History, definition and scope of pharmacognosy.pptx
- 1. HISTORY, DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY NAME:- ISHAN VINAY SHAH ROLL NO.:- C006 CLASS:- MSC1 SAP ID:-40504210007
- 2. INTRODUCTION The term pharmacognosy was derived from merging two Greek words 'pharmakon' which means drug and 'gnosis' which means knowledge of. Some even states that the word pharmacognosy was derived from two Latin words 'pharmakon' meaning 'a drug' and 'gignoso' meaning 'to acquire knowledge of' The term "pharmacognosy" was first time used by the physician J. A. Schmidt in 1811 and C. A. Seydler in 1815. It has played a significant role in discovery, characterization, production & standarization of natural drugs.
- 3. Studies on poisonous, hallucinogenic, teratogenic, oral contraceptives, aphrodisiac, spices, beverages and condiments are included in the subject matters of pharmacognosy.
- 4. Neanderthals use of healing herbs such as yarrow, marshmallow before 60,000 years. Innovation = guesswork or trial & error or observsation or accidental discovery or curiosity or search for food. It was initially known as materia medica. Study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals and mineral kingdom
- 5. Some plants are used entirely or parts of plants such as senna leaves, nux vomica seeds, ginger rhizome and cinchona corm. Aloe from leaves of aloe species, opium from the dried latex from poppy capsules and black katechu from acacia catechu. Cotton, silk, jute, are also other crude drugs. Durgs are either organized or unorganized. Organized: From direct plant parts Unorganized: Not direct but are a bit processed.
- 6. HISTORY OF PHARMACOGNOSY The ancient man feed on tubers, fruits, seeds etc. And if nothing happened after consuming them it was consider as an edible food, but if he observed any other effects then he used them for other uses such as: If it caused diarrhea it was used as purgative, if vomiting it was used as emetic and if it was found to be poisonous it was used to make arrows to hunt animals. And this was passed from one generation to another generation.
- 7. ANCIENT CHINA Shen Nung Chinese emperor about 2700BC ago who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He experimented on himself and wrote the first Pen T- Sao recording 365 herbs. He divided them into sub-groups which were 120 emperor drugs, 120 minister drugs and 125 servant drugs. An old oracle bone was found in Hunan Province during Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BC) on which records of illness, medicines and medical treatment. There were silk banners and bamboo stips were discovered from tomb at Ma-Hunag-Tui in Chnagsha, Hunan Province, which were copied from books during Chin and Han periods (300BC - 3AD)
- 8. Most important clinical manual of traditional chinese medicine is Shang Hang Lun written by Chang Chung-Ching(142-220) Chin Kuei YaoLueh historical origin of most important herbal formulas called Kampo.
- 9. In Pen T'sao herbs are divided into six categories: 1. Stones 2. Grasses and trees 3. Insect and animals 4. Fruits and vegetables 5. Grains 6. Named but unused
- 10. ANCIENT EGYPT The most complete medical documents existing are the Ebers Papyrus (1500BC) which had collection of 800 prescriptions which had 700 drugs. Edwin Smith Papyrus (1600BC) described surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics. The Kahun Medical Papyrus is the oldest. It comes from 1900 BC and mainly dealth with health of women, including birthing instruction.
- 11. Senna, honey, thyme, juniper, cumin- for digestive purpose Pomegranate roots, henbane for worms
- 12. ANCIENT INDIA In India, the knowledge about medicinal plants are very old and has been described in Rigveda and Atharvaveda (3500-1500BC) from which Ayurveda has developed. It can be divided into 3 main writings I.e., Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Astanga Hrdayam Samhita Ayurveda made from two words Ayur meaning life and Veda means science and knowledge. The oldest writing is Charaka Samhita which is dated back to 700BC.
- 13. Ayurveda is built on the concept of 5 element and interaction of our body (microcosm) with the universe (macrocosm). The 5 elements are: 1. Ether/ space (Akash) 2. Wind (Vayu) 3. Fire (Tejas) 4. Water (Jala) 5. Earth (Prthvi)
- 14. ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME Hippocrates (460-370BC) is referred as father of medicines and is remembered for his famous oath which is even now administered. Aristotle is known for his writing on animal kingdom. Theophrastus wrote about plant kingdom. Dioscorides described medicinal plants such as belladonna, ergot, opium, colchicum. Galen devised methods to prepare drugs from plants and animals and his writings were known as 'Galenicals'. The development of modern pharmacognosy took place during 1934-1960.
- 15. The development of pharmacology was mainly due to 4 major events: 1. Isolation of penicillin in 1928 by william fleming and large scale production of in 1941 by Florey and Chain 2. Isolation of resperpine from rauwolfia roots and confirming its hypotensive and tranqulizing properties. 3. Isolation of vinca alkaloids, especially vincristine and vinblasting. They have anticancerous properties. 4. Steroids hormones like progesterone were isolated from diosgenin and other steroids by Marker's method.
- 16. ASPECTS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LEADING TO MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS Isolation of phytochemicals Structure activity relationship Natural products as models for synthesis of new drugs Drugs of direct therapeutic uses Biosynthetic pathways
- 17. SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY Do you know what is the core subject matter of pharmacognosy? Crude drugs of natural origins In 19th century apothecaries stocked the crude drugs for various purposes But during the 2nd half there were major discoveries towards chemistry. Medicinal plants became it one of the major object of interest which bought interested phytochemist. They succeeded in isolating the pure active constituents. Further this replaced the crude drugs and development of semisynthetic and synthetic drugs came in picture.
- 18. Replaced by modren medicines Researchers are exploiting every possible way Focus on marine fauna and flora Wild sources were limited and prices were exorbitantly high Academics Private industry Government