Human female reproductive system
- 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY ( WORKING) OF THE SYSTEM NORMAL VALUES PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES CONCULUSION REFRENCES
- 3. IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM: The primary function of the female reproductive system is to produce the female egg cells which are essential for reproduction. It is important to know that the entire system is designed for transporting the ova to the exact fertilization site. The female reproductive system is responsible for producing female sex hormones which maintain the reproductive cycle.
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Sexual life in females • FIRST PERIOD • It Extends From Birth To Puberty • SECOUND PERIOD • From Menarche To Menopause • THIRD PERIOD • From Menopause To Rest Of The Life
- 5. PUBERTY • Puberty is the period of the time when secondary sexual characters begin to devolop • In females puberty starts at the age of 12 • when First menses appears that is considered to be puberty • Changes occurred are • Development of pubic hair • Development of axillary hair • Development of breast • Development of sexual organs • Change in voice • Increased levels of hormones
- 6. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEM Female Reproductive system in the EXTERNAL GENITALIA INTERNAL GENITALLIA MAMMARY GLAND
- 7. EXTERNAL GENITALIA VULVA CONSISTS OF MONS PUBIS LABIA MAJORA LABIA MINORA CLITORIS VESTIBULE BULB OF VESTIBULE THE GREATER VESTIBULAR GLAND Organs involved in the system
- 8. INTERNAL GENITALIA THE INTERNAL ORGANS INVOLVES OVARIES(2) UTERINETUBES(2) UTERUS VAGINA
- 9. ORGANS INVOVED IN THE SYSTEM • MONS PUBIS: • It is a round eminence present in front of the pubic symphysis • It is formed by the accumulation of the sub cutaneous fat • It is covered by the skin and the pubic hair • Labia majora: • The two longitudinal folds of the skin enclosing fat which are extending from the mons pubis • They are covered by pubic hair externally and internally they contain sebaceous glands
- 10. • Labia minora • Medial to the labia majora there are two small folds of the skin called as labia minora • Labia minora is devoid of the pubic hair and fat. • There are having numerous of the sebaceous glands • Clitoris: • It is the small cylindrical mass of the erectile tissues and the nerves located in the anterior junction of the labia majora • It corresponds to the penis of the males
- 11. • VESTIBULE • The cleft between the labia majora is called as the vestibule • It mainly contains the • Hymen • Vaginal orifice • external urethral orifice • Openings of the several ducts • Hymen : • Thin mucous layer which partially occludes the vaginal opening. • Vaginal orifice : • It is the opening of vagina from the exterior
- 13. • OVARIES : • These are female gonads • These are paired present in the upper pelvic cavity • These are flattened ovarian bodies with dimension of the 4cm( Length), 2cm ( width), 1cm ( thickness) • Each ovary are attached at hilum by the ligaments called ovarian ligaments, broad ligaments , mesovarium ligaments • Mesovarium gives rise to the germinal epithelium • Each ovary shows • (1) medulla • (2) cortex
- 14. • Each ovary consists of the : • Germinal epithelium • Tunica albuginea • Stroma • Ovarian follicles • Graafian follicle • Corpus luteum • Interstitial cells
- 15. FUNCTIONS OF THE OVARIES: Ovaries produces ova the female gamete by the OOGENESIS Ovaries produces the hormones like ESTROGEN PROGESTROGEN RELAXIN INHIBIN
- 16. OOGENESIS • At the 7th or 8th month of the intrauterine life about 6 primordial follicles are found in the ovary • But the time of the birth there are only 1 million are seen • At the time of the puberty there are 3,00,000 to 4,00,000
- 17. OVARIAN HORMONES • ESTROGEN : • It is secreted by the theca interna cells of the ovarian follicles • The secretions of estrogen is predominant in the later stage of follicular phase before ovulation. • Function: • promote cellular development • Growth of ovarian follicles • Increase in the spontaneous activity of uterine muscles and sensitivity to oxytocin • Increase the activity of cilia • Reduces the PH of the vagina causing more acidity • Development of breast • Estrogen increases osteoblastic activity
- 18. PROGESTERONE • It is secreted by the ovaries during the follicular stage FUNCTIONS: Promotes secretory activities of the uterine endometrium Promotes secretory activities of the mucosal lining of the fallopian tubes Promotes the development of the lobules and alveoli of the breast Increases the reabsorption of the sodium and water
- 19. UTERINE TUBES • Also called fallopian tubes • They are two in number attached on either side of the uterus • Uterine tubes extend laterally from uterus to ovaries • Each uterine tube has been divided into • Infundibulu m • Ampulla • Isthmus
- 20. HISTOLOGY: • MUCOSA • MUSCULARIS • SEROSA • Mucosa is the innermost layer contains of ciliated columnar epithelium • Helps to move the secondary oocyte along tube • Muscularis helps in the peristaltic movement • Serosa lines the outer most layer
- 21. FALLOPIAN TUBES
- 22. UTERUS: • It is pear shaped hallow muscular organ • It is situated in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and rectum • It is 3” length, 2” width,1” thickness and 30-40 mgs weight • Uterus is having • FUNDUS • BODY • CERVIX • Fundus is dome shaped present above the level of the openings of the fallopian tube in uterus • Body is middle portion of the uterus
