Hook's law
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Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount it is stretched. It states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force. An experiment is described where different masses are hung from a spring to determine its extension at increasing forces. A graph of force versus extension results in a straight line, showing springs obey Hooke's Law up to their elastic limit. Beyond this point, springs undergo plastic deformation and do not return to their original length when force is removed.
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Traffic safety
Traffic safetyThen Murugeshwari Fermilab observes Illinois traffic safety rules and has identified five factors contributing to most on-site vehicle accidents: improper backing, hazardous weather, distracted driving, speeding, and improper road sharing. Fermilab employs corrective actions for violations which are detailed in its ES&H Manual. The document provides tips for safe driving practices including proper backing techniques, winter driving preparedness, avoiding distractions, maintaining safe speeds, and sharing the road courteously with bicycles and motorcycles.
P h indicators
P h indicatorsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses pH indicators and their uses in titration. It provides information on the pH ranges and color changes of common acid-base indicators like methyl orange, methyl red and bromthymol blue. It also lists the ideal properties of pH sensors and describes how different indicators are used to titrate strong acids and bases or weak acids and bases. Common natural pH indicators from foods like red cabbage, beet and blueberries are also mentioned.
Avogadro's law
Avogadro's lawThen Murugeshwari Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. It provided a rational explanation for Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes and indicated that elemental gases like hydrogen and chlorine exist as diatomic molecules. Avogadro's law also established a method for determining molecular weights of gases and helped develop the kinetic molecular theory. According to the law, if the amount of gas is increased or decreased, the volume will change proportionally.
Resonance
ResonanceThen Murugeshwari Resonance refers to the tendency of a system to oscillate at specific resonant frequencies, where even small periodic driving forces can produce large oscillations. These resonant frequencies depend on properties like the size and material of the system. Standing waves can be produced in a closed tube when pressure pulses are emitted at the tube's resonant frequencies, reinforcing the vibration and allowing it to continue resonating. The longer the tube, the lower the resonant frequencies will be.
Microwave remote sensing
Microwave remote sensingThen Murugeshwari The document discusses the history and applications of microwave remote sensing. It began with US military research after World War II and studies by NASA in the 1960s to use microwave technology for earth observation. Key developments included airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure surface scattering properties and models to explain microwave interactions with natural targets. Current applications of microwave remote sensing include weather monitoring, navigation, imaging, and mapping for both civilian and military uses.
Newton's law
Newton's lawThen Murugeshwari - Aristotle believed that objects have a natural place and will return to that place after being moved by force. Isaac Newton later proposed that objects tend to stay in their current state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
- Newton published his three laws of motion in 1687, including the first law that an object at rest or in motion stays at rest or in motion unless acted on by an outside force.
- Forces can be contact forces that require touching an object or long-range forces like gravity that act over a distance. Forces have agents that are the direct cause of the force.
Surface tension
Surface tensionThen Murugeshwari Surface tension is caused by the attraction between water molecules at the surface of a water droplet or body of water. This attraction creates tension at the surface. The tension acts like a elastic sheet or skin that tries to minimize the surface area to reduce the energy of the system. For small objects or insects, surface tension can allow them to float or walk on water by supporting their weight through tension along their contact perimeter. Contact angle is the angle formed between a liquid surface and the solid surface it contacts and depends on a balance of forces from surface tensions and adhesive/repulsive forces between the liquid and solid.
ERP components
ERP componentsThen Murugeshwari ERP software consists of several key components that represent major functional areas of an organization. These components include financial management, manufacturing, human resources, materials management, production planning, plant maintenance, purchasing, marketing, and sales and distribution. Each component handles important tasks like managing finances, production processes, employee information, inventory, purchasing, and sales.
Database fundamentals
Database fundamentalsThen Murugeshwari This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
Mosfet
MosfetThen Murugeshwari A MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a semiconductor device that is commonly used in power electronics. It works by modulating charge concentration between a gate electrode, which is insulated from other device regions by an oxide layer, and a body region. Depending on whether it is an n-channel or p-channel MOSFET, the source and drain regions have either n+ or p+ doping while the body has the opposite doping. Applying a voltage to the gate can turn the channel between source and drain on or off to allow or prevent current flow. MOSFETs can be made with silicon on insulator or other semiconductor materials.
Operators
OperatorsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses different types of operators in VB.NET including arithmetic, comparison, logical, and concatenation operators. It provides examples of each operator type and describes their functionality. Specifically, it outlines the different arithmetic operators and their use, comparison operators and how they are used to compare values, logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT and how they perform logical operations on expressions, and concatenation operators for joining string values. Tables of results are provided for the logical operators.
Hiperlan
HiperlanThen Murugeshwari HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
Bluetooth profile
Bluetooth profileThen Murugeshwari Bluetooth profiles specify standards for Bluetooth communication between devices. A profile defines dependencies, user interfaces, and which parts of the Bluetooth protocol stack it uses. There are many profiles for different use cases like audio streaming, printing, networking, and more.
Router
RouterThen Murugeshwari A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Operators in java
Operators in javaThen Murugeshwari Operators in Java provide symbols that operate on arguments to produce results. The document discusses the different types of operators in Java including assignment, arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and ternary operators. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage of various operators like increment/decrement, arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, ternary, and instanceof operators in Java code.
