This document discusses advanced data types in C including 1D and 2D arrays, strings which are arrays of characters, and various string handling functions like strcpy, strcat, strlwr, strupr, strlen, strcmp, atoi, and atof. It notes that scanf takes only the first word as input while gets takes all characters until enter is pressed when dealing with string input.
The document discusses various aspects of functions in C programming including:
1. How function calls work by copying parameters, performing calculations, and returning values.
2. The components of a function definition including name, parameters, return type, and body.
3. Function prototypes and declarations.
4. Differences between passing single values vs arrays to functions.
5. Memory layout of a C program including text, data, heap, and stack segments.
This document provides an overview of advanced data types in C programming, including arrays, strings, and 2D arrays. It discusses how to define and initialize arrays, access array elements, and store and print values in arrays. String data types and common string functions like strcpy, strcmp, and converting between strings and other data types are also covered. The document concludes with references for further reading on controlling program flow and data representation in C.
This document discusses C programming concepts and provides quiz questions and solutions. It covers topics like data type conversions, operator precedence, bitwise operations, and more. Multiple choice questions are presented along with hints and explanations of tricks and techniques. Readers are encouraged to think through the problems and examples to improve their understanding of fundamental C programming principles.
The document provides guidance on learning about automotive embedded systems through a 10 part series. It recommends first studying parts on real-time operating system basics, OSEK/VDX, AUTOSAR basics, and automotive protocols. Then users should validate their understanding and solve practice questions. The document directs readers to online materials and emphasizes the importance of depth of learning to become professional in the field of embedded systems.
This document discusses Automotive Embedded Systems and the AUTOSAR Application Layer. It covers topics like use cases in AUTOSAR, AUTOSAR basic software modules, the AUTOSAR system design process, software components, runnables, events, and the internal behavior of software components. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like software component types, the relationship between software components and runnables, event types that can trigger runnables, and how a timing event is defined in XML.
The document discusses the AUTOSAR standard, which was developed by automotive manufacturers to help manage the increasing complexity of automotive software systems. AUTOSAR aims to standardize software architecture to improve quality, enable reuse of components across manufacturers, and make application software independent of hardware. It establishes a layered architecture and specifies interfaces to facilitate collaboration and reuse in automotive development. The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and design process.
This document discusses how to write embedded C code from scratch without using an IDE. It explains that you need a cross toolchain, Makefile, linker script, startup assembly code, and C code files. It then discusses the requirements for C startup, including initializing the stack, global variables (.data, .bss, .rodata sections), and jumping to the main function. It emphasizes that the linker script is important for section placement in memory. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the startup code: exception vectors, copying .data to RAM, zeroing .bss, setting up the stack pointer, and branching to main.
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication protocol that is most commonly used in automotive applications. It allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in real-time. CAN uses a multi-master broadcast communication style where nodes can transmit messages at any time and all nodes receive all messages. It uses priority-based arbitration to determine which message is transmitted when two nodes transmit simultaneously. CAN provides efficient, reliable, and economical communication between sensors, actuators and electronic control units in automotive and other embedded systems applications.
This document discusses the AUTOSAR application layer. It explains that the application layer provides the system functionality through software components (SWCs) that contain software. The document outlines different types of SWCs and their elements like ports, runnable entities, and events. It also discusses how SWCs communicate internally and across ECUs using the virtual functional bus. The mapping of runnable entities to operating system tasks is mentioned as the topic for the next session.
The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and its objectives. AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a standardized software architecture developed by automotive manufacturers to address the increasing complexity of automotive ECU systems. The key goals of AUTOSAR include improving software quality, reusability of functions across manufacturers, and making application software independent of hardware. The document outlines the layered AUTOSAR architecture and the four main steps to developing software using the AUTOSAR standard: input descriptions, system configuration, ECU configuration, and generation of software executables.