- 23. • CERVIX : • Inferior narrow portions of the uterus • It has two openings on either sides • Opens into uterus by internal os • Opens into vagina by means of external os • Narrow canal is called as cervical canal
- 24. WALL OF UTERUS: • The wall of uterus is composed of • Perimetrium • Myometrium • Endometrium • Perimetrium is the outer most layer of the uterus • Myometrium is middle layer made up of the smooth muscle • Endometrium is the inner most layer which is highly vascular • Stratum functionalis • Stratum basalis
- 25. FUNCTIONS • Serves as the pathway for the sperms to reach the fallopian tube • Uterus is site of menstruation • Site of implantation of the fertilised egg • Site of development of foetus during pregnancy • to provide blood supply to the ovaries
- 26. VAGINA • Vagina is a fibromuscular canal lined by the mucous membrane • It is the female copulatory organ • The diameter of the vagina increases2.5 cm to 5 cm • It is situated posterior to the urinary bladder and urethra • At the lower end it is having hymen • These acids create a low ph which retards the microorganisms
- 27. FUNCTIONS • It receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse • Serves as a passage way for the menstrual flow • Serves as a passage way for baby during child birth • It secretes mucous for the lubrication
- 28. MAMMARY GLAND • These are the modified sweet glands produces the milk • These are present in both sexes but developed in females • These are 2 in number present in pectoral regions • These contain lobules alveoli alveoli secondary tubules secondary tubules mammary glands Mammary glands lactiferous sinus lactiferous sinus lactiferous ducts lactiferous ducts nipple
- 29. MENSTRUAL CYCLE • The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system • The menstrual cycle starts with the first day of the period and ends when the next period begins • Hormone signals are sent back and forth between the brain and the ovaries, causing changes to the sacs in the ovaries that contain eggs (follicles) and the uterus • The first part of the cycle prepares an egg to be released from the ovary and builds the lining of the uterus • The second part of the cycle prepares the uterus and body to accept a fertilized egg, or to start the next cycle if pregnancy doesn’t happen
- 30. • There are three phases • Menstrual PHASE– first 5 days • PRE OVULATORY PHASE 6th to 13th day • OVULATION – 14TH day • POST OVULATORY PHASE
- 31. PREGNANCY • It is sequence of events • Fertilisation • Implantation • Growth of embryo • Fatal growth • Delivery
- 32. • Fertilisation • The process of union of male and female gametes • Out of million of sperms only few i..e 1% reach the egg • Sperm under goes capacitation and penetrates in to the ova
- 33. IMPLANTATION • In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. • At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the • Embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow
- 34. EMBRYONICAL DEVOLOPMENT • First two months of the development is called as embryonic devolpment • During this period it is called as fetal period
- 35. • Pregnancy • It is diagnosed by GRAVINDEX TEST • It is having three trimesters • First trimester • Second trimester • Third trimester
- 36. • Amenorrhoea • Morning sickness • Salivation and changes in disposition • Irritability of bladder
- 37. SECOND TRIMESTER • Pigmentation • Changes in the shape and size of the uterus • Intermittent uterine contractions • Active fetal growth • Palpation of fetal parts
- 38. THIRD TRIMESTER • Pain less uterine contractions • Fetal movements are easily known • Uterine cavity enlarges
- 40. LABOUR • STAGE OF DILATION • STAGE OF EXPULSION • STAGE OF PLACENTA
- 42. PATHO PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES Polycystic ovary syndrome • Polycystic ovary syndrome, widely known as PCOS, is an endocrine system disorder that affects women in their reproductive years. Small fluid-filled sacs develop on the ovaries. It is also known as or Stein-Leventhal syndrome • symptoms • irregular menses • excess androgen levels • sleep disturbances • high stress levels • high blood pressure • skin tags • infertility
- 43. • DIAGNOSIS: • if women have at least two of three main symptoms — high androgen levels, irregular periods, and cysts in the ovaries. A pelvic exam, blood tests, and ultrasound can confirm the diagnosis. • TREATMENT: • Maintain a healthy weight. Weight loss can reduce insulin and androgen levels and may restore ovulation. • Limit carbohydrates. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets might increase insulin levels.
- 44. SOME OF THE CANCERS • Cervical cancer :A malignant tumour of the cervix , the lowermost part of the uterus. • Ovarian cancer :A cancer that begins in the female organs that produces eggs. • Uterine cancer :A type of cancer that begins in the uterus. • Vaginal cancer :It occurs in the cells that line the surface of vagina. • Vulva cancer :A type of cancer thar occurs on the outer surface area of female. • Breast cancer : A cancer that forms in the cells of the breast
- 45. Cervical cancer Ovarian cancer Uterine cancer Vaginal cancer
- 48. DISEASE ORGANISM HIV HUMAN DEFICENCY VIRUS CHLAMYDIA CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS CRABS/PUBLIC LICE PUBIC LOUSE GENTIAL HERPES HERPS SIMPLEX VIRUS GENTIAL WARTS HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS GONORRHOEA NEISSERIA GONORRHOEA HEPATITIS A,B,C. HEPATITIS A,B,C VIRUS SCABIES SARCOPTