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How do you create a programming language for the JVM?

Federico Tomassetti
Federico Tomassetti

The final dream of every developer is creating his own programming language. Today it is possible to realize that dream with a reasonable effort. In addition to that is also possible to leverage the JVM to make a language that can reuse a huge amount of libraries. In this presentation we are going to see what elements do we need to build our own language, with a compiler for the JVM. This is not only a lot of fun but it can be also useful in practice, to build Domain Specific Languages that compiles to bytecode and can be used together with mainstream languages in larger applications.

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.com How do you create a programming language for the JVM? Federico Tomassetti
Hi, I am Federico !Got a PhD in Language Engineering !Lived here and there !Now for a living I: Ora sono un Language En Progetto e co ! Parser ! Interpr ! Compi ! Editor strumenta.com • Create languages • Write parsers • Transform code • Build compilers
Why creating languages? The language or notation we are using to express or record our thoughts, are the major factors determining what we can think or express at all! Edsger W. Dijkstra The Humble Programmer strumenta.com
Motivation strumenta.com Build Domain Specific Languages To support domain experts or to support working on a very specific kind of applications Build your very own programming language When you want to program differently, because you can think you can do things better or just because having your own language is a lot of fun and something to be proud of
Why targeting the JVM? strumenta.com •Performance: the JVM can perform optimisations through dynamic analysis and even outperform native code •Libraries availability: whatever you want to do, there is a library for it •Platforms supported: the JVM runs in a ton of places
State Machine Turned off Turned on Low speed High speed EmergencyStop IncreaseSpeed IncreaseSpeed LowerSpeed LowerSpeed off on strumenta.com
System State Machine strumenta.com Write the logic controlling the machinery Write the infrastructure code in Java/Kotlin Mechanical Engineers Software Developers Class files Class files
An example of State Machine strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
General picture Code Class files strumenta.com JVM 01010101
General picture Model Code strumenta.com Class files JVM 01010101
Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com Model
Validation strumenta.com ModelCodefun StateMachine.validate() : List<Error> { val errors = LinkedList<Error>() // check a symbol or input is not duplicated val valuesByName = HashMap<String, Int>() this.specificProcess(ValueDeclaration::class.java) { checkForDuplicate(valuesByName, errors, it) } // check references this.specificProcess(ValueReference::class.java) { if (!it.symbol.tryToResolve(this.variables) && !it.symbol.tryToResolve(this.inputs)) { errors.add(Error("A reference to symbol '${it.symbol.name}' cannot be resolved", it.position!!)) } } // check the initial value is compatible with the explicitly declared type this.specificProcess(VarDeclaration::class.java) { val valueType = it.value.type() if (it.explicitType != null && valueType != null && ! it.explicitType.isAssignableBy(valueType)) { errors.add(Error("Cannot assign ${it.explicitType!!} to variable of type $ {it.value.type()}", it.position!!)) } } … return errors }
How the JVM works: classes strumenta.com // class version 52.0 (52) // access flags 0x21 public class Person { // access flags 0x2 private Ljava/lang/String; name // access flags 0x2 private I age … // Here we have the table, etc … } class file public class Person { private String name; private int age; }
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack Index Variable 0 a 1 b
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a Index Variable 0 a 1 b
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(FF)F L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 FLOAD 0 FLOAD 1 FADD FRETURN public static float sum(float a, float b) { return a + b; } Bytecode
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a b Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b + c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b + c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static calculateMax(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 INVOKESTATIC java/lang/ Math.max (II)I IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int calculateMax(int a, int b) { return Math.max(a, b); } Bytecode
Bytecode generation with ASM strumenta.com ASM is an open-source library to: • Generate classes dynamically • Edit class files • Create class files What is out compiler? A piece of code that reads other code and depending on what it reads either: 1. Tell us what is wrong 2. Generate one or more class files.
Plan strumenta.com •Structuring the code •Compile expressions •Convert control structures
Structuring the code strumenta.com The code (statements, expressions) stays in methods. Methods live inside classes. StateMachine JVM Class State JVM Class (implenting a common interface) Transition JVM Method Entry block/Exit block JVM operation
Structuring the code strumenta.com
Class files generation with ASM strumenta.com val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES or ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS) … // put stuff in my class or interface … classWriter.visitEnd() val bytes = classWriter.toByteArray() // time to store those bytes into a file Not that magic, eh?
Class files generation with ASM strumenta.com val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES or ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS) … mv = classWriter.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "myMethodName", "()V", null, null); mv.visitCode(); … // writing the method code … mv.visitMaxs(-1, -1); mv.visitEnd(); And finally in methods goes the code
Compiling expressions strumenta.com Expressions use operands from the stack and put results on the stack Boolean Bytecode FALSE ICONST_0 TRUE ICONST_1 Byte/Short/Int Bytecode 0 ICONST_0 1 ICONST_1 2 ICONST_2 3 ICONST_3 4 ICONST_4 5 ICONST_5 6+ BIPUSH/SIPUSH/SIPUSH x
Compiling expressions strumenta.com Expressions use operands from the stack and put results on the stack Reading variables Bytecode Type byte ILOAD var_index Type int ILOAD var_index Type float FLOAD var_index Type double DLOAD var_index Type object ALOAD var_index Writing variables Bytecode Type byte ISTORE var_index Type int ISTORE var_index Type float FSTORE var_index Type double DSTORE var_index Type object ASTORE var_index
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Bytecode Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i - Stack
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i - Stack 0 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 3 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack not jumping Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 1 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 1 Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 1 Stack Bytecode
How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN mv.visitLabel(l0) mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0) mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 2) mv.visitLabel(l1) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 2) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 1) mv.visitJumpInsn(IF_ICMPGE, l2) mv.visitLabel(l3) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 2) mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1) mv.visitInsn(IADD) mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 2) mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, l1) mv.visitLabel(l2) mv.visitInsn(RETURN) Bytecode ASM
Recap strumenta.com Building a languages means: 1) Parsing: use ANTLR 2) Validating: simple code navigating the model 3) Generating class files: use ASM You need to familiarize with how a stack-based machine works and with the instructions available.
Where to find out more https://tomassetti.me/berlin strumenta.com •Slides •Free course on building languages (8 articles) •Coupon for my book on building languages
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How do you create a programming language for the JVM?

  • 1. .com How do you create a programming language for the JVM? Federico Tomassetti
  • 2. Hi, I am Federico !Got a PhD in Language Engineering !Lived here and there !Now for a living I: Ora sono un Language En Progetto e co ! Parser ! Interpr ! Compi ! Editor strumenta.com • Create languages • Write parsers • Transform code • Build compilers
  • 3. Why creating languages? The language or notation we are using to express or record our thoughts, are the major factors determining what we can think or express at all! Edsger W. Dijkstra The Humble Programmer strumenta.com
  • 4. Motivation strumenta.com Build Domain Specific Languages To support domain experts or to support working on a very specific kind of applications Build your very own programming language When you want to program differently, because you can think you can do things better or just because having your own language is a lot of fun and something to be proud of
  • 5. Why targeting the JVM? strumenta.com •Performance: the JVM can perform optimisations through dynamic analysis and even outperform native code •Libraries availability: whatever you want to do, there is a library for it •Platforms supported: the JVM runs in a ton of places
  • 6. State Machine Turned off Turned on Low speed High speed EmergencyStop IncreaseSpeed IncreaseSpeed LowerSpeed LowerSpeed off on strumenta.com
  • 7. System State Machine strumenta.com Write the logic controlling the machinery Write the infrastructure code in Java/Kotlin Mechanical Engineers Software Developers Class files Class files
  • 8. An example of State Machine strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
  • 9. General picture Code Class files strumenta.com JVM 01010101
  • 11. Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
  • 12. Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
  • 13. Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
  • 14. Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com statemachine mySm input lowSpeedThroughtput: Int input highSpeedThroughtput: Int var totalProduction = 0 event turnOff … event emergencyStop start state turnedOff { on turnOn -> turnedOn } state turnedOn { on turnOff -> turnedOff on speedUp -> lowSpeed } state lowSpeed { on entry { totalProduction = totalProduction + lowSpeedThroughtput print("Producing " + lowSpeedThroughtput + " elements (total "+totalProduction+")") } on speedDown -> turnedOn on speedUp -> highSpeed on doNothing -> lowSpeed }
  • 15. Parsing: from code to model strumenta.com Model
  • 16. Validation strumenta.com ModelCodefun StateMachine.validate() : List<Error> { val errors = LinkedList<Error>() // check a symbol or input is not duplicated val valuesByName = HashMap<String, Int>() this.specificProcess(ValueDeclaration::class.java) { checkForDuplicate(valuesByName, errors, it) } // check references this.specificProcess(ValueReference::class.java) { if (!it.symbol.tryToResolve(this.variables) && !it.symbol.tryToResolve(this.inputs)) { errors.add(Error("A reference to symbol '${it.symbol.name}' cannot be resolved", it.position!!)) } } // check the initial value is compatible with the explicitly declared type this.specificProcess(VarDeclaration::class.java) { val valueType = it.value.type() if (it.explicitType != null && valueType != null && ! it.explicitType.isAssignableBy(valueType)) { errors.add(Error("Cannot assign ${it.explicitType!!} to variable of type $ {it.value.type()}", it.position!!)) } } … return errors }
  • 17. How the JVM works: classes strumenta.com // class version 52.0 (52) // access flags 0x21 public class Person { // access flags 0x2 private Ljava/lang/String; name // access flags 0x2 private I age … // Here we have the table, etc … } class file public class Person { private String name; private int age; }
  • 18. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode
  • 19. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack Index Variable 0 a 1 b
  • 20. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a Index Variable 0 a 1 b
  • 21. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
  • 22. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
  • 23. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 4 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b
  • 24. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static sum(FF)F L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 FLOAD 0 FLOAD 1 FADD FRETURN public static float sum(float a, float b) { return a + b; } Bytecode
  • 25. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode
  • 26. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 27. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 28. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a b Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 29. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 30. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 31. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b + c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 32. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static tripleSum(III)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 IADD ILOAD 2 IADD IRETURN public static int tripleSum(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; } Bytecode Stack a + b + c Index Variable 0 a 1 b 2 c
  • 33. How the JVM works: math operations strumenta.com public static calculateMax(II)I L0 LINENUMBER 8 L0 ILOAD 0 ILOAD 1 INVOKESTATIC java/lang/ Math.max (II)I IRETURN L1 LOCALVARIABLE a I L0 L1 0 LOCALVARIABLE b I L0 L1 1 MAXSTACK = 2 MAXLOCALS = 2 public static int calculateMax(int a, int b) { return Math.max(a, b); } Bytecode
  • 34. Bytecode generation with ASM strumenta.com ASM is an open-source library to: • Generate classes dynamically • Edit class files • Create class files What is out compiler? A piece of code that reads other code and depending on what it reads either: 1. Tell us what is wrong 2. Generate one or more class files.
  • 35. Plan strumenta.com •Structuring the code •Compile expressions •Convert control structures
  • 36. Structuring the code strumenta.com The code (statements, expressions) stays in methods. Methods live inside classes. StateMachine JVM Class State JVM Class (implenting a common interface) Transition JVM Method Entry block/Exit block JVM operation
  • 38. Class files generation with ASM strumenta.com val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES or ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS) … // put stuff in my class or interface … classWriter.visitEnd() val bytes = classWriter.toByteArray() // time to store those bytes into a file Not that magic, eh?
  • 39. Class files generation with ASM strumenta.com val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES or ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS) … mv = classWriter.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "myMethodName", "()V", null, null); mv.visitCode(); … // writing the method code … mv.visitMaxs(-1, -1); mv.visitEnd(); And finally in methods goes the code
  • 40. Compiling expressions strumenta.com Expressions use operands from the stack and put results on the stack Boolean Bytecode FALSE ICONST_0 TRUE ICONST_1 Byte/Short/Int Bytecode 0 ICONST_0 1 ICONST_1 2 ICONST_2 3 ICONST_3 4 ICONST_4 5 ICONST_5 6+ BIPUSH/SIPUSH/SIPUSH x
  • 41. Compiling expressions strumenta.com Expressions use operands from the stack and put results on the stack Reading variables Bytecode Type byte ILOAD var_index Type int ILOAD var_index Type float FLOAD var_index Type double DLOAD var_index Type object ALOAD var_index Writing variables Bytecode Type byte ISTORE var_index Type int ISTORE var_index Type float FSTORE var_index Type double DSTORE var_index Type object ASTORE var_index
  • 42. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Bytecode
  • 43. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Bytecode Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i - Stack
  • 44. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i - Stack 0 Bytecode
  • 45. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack Bytecode
  • 46. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 Bytecode
  • 47. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 3 Bytecode
  • 48. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack not jumping Bytecode
  • 49. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 Bytecode
  • 50. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 0 1 Bytecode
  • 51. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 0 Stack 1 Bytecode
  • 52. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN public void count(int n) { int i = 0; while (i < n) { i = i + 1; } } Index Variable Value 0 this this 1 n 3 2 i 1 Stack Bytecode
  • 53. How to compile control structures strumenta.com // access flags 0x1 public count(I)V L0 ICONST_0 ISTORE 2 L1 ILOAD 2 ILOAD 1 IF_ICMPGE L2 L3 ILOAD 2 ICONST_1 IADD ISTORE 2 GOTO L1 L2 RETURN mv.visitLabel(l0) mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0) mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 2) mv.visitLabel(l1) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 2) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 1) mv.visitJumpInsn(IF_ICMPGE, l2) mv.visitLabel(l3) mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 2) mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1) mv.visitInsn(IADD) mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 2) mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, l1) mv.visitLabel(l2) mv.visitInsn(RETURN) Bytecode ASM
  • 54. Recap strumenta.com Building a languages means: 1) Parsing: use ANTLR 2) Validating: simple code navigating the model 3) Generating class files: use ASM You need to familiarize with how a stack-based machine works and with the instructions available.
  • 55. Where to find out more https://tomassetti.me/berlin strumenta.com •Slides •Free course on building languages (8 articles) •Coupon for my book on building languages