,the
Bengal nawabs asserted their power
and autonomy as other regional power
were doing that time
 Murshid- Quli –khan was followed by
Alivardi khan and then Sirajuddaulah as
the Nawab of Bengal . Each one of
them was a strong ruler .
Sirajuddaulah
The Nawabs of Bengal

 They nawabs refused to grant the company concessions, demand of
large tribute for the company’s right to trade, denied it any right to mint
coins and stopped it from extending its fortifications
 The company was also Convinced that to expand trade it had to
enlarged its settlement And buy up villages, and rebuilding forts .
 The conflicts led to the famous Battle of Plassey

 After the death of Alivardi Khan , Sirajuddaulah
became the Nawab of Bengal.
 The company was worried about his power and
keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give
trade concession and other privileges.
 An infuriated Sirajuddaulah asked the company to
stop meddling in the political affairs of his
domination , stop fortification ,and pay the
revenues .
 After negotiations failed, the nawab send 30,000
soldiers to the English factory ,captured the
English officials ,locked the ware house ,blocked
the English ships .
The Battle Of Plassey

 The British army was vastly outnumbered,
consisting of 800 Europeans and 2200
Indians. The Nawab had an army of about
50,000.
 The British general Robert Clive bribed the
Nawab's uncle and chief of army, Mir
Jafar, who controlled the artillery and
much of the army.
 The result was that Siraj Ud Daulah was
deserted by the best troops in his army,
and the British easily defeated those who
remained loyal.
 The Battle of Plassey took Place on June
23, 1757
 The Battle of Plassey is considered to be
the start of British rule in India.

DID YOU KNOW
 Battle of Plassey was the most decisive war that marked the initiation
of British rule in India for the next two centuries.
 Battle of Plassey or Palashi took place between British East India
Company and Nawabs of Bengal and his French allies.
 The battle occurred on June 23, 1757 at Palashi of Murshidabad
District, on the bank of Bhagirathi River. Murshidabad. Siraj-Ud-
Daulah.
 The army commander Mirzafar of Siraj Ud Daulah`s side betrayed in
the battle of Plassey and thereby the whole force of Nawab collapsed
and as a consequence, the entire province of Bengal came under
British.
 The Battle of Plassey, also named as Battle of Palashi,

Company Officials become Naboos
 After the Battle Of Plassey the actual
nawabs of Bengal were forced to give
land and vast sums of money as personal
gift to the company officials.
 Robert Clive himself amassed a Fortune
in India .He came to Madras at the age of
18, when he left India his Indian fortune
was worth £ 401,102.
 When he was appointed as the Governor
of Bengal in 1764,he was asked to
remove corruption in company
administration but he was him self cross-
examined in 1772 by the British
parliament which was Suspicious of vast
wealth .Although he was acquitted ,he
committed suicide in1774.

Tipu Sultan the Tiger of Mysore
 Tipu Sultan (20 November 1750 – 4 May
1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was
the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to
1799, and a scholar, soldier and poet.
 Tipu was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of
Mysore and his wife Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa, a
daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, governor of
Kadapa.
 Tipu promoted a more widespread use of
Hindustani language in southern India.
 Tipu introduced a number of administrative
innovations, including the introduction of a new
coinage, new Mauludi lunisolar calendar[and
new land revenue system, and initiated the
growth of Mysore silk industry .

 Tipu expanded the iron-cased Mysorean
rockets which he deployed in his
resistance against military advances of
the British.
 He remained an implacable enemy of the
British East India Company, bringing
them into renewed conflict with an attack
on British-allied Travancore in 1789.
 In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu
was forced into a humiliating treaty,
losing a number of previously conquered
territories, including Malabar and
Mangalore.
 In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the
combined forces of the British East India
Company and the Nizam of Hyderabad
defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4
May 1799, while defending his fort of
Srirangapatna.

Wars with Marathas
 The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–
1782) was the first of three Anglo-
Maratha wars fought between the British
East India Company and Maratha Empire
in India. The war began with the Treaty of
Surat and ended with the Treaty of
Saibai.
 The Battle of Delhi took place on 11
September 1803 during the Second
Anglo-Maratha War, between British
troops under General Lake, and Marathas
of Scindia's army under General Louis
Bourquin.
 The battle was fought at Patparganj, right
across Yamuna River from Humayun's
Tomb, also giving the battle its local
name.

