How To Succeed In Graduate School
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This document provides a guide for graduate students and advisors on how to succeed in graduate school. It discusses important issues for graduate students to be successful, including getting the most out of the process and common problems faced. It also discusses what advisors should do to help their students succeed. The guide provides tips for various stages of graduate school, from deciding to attend and choosing an advisor, to doing research and working on a thesis. It aims to make the graduate school process less stressful by providing information and raising awareness of expectations for both students and advisors.
![In my experience, the two main things that make graduate school hard are the
unstructured nature of the process, and the lack of information about what you
should spend your time on. I hope that this article will provide information for both
graduate students and advisors that will help make the process less painful. I want
to emphasize that graduate school is not easy, and these suggestions will not
always be easy or even possible to follow (and they may not even be the ideal goal
for you, personally, to strive for). You shouldn't let that discourage you: start small,
think big, and keep yourself focused on your ultimate goal, which shouldn't just be
to get through graduate school, but to enjoy yourself, make progress towards being
able to do what you want to do with your life, and learn something in the process.
I owe a debt of gratitude to David Chapman, whose paper [2] was an invaluable
reference for me not only during the writing of this article, but during graduate
school as well.
The goals of this article are to raise awareness of the need for a healthy and
interactive graduate student-advisor relationship, to provide pointers and guidance
for both advisors and graduate students in navigating the maze of a doctoral
degree, and to give references and resources for those who hope to learn more.
Before You Start
Many headaches can be avoided by doing some advance planning. First, why go to
graduate school at all? The usual reasons given are that a Ph.D. is required or
preferred for some jobs, especially research and academic positions; that it gives
you a chance to learn a great deal about a specific area; and that it provides an
opportunity to develop ideas and perform original research. Wanting to delay your
job hunt is probably not a good enough reason. Over the past decade, research and
academic positions have become more difficult to find, and many recent Ph.D.s end
up ``killing time'' in a series of postdoctoral positions, or taking non-research jobs.
Having a Ph.D. is not a guarantee of finding a better job in and of itself! In addition,
graduate school is a lot of work and requires strong motivation and focus. You have
to really want to be there to make it through.
It helps to have a good idea of what area you want to specialize in, and preferably
a couple of particular research projects you might like to work on, although many
graduate students change their minds about research projects and even
specialization field after they start school. Look for books and current journals and
conference proceedings in your area, and read through them to get an idea of
who's doing what where. (You'll be doing a lot of reading once you start graduate
school, so you might as well get used to it.) This is where advisors first enter the
scene: faculty members ought to be willing to talk to undergraduates and help
them find out more about research areas and graduate schools. Try to get involved
in research: ask professors and TAs (teaching assistants) whether they need
someone to work on an ongoing project, or start an independent research project,
with guidance from a faculty member.
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![stressful period. This is when you're supposed to find a thesis topic, if you're not
one of the lucky few who has already found one. Once you do find a topic, you can
expect two or more years until completion, with very few landmarks or milestones
in sight.
The following sections talk about the day-to-day process of doing research, criticism
and feedback, working on the thesis, and financial support for research.
The Daily Grind
Being a good researcher involves more than ``merely'' coming up with brilliant
ideas and implementing them. Most researchers spend the majority of their time
reading papers, discussing ideas with colleagues, writing and revising papers,
staring blankly into space -- and, of course, having brilliant ideas and implementing
them.
Part II of this article discusses the process and importance of becoming part of a
larger research community, which is a critical aspect of being a successful
researcher. This section contains ideas on keeping track of where you're going, and
where you've been, with your research, staying motivated, and how to spend your
time wisely.
Keeping a journal of your research activities and ideas is very useful. Write down
speculations, interesting problems, possible solutions, random ideas, references to
look up, notes on papers you've read, outlines of papers to write, and interesting
quotes. Read back through it periodically. You'll notice that the bits of random
thoughts start to come together and form a pattern, often turning into a research
project or even a thesis topic. I was surprised, looking back through my journal as I
was finishing up my thesis, how early and often similar ideas had cropped up in my
thinking, and how they gradually evolved into a dissertation.
You'll have to read a lot of technical papers to become familiar with any field, and
to stay current once you've caught up. You may find yourself spending over half of
your time reading, especially at the beginning. This is normal. It's also normal to be
overwhelmed by the amount of reading you think you ``should'' do. Try to
remember that it's impossible to read everything that might be relevant: instead,
read selectively. When you first start reading up on a new field, ask your advisor or
a fellow student what the most useful journals and conference proceedings are in
your field, and ask for a list of seminal or ``classic'' papers that you should
definitely read. For AI researchers, a useful (if slightly outdated) starting point is
Agre's [1] summary of basic AI references. Similar documents may exist for other
research areas -- ask around, and cruise the information superhighway. Start with
these papers and the last few years of journals and proceedings.
Before bothering to read any paper, make sure it's worth it. Scan the title, then the
abstract, then -- if you haven't completely lost interest already -- glance at the
introduction and conclusions. (Of course, if your advisor tells you that this is an
important paper, skip this preliminary step and jump right in!) Before you try to get
all of the nitty-gritty details of the paper, skim the whole thing, and try to get a feel
for the most important points. If it still seems worthwhile and relevant, go back and
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![read the whole thing. Many people find it useful to take notes while they read. Even
if you don't go back later and reread them, it helps to focus your attention and
forces you to summarize as you read. And if you do need to refresh your memory
later, rereading your notes is much easier and faster than reading the whole paper.
A few other points to keep in mind as you read and evaluate papers:
Make sure the ideas described really worked (as opposed to just being theoretically
valid, or tested on a few toy examples).
Try to get past buzzwords: they may sound good, but not mean much. Is there
substance and an interesting idea underneath the jargon?
To really understand a paper, you have to understand the motivations for the
problem posed, the choices made in finding a solution, the assumptions behind the
solution, whether the assumptions are realistic and whether they can be removed
without invalidating the approach, future directions for research, what was actually
accomplished or implemented, the validity (or lack thereof) of the theoretical
justifications or empirical demonstrations, and the potential for extending and
scaling the algorithm up.
Keep the papers you read filed away so you can find them again later, and set up
an online bibliography (BibTeX is a popular format, but anything consistent will do).
I find it useful to add extra fields for keywords, the location of the paper (if you
borrowed the reference from the library or a friend), and a short summary of
particularly interesting papers. This bibliography will be useful for later reference,
for writing your dissertation, and for sharing with other graduate students (and
eventually, perhaps, advisees).
Staying Motivated
At times, particularly in the ``middle years,'' it can be very hard to maintain a
positive attitude and stay motivated. Many graduate students suffer from
insecurity, anxiety, and even boredom. First of all, realize that these are normal
feelings. Try to find a sympathetic ear -- another graduate student, your advisor, or
a friend outside of school. Next, try to identify why you're having trouble and
identify concrete steps that you can take to improve the situation. To stay focused
and motivated, it often helps to have organized activities to force you to manage
your time and to do something every day. Setting up regular meetings with your
advisor, attending seminars, or even extracurricular activities such as sports or
music can help you to maintain a regular schedule.
Chapman [2] enumerates a number of ``immobilizing shoulds'' that can make you
feel so guilty and unworthy that you stop making progress. Telling yourself that
you should have a great topic, that you should finish in n years, that
you should work 4, or 8, or 12 hours a day isn't helpful for most people. Be realistic
about what you can accomplish, and try to concentrate on giving yourself positive
feedback for tasks you do complete, instead of negative feedback for those you
don't.
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![understanding of what they've really been accomplished. Show the paper to your
advisor or someone else who's familiar with your topic and whose opinions you
respect. Introduce yourself to the author at a conference or by email, and tell them
about your work. By starting a dialogue, you will usually find that their work isn't
quite the same, and that there are still directions open to you. You may even end
up collaborating with them. Good researchers welcome the opportunity to interact
and collaborate with someone who's interested in the same problems they are.
To finish quickly, it's usually best to pick a narrow, well defined topic. The downside
of this approach is that it may not be as exciting to you or to the research
community. If you're more of a risk-taker, choose a topic that branches out in a
new direction. The danger here is that it can be difficult to carefully define the
problem, and to evaluate the solution you develop. If you have a topic like this, it
helps a lot to have an advisor or mentor who is good at helping you to focus and
who can help you maintain a reasonably rigorous approach to the problem.
In the extreme case, if your topic is so out of the ordinary that it's unrelated to
anything else, you may have difficulty convincing people it's worthwhile. Truly
innovative research is, of course, exciting and often pays back in recognition from
the research community -- or you could just be out in left field. If you have a far-
out topic, be sure that people are actuallyinterested in it, or you'll never be able to
``sell'' it later, and will probably have trouble getting your work published and
finding a job. In addition, it will be hard to find colleagues who are interested in the
same problems and who can give you advice and feedback.
In any case, a good topic will address important issues. You should be trying to
solve a real problem, not a toy problem (or worse yet, no problem at all); you
should have solid theoretical work, good empirical results or, preferably, both; and
the topic will be connected to -- but not be a simple variation on or extension of --
existing research. It will also be significant yet manageable. Finding the right size
problem can be difficult. One good way of identifying the right size is to read other
dissertations. It's also useful to have what Chapman [2] calls a ``telescoping
organization'' -- a central problem that's solvable and acceptable, with extensions
and additions that are ``successively riskier and that will make the thesis more
exciting.'' If the gee-whiz additions don't pan out, you'll still have a solid result.
A good way to focus on a topic is to write one-sentence and one-paragraph
descriptions of the problem you want to address, and do the same for your
proposed solution; then write an outline of what a thesis that solved this problem
would look like (i.e., what chapters would be included, or if you're ambitious, what
sections in the chapter).