Thread priorities
Thread prioritiesThen Murugeshwari Thread priorities determine the order threads are executed, with higher priority threads running first. Priorities range from 1 to 10, with 5 as the default. The scheduler allocates CPU time to the highest priority ready thread. Preemptive scheduling allows a new, higher priority thread to interrupt a currently running lower priority thread. For threads of equal priority, round-robin scheduling evenly allocates CPU time slices. The example demonstrates setting thread priorities and the effect on execution order.
Threads
ThreadsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses Java threads and thread synchronization. It defines that a thread is a flow of control and sequence of executed statements. It explains that a Thread is an object that can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. The start() method creates and runs the thread, while run() defines the code for the thread to execute. Threads have a lifecycle and can be in different states like ready, running, blocked/waiting. Synchronization is used to coordinate access to shared resources using locks, and wait/notify allows threads to signal and wait for each other.
Identifiers 
Identifiers Then Murugeshwari An identifier is a name given to variables, objects, and methods in Java. Identifiers must start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($) and can include numbers but cannot be a Java keyword. Common conventions are to use lowercase names for variables and methods with uppercase names for constants. The document provides examples of valid and invalid Java identifiers.
Virtual ground
Virtual groundThen Murugeshwari A virtual ground is a point in a circuit that has a voltage of 0 volts, but is not directly connected to ground. The document describes two virtual ground circuits using voltage dividers with opposing voltage sources. In the first circuit, the 10V and -10V sources create a 20V difference with a virtual ground at the midpoint. In the second circuit, the 1V and -10V sources create an 11V difference, with the virtual ground again occurring at the midpoint.
Semiconductor memory
Semiconductor memoryThen Murugeshwari This document discusses different types of semiconductor memory used in computing systems. It describes volatile memory like static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM), as well as non-volatile memory such as ROM, MRAM, and flash memory. The basic unit of semiconductor memory is the memory cell, which can store a single bit using MOS or CMOS fabrication. Memory architectures are organized in arrays or hierarchies to store large amounts of data within computer systems.
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- 1. Hook’s Law
- 2. Hooke’s Law Hooke's Law gives the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount the spring is stretched.
- 3. Recall: How does a spring stretch when a force is applied to it? Try stretching a piece of thin copper wire and an elastic. How do they differ from the springs? What does it feel like as you pull harder and harder? Can you sketch a graph to show how the force affects the extension. How different materials behave
- 4. Elastic and wire Different materials react differently when a force is applied to them .
- 5. How does a spring behave? Aim: We shall conduct an experiment to determine how the extension of a spring varies with the stretching force. A spring is hung vertically from a fixed point and a force is applied in stages by hanging weights from the spring.
- 6. Extension = present length – original length Diagram The apparatus is set up as shown. For the purposes of this experiment we shall be using loads of 100g, and the extension of the spring shall be measured in metres.
- 7. Method: What is the independent variable? (range?) What is the dependent variable? ( How will this be measured accurately?) What are the control variables? Table: single spring Equilibrium length __________m Total Hanging Mass (g) Total Hanging Mass (kg) Total force (mg) g= 10 N/kg Stretched length (m) Extension (m) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1600
- 8. Graph : Plot a graph of force against extension. Conclusion: Comment on the shape of the best fit line, try to describe the pattern which appears. Have you found any simple rule for springs? What happened to the stretch when you doubled the load? And three times? Can you work out the gradient? What does this gradient mean? What happens when large loads are added to the spring? How would the plot look if you replaced the spring with a stiffer spring? weaker spring? Force (N) Extension (m)
- 9. Hooke’s Law "Hooke's Law" is about stretching springs and wires. Hooke's Law states:- the extension is proportional to the force the spring will go back to its original length when the force is removed so long as we don't exceed the elastic limit.
- 10. Elastic Limit Below the elastic limit , we say that the spring is showing "elastic behavior": the extension is proportional to the force, and it'll go back to it's original length when we remove the force. Beyond the elastic limit , we say that it shows "plastic behavior". This means that when a force is applied to deform the shape, it stays deformed when the force is removed. Elastic limit Elastic behaviour Plastic behaviour
- 11. Repeat the experiment using an elastic What do you notice? Does an elastic obey Hooke’s Law?
- 12. Class Experiment – Stretching a wire – Vernier Scale Two wires of the same material are suspended side by side from the same support. The main scale is kept taut by the weight L. The extension of the wire for different loads is obtained from the vernier.
- 13. Elastic and wire Different materials react differently when a force is applied to them. If a material obeys Hooke's Law, its extension is proportional to the applied force. If the force is removed, the material returns to its original length. Springs and metal wire obey Hooke's law up to the elastic limit. Beyond this point, they are permanently deformed. They will not return to its original length when the force is removed. copper rubber F F e e
- 14. Hysteresis rubber F What do you notice about the plot when you load and unload an elastic? What does the area under a graph represent? ENERGY!!! See for yourself!! – Take an elastic and repeatedly stretch the elastic while it is in contact with your top lip. What do you notice? How could this energy be measured from the graph?
- 15. The End … .. Thank You …..