How to Build Linked Data Sites with Drupal 7 and RDFa

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Semantic Web benefits
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie

! Programs and sites can my-site.net company.com your-site.org

exchange information

! Search engines can
display more relevant
information in results

! Data mashers can +
combine data from
different datasets to
find new and
astounding things

1

Key (confusing) terms

Machine Understandable
Linked
Data

SPARQL RDF
Giant Federated Dataset
Global
Graph

2


linclark.jpg
is a picture The Semantic Web helps
of a person
named
machines understand what
Lin Clark the information on a Web
page is...

3

RDF

R esource
Description
F ramework
4

RDF

Everything is a resource
A resource is a named thing
A resource is a uniquely named thing

Namespace
xmlns:lin=”http://lin-clark.com/page.html# CURIE URI

this
http://lin-clark.com/page.html#this
lin:this

5

RDF

A resource can be a
document

foaf:Document

dblp:this

6

RDF

A resource can be a
company

foaf:Organization

deri:this

7

RDF

A resource can even be a
person

foaf:Person

lin:me

8

RDF

You can describe properties
of that person...

foaf:name Lin Clark
foaf:mbox lin.clark@deri.org
foaf:birthday 07-01

lin:me

9

RDF

and describe how that person
is related to other resources

foaf:made swrc:employs

lin:me

dblp:this deri:this

10

Federated Dataset

Because we are using http URIs,
these resources don’t need to be in the same database

foaf:made swrc:employs

lin:me

dblp:this deri:this

11

Federated Dataset

the resources can be distributed across the Web
in a federated datagraph

12

Giant Global Graph

And when all resources are described this way,
the Web becomes one giant database...

13

SPARQL

Find and retrieve information from the graph
using SPARQL

14

The Semantic Web

Linked
Data

SPARQL RDF
Giant Federated Dataset
Global
Graph

15


The Semantic Web

! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.

The Web - Initial Proposal (1989)

http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html

2 of XYZ

The Web - Circa 2010

??

??

??

3 of XYZ

The Web – 1994 Vision

To a computer, the Web is a flat, boring world, devoid of meaning. This
is a pity, as in fact documents on the Web describe real objects and
imaginary concepts, and give particular relationships between them.
For example, a document might describe a person. The title
document to a house describes a house and also the ownership
relation with a person. Adding semantics to the Web involves two
things: allowing documents which have information in machine-
readable forms, and allowing links to be created with
relationship values. Only when we have this extra level of
semantics will we be able to use computer power to help us
exploit the information to a greater extent than our own reading.

Tim Berners-Lee, 1st World Wide Web Conference, Geneva, May 1994

4 of XYZ

The Web – 1994 Vision

http://www.slideshare.net/danbri/when-presentation-849447

5 of XYZ

The Semantic Web

!  Bridging the gap from a Web of Documents to a
Web of Data
  With typed objects and typed relationships: The Web as a
giant decentralized database
!  Adding machine-readable meta-data to existing
content
  So that information can be parsed, queried, reused
!  Defining shared semantics for this meta-data
  For interoperability between applications and for advanced
purposes, such as reasoning
!  Enabling machine-readable knowledge at Web scale,
making information more easy to find and process

6 of XYZ

A Bit of History

!  Memex
  1945 ! - Vannevar Bush
  A memex is “a device in which an individual stores
all his books, records, and communications.”

!  Augmenting Human Intellect
  1960 - Douglas Engelbart
  “By ‘augmenting human intellect’ we mean increasing
the capability of a man to approach a complex problem
situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular
needs, and to derive solutions to problems.”

8 of XYZ

More recently

!  SHOE
  http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/
  “SHOE is a small extension to HTML which allows web page
authors to annotate their web documents with machine-
readable knowledge. SHOE makes real intelligent agent
software on the web possible.“

9 of XYZ

The Semantic Web, right now

!  Standardisation work in W3C
  http://w3.org
!  Semantic Web activity
  http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
!  Incubator Groups, Working Groups, Interest Groups
  SPARQL - http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page
  RDB2RDF – http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/rdb2rdf
  RIF - http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/
  HCLS - http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/hcls/
  …

10 of XYZ

The Semantic Web stack

http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

11 of XYZ

The Semantic Web stack

http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

12 of XYZ


URIs, RDF(S) and OWL


URIs

!  A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact
sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or
physical resource as of RFC3986
!  URIs are used to identify everything in a unique and
non-ambiguous way
  Not only pages (as on the current Web), but any resource
(people, documents, books, interests …)
  A URI for a person is different from a URI for a document
about the person, because a person is not a document !
!  Example
  http://apassant.net/alex - myself
  http://apassant.net - my homepage

14

Resource Description Framework

!  URI represent resources
  But how define things about these resources ?
  E.g. “Drupal is a CMS”, “DERI is in Galway”
!  RDF – Resource Description Framework
  RDF abstract syntax, a data model: a directed, labeled
graph based on URIs
  RDF is not XML ! RDF/XML is only one of the multiple way
to serialize RDF data (N3, RDFa …)
!  RDF is based on triples
  subject predicate object .
  Subjects and predicates are URIs
  Objects can be either URIs or litterals

15

RDF by example

@prefix dct: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ . !

http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id!
dct:title “How to build Linked Data sites with Drupal7 and
RDFa” ; !
dct:author http://apassant.net/alex ;!
dct:subject http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal .!

How to build Linked
Data sites with dct:title http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id
Drupal7 and RDFa

dct:author dct:subject

http://apassant.net/alex http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal

16

RDFa

!  A way of embedding RDF in (X)HTML documents:
  One page for both humans and machines
  Don’t need to repeat yourself
  Introducing new XHTML attributes
  http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer/
!  Current work is ongoing on RDFa 1.1:
  For profiles, etc.

RDFa by example

RDFa and prefixes

!  http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org
  Header contains prefixes and links to the GRDDL
transformation

Extracting other serialisations

!  http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org
  Webpage can be translated to native RDF/XML using an
RDFa distiller - http://www.w3.org/2007/08/pyRdfa/

Ontologies

!  RDF provides a way to write assertions
  But what about their semantics
  E.g. how can one know that
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows identifies an
acquaintance relationship ?
!  Ontologies provide common semantics for
resources on the Semantic Web
  “An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization.”
!  Developing ontologies for the Semantic Web
  Main languages are RDFS (RDF Schema) and OWL (Web
Ontology Language)
  Growing expressivity levels

22 of XYZ

Ontologies

!  Classes and properties
  :Person a rdfs:Class .
  :father a rdfs:Property .
  :father rdfs:domain :Person .
  :father rdfs:range :Person .

23 of XYZ

Metadata and ontologies

RDFS

!  RDFS defines classes, properties and subsumption
relations between classes and properties
  ex:Person rdfs:subClassOf ex:humanLiving .
  ex:worksWith rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:knows .
!  Such relationships are used to infer new statements
  :alex rdf:type ex:Person .
  :Alex ex:worksWith :Axel .
  Is enough to say that Alex is a humanLiving and knows
Axel

25 of XYZ

RDFS by example

26 of XYZ

OWL

!  OWL goes further than RDFS by introducing new
axioms
  Disjunction (e.g. person / document)
  Transitivity (e.g. ancestor)
  Symmetry (e.g. sibling)
  Cardinality constraints (e.g. ancestor 1)
!  OWL2 introduces a lot of useful features, especially
for reasoning
  Property Chains (parent + brother - uncle)

27 of XYZ

OWL by example

28 of XYZ

OWL2 Property chain example

ex:uncle rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .
ex:parent rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .
ex:brother rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .

[] rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:uncle;!!
owl:propertyChain (!
ex:parent!!
ex:brother!!
).

:alice ex:parent :bob .
:bob ex:brother :joe .
=
:alice ex:uncle :joe .

29 of XYZ


Linked Data


Linked Data

!  Building a “Web of Data” to enhance the current
Web
!  Exposing, sharing and connecting data about
things via dereferenceable URIs
!  The Linking Open Data (LOD) project:
  http://linkeddata.org/
  Translating existing datasets into RDF and linking them
together, for example DBpedia (Wikipedia) and GeoNames,
Freebase, BBC programmes, etc.
  Governement data also available as Linked Data

The Linked Data principles

!  http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

!  Use URIs as names for things
!  Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those
names
!  When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL)
!  Include links to other URIs. so that they can
discover more things

!  E.g. http://dbpedia.org/resource/SPARQL

32

The LOD cloud

2007

2008

The LOD cloud

2008

2009


image from richard.cyganiak.de/2007/10/lod/lod-datasets_2009-07-14.png


Some Ontologies used in Drupal7


Which ontologies to use ?

!  SearchMonkey Vocabularies
  http://developer.yahoo.com/searchmonkey/smguide/
profile_vocab.html

37

Which ontologies to use ?

!  How to Publish Linked Data on the Web
  http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/
LinkedDataTutorial/

38

Extending ontologies ?

!  What if existing ontologies are not enough for your
needs ?
  Create a new ontology
  … or extend an existing one !
!  Ontologies can be extended in a decentralized way
  E.g. Anyone can create a subproperty of foaf:knows,
“metInSemtech”, in his own ontology and publish it online
!  Open.vocab.org
  A collaborative platform to manage ontologies
  http://open.vocab.org

39

Drupal7

!  The following models are used in Drupal7
!  RSS Content module
  http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/
!  DublinCore
  http://dublincore.org/
!  FOAF
  http://foaf-project.org
!  SIOC and its Types module
  http://sioc-project.org
!  SKOS
  http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

RSS Content

DublinCore

!  DublinCore
  DCMI Metadata Terms
  http://purl.org/dc/terms/

!  Some properties
  dc:title
  dc:subject
  dc:created
  dc:date
  dc:modified

DublinCore by example

FOAF – Friend Of A Friend

FOAF – Friend Of A Friend

!  An ontology for describing people and the
relationships that exist between them:
  http://foaf-project.org/
  Identity, personal profiles and social networks
  Can be integrated with other SW vocabularies

!  FOAF on the Web:
  LiveJournal, MyOpera, identi.ca, MyBlogLog, hi5, Fotothing,
Videntity, FriendFeed, Ecademy, Typepad

FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend)

FOAF at a glance

FOAF from Flickr

FOAF from Twitter

Distributed identity with FOAF

Interlinking identities and networks

FOAF+SSL: Secured authentication

SIOC

!  Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities
  http://sioc-project.org/
!  Addressing interoperability issues on the (Social)
Web
  To fully describe content / structure of social websites and
to create new connections between online discussion posts
and items, forums and containers
  Various domains: Web 2.0, enterprise information
integration, HCLS, e-government
  Widely deployed (SearchMonkey, Talis, etc.)

The SIOC core ontology

SIOC by example

SIOC Types

!  Additional information is required for finer-grained
representation of Web 2.0 content
  Differentiating a blog post from a wiki page or from a
microblogging status update
!  SIOC Types
  http://rdfs.org/sioc/types
!  Use-case in HCLS
  http://www.w3.org/TR/hcls-sioc/

SIOC Types

SIOC Types by example

SKOS

!  SKOS - Simple Knowledge Organization System
  http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-
reference-20090818/

!  Thesaurus, subject headings and classifications
  skos:Concept
  skos:semanticRelation
–  skos:related, skos:narrower, skos:broader
–  A different semantics than in RDFS/OWL hierarchies

!  Used by:
  NY Times, Library of Congress, DBpedia, etc.

SKOS by example

ex:SPARQL ex:Semantic_Web ex:Web

rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type
skos:Concept

SKOS by example

skos:broader skos:broader


rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type
skos:Concept

SKOS by example



skos:narrower skos:narrower
rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type
skos:Concept

SKOS by example

skos:semanticRelation



skos:narrower skos:narrower
rdf:type

rdf:type

rdf:type
skos:Concept

SKOS by example


Querying RDF data with SPARQL


SPARQL

!  RDF(S)/OWL useful to produce data
  A need to query it
!  SPARQL
  SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
  The “SQL” of the Semantic Web
!  FAQ
  http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sparql-faq
!  SPARQL Query Recommendation / tutorial
  http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/
!  Currently under standardization for SPARQL1.1
  http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page

How it works ?

!  Graph Pattern Matching
  Identifying if a requested graph matches the underlying
RDF data
!  Four different operators
  SELECT, DESCRIBE, CONSTRUCT, ASK
  Combined with query patterns and optional features
(union, filters …)
!  A Protocol
  To query RDF data using SPARQL endpoints via HTTP
!  Most of endpoints are associated with an RDF store
  A place that stores RDF data and provides open access to
it – e.g. http://dbpedia.org/sparql

Example of SELECT queries

“select persons older than 30”

SELECT ?X
WHERE { ?X a foaf:Person. ?X ex:age ?Y.
FILTER (?Y 30) }

74

Querying DBpedia

!  People Born in Galway
  Simple triple pattern
  http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace

!  Answer
SELECT ?who!
WHERE {!
?who !
http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace :Galway .!
}!