Sometimes finding a small problem to work on and building on it in a ``bottom up''
fashion can work equally well, as long as you don't fall into the trap of solving lots
of small unrelated problems that don't lead to a coherent, solid, substantial piece of
research (i.e., a thesis).
Remember that a thesis is only a few years of your work, and that -- if all goes well
-- your research career will continue for another 30 or 40. Don't be afraid to leave
part of the problem for future work, and don't compare yourself to senior
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![The divide-and-conquer approach works as well for writing as it does for research.
A problem that many graduate students face is that their only goal seems to be
``finish the thesis.'' It is essential that you break this down into manageable
stages, both in terms of doing the research and when writing the thesis. Tasks that
you can finish in a week, a day, or even as little as half an hour are much more
realistic goals. Try to come up with a range of tasks, both in terms of duration and
difficulty. That way, on days when you feel energetic and enthusiastic, you can sink
your teeth into a solid problem, but on days when you're run-down and
unmotivated, you can at least descending order of abstraction: high-level content-
oriented comments, mid-level stylistic and presentation comments, and low-level
nitpicky comments on syntax and grammar. Try to keep your comments
constructive (``this would read better if you defined X before introducing Y'') rather
than destructive (``this is nonsense'').
You'll want to read a paper at least twice -- once to get the basic ideas, then a
second time to mark down comments. High-level comments describing your overall
impression of the paper, making suggestions for organization, presentation and
alternative approaches to try, potential extensions, and relevant references are
generally the most useful and the hardest to give. Low-level comments are more
appropriate for a paper that is being submitted for publication than for an
unpublished paper such as a proposal or description of preliminary research.
See [4] for more suggestions on reviewing papers.
Getting Financial Support
Most graduate students (at least in the natural sciences) have a source of financial
support that pays their tuition and a small living stipend. Although nobody ever got
rich being a graduate student, you probably won't starve either. Sources of funding
include fellowships (from NSF, universisites, foundations, government agencies,
and industry), employer support, research assistantships (i.e., money from a
faculty member's research grant) and teaching assistantships.
Kantrowitz [3] provides an extensive list of funding sources for math, science, and
engineering graduate students.
Start looking for money early. Many schools arrange support in the form of an RA
or TA position in the first year, but after that, you're on your own. Deadlines for
applications vary, and if you miss one, you'll probably have to wait another year.
After you apply, it can take six months or so to review the applications and several
more months to actually start receiving money.
Ask faculty members (especially your advisor, who should be helping you to find
support or providing support out of his or her grant money), department
administrators, and fellow graduate students about available funding. Go to your
university's fellowship office or its equivalent, and look through the listings in The
Annual Register of Grant Support, The Grant Register, The Chronicle of Higher
Education, and Foundation Grants to Individuals. Look into NSF grants (there are
several different programs). Take advantage of your status as a woman or minority
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![If you're giving a talk you'll gain even more visibility, and will have an opportunity
to make an impression on other researchers. Some tips for preparing your talk to
make this impression as positive as possible:
• Give a practice talk, especially if you tend to get stage fright. Be sure to
invite people who will give you constructive, but useful, feedback.
• Make sure your talk fits in the time slot allocated. There's nothing worse than
a speaker who rushes through the last ten slides, or skips from the middle of
the talk to the conclusion. A good rule is to allocate 2-3 minutes per slide.
• It's better to be somewhat abstract than to get bogged down in technical
details - but be sure you give enough detail to make a convincing case. Your
paper should fill in the missing details, so that people can read it to get a
more in-depth understanding. Know your audience: you'll have to give more
background to a general audience, and more technical detail to audiences
that are very familiar with the field of research you're discussing.
• Use examples and pictures to illustrate and clarify your ideas.
• Learn by observation: try to imitate qualities of talks that you like and avoid
things that other speakers do that bother you.
• Talk about your ideas informally whenever you get the chance, so that the
talk will come more naturally and, hopefully, you'll have a chance to respond
to and think about questions that might get asked at the talk.
• Make sure your slides are readable and as simple as possible. Never put up a
slide with tiny text and say ``I know you can't read this, but...''
• Try to relax. Don't read from a script or word-for-word from your slides, and
don't talk too fast. Be confident: you know more about your work (flaws and
all) than anyone else.
Parberry [20] contains some more suggestions for organizing and presenting a
talk, directed at theoretical computer scientists.
Publishing Papers
Publishing your ideas is important for several reasons: it gives you a source of
feedback from people who read your papers; it establishes you as a member of the
research community (useful for getting a job down the line); and it forces you to
clarify your ideas and to fit them in the context of the current state of research in
your field.
There are two key properties of a good paper: significant content -- original,
important ideas that are well developed and tested -- and good writing style. The
degree to which the paper's content has to be ``significant'' depends on where
you're submitting it. Preliminary ideas and work in progress are more suitable for a
workshop or symposium; well-developed, extensively tested ideas are more
appropriate for a journal. One way to decide where your paper should be submitted
is to read papers in potentially appropriate publications (e.g., last year's conference
proceedings and current journal issues). Another method is to show a draft or
outline of the paper to your advisor or other colleagues and ask their advice.
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![acquaintances to meet new people, you'll find that your ``network'' grows rapidly.
(Agre [1] has some excellent suggestions for networking on the Internet.)
Sometimes these contacts will grow into opportunities to do collaborative research.
Seize these: you will meet more people, often become exposed to new methods of
doing research or new subfields within your research area, and the responsibility
you feel towards your collaborator may give you more of an incentive to stay
motivated and keep accomplishing something.
Other professional activities can bring you into the research network as well:
volunteer for program committees, send your resume to a book review editor, offer
to give seminars at other universities, write conference and workshop papers and
send them to people you've met or would like to meet, or organize a workshop on
your subfield at a larger conference. Summer internships at research laboratories or
even other universities is a good way to get an idea of what the ``real world'' of
research is like, to meet more new colleagues, and to get a different perspective on
research problems in your field.
Mentoring junior graduate students and undergraduates is a good investment in the
long run (besides providing them a valuable service and making you feel useful and
knowledgeable).
Finding specific mentors can be very useful. Especially if you feel that you are
isolated at your institution, having a colleague at another institution who can give
you advice, feedback on drafts of papers, and suggestions for research directions
can be extremely valuable.
Advice for Advisors
In order to be a good advisor, you have to relate to your graduate students as
individuals, not just as anonymous research assistants or tickets to tenure and co-
authored publications. Work with all of your graduate students, not just those
whom you feel most comfortable with, or who are interested in the problems you're
most excited about. Try to get to know your students personally and professionally.
Help them to identify their strengths and weaknesses, to build on the former, and
to work on overcoming the latter. Give them honest evaluations of their work and
performance: don't just assume that they know how they're doing and what you
think of them.
Read this paper and others like it with an eye towards discovering which aspects of
the graduate experience your students may be having trouble with or may not
realize the importance of. Try to see the experience from their perspective, which
will be different for each student, because each student has a different background
and different talents and goals.
The roles of an advisor include:
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![• Guiding students' research: help them to select a topic, write a research
proposal, perform the research, evaluate it critically, and write the
dissertation.
• Getting them involved in the wider research community: introducing them to
colleagues, collaborating on research projects with them, funding conference
travel, encouraging them to publish papers, nominating them for awards and
prizes.
• Finding financial support: providing research assistantships or helping them
to find fellowships, and finding summer positions.
• Finding a position after graduation: helping them to find and apply for
postdoctoral positions, faculty positions, and jobs in industry; supporting
their applications with strong recommendations; and helping them to make
contacts.
Although guiding your students' research is normally viewed as the central task of
an advisor, the other roles are also critical to their long-term success. The
beginning of this article contains advice, for students, on networking. You can help
them in this process by funding and encouraging travel to conferences and paper
publication, and by introducing them and talking about their research to colleagues.
Nigel Ward's useful tips on what not to do are included as an appendix to this
paper. A book that was suggested to me is [21], but I haven't actually seen it so I
can't recommend it personally.
Interacting With Students
Especially for a new advisor, setting the right tone for student interactions is a
difficult task. Different students respond best to different approaches - and, of
course, different advisors have different personal styles. Some of the tradeoffs that
have to be made in each advisor-student relationship are:
• Amount of direction: self-directed/hands-off versus ``spoon-feeding'' topics
and research projects.
• Personal interactions and psychological support: do they want advice on
career, family, and the like? Are you willing and able to give it or to find
someone else to advise them?
• Amount and type of criticism: general directions versus specific suggestions
for improvement.
• Frequency of interaction: daily versus once a semester.
It helps to establish regular meeting times and to discuss expectations (both yours
and your students') about what can and should be accomplished during these
meetings. Encourage them to develop relationships with other faculty members,
students, and colleagues, to get a different perspective and to get feedback you
may not be able to give.
To improve the atmosphere of your interactions:
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![(but not always) present include isolation, low self-esteem, harassment and
discrimination, unusual time pressures arising from family responsibilities, lack of a
support network, and lack of relevant experience. Having an unsupportive advisor
can thus become much more of a problem for women than for men. I hope that to
some extent, this paper will help both women and advisors of women to provide the
supportive, positive environment that all graduate students deserve.
Part of the reason that I changed the focus of the paper is that there have been
many articles written recently on the subject of women scientists and women
graduate students. These include [27][17][19][22][13][15][14][28][26].
McKay [18] talks about issues relevant for minority faculty members, many of
which pertain to minority graduate students. Thesysters mailing list is an electronic
resource for women in computer science; send e-mail to systers-
request@pa.dec.com for more information.
On Finishing
Despite how difficult graduate school can be at times, the benefits are significant.