The document discusses various concepts related to the OSEK operating system including conformance classes, hook routines, shared resources, and mutual exclusion. Specifically, it covers:
1) OSEK defines 4 conformance classes to support systems with different capacities and demands.
2) Hook routines allow user-defined functions to be called at specific points during OS operation, such as startup, shutdown, before/after tasks.
3) Shared resources must be accessed exclusively to prevent data corruption, and mutual exclusion techniques like mutexes and semaphores are used to serialize access.
This document discusses OSEK/VDX operating systems and concepts related to extended tasks, events, interrupts, counters, and alarms. It begins by explaining extended tasks which can wait for events. It then covers the different states an extended task can be in and how events work through event masks and signaling/waiting services. The document discusses two categories of interrupts in OSEK/VDX and how ISR2 interrupts can make system calls. Finally, it describes how counters track hardware ticks and alarms can be used to perform actions periodically by connecting alarms to counters.
This document discusses embedded operating systems for automotive applications. It provides an overview of OSEK/VDX, an operating system specification for distributed automotive systems. Key topics covered include OSEK/VDX specifications and goals, the AUTOSAR operating system based on OSEK/VDX, task services in OSEK/VDX like TerminateTask and ActivateTask, and examples of task scheduling and chaining in OSEK/VDX. The document aims to teach about real-time operating systems for automotive embedded systems.
The document discusses various topics related to embedded systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS), including:
1) It explains the differences between bare-metal applications, which run directly on hardware without an OS, and OS applications, which run on top of an operating system.
2) It describes some key characteristics and services provided by RTOS kernels, such as deterministic behavior and task scheduling.
3) It discusses different types of real-time systems, including soft and hard real-time, and explains the importance of meeting timing deadlines in real-time systems.
This document discusses Controller Area Network (CAN) which is a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer. It covers the general characteristics of CAN including its event-driven nature, bus arbitration, message filtering, and the different types of CAN messages including data frames, remote frames, error frames, and overload frames. The document provides detailed explanations and illustrations of the fields that make up CAN data frames.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create executable files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate code for operating systems on desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory and other resources that require more optimization, unlike most desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems focuses on optimally using limited resources and satisfying timing requirements using basic C constructs and function libraries.
The document discusses C programming and embedded C programming concepts. It covers the differences between C and embedded C, embedded C constraints, how to make code more readable through commenting and documenting memory mapped devices. It also discusses data structures, stacks, queues, and provides code examples for stack implementation and operations using arrays.
Bit-fields allow access to individual bits within registers or bytes. They define the number of bits allocated to each field within a structure. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory and can be used to access or modify these variables indirectly. Pointer arithmetic allows pointers to be incremented or decremented to access sequential memory locations represented by an array.
An enum is a user-defined type in C that allows a variable to be a set of predefined constants (names that represent integer values). A structure is a collection of variables (also known as members) of different types grouped together under a single name. A union is a data type that allows to store different data types in the same memory location.
This document discusses various C programming concepts including macros vs functions, ANSI C standards, constants, structures, unions, enums, storage classes like automatic, external, static, and register variables, and references for further reading. It provides examples to illustrate key differences between macros and functions, declaring and initializing constants, defining and using nested structures, unions that allow storing different data types in the same variable, and static and extern storage class specifiers.
This 3 sentence document provides information about notes for an embedded systems session six. The document references Eng. Keroles Shenouda and includes a Facebook group link for embedded system KS. It also includes the hashtag #Paragma.
A Visual Introduction to the Prophet JeremiahSteve Thomason
These images will give you a visual guide to both the context and the flow of the story of the prophet Jeremiah. Feel free to use these in your study, preaching, and teaching.
F-BLOCK ELEMENTS POWER POINT PRESENTATIONSmprpgcwa2024
F-block elements are a group of elements in the periodic table that have partially filled f-orbitals. They are also known as inner transition elements. F-block elements are divided into two series:
1.Lanthanides (La- Lu) These elements are also known as rare earth elements.