 The Third Anglo-Maratha
War (1817–1818] was the
final and decisive conflict
between the British East India
Company and the Maratha
Empire in India. The war left
the Company in control of
most of India. It began with
an invasion of the Maratha
territory by 110,400 British
East India Company troops,

The Claim Of Paramountcy
 Under Lord hasting [Governor-general from
1813 to 1823] a new policy of “Paramountcy”
was initiated . Now the company claimed that
its authority was paramount or supreme , hence
its power was greater than other states .
 In order to protect its Interests it was justified
in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian
kingdom . This process ,however ,did not go
Unchallenged.
For example : When British tried to annex an
small state of Kittor, Rani Channamma took to
arm and led an anti- British movement ,she was
arrested in 1824 and died in prison In 1829. But
Rayanna, a poor chowkider of Sangoli in Kitoor,
carried on the resistance . With popular support
he destroyed many British camps and records .
he was caught and hanged by the British in
1830 .

 In the late 1830s the
company became worried
about Russia.
 It imagined that Russia might
expand across Asia and enter
India from north –west .They
fought a prolonged wars with
Afghanistan between 1838
and 1842,and Sind was taken
in 1843.
 Two prolonged wars were
fought with Sikh kingdom , in
1849 , Punjab was annexed.

According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct
influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company (the dominant
imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British
Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either
"manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir“

 The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy
purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the
Governor General for the East India Company in India
between 1848 and 1856.
 The latter supplanted the long-established right of an
Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a
successor. In addition, the British decided whether
potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine
and its application were widely regarded by Indians as
illegitimate.
 The company took over the princely states of Satara
(1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and
Jhansi (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855) and Awadh
(Oudh, 1856, with the reason that the ruler was not
ruling properly) using this doctrine.
 The Company added about four million pounds sterling
to its annual revenue by use of this doctrine.

Subsidiary alliance
 The doctrine of subsidiary alliance was introduced by Marquess Wellesley,
British Governor-General in India from 1798 to 1805.
 Early in his governorship Wellesley adopted a policy of non-intervention in
the princely states, but he later adopted the policy of forming subsidiary
alliances. This policy was to play a major role in British expansion in India.

The main principles of a subsidiary alliance
 An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to
accept British forces within his territory and also agreed to pay for their
maintenance.
 The ruler would accept a British Resident in his state.
 An Indian ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not enter into
any further alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against
any power without the permission of the British.
 The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he
were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
 In case of a conflict with any other state, he would agree the resolution
decided upon by the British.

 In case of a conflict with any other state, he would agree the resolution
decided upon by the British.
 In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to
protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders
 If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance,
then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.

The Company Army
Colonial rule in India brought in some new ideas of administration and
reform but its power rested on its military strength.
Traditional Army: The Mughal army
was mainly composed of
 Cavalry (sawars:trained soldiers
on horseback) The cavalry
dominated the army.
 Infantry, that is, paidal (foot)
soldiers. They were given training in
archery ( teer-andazi) and the use
of the sword.
The rural areas had a large number of
armed peasants and the local
zamindars often supplied the Mughals
with paidal soldiers.

Professional Soldiers: A change
occurred in the eighteenth century
when Mughal successor states like
Awadh and Banaras started recruiting
peasants into their armies and training
them as professional soldiers.
 The East India Company adopted
the same method when it began
recruitment for its own army, which
came to be known as the Sepoy
army (from the indian word
sipahi, meaning soldier).
 In the early nineteenth century the
British began to develop a
uniform military culture. Soldiers
were increasingly subjected to
European-style.

 The East India Company started as a trading
company. To further its trading interest the
company started to interfere in local politics
and later on took control of local
administration.
 Through various social, political and
administrative changes the company took full
control over 63 percent of the Indian territory
and 78 percent of the population.
 Remaining part was under indirect control of
the East India Company.

History chapter 2 class 8

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History chapter 2 class 8