Of course, you'll learn useful professional skills like doing research, formulating
problems and critically evaluating alternative solutions, giving written and oral
presentations of your work, and interacting with other researchers. But graduate
school -- and in particular the process of formulating, researching, and writing a
dissertation -- gives you confidence in your ability to tackle hard problems and to
become an expert in a new field. A fellow Ph.D. put it much better than I can:
...it isn't just that I can write technical things and I can talk to other researchers
with confidence -- I can talk to almost any authority figure with confidence. Partly
this is because I now know what it is to be an expert in something, and although I
respect other peoples' expertise in their areas of specialization, I also know that I'm
just as respectable and they (usually) aren't any more so than I. I also think I can
write about things in other areas, provided I've done my homework and learned the
area. I feel empowered! And I would never have gotten this from a CS
programming job or even a masters degree.
Of course, there are also the incalculable benefits of finishing the dissertation. Even
though it can leave you at loose ends (what will you do with your weekends, now
that you no longer have to work on your thesis?) there's often a feeling of euphoria,
heightened by exhaustion, when you finally hand in your thesis. As the person
quoted above put it:
I think an oft-noted bad thing about finishing is adjusting to no longer having a long
term, ever-elusive goal. But now that five months have gone by, I find I'm much
more efficient in my work because I no longer have that awful weight hanging by a
thread over my head, and much happier, more relaxed, more light-hearted.
Conclusions
In addition to the papers I have cited directly in the article, I found a variety of
other resources to be useful, and have included them in the References section.
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![The UC Berkeley Graduate is a newsletter published by the UC Berkeley Graduate
Division with articles of general interest to graduate students. I found this
publication very informative both during graduate school and while writing this
article. A number of particularly interesting articles are included in the References
section.
Several articles ([4][2][3]) give general advice on graduate school and doing
research. Guidelines and suggestions for reviewing papers are given
in [24] and [23].
A number of articles on writing proposals and successfully applying for research
grants are available ([16][29][30][25]). The topic of how to find a job, and how
to prepare for the job search during graduate school, is the topic of [12].
Graduate school is not an easy process, and too many students are thwarted and
intimidated by unsupportive or unskilled advisors, lack of knowledge about what
graduate school is all about, inflexible bureaucracies, and a myriad of other
obstacles. I have tried to give advice that graduate students and caring advisors
can use to lessen some of these obstacles.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Susan Epstein, Diana Gordon, and Devika Subramanian for the
original discussion that led to writing this paper. Many people provided useful
feedback on an earlier draft that was circulated on the Internet, especially Mark
Kantrowitz, John W. Buchanan (who suggested the idea and wrote the original draft
for the section on social aspects of advising, and Marti Hearst. I gracefully
acknowledge defeat with respect to the original title (it was supposed to be ``How
to be a Good {Graduate Student / Advisor },'' but was too often misinterpreted as
``How to be a Good (Graduate Student) Advisor''); thanks to Peter Soderquist for
the first half of the new title. Any deficiencies remaining in the paper are entirely
my fault!
How to be a Terrible Thesis Advisor
by Nigel Ward (a young faculty member and advisor who hopes others can
learn from his mistakes)
• Assign students thesis topics based on the section headings in your grant
proposal, or on the boxes of the flowchart for your master plan.
• When someone brings up a research paper, tell anecdotes about the author,
his or her advisor, and his or her colleagues. This will impress [on] students
that who you know is more important than what you do.
• When laying out your laboratory, give first priority to minimizing the cost of
cable, last priority to good workplaces for students, and no priority to
fostering interaction among students.
• Read your students' papers at most once.
• When honest differences of opinion arise, paper them over with words. For
example, say ``Well, we could talk about this forever, but I think we're all
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![11
DIVISION, U. B. G. Beating the isolation blues. The Graduate V, 1 (Spring
1989).
12
FEIBELMAN, P. J. A Ph.D. Is Not Enough: A Guide to Survival in
Science. Addison Wesley, 1993.
13
HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. Academic mentoring for women students
and faculty: A new look at an old way to get ahead.
14
HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. 1982. The classroom climate: A chilly
one for women?. Association of American Colleges and Universities.
15
HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. Out of the classroom: A chilly campus
climate for women?
16
LEFFERTS, R. Getting a Grant: How to Write Successful Grant Proposals.
1978.
17
LEVESON, N. Women in computer science: A report for the NSF CISE Cross-
Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee, December 1989.
18
MCKAY, N. Y. Minority faculty in [mainstream white] academia, 1988.
Chapter 5.
19
NSF. An NSF study and report about women in computing
research. Computing Research News (Summer 1989).
20
PARBERRY, I. How to present a paper in theoretical computer science: A
speaker's guide for students. SIGACT News 19, 2 (1988), 42-47. Available by
anonymous ftp from ftp.unt.edu.
21
PHILLIPS, G. M., GOURAN, D., KUEHN, S., AND WOOD, J. Survival in the
Academy: A Guide for Young Academics. Hampton Press, 1994.
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SANDLER, B. R., AND HALL, R. M. The campus climate revisited: Chilly for
women faculty, administrators, and graduate students, October 1986.
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SHRIVER, B. D. The benefits of quality refereeing. Computer (April 1990),
10-16. Also includes Computer's guidelines for referees.
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25](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/howtosucceedingraduateschool-091012092628-phpapp01/85/How-To-Succeed-In-Graduate-School-25-320.jpg)
How To Succeed In Graduate School
- 1. A Guide for Students and Advisors How to Succeed in Graduate School: A Guide for Students and Advisors byMarie desJardins This paper attempts to raise some issues that are important for graduate students to be successful and to get as much out of the process as possible, and for advisors who wish to help their students be successful. The intent is not to provide prescriptive advice -- no formulas for finishing a thesis or twelve-step programs for becoming a better advisor are given -- but to raise awareness on both sides of the advisor-student relationship as to what the expectations are and should be for this relationship, what a graduate student should expect to accomplish, common problems, and where to go if the advisor is not forthcoming. Introduction This article originated with a discussion I had with several women professors about the problems women face in graduate school, and how more women could be encouraged to go to graduate school in computer science. Eventually, the conversation turned to the question of what these women could do in their interactions with women students to support and encourage them. I volunteered that over the course of my graduate career I had collected a variety of papers and email discussions about how to be a good advisor, how to get through graduate school, and issues facing women. They were eager to get this material, and I told them I would sort through it when I got a chance. After mentioning this project to a number of people, both graduate students and faculty -- all of whom expressed an interest in anything I could give them -- I realized two things: first, the issues that we were talking about really were not just women's issues but were of interest to all graduate students, and to all caring advisors. Second, in order to disseminate the information I had collected (and was starting to collect from others) it seemed to make more sense to compile a bibliography, and write a paper that would summarize the most useful advice and suggestions I had collected. I solicited inputs from friends and colleagues via mailing lists and Internet bulletin boards, and collected almost an overwhelming amount of information. Sorting through it and attempting to distill the collective wisdom of dozens of articles and hundreds of email messages has not been an easy task, but I hope that the results provide a useful resource for graduate students and advisors alike. The advice I give here is directed towards Ph.D. students in computer science and their advisors, since that is my background, but I believe that much of it applies to graduate students in other areas as well. 1
- 2. In my experience, the two main things that make graduate school hard are the unstructured nature of the process, and the lack of information about what you should spend your time on. I hope that this article will provide information for both graduate students and advisors that will help make the process less painful. I want to emphasize that graduate school is not easy, and these suggestions will not always be easy or even possible to follow (and they may not even be the ideal goal for you, personally, to strive for). You shouldn't let that discourage you: start small, think big, and keep yourself focused on your ultimate goal, which shouldn't just be to get through graduate school, but to enjoy yourself, make progress towards being able to do what you want to do with your life, and learn something in the process. I owe a debt of gratitude to David Chapman, whose paper [2] was an invaluable reference for me not only during the writing of this article, but during graduate school as well. The goals of this article are to raise awareness of the need for a healthy and interactive graduate student-advisor relationship, to provide pointers and guidance for both advisors and graduate students in navigating the maze of a doctoral degree, and to give references and resources for those who hope to learn more. Before You Start Many headaches can be avoided by doing some advance planning. First, why go to graduate school at all? The usual reasons given are that a Ph.D. is required or preferred for some jobs, especially research and academic positions; that it gives you a chance to learn a great deal about a specific area; and that it provides an opportunity to develop ideas and perform original research. Wanting to delay your job hunt is probably not a good enough reason. Over the past decade, research and academic positions have become more difficult to find, and many recent Ph.D.s end up ``killing time'' in a series of postdoctoral positions, or taking non-research jobs. Having a Ph.D. is not a guarantee of finding a better job in and of itself! In addition, graduate school is a lot of work and requires strong motivation and focus. You have to really want to be there to make it through. It helps to have a good idea of what area you want to specialize in, and preferably a couple of particular research projects you might like to work on, although many graduate students change their minds about research projects and even specialization field after they start school. Look for books and current journals and conference proceedings in your area, and read through them to get an idea of who's doing what where. (You'll be doing a lot of reading once you start graduate school, so you might as well get used to it.) This is where advisors first enter the scene: faculty members ought to be willing to talk to undergraduates and help them find out more about research areas and graduate schools. Try to get involved in research: ask professors and TAs (teaching assistants) whether they need someone to work on an ongoing project, or start an independent research project, with guidance from a faculty member. 2