Querying DBpedia

!  Japanese name of Galway
!  Using the FILTER by LANG clause
  FILTER(lang(?x) = ja)

!  Answer
SELECT ?name!
WHERE {!
:Galway rdfs:label ?name .!
FILTER (lang(?name) = ja) .!
}!

Querying DBpedia

!  Irish cities at the east of Galway!

Querying DBpedia

!  FILTER by type and comparison of coordinates

!  Answer
PREFIX yago: http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/!
SELECT DISTINCT ?place ?long WHERE {!
:Galway dbpedia2:westCoord ?glong .!
?place rdf:type!
yago:CitiesInTheRepublicOfIreland ;!
dbpedia2:westCoord ?long .!
FILTER (?long ?glong) !
}!

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What is Drupal?

2

What IS Drupal?

Content Management System
CMS
Content Management Framework
CMF

3

What IS Drupal?

CMS
A package that a non-developer (or non-Web developer)
can download and install quickly and easily to create a
complex website
Runs on many servers, particularly Apache and MySQL which are
used by many hosting providers
With Drupal 7, setup should take less than 10 minutes
A collection of modules that can be plugged into the
main package to bring advanced functionality to the site
At last count in Spring of 2009, there were 4400 modules on
Drupal.org
Common quote: “There’s a module for that”

4

What IS Drupal?

CMF
Gets Web developers up and running with functionality
quickly, but allows for a very high level of customization
A number of APIs for things such as form creation and processing
Hook system allows external modules to act when something
happens in the main body of code
All templates can be overridden at a granular level
Allows Web developers to package up any custom
functionality or configuration and distribute it widely to
developers and non-developers alike
Modules
Themes
Installation Profiles and Features

5

What does RDF in Drupal mean?

CMS
Out of the box, content structures are mapped to RDF
Contributed modules offer advanced functionality without
having to code anything

CMF
RDF Mapping API in Drupal core package
A collection of RDF functions in a contributed API

15

Why Drupal?

Similarities
• Both have structured data
• Data is structured in a similar way—
instances of types with properties and relationships

1

Why Drupal?

Differences
• Drupal’s structure stays hidden in the database,
RDF structure is exposed on the page
• Drupal’s field names are unique to the site and not
explicitly defined,
RDF terms are universally dereferencable and
explicitly defined

2

Default RDF mappings in core

• Node titles
• Submission information
• Comment count and comment relationships
• Users, names and homepages
• Taxonomy terms
• Featured images

... And you can define your own mappings for your
content types or alter mappings for existing ones

5


sioc:User
foaf:name
sioc:
has_creator foaf:homepage

sioc:Item,
foaf:Document sioc:topic skos:Concept
Produce and Consume
Linked Data with Drupal skos:prefLabel,
dc:title
rdfs:label
posted on October 22 by Stéphane dc:created, dc:date
sioc:reply_of skos:description
content:encoded
Produce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the
title of the paper I will be presenting next week at dc:modified
the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC. sioc:num_replies sioc:Post,
sioct:Comment
Drupal ISWC RDFa
dc:title
Wow, that’s rad! dc:created, dc:date
posted on October 23 by Lin
content:encoded
Nice work!
dc:modified

7


posted on
span property=dc:date dc:created
content=2009-10-22T08:03:26-05:00
Produce and Consume datatype=xsd:dateTime
Linked Data with Drupal October 22
posted on October 22 by Stéphane /span
by
Produce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the span rel=sioc:has_creator
title of the paper I will be presenting next week at span about=/user/6
the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC. typeof=sioc:User
property=foaf:name
Drupal ISWC RDFa
stephane
/span
Wow, that’s rad! /span
posted on October 23 by Lin
Nice work!

8


RDF Mapping User Interface
User interface for site administrators to define new
mappings or alter existing mappings.

10


RDF SPARQL Endpoint
A RDF store that makes your site information
available for SPARQL queries.

11


RDF Proxy
A way of connecting nodes to RDF sources across
the Web and automatically syncing your site’s
information with the external source.

12


E-Commerce Module
Item for sale
gr:Offering
gr:hasPriceSpecification

gr:hasWarrantyScope

gr:hasWarrantyPromise

14

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Site Configuration

• Edit your site information
admin/config/system/site-information

• Create a front page
node/add admin/config/system/site-information

• Change your site design and logo
admin/appearance

• Install modules
admin/modules

• Configure Wysiwyg editor
admin/config/content/wysiwyg

1

Site Configuration

• Create Content Types Add Fields
admin/structure/types

• Manage menus
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