2.Actinides (Ac- Lr): These elements are radioactive and have complex electronic configurations.
F-block elements exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the availability of f-orbitals.
2. Many f-block compounds are colored due to f-f transitions.
3. F-block elements often exhibit paramagnetic or ferromagnetic behavior.4. Actinides are radioactive.
F-block elements are used as catalysts in various industrial processes.
Actinides are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear medicine.
F-block elements are used in lasers and phosphors due to their luminescent properties.
F-block elements have unique electronic and magnetic properties.
This document discusses how to write embedded C code from scratch without using an IDE. It explains that you need a cross toolchain, Makefile, linker script, startup assembly code, and C code files. It then discusses the requirements for C startup, including initializing the stack, global variables (.data, .bss, .rodata sections), and jumping to the main function. It emphasizes that the linker script is important for section placement in memory. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the startup code: exception vectors, copying .data to RAM, zeroing .bss, setting up the stack pointer, and branching to main.
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication protocol that is most commonly used in automotive applications. It allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in real-time. CAN uses a multi-master broadcast communication style where nodes can transmit messages at any time and all nodes receive all messages. It uses priority-based arbitration to determine which message is transmitted when two nodes transmit simultaneously. CAN provides efficient, reliable, and economical communication between sensors, actuators and electronic control units in automotive and other embedded systems applications.
This document discusses the AUTOSAR application layer. It explains that the application layer provides the system functionality through software components (SWCs) that contain software. The document outlines different types of SWCs and their elements like ports, runnable entities, and events. It also discusses how SWCs communicate internally and across ECUs using the virtual functional bus. The mapping of runnable entities to operating system tasks is mentioned as the topic for the next session.
The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and its objectives. AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a standardized software architecture developed by automotive manufacturers to address the increasing complexity of automotive ECU systems. The key goals of AUTOSAR include improving software quality, reusability of functions across manufacturers, and making application software independent of hardware. The document outlines the layered AUTOSAR architecture and the four main steps to developing software using the AUTOSAR standard: input descriptions, system configuration, ECU configuration, and generation of software executables.
The document discusses various concepts related to the OSEK operating system including conformance classes, hook routines, shared resources, and mutual exclusion. Specifically, it covers:
1) OSEK defines 4 conformance classes to support systems with different capacities and demands.
2) Hook routines allow user-defined functions to be called at specific points during OS operation, such as startup, shutdown, before/after tasks.
3) Shared resources must be accessed exclusively to prevent data corruption, and mutual exclusion techniques like mutexes and semaphores are used to serialize access.
This document discusses OSEK/VDX operating systems and concepts related to extended tasks, events, interrupts, counters, and alarms. It begins by explaining extended tasks which can wait for events. It then covers the different states an extended task can be in and how events work through event masks and signaling/waiting services. The document discusses two categories of interrupts in OSEK/VDX and how ISR2 interrupts can make system calls. Finally, it describes how counters track hardware ticks and alarms can be used to perform actions periodically by connecting alarms to counters.
This document discusses embedded operating systems for automotive applications. It provides an overview of OSEK/VDX, an operating system specification for distributed automotive systems. Key topics covered include OSEK/VDX specifications and goals, the AUTOSAR operating system based on OSEK/VDX, task services in OSEK/VDX like TerminateTask and ActivateTask, and examples of task scheduling and chaining in OSEK/VDX. The document aims to teach about real-time operating systems for automotive embedded systems.
The document discusses various topics related to embedded systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS), including:
1) It explains the differences between bare-metal applications, which run directly on hardware without an OS, and OS applications, which run on top of an operating system.
2) It describes some key characteristics and services provided by RTOS kernels, such as deterministic behavior and task scheduling.
3) It discusses different types of real-time systems, including soft and hard real-time, and explains the importance of meeting timing deadlines in real-time systems.