- 3. Contact faculty members and graduate students at the schools you're interested in. Tell them about your background and interests and ask them what research projects they're working on. A good way to do this is via electronic mail if possible -- email is much easier and quicker to respond to than a paper letter. A good advisor will be willing to answer these kinds of inquiries (although if they're busy they may give you only a brief answer or point you towards a graduate student -- you'll have to use your intuition to decide whether they're brushing you off or just busy). If you can't get any answer at all, consider that that individual might not end up being a very accessible advisor. Asking these questions will help you narrow down your choices and may increase your chances of admission if the professors you contact become interested in working with you. Your best bet is to find a school where there are at least two faculty members you'd be interested in working with. That way, if one doesn't work out, or is too busy to take on a new student, you have a fallback position. Breadth of the graduate program (i.e., high-quality faculty in a broad range of subareas) is also a good thing to look for in a school, especially if you're not entirely certain what you want to specialize in. It's also important to most people to feel comfortable with the community of graduate students. It pays to talk to some of the graduate students (both junior and senior) to find out how they like it, which advisors are good, and what kinds of support (financial and psychological) are available. Because there are so many students applying to each school, even highly qualified applicants are often rejected. You should apply to a range of programs -- and don't take it personally if you do get rejected by some of them. You can increase your chances of getting into graduate school by developing good relationships with your professors and work managers (this is very important for getting good recommendations), working on a research project, having a clear sense of what you want to work on (although it's always all right to change your mind later), having a broad background in your field and in related fields (for example, psychology classes are useful for AI students), getting good grades (especially in upper division classes in your area of interest), and getting a high score on the GRE if required. Also, it's a good idea to start thinking early about sources of funding: apply for an NSF fellowship, for example. Doing Research For many new graduate students, graduate school is unlike anything else they've done. Sometimes it's hard to know exactly what it is you're supposed to be learning. Yes, you have to complete a dissertation, but how do you start? What should you spend your time doing? Graduate school is a very unstructured environment in most cases. Graduate students typically take nine hours or less of coursework per semester, especially after the second year. For many, the third year -- after coursework is largely finished and preliminary exams have been completed -- is a very difficult and 3
- 4. stressful period. This is when you're supposed to find a thesis topic, if you're not one of the lucky few who has already found one. Once you do find a topic, you can expect two or more years until completion, with very few landmarks or milestones in sight. The following sections talk about the day-to-day process of doing research, criticism and feedback, working on the thesis, and financial support for research. The Daily Grind Being a good researcher involves more than ``merely'' coming up with brilliant ideas and implementing them. Most researchers spend the majority of their time reading papers, discussing ideas with colleagues, writing and revising papers, staring blankly into space -- and, of course, having brilliant ideas and implementing them. Part II of this article discusses the process and importance of becoming part of a larger research community, which is a critical aspect of being a successful researcher. This section contains ideas on keeping track of where you're going, and where you've been, with your research, staying motivated, and how to spend your time wisely. Keeping a journal of your research activities and ideas is very useful. Write down speculations, interesting problems, possible solutions, random ideas, references to look up, notes on papers you've read, outlines of papers to write, and interesting quotes. Read back through it periodically. You'll notice that the bits of random thoughts start to come together and form a pattern, often turning into a research project or even a thesis topic. I was surprised, looking back through my journal as I was finishing up my thesis, how early and often similar ideas had cropped up in my thinking, and how they gradually evolved into a dissertation. You'll have to read a lot of technical papers to become familiar with any field, and to stay current once you've caught up. You may find yourself spending over half of your time reading, especially at the beginning. This is normal. It's also normal to be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you think you ``should'' do. Try to remember that it's impossible to read everything that might be relevant: instead, read selectively. When you first start reading up on a new field, ask your advisor or a fellow student what the most useful journals and conference proceedings are in your field, and ask for a list of seminal or ``classic'' papers that you should definitely read. For AI researchers, a useful (if slightly outdated) starting point is Agre's [1] summary of basic AI references. Similar documents may exist for other research areas -- ask around, and cruise the information superhighway. Start with these papers and the last few years of journals and proceedings. Before bothering to read any paper, make sure it's worth it. Scan the title, then the abstract, then -- if you haven't completely lost interest already -- glance at the introduction and conclusions. (Of course, if your advisor tells you that this is an important paper, skip this preliminary step and jump right in!) Before you try to get all of the nitty-gritty details of the paper, skim the whole thing, and try to get a feel for the most important points. If it still seems worthwhile and relevant, go back and 4
- 5. read the whole thing. Many people find it useful to take notes while they read. Even if you don't go back later and reread them, it helps to focus your attention and forces you to summarize as you read. And if you do need to refresh your memory later, rereading your notes is much easier and faster than reading the whole paper. A few other points to keep in mind as you read and evaluate papers: Make sure the ideas described really worked (as opposed to just being theoretically valid, or tested on a few toy examples). Try to get past buzzwords: they may sound good, but not mean much. Is there substance and an interesting idea underneath the jargon? To really understand a paper, you have to understand the motivations for the problem posed, the choices made in finding a solution, the assumptions behind the solution, whether the assumptions are realistic and whether they can be removed without invalidating the approach, future directions for research, what was actually accomplished or implemented, the validity (or lack thereof) of the theoretical justifications or empirical demonstrations, and the potential for extending and scaling the algorithm up. Keep the papers you read filed away so you can find them again later, and set up an online bibliography (BibTeX is a popular format, but anything consistent will do). I find it useful to add extra fields for keywords, the location of the paper (if you borrowed the reference from the library or a friend), and a short summary of particularly interesting papers. This bibliography will be useful for later reference, for writing your dissertation, and for sharing with other graduate students (and eventually, perhaps, advisees). Staying Motivated At times, particularly in the ``middle years,'' it can be very hard to maintain a positive attitude and stay motivated. Many graduate students suffer from insecurity, anxiety, and even boredom. First of all, realize that these are normal feelings. Try to find a sympathetic ear -- another graduate student, your advisor, or a friend outside of school. Next, try to identify why you're having trouble and identify concrete steps that you can take to improve the situation. To stay focused and motivated, it often helps to have organized activities to force you to manage your time and to do something every day. Setting up regular meetings with your advisor, attending seminars, or even extracurricular activities such as sports or music can help you to maintain a regular schedule. Chapman [2] enumerates a number of ``immobilizing shoulds'' that can make you feel so guilty and unworthy that you stop making progress. Telling yourself that you should have a great topic, that you should finish in n years, that you should work 4, or 8, or 12 hours a day isn't helpful for most people. Be realistic about what you can accomplish, and try to concentrate on giving yourself positive feedback for tasks you do complete, instead of negative feedback for those you don't. 5
- 6. Setting daily, weekly, and monthly goals is a good idea, and works even better if you use a ``buddy system'' where you and another student meet at regular intervals to review your progress. Try to find people to work with: doing research is much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off of and to give you feedback. Breaking down any project into smaller pieces is always a good tactic when things seem unmanageable. At the highest level, doing a master's project before diving into a Ph.D. dissertation is generally a good idea (and is mandatory at some schools). A master's gives you a chance to learn more about an area, do a smaller research project, and establish working relationships with your advisor and fellow students. The divide-and-conquer strategy works on a day-to-day level as well. Instead of writing an entire thesis, focus on the goal of writing a chapter, section, or outline. Instead of implementing a large system, break off pieces and implement one module at a time. Identify tasks that you can do in an hour or less; then you can come up with a realistic daily schedule. If you have doubts, don't let them stop you from accomplishing something -- take it one day at a time. Remember, every task you complete gets you closer to finishing. Even if you don't make any obvious progress, you'll have learned something, although it may be ``don't waste your time on this task again!'' Getting to the Thesis The hardest part of getting a Ph.D. is, of course, writing the dissertation. The process of finding a thesis topic, doing the research, and writing the thesis is different from anything most students have done before. If you have a good advisor and support network, you'll be able to get advice and help in setting directions and goals. If not, you may need to be more independent. If this is the case, don't just isolate yourself from the world: try to go out and find the resources and support you need from professors, other graduate students, mailing lists, friends, family, and publications like this one. Finding an Advisor Finding the right advisor can help you immeasurably in successfully completing a thesis. You should ideally have selected the schools you applied to by identifying faculty members you'd like to work with. If not, start looking around as early as possible. Of course, the ideal advisor will be in the area you're interested in working in, will actively be doing high-quality reseach and be involved in and respected by the research community, and (not least) will be someone you can get along with. Read research summaries by faculty members (which are usually published by the department), go to talks they give, and attend or audit courses given by professors you might be interested in working with. Talk to other graduate students and recent graduates. Ask them how their relationships with their advisors are/were, how quickly the advisor's students graduate, and how successful (well recognized, high- quality) their research is. What kinds of relationships do they have -- frequent 6
- 7. interactions, collaborative work, encouraging independence? handing out topics or helping students to create individual research areas, or a more hands-off style? Other things to find out about potential advisors: What is the average time their Ph.D. students take to finish their degrees? What is the dropout rate for their students? How long have they been on the faculty? There are advantages and disadvantages to being one of the first members of a new research group. On the positive side, you often have more freedom to choose your research topic and to influence the direction of the group's research. On the negative side, you may be more isolated (since there won't be older graduate students in the group), your advisor won't have as much experience, and if they don't get tenure you may be scrambling for a new advisor several years into your thesis. A good advisor will serve as a mentor as well as a source of technical assistance. A mentor should provide, or help you to find, the resources you need (financial, equipment, and psychological support); introduce you and promote your work to important people in your field; encourage your own interests, rather than promoting their own; be available to give you advice on the direction of your thesis and your career; and help you to find a job when you finish. They should help you to set and achieve long-term and short-term goals. Once you identify one or more potential advisors, get to know them. Introduce yourself and describe the area you're interested in. Attend their research group meetings if they hold them regularly. Give them a copy of a research proposal if you have a good idea of what you want to work on, and ask for comments. Ask whether they have any TA or RA (research assistant) positions available, or if there are any ongoing research projects that you could get involved with. Read their published papers, and the work of their students. Drop by during office hours and ask questions or make comments. Offer to read drafts of papers -- and do more than just proofread. The type of relationship that each student needs with an advisor will be different. Some students prefer to be given more direction, to have frequent contact, and to be ``checked up on.'' Others are more independent. Some may need contact but be self-conscious about asking for it. Other things that vary include what kinds of feedback is preferred (lots of ``random'' ideas vs. very directed feedback (pointers)), working individually vs. in groups, working on an established research project vs. a new, independent effort; working in the same area as your advisor or doing an ``outside'' thesis. You may find that your thesis advisor doesn't always give you all of the mentoring that you need. Multiple mentors are common and useful; they may include other faculty members in your department or elsewhere, senior graduate students, or other colleagues. You may want to seriously consider changing thesis advisors if your advisor is inaccessible or disinterested, gives you only negative feedback, 7
- 8. doesn't have the technical background to advise you on your thesis, or harasses you. The most important thing is to ask for (i.e., demand politely) what you need. Finding a Thesis Topic Doing a master's project is often a good idea (and is required by some schools). Although choosing an appropriately scaled-down topic may be difficult, having the ideal topic is also less important, since you will have the chance to move on after only a year or so. If you have a good idea of what you want to do your Ph.D. dissertation on, choosing a master's project that will lead into the dissertation is wise: you will get a head start on the Ph.D., or may decide that you're not interested in pursuing the topic after all (saving yourself a lot of work and grief farther down the road). A good source of ideas for master's projects (and sometimes for dissertation topics) is the future work section of papers you're interested in. Try developing and implementing an extension to an existing system or technique. Generally speaking, a good Ph.D. thesis topic is interesting to you, to your advisor, and to the research community. As with many aspects of graduate school, the balance you find will depend at least in part on the relationship you have with your advisor. Some professors have well defined long-term research programs and expect their students to contribute directly to this program. Others have much looser, but still related ongoing projects. Still others will take on anyone with an interesting idea, and may have a broad range of interesting ideas to offer their students. Be wary of the advisor who seems willing to let you pursue any research direction at all. You probably won't get the technical support you need, and they may lose interest in you when the next graduate student with a neat idea comes along. If you pick a topic that you're not truly interested in simply because it's your advisor's pet area, it will be difficult to stay focused and motivated -- and you may be left hanging if your advisor moves on to a different research area before you finish. The same is true for choosing a topic because of its marketability: if you're not personally excited about the topic, you'll have a harder time finishing and a harder time convincing other people that your research is interesting. Besides, markets change more quickly than most people finish dissertations. In order to do original research, you must be aware of ongoing research in your field. Most students spend up to a year reading and studying current research to identify important open problems. However, you'll never be able to read everything that might be relevant -- and new work is always being published. Try to become aware and stay aware of directly related research -- but if you see new work that seems to be doing exactly what you're working on, don't panic. It's common for graduate students to see a related piece of work and think that their topic is ruined. If this happens to you, reread the paper several times to get a good 8
- 9. understanding of what they've really been accomplished. Show the paper to your advisor or someone else who's familiar with your topic and whose opinions you respect. Introduce yourself to the author at a conference or by email, and tell them about your work. By starting a dialogue, you will usually find that their work isn't quite the same, and that there are still directions open to you. You may even end up collaborating with them. Good researchers welcome the opportunity to interact and collaborate with someone who's interested in the same problems they are. To finish quickly, it's usually best to pick a narrow, well defined topic. The downside of this approach is that it may not be as exciting to you or to the research community. If you're more of a risk-taker, choose a topic that branches out in a new direction. The danger here is that it can be difficult to carefully define the problem, and to evaluate the solution you develop. If you have a topic like this, it helps a lot to have an advisor or mentor who is good at helping you to focus and who can help you maintain a reasonably rigorous approach to the problem. In the extreme case, if your topic is so out of the ordinary that it's unrelated to anything else, you may have difficulty convincing people it's worthwhile. Truly innovative research is, of course, exciting and often pays back in recognition from the research community -- or you could just be out in left field. If you have a far- out topic, be sure that people are actuallyinterested in it, or you'll never be able to ``sell'' it later, and will probably have trouble getting your work published and finding a job. In addition, it will be hard to find colleagues who are interested in the same problems and who can give you advice and feedback. In any case, a good topic will address important issues. You should be trying to solve a real problem, not a toy problem (or worse yet, no problem at all); you should have solid theoretical work, good empirical results or, preferably, both; and the topic will be connected to -- but not be a simple variation on or extension of -- existing research. It will also be significant yet manageable. Finding the right size problem can be difficult. One good way of identifying the right size is to read other dissertations. It's also useful to have what Chapman [2] calls a ``telescoping organization'' -- a central problem that's solvable and acceptable, with extensions and additions that are ``successively riskier and that will make the thesis more exciting.'' If the gee-whiz additions don't pan out, you'll still have a solid result. A good way to focus on a topic is to write one-sentence and one-paragraph descriptions of the problem you want to address, and do the same for your proposed solution; then write an outline of what a thesis that solved this problem would look like (i.e., what chapters would be included, or if you're ambitious, what sections in the chapter). Sometimes finding a small problem to work on and building on it in a ``bottom up'' fashion can work equally well, as long as you don't fall into the trap of solving lots of small unrelated problems that don't lead to a coherent, solid, substantial piece of research (i.e., a thesis). Remember that a thesis is only a few years of your work, and that -- if all goes well -- your research career will continue for another 30 or 40. Don't be afraid to leave part of the problem for future work, and don't compare yourself to senior 9
- 10. researchers who have years of work and publications to show for it. (On the other hand, if you identify too much future work, your thesis won't look very exciting by comparison.) Graduate students often pick overly ambitious topics (in theory, your advisor will help you to identify a realistic size problem). Don't overestimate what other people have done. Learn to read between the lines of grandiose claims (something else a good advisor will help you to do). Some schools may require that you write a thesis proposal. Even if they don't, this is a good first step to take. It forces you to define the problem, outline possible solutions, and identify evaluation criteria; and it will help you to get useful feedback from your advisor and other colleagues. Writing a good thesis proposal will take up to several months, depending on how much background work and thinking you've already done in the process of choosing the topic. The proposal should provide a foundation for the dissertation. First, you must circumscribe the problem and argue convincingly that it needs to be solved, and that you have a methodology for solving it. You must identify and discuss related work: has this problem been addressed before? What are the shortcomings of existing work in the area, and how will your approach differ from and be an improvement over these methods? Present your ideas for solving the problem in as much detail as possible, and give a detailed plan of the remaining research to be done. The proposal should include, or be structured as, a rough outline of the thesis itself. In fact, unless your final topic differs significantly from your proposed topic (which many do), you may be able to reuse parts of the proposal in the thesis. You will probably have to take an oral exam in which you present and/or answer questions about your proposal. Be sure that your committee members are as familiar as possible with your work beforehand. Give them copies of the proposal, and talk to them about it. During the exam, don't panic if you don't know the answer to a question. Simply say, ``I'm not sure'' and then do your best to analyze the question and present possible answers. Your examining committee wants to see your analytical skills, not just hear canned answers to questions you were expecting. Give a practice talk to other students and faculty members. Remember: you know more about your thesis topic than your committee; you're teaching themsomething for a change. Writing the Thesis Graduate students often think that the thesis happens in two distinct phases: doing the research, and writing the dissertation. This may be the case for some students, but more often, these phases overlap and interact with one another. Sometimes it's difficult to formalize an idea well enough to test and prove it until you've written it up; the results of your tests often require you to make changes that mean that you have to go back and rewrite parts of the thesis; and the process of developing and testing your ideas is almost never complete (there's always more that you could do) so that many graduate students end up ``doing research'' right up until the day or two before the thesis is turned in. 10
- 11. The divide-and-conquer approach works as well for writing as it does for research. A problem that many graduate students face is that their only goal seems to be ``finish the thesis.'' It is essential that you break this down into manageable stages, both in terms of doing the research and when writing the thesis. Tasks that you can finish in a week, a day, or even as little as half an hour are much more realistic goals. Try to come up with a range of tasks, both in terms of duration and difficulty. That way, on days when you feel energetic and enthusiastic, you can sink your teeth into a solid problem, but on days when you're run-down and unmotivated, you can at least descending order of abstraction: high-level content- oriented comments, mid-level stylistic and presentation comments, and low-level nitpicky comments on syntax and grammar. Try to keep your comments constructive (``this would read better if you defined X before introducing Y'') rather than destructive (``this is nonsense''). You'll want to read a paper at least twice -- once to get the basic ideas, then a second time to mark down comments. High-level comments describing your overall impression of the paper, making suggestions for organization, presentation and alternative approaches to try, potential extensions, and relevant references are generally the most useful and the hardest to give. Low-level comments are more appropriate for a paper that is being submitted for publication than for an unpublished paper such as a proposal or description of preliminary research. See [4] for more suggestions on reviewing papers. Getting Financial Support Most graduate students (at least in the natural sciences) have a source of financial support that pays their tuition and a small living stipend. Although nobody ever got rich being a graduate student, you probably won't starve either. Sources of funding include fellowships (from NSF, universisites, foundations, government agencies, and industry), employer support, research assistantships (i.e., money from a faculty member's research grant) and teaching assistantships. Kantrowitz [3] provides an extensive list of funding sources for math, science, and engineering graduate students. Start looking for money early. Many schools arrange support in the form of an RA or TA position in the first year, but after that, you're on your own. Deadlines for applications vary, and if you miss one, you'll probably have to wait another year. After you apply, it can take six months or so to review the applications and several more months to actually start receiving money. Ask faculty members (especially your advisor, who should be helping you to find support or providing support out of his or her grant money), department administrators, and fellow graduate students about available funding. Go to your university's fellowship office or its equivalent, and look through the listings in The Annual Register of Grant Support, The Grant Register, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and Foundation Grants to Individuals. Look into NSF grants (there are several different programs). Take advantage of your status as a woman or minority 11
- 12. if you are one (this may be the only time when it actually is an advantage). Most universities have fellowship programs that may be administered through individual departments or may be campus-wide. If you haven't yet begun actively doing research, getting an RA position from a faculty member may be a good way to become involved in a research project. Working on an existing research project by maintaining or developing hardware or software, writing reports, and running experiments will give you a feel for what it's like to do research -- and you may even find a thesis topic. Ask around to see what's available, and go talk to professors whose work you find interesting. For a research grant or fellowship, you will probably have to write a proposal, so the more you've thought about potential thesis topics, the better off you'll be. You may need to tailor your proposal to the interests and needs of the particular funding agency or program you're applying to, but stick to something you know about and are sincerely interested in. Write for a general audience, since the people reviewing your application may not be in the same field. Emphasize your goals and why the project you propose to work on is important. Talk as much as you can about how you're going to solve the problem, and be sure that your proposed solution will satisfy the goals you've set forth. Follow the rules for format, page layout and length, or your application may not even be reviewed. Becoming Part of the Research Community One of the most important jobs of a graduate student is to become established as part of the research community. Your advisor can help with this process by funding conference travel, encouraging you to publish research results early, collaborating on joint publications, introducing you to colleagues, and promoting your work. In turn, you can make yourself more visible by participating in conferences and workshops, publishing papers on your work, and meeting and maintaining contact with colleagues. Attending Conferences Attending conferences and workshops is valuable whether you present a paper or not. Some of the reasons to do so are: • You'll meet people and have a chance to discuss your ideas and to hear theirs. • You'll get a good sense of what the current state of research is, and will learn more about how to write conference papers and give talks (sometimes by counterexample). • You'll probably realize that your ideas are more significant, relatively speaking, than you thought. A common reaction is ``I could write a better paper than this!'' 12
- 13. If you're giving a talk you'll gain even more visibility, and will have an opportunity to make an impression on other researchers. Some tips for preparing your talk to make this impression as positive as possible: • Give a practice talk, especially if you tend to get stage fright. Be sure to invite people who will give you constructive, but useful, feedback. • Make sure your talk fits in the time slot allocated. There's nothing worse than a speaker who rushes through the last ten slides, or skips from the middle of the talk to the conclusion. A good rule is to allocate 2-3 minutes per slide. • It's better to be somewhat abstract than to get bogged down in technical details - but be sure you give enough detail to make a convincing case. Your paper should fill in the missing details, so that people can read it to get a more in-depth understanding. Know your audience: you'll have to give more background to a general audience, and more technical detail to audiences that are very familiar with the field of research you're discussing. • Use examples and pictures to illustrate and clarify your ideas. • Learn by observation: try to imitate qualities of talks that you like and avoid things that other speakers do that bother you. • Talk about your ideas informally whenever you get the chance, so that the talk will come more naturally and, hopefully, you'll have a chance to respond to and think about questions that might get asked at the talk. • Make sure your slides are readable and as simple as possible. Never put up a slide with tiny text and say ``I know you can't read this, but...'' • Try to relax. Don't read from a script or word-for-word from your slides, and don't talk too fast. Be confident: you know more about your work (flaws and all) than anyone else. Parberry [20] contains some more suggestions for organizing and presenting a talk, directed at theoretical computer scientists. Publishing Papers Publishing your ideas is important for several reasons: it gives you a source of feedback from people who read your papers; it establishes you as a member of the research community (useful for getting a job down the line); and it forces you to clarify your ideas and to fit them in the context of the current state of research in your field. There are two key properties of a good paper: significant content -- original, important ideas that are well developed and tested -- and good writing style. The degree to which the paper's content has to be ``significant'' depends on where you're submitting it. Preliminary ideas and work in progress are more suitable for a workshop or symposium; well-developed, extensively tested ideas are more appropriate for a journal. One way to decide where your paper should be submitted is to read papers in potentially appropriate publications (e.g., last year's conference proceedings and current journal issues). Another method is to show a draft or outline of the paper to your advisor or other colleagues and ask their advice. 13
- 14. If you have a great idea, but present it poorly, your paper probably won't be accepted. Be sure you know what the point of the paper is and state it clearly and repeatedly. The same goes for the key technical ideas. Don't make the readers work to figure out what's important -- tell them explicitly. Otherwise, they might get it wrong, if they bother to finish reading the paper at all. State the problem you're addressing, why it's important, how you're solving it, what results you have, how other researchers have addressed the same or similar problems, and why your method is different or better. Write for the audience that you expect to read the paper, just as you would plan a talk. Give more background for general audiences, less background and more technical detail for specialized audiences. Use a running example if possible, especially if your paper is dense with equations and algorithms. Don't try to put every idea in your thesis into one conference paper. Break it down into pieces, or write one or two longer journal articles. As you refine your ideas, you can republish in new forms, but be sure you're adding new material, not just rehashing the same ideas. Some papers start as short workshop papers, evolve into conference papers, and eventually -- with the addition of detailed empirical results or formal proofs -- become journal articles. It's usually okay to publish the same or substantially similar papers in multiple workshops, but papers for conferences and journals generally have to be original, unpublished work. It is critical that any paper you plan to submit be read by someone else first, if only to check for typos, grammatical errors, and style. A good reviewer will give you feedback on the organization and content of the paper as well. The more tightly refereed the publication you're submitting to, the more trouble you should go to in order to have it pre-reviewed. For a workshop paper, having your advisor read it over (assuming you can convince them to do so!) is probably enough. For a refereed conference, have one or two other graduate students read it as well. For a journal paper, you should probably find researchers who are active in the field, preferably at other institutions (to give breadth), read it over and give you comments. This is where the network of colleagues you should build comes in handy. If you go through multiple revisions of a paper, don't expect the same person (even -- perhaps especially -- your advisor) to keep reading new drafts. You should only give a revised draft to your advisor or another reviewer if the paper has changed substantially and she has said that she is willing to reread it. If your paper is rejected, keep trying! Take the reviews to heart and try to rewrite the paper, addressing the reviewer's comments. You'll get more substantial and useful reviews from journals than conferences or workshops. Often a journal paper will be returned for revisions; usually a conference paper will just be accepted or rejected outright. After reading the review the first time, put it aside. Come back to 14
- 15. it later, reading the paper closely to decide whether the criticisms were valid and how you can address them. You will often find that reviewers make criticisms that are off-target because they misinterpreted some aspect of your paper, or just because they're lazy. If so, don't let it get to you - just rewrite that part of your paper more clearly so that the same misunderstanding won't happen again. It's frustrating to have a paper rejected because of a misunderstanding, but at least it's something you can fix. On the other hand, criticisms of the content of the paper may require more substantial revisions -- rethinking your ideas, running more tests, or reworking an analysis. (On the gripping hand, sometimes a paper is rejected for neither of these reasons, but because of politics: somebody on the reviewing committee dislikes your topic, your advisor, your writing style, or even you personally for some reason. This is all the more reason to try resubmitting to a different conference or journal!) Networking One of the most important skills you should be learning in graduate school is how to ``network.'' Breaking into the research community requires attending conferences, meeting established researchers, and making yourself known. Networking is a learned skill, so you shouldn't expect to be an expert at it immediately; but it is also a skill that you can, and should, learn in order to be a successful member of the research community. Going to conferences and standing in the corner is not enough. Especially if you're not normally an outgoing person, you have to make a conscious effort to meet and build relationships with other researchers. Presenting papers is a good way to do this, since people will often approach you to discuss your presentation. Introducing yourself to people whose presentations you found interesting, and asking a relevant question or describing related research you're doing, is also a good way to meet people. Sometimes it's easier to meet other graduate students than senior researchers -- this is fine, since those graduate students will provide contacts to the senior people they know, and someday they'll be senior people themselves (as will you)! You should talk about your research interests every chance you get. (But also be sure to spend some time listening: you'll learn more this way, and people will feel that your conversations are a two-way street.) Have summaries of various lengths and levels of detail of your work mentally prepared, so that you can intelligently and clearly answer the inevitable ``So what are you working on?''. If someone expresses an interest in your work, follow up! Send them email talking about new ideas or asking questions; send them drafts of papers; ask them for drafts of their papers and send them comments. (If you do this, they'll be sure to remember you!) Bring business cards with your email address to conferences to help new acquaintances jog their memory. To maintain the relationships you form, use email and re-establishing contact at each workshop or conference you attend. If you work at it, and use your initial 15