This document discusses Controller Area Network (CAN) which is a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer. It covers the general characteristics of CAN including its event-driven nature, bus arbitration, message filtering, and the different types of CAN messages including data frames, remote frames, error frames, and overload frames. The document provides detailed explanations and illustrations of the fields that make up CAN data frames.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create executable files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate code for operating systems on desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory and other resources that require more optimization, unlike most desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems focuses on optimally using limited resources and satisfying timing requirements using basic C constructs and function libraries.
The document discusses C programming and embedded C programming concepts. It covers the differences between C and embedded C, embedded C constraints, how to make code more readable through commenting and documenting memory mapped devices. It also discusses data structures, stacks, queues, and provides code examples for stack implementation and operations using arrays.
Bit-fields allow access to individual bits within registers or bytes. They define the number of bits allocated to each field within a structure. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory and can be used to access or modify these variables indirectly. Pointer arithmetic allows pointers to be incremented or decremented to access sequential memory locations represented by an array.
An enum is a user-defined type in C that allows a variable to be a set of predefined constants (names that represent integer values). A structure is a collection of variables (also known as members) of different types grouped together under a single name. A union is a data type that allows to store different data types in the same memory location.
This document discusses various C programming concepts including macros vs functions, ANSI C standards, constants, structures, unions, enums, storage classes like automatic, external, static, and register variables, and references for further reading. It provides examples to illustrate key differences between macros and functions, declaring and initializing constants, defining and using nested structures, unions that allow storing different data types in the same variable, and static and extern storage class specifiers.
This 3 sentence document provides information about notes for an embedded systems session six. The document references Eng. Keroles Shenouda and includes a Facebook group link for embedded system KS. It also includes the hashtag #Paragma.
A Visual Introduction to the Prophet JeremiahSteve Thomason
These images will give you a visual guide to both the context and the flow of the story of the prophet Jeremiah. Feel free to use these in your study, preaching, and teaching.
F-BLOCK ELEMENTS POWER POINT PRESENTATIONSmprpgcwa2024
F-block elements are a group of elements in the periodic table that have partially filled f-orbitals. They are also known as inner transition elements. F-block elements are divided into two series:
1.Lanthanides (La- Lu) These elements are also known as rare earth elements.
2.Actinides (Ac- Lr): These elements are radioactive and have complex electronic configurations.
F-block elements exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the availability of f-orbitals.
2. Many f-block compounds are colored due to f-f transitions.
3. F-block elements often exhibit paramagnetic or ferromagnetic behavior.4. Actinides are radioactive.
F-block elements are used as catalysts in various industrial processes.
Actinides are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear medicine.
F-block elements are used in lasers and phosphors due to their luminescent properties.
F-block elements have unique electronic and magnetic properties.
Unlock the Secrets of Crypto Trading with FinanceWorld.io!
Are you ready to dive into the exciting world of cryptocurrency trading? This comprehensive course by FinanceWorld.io is designed for beginners and intermediate traders who want to master the fundamentals of crypto markets, technical analysis, risk management, and trading strategies.
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Introduction to blockchain and cryptocurrencies
How crypto markets work
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Reading charts and technical analysis basics
Essential indicators and market signals
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SCHIZOPHRENIA OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER LIKE Persistent delusion/Capgras syndr...parmarjuli1412
SCHIZOPHRENIA INCLUDED TOPIC IS INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION OF GENERAL TERM IN PSYCHIATRIC, THEN DIFINITION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, EPIDERMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CLINICAL FEATURE(SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA), CLINICAL TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, DIAGNOSIS, INVESTIGATION, TREATMENT MODALITIES(PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT, PSYCHOTHERAPY, ECT, PSYCHO-SOCIO-REHABILITATION), NURSING MANAGEMENT(ASSESSMENT,DIAGNOSIS,NURSING INTERVENTION,AND EVALUATION), OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER LIKE Persistent delusion/Capgras syndrome(The Delusion of Doubles)/Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorders/Induced Delusional Disorders/Schizoaffective Disorder /CAPGRAS SYNDROME(DELUSION OF DOUBLE), GERIATRIC CONSIDERATION, FOLLOW UP, HOMECARE AND REHABILITATION OF THE PATIENT,
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June 25 ISSIP Event - slides in process
20250618 PPre-Event Presentation Summary - Progress Update with Board Series June 25
ISSIP Website Upcoming Events Description: https://issip.org/event/semi-annual-issip-progress-call/
Register here (even if you cannot attend live online, all who register will get link to recording and slides post-event): https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdThrop1rafOCo4PQkYiS2XApclJuMjYONEHRMGBsceRdcQqg/viewform
This pre-event presentation: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/june-2025-progress-update-with-board-call_in-process-pptx/280718770
This pre-event recording: https://youtu.be/Shjgd5o488o
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How to Add New Item in CogMenu in Odoo 18Celine George
In Odoo 18, CogMenu (or Configuration Menu) is a feature typically found in various modules that allows users to configure settings related to that specific module. It has a cogwheel like icon usually located on the top left side of the screen. By default, the features for Importing and Exporting will be available inside the menu.
How to use search fetch method in Odoo 18Celine George
The search_fetch is a powerful ORM method used in Odoo for some specific addons to combine the functionality of search and read for more efficient data fetching. It might be used to search for records and fetch specific fields in a single call. It stores the result in the cache memory.
Photo chemistry Power Point Presentationmprpgcwa2024
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of chemical reactions and processes initiated by light.
Photochemistry involves the interaction of light with molecules, leading to electronic excitation. Energy from light is transferred to molecules, initiating chemical reactions.
Photochemistry is used in solar cells to convert light into electrical energy.
It is used Light-driven chemical reactions for environmental remediation and synthesis. Photocatalysis helps in pollution abatement and environmental cleanup. Photodynamic therapy offers a targeted approach to treating diseases It is used in Light-activated treatment for cancer and other diseases.
Photochemistry is used to synthesize complex organic molecules.
Photochemistry contributes to the development of sustainable energy solutions.
How payment terms are configured in Odoo 18Celine George
Payment terms in Odoo 18 help define the conditions for when invoices are due. This feature can split payments into multiple parts and automate due dates based on specific rules.
BLUF:
The Texas outbreak has slowed down, but sporadic cases continue to emerge in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.
Elsewhere in the US, we continue to see signs of acceleration due to outbreaks outside the Southwest (North Dakota, Montana, and Colorado) and travel-related cases. Measles exposures due to travel are expected to pose a significant challenge throughout the summer.
The U.S. is on track to exceed its 30-year high for measles cases (1,274) within the next two weeks.
Here is the latest update:
CURRENT CASE COUNT: 919
•Texas: 744 (+2) (55% of cases are in Gaines County).
•New Mexico: 81 (83% of cases are from Lea County).
•Oklahoma: 20 (+2)
•Kansas: 74 (+5) (38.89% of the cases are from Gray County).
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 104
• Texas: 96 (+2) – This accounts for 13% of all cases in Texas.
• New Mexico: 7 – This accounts for 9.47% of all cases in New Mexico.
• Kansas: 3 – This accounts for 5.08% of all cases in the state of Kansas.
DEATHS: 3
•Texas: 2 – This is 0.27% of all cases in Texas.
•New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.23% of all cases in New Mexico.
US NATIONAL CASE COUNT: 1,197
INTERNATIONAL SPREAD
•Mexico: 2337 (+257), 5 fatalities
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 2,179 (+239) cases, 4 fatalities, 7 currently hospitalized.
•Canada: 3,207 (+208), 1 fatality
‒Ontario Outbreak, Canada: 2,115 (+74) cases, 158 hospitalizations, 1 fatality.
‒Alberta, Canada: 879(+118) cases, 5 currently hospitalized.