- 16. acquaintances to meet new people, you'll find that your ``network'' grows rapidly. (Agre [1] has some excellent suggestions for networking on the Internet.) Sometimes these contacts will grow into opportunities to do collaborative research. Seize these: you will meet more people, often become exposed to new methods of doing research or new subfields within your research area, and the responsibility you feel towards your collaborator may give you more of an incentive to stay motivated and keep accomplishing something. Other professional activities can bring you into the research network as well: volunteer for program committees, send your resume to a book review editor, offer to give seminars at other universities, write conference and workshop papers and send them to people you've met or would like to meet, or organize a workshop on your subfield at a larger conference. Summer internships at research laboratories or even other universities is a good way to get an idea of what the ``real world'' of research is like, to meet more new colleagues, and to get a different perspective on research problems in your field. Mentoring junior graduate students and undergraduates is a good investment in the long run (besides providing them a valuable service and making you feel useful and knowledgeable). Finding specific mentors can be very useful. Especially if you feel that you are isolated at your institution, having a colleague at another institution who can give you advice, feedback on drafts of papers, and suggestions for research directions can be extremely valuable. Advice for Advisors In order to be a good advisor, you have to relate to your graduate students as individuals, not just as anonymous research assistants or tickets to tenure and co- authored publications. Work with all of your graduate students, not just those whom you feel most comfortable with, or who are interested in the problems you're most excited about. Try to get to know your students personally and professionally. Help them to identify their strengths and weaknesses, to build on the former, and to work on overcoming the latter. Give them honest evaluations of their work and performance: don't just assume that they know how they're doing and what you think of them. Read this paper and others like it with an eye towards discovering which aspects of the graduate experience your students may be having trouble with or may not realize the importance of. Try to see the experience from their perspective, which will be different for each student, because each student has a different background and different talents and goals. The roles of an advisor include: 16
- 17. • Guiding students' research: help them to select a topic, write a research proposal, perform the research, evaluate it critically, and write the dissertation. • Getting them involved in the wider research community: introducing them to colleagues, collaborating on research projects with them, funding conference travel, encouraging them to publish papers, nominating them for awards and prizes. • Finding financial support: providing research assistantships or helping them to find fellowships, and finding summer positions. • Finding a position after graduation: helping them to find and apply for postdoctoral positions, faculty positions, and jobs in industry; supporting their applications with strong recommendations; and helping them to make contacts. Although guiding your students' research is normally viewed as the central task of an advisor, the other roles are also critical to their long-term success. The beginning of this article contains advice, for students, on networking. You can help them in this process by funding and encouraging travel to conferences and paper publication, and by introducing them and talking about their research to colleagues. Nigel Ward's useful tips on what not to do are included as an appendix to this paper. A book that was suggested to me is [21], but I haven't actually seen it so I can't recommend it personally. Interacting With Students Especially for a new advisor, setting the right tone for student interactions is a difficult task. Different students respond best to different approaches - and, of course, different advisors have different personal styles. Some of the tradeoffs that have to be made in each advisor-student relationship are: • Amount of direction: self-directed/hands-off versus ``spoon-feeding'' topics and research projects. • Personal interactions and psychological support: do they want advice on career, family, and the like? Are you willing and able to give it or to find someone else to advise them? • Amount and type of criticism: general directions versus specific suggestions for improvement. • Frequency of interaction: daily versus once a semester. It helps to establish regular meeting times and to discuss expectations (both yours and your students') about what can and should be accomplished during these meetings. Encourage them to develop relationships with other faculty members, students, and colleagues, to get a different perspective and to get feedback you may not be able to give. To improve the atmosphere of your interactions: 17
- 18. • Meet over lunch or coffee to make interactions more relaxed and less stressful. • Strive to maintain an open, honest relationship. Respect your students as colleagues. • Tell them if you think they're asking for too much or too little time or guidance. Advisors should be aware of both long-term and short-term needs. What should the student's goals over the next few years be? Help your student identify ways that the two of you -- as a team -- can meet these goals. Advise the student on the criteria for a successful qualifying exam, thesis proposal, and dissertation. Help prepare the student for a future research career. In the short term, a good advisor will work with students to set priorities and to find a balance between doing research, reading, writing, satisfying TA and RA duties, publishing, and course work. Although advisors may not be able to give advice on all administrative aspects of graduate school, they should at least know the appropriate people to refer students to for assistance with degree requirements, funding, and so on. When you meet with your students, pay attention to them. Try to help them to identify their interests, concerns, and goals, not just how they can meet what you see as good interests, concerns, and goals. Know what they're working on, and what you discussed last time. Take notes during meetings and review them if necessary. Give them productive feedback, not just a noncommittal ``OK, sure'' or a destructive ``Why on earth do you want to do that?''. Remember that your students are still learning. If you tell them that a problem in which they're interested has already been explored by Professor X, make sure you follow up with a reference to which they have access. At the next meeting, discuss whether the problem remains a worthwhile area to explore and whether there are new open issues raised by Professor X's work. When reviewing a student's paper or proposal, write comments on the paper itself: verbal comments aren't as useful. Give the feedback promptly, otherwise it won't be much help. See the section on feedback for suggestions about giving useful comments. Don't just wait until they hand you something to read: insist on written drafts of proposals, papers, etc. Help them develop their rough ideas into publishable papers. Give them specific, concrete suggestions for what to do next, especially if they seem to be floundering or making little progress. Advisor-student relationships can break down if the advisor is setting goals that are too high or too low, or if the advisor is exploiting the student to meet the advisor's needs (getting a promotion, increasing the advisor's publication record, doing the advisor's research), not the student's. Fortunately, the student's and advisor's needs in most of these cases are not conflicting. 18
- 19. Encourage your students to choose a topic that you're both interested in and knowledgeable about (or very interested in learning more about). Make sure that they have the appropriate background to understand the problem, and that the methodology and solution they identify are appropriate and realistic. Give them pointers to useful references and help them find them (this can be a mysterious, difficult process for graduate students). Make sure they're aware of other researchers and labs who are doing similar work, and if possible, arrange for them to visit these labs or meet the researchers at seminars or conferences. Women faculty often feel obligated to mentor every woman student in the department, attend every committee meeting, and get involved in every debate, whether they want to or not. While you can't solve all of the problems in the world, you can at least make a difference by giving other women (and men, for that matter) the sense that you do care, and that you think women's issues are important, even if you don't have time (or the inclination) to get involved with every problem. Social Aspects of Advising The relationships you develop with your students will vary. With some, the relationship will be purely professional; with others, you may become closer friends. As an advisor, it is your responsibility to ensure that your position of authority over the student is never abused. As mentioned previously, graduate students should not be used as a means to a promotion or a better publication record. These will be side effects of good work in conjunction with your students, but should not be the goal of your relationship. Because you are in a position of authority over your students, you must make sure that you both know where the boundaries are. For example, getting a student to help you move some furniture is usually quite easy if you're doing a good job as an advisor, since they feel indebted to you for your advice and support. This isn't a problem in and of itself. However, using explicit or implicit threats to force the student to help you out is a severe violation of professional ethics. Your students are also your colleagues, and should be treated as such. A good question to ask yourself before asking a student for a favor is whether you would feel comfortable asking the head of your department for the same favor. If the answer to this question is ``no,'' then you may be exploiting your position and abusing your relationship, and you should seriously reconsider your motivations and behavior. In my opinion, it is never appropriate to develop an intimate relationship with one of your own students. If this should happen, you should not continue to advise them (whether the relationship continues or not). Not only would this be a clear case of sexual harassment, but your judgment about the student's professional life cannot be objectively separated from personal feelings in a close relationship. Dating students (or even asking them out where the implication of a romantic relationship may exist) is a bad idea, even if the student is not one of your 19
- 20. advisees. They are bound to feel intimidated and uncomfortable, and at many universities this violates the sexual harassment policy. Read your university's policy on harassment, and err on the side of conservatism when in doubt, for your sake and the student's. All Work and No Play... Finding a balance between work, play, and other activities isn't easy. Different people will give you very different advice. Some people say you should be spending eighty or ninety percent of your waking hours working on your thesis. Others (myself included) think that this is unrealistic and unhealthy, and that it's important for your mental and physical health to have other active interests. If you have a family, you will have to balance your priorities even more carefully. Graduate school isn't worth risking your personal relationships over; be sure that you save time and energy to focus on the people who matter to you. One of the keys to balancing your life is to develop a schedule that's more or less consistent. You may decide that you will only work during the days, and that evenings are for your hobbies. Or you might decide that afternoons are for socializing and exercising, and work late at night. I decided very early on in graduate school that weekends were for me, not my thesis, and I think it helped me to stay sane. Many graduate students hit the doldrums around the end of the second or beginning of the third year, when they're finishing up their course work and trying to focus in on a thesis topic. Sometimes this process can take quite a while. Try to find useful, enjoyable activities that can take your mind off of the thesis: sing in a choir, learn a foreign language, study the history of ancient Greece, garden, or knit. If you schedule regular activities (rehearsals, tennis lessons), you will probably find it easier to avoid drifting aimlessly from day to day. In the final push to finish your thesis, though, you will almost certainly have less time for social activities than you used to. Your friends may start to make you feel guilty, whether they intend to or not. Warn them in advance that you expect to turn down lots of invitations, and it's nothing personal -- you need to focus on your thesis for a while. Then you'll be all done and free as a bird! (Until the next phase of your life starts...) Issues for Women Although this paper started out from a discussion about the problems women face in graduate school, it has evolved into something that I think is relevant for everyone, not just women. This is not to say, however, that there aren't special problems faced by women. In many cases, women and men face the same obstacles in graduate school, but react differently to them. For women, the additional factors that are sometimes 20
- 21. (but not always) present include isolation, low self-esteem, harassment and discrimination, unusual time pressures arising from family responsibilities, lack of a support network, and lack of relevant experience. Having an unsupportive advisor can thus become much more of a problem for women than for men. I hope that to some extent, this paper will help both women and advisors of women to provide the supportive, positive environment that all graduate students deserve. Part of the reason that I changed the focus of the paper is that there have been many articles written recently on the subject of women scientists and women graduate students. These include [27][17][19][22][13][15][14][28][26]. McKay [18] talks about issues relevant for minority faculty members, many of which pertain to minority graduate students. Thesysters mailing list is an electronic resource for women in computer science; send e-mail to systers- [email protected] for more information. On Finishing Despite how difficult graduate school can be at times, the benefits are significant. Of course, you'll learn useful professional skills like doing research, formulating problems and critically evaluating alternative solutions, giving written and oral presentations of your work, and interacting with other researchers. But graduate school -- and in particular the process of formulating, researching, and writing a dissertation -- gives you confidence in your ability to tackle hard problems and to become an expert in a new field. A fellow Ph.D. put it much better than I can: ...it isn't just that I can write technical things and I can talk to other researchers with confidence -- I can talk to almost any authority figure with confidence. Partly this is because I now know what it is to be an expert in something, and although I respect other peoples' expertise in their areas of specialization, I also know that I'm just as respectable and they (usually) aren't any more so than I. I also think I can write about things in other areas, provided I've done my homework and learned the area. I feel empowered! And I would never have gotten this from a CS programming job or even a masters degree. Of course, there are also the incalculable benefits of finishing the dissertation. Even though it can leave you at loose ends (what will you do with your weekends, now that you no longer have to work on your thesis?) there's often a feeling of euphoria, heightened by exhaustion, when you finally hand in your thesis. As the person quoted above put it: I think an oft-noted bad thing about finishing is adjusting to no longer having a long term, ever-elusive goal. But now that five months have gone by, I find I'm much more efficient in my work because I no longer have that awful weight hanging by a thread over my head, and much happier, more relaxed, more light-hearted. Conclusions In addition to the papers I have cited directly in the article, I found a variety of other resources to be useful, and have included them in the References section. 21
- 22. The UC Berkeley Graduate is a newsletter published by the UC Berkeley Graduate Division with articles of general interest to graduate students. I found this publication very informative both during graduate school and while writing this article. A number of particularly interesting articles are included in the References section. Several articles ([4][2][3]) give general advice on graduate school and doing research. Guidelines and suggestions for reviewing papers are given in [24] and [23]. A number of articles on writing proposals and successfully applying for research grants are available ([16][29][30][25]). The topic of how to find a job, and how to prepare for the job search during graduate school, is the topic of [12]. Graduate school is not an easy process, and too many students are thwarted and intimidated by unsupportive or unskilled advisors, lack of knowledge about what graduate school is all about, inflexible bureaucracies, and a myriad of other obstacles. I have tried to give advice that graduate students and caring advisors can use to lessen some of these obstacles. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Susan Epstein, Diana Gordon, and Devika Subramanian for the original discussion that led to writing this paper. Many people provided useful feedback on an earlier draft that was circulated on the Internet, especially Mark Kantrowitz, John W. Buchanan (who suggested the idea and wrote the original draft for the section on social aspects of advising, and Marti Hearst. I gracefully acknowledge defeat with respect to the original title (it was supposed to be ``How to be a Good {Graduate Student / Advisor },'' but was too often misinterpreted as ``How to be a Good (Graduate Student) Advisor''); thanks to Peter Soderquist for the first half of the new title. Any deficiencies remaining in the paper are entirely my fault! How to be a Terrible Thesis Advisor by Nigel Ward (a young faculty member and advisor who hopes others can learn from his mistakes) • Assign students thesis topics based on the section headings in your grant proposal, or on the boxes of the flowchart for your master plan. • When someone brings up a research paper, tell anecdotes about the author, his or her advisor, and his or her colleagues. This will impress [on] students that who you know is more important than what you do. • When laying out your laboratory, give first priority to minimizing the cost of cable, last priority to good workplaces for students, and no priority to fostering interaction among students. • Read your students' papers at most once. • When honest differences of opinion arise, paper them over with words. For example, say ``Well, we could talk about this forever, but I think we're all 22
- 23. working towards the same basic idea, let's call it a `neologistic/noetic knowledge representation'. Now let's move on.'' • Regarding other schools of thought, make sure students know just enough to be able to point out the ``fatal flaws'' in each, and so can be good foot soldiers in the crusade for your own approach. A useful phrase is ``Why do you want to waste your time reading that?'' • Never visit the laboratory; learn about students' work only from what they tell you. • Define your research aims with catch phrases (``dynamic X,'' ``emergent Y,'' ``the Z problem,'' etc.). • Have students handle computer system administration, and let them think it counts as research. • Mumble. • Assign older students to guide the younger ones. • Involve students in decision-making for unimportant things. For example, you can easily wile away an hour of seminar deciding who should be discussion leader for what chapter of the reading. • Share your most trivial thoughts with your students. Better yet, bring them up as seminar discussion topics (``In the shower this morning, it struck me that whitespace is really important. Let's think about whitespace from an AI perspective''). • Avoid conflicts with your students; in particular, don't be too demanding. • If a student reveals that he is confused about what counts as meaningful research, ridicule him. • Take no interest in what courses your students are taking. • Pick up ideas from going to conferences, then bring them up in seminar without explaining from whom you got them or explaining the context in which they arose. • Plan for research seminars to last at least two hours. • Avoid meeting with students individually. Do all advising out in public, at seminars. • Never go near the laboratory in the evenings or on weekends. • Always come unprepared for seminars; you're smart enough to fake it. • Never do any programming yourself. After all, you went through that once, and now you're an ideas man (or woman). • Let your students see you rushing to meet deadlines. • Avoid critical discussions of research strategy. A useful phrase is ``We'll do it this way. Why? Because I'm the professor and you're a student.'' • Expect nothing much from your students, and subtly let them know this. • Give all your students the same research topic, but with slightly different names. If this is the same topic as your own dissertation topic, all the better. • Let your students see your grant proposals and learn the art of doublethink. • Enforce disciplinary boundaries. For example, say, ``That sounds like the sort of thing that people in software engineering would work on, so let's leave that topic alone,'' or ``Why do you want to worry about that? That's a software engineering issue.'' • Never suggest that your students contact other professors or other researchers. 23
- 24. • Let your students submit articles to third-rate journals. • If a student's work is not giving the results expected, belittle her. • Encourage your students to work on fashionable problems. • State your opinions loudly and frequently, so your students know what to write in their theses. References 1 AGRE, P. Networking on the network, 1994. Available via WWW as http://www.cs.indiana.edu/HTMLit/networking.on.net.html; or send a message to [email protected] with the subject line 'archive send network'. 2 BENTAL, D. Thesis prevention: Advice to PhD supervisors. AISB Quarterly No. 80 (Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour)(Summer 1992), 58-60. (Published under the alias `The Siblings of Perpetual Prototyping'). 3 BUNDY, A., DU BOULAY, B., HOWE, J., AND PLOTKIN, G. The researchers' bible. Tech. Rep. DAI Teaching Paper No. 4, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh, September 1986. 4 CHAPMAN, D. How to do research at the MIT AI lab. Tech. Rep. AI Working Paper 316, MIT, October 1988. 5 DIVISION, U. B. G. Finding money for dissertation research/writing. The Graduate II, 3 (Fall 1986). 6 DIVISION, U. B. G. Studying for the qualifying exam. The Graduate II, 3 (Fall 1986). 7 DIVISION, U. B. G. Writing your thesis. The Graduate II, 1 (Spring 1986). 8 DIVISION, U. B. G. Interviewing for a faculty position. The Graduate III, 2 (Fall 1987). 9 DIVISION, U. B. G. The making of a successful proposal. The Graduate III, 1 (Spring 1987). 10 DIVISION, U. B. G. Choosing your thesis or dissertation topic. The Graduate IV, 2 (Fall 1988). 24
- 25. 11 DIVISION, U. B. G. Beating the isolation blues. The Graduate V, 1 (Spring 1989). 12 FEIBELMAN, P. J. A Ph.D. Is Not Enough: A Guide to Survival in Science. Addison Wesley, 1993. 13 HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. Academic mentoring for women students and faculty: A new look at an old way to get ahead. 14 HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. 1982. The classroom climate: A chilly one for women?. Association of American Colleges and Universities. 15 HALL, R. M., AND SANDLER, B. R. Out of the classroom: A chilly campus climate for women? 16 LEFFERTS, R. Getting a Grant: How to Write Successful Grant Proposals. 1978. 17 LEVESON, N. Women in computer science: A report for the NSF CISE Cross- Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee, December 1989. 18 MCKAY, N. Y. Minority faculty in [mainstream white] academia, 1988. Chapter 5. 19 NSF. An NSF study and report about women in computing research. Computing Research News (Summer 1989). 20 PARBERRY, I. How to present a paper in theoretical computer science: A speaker's guide for students. SIGACT News 19, 2 (1988), 42-47. Available by anonymous ftp from ftp.unt.edu. 21 PHILLIPS, G. M., GOURAN, D., KUEHN, S., AND WOOD, J. Survival in the Academy: A Guide for Young Academics. Hampton Press, 1994. 22 SANDLER, B. R., AND HALL, R. M. The campus climate revisited: Chilly for women faculty, administrators, and graduate students, October 1986. 23 SHRIVER, B. D. The benefits of quality refereeing. Computer (April 1990), 10-16. Also includes Computer's guidelines for referees. 24 25
- 26. SMITH, A. J. The task of the referee. Computer (April 1990), 65-71. 25 SOMERVILLE, B. Where proposals fail: A foundation executive's basic list of what to do and not do when requsting funding. The Grantsmanship Center News (Jan/Feb 1982). 26 SPERTUS, E. Why are there so few female computer scientists?, 1992. Expected to become an MIT AI Lab Technical Report. 27 STROK, D. Women in AI. IEEE Expert 7, 4 (August 1992), 7-21. 28 TOTH, E. Women in academia. In The Academics' Handbook. Duke University Press, 1988. Chapter 4. 29 WHITE, V. Grants: How to Find Out About Them and What to Do Next. Plenum Press, 1975. 30 WHITE, V. Grant Proposals That Succeeded. Plenum Press, 1983. Marie desJardins ([email protected]) received her Ph.D. in artificial intelligence from the University of California at Berkeley in 1992. She currently works with the Applied Artificial Intelligence Technology Program at SRI International, doing research in the areas of machine learning, planning, and intelligent tutoring systems. Dr. desJardins has taught numerous undergraduate courses, founded a student AI seminar series, and started the Big Sister program at Berkeley as president of Women in Computer Science and Engineering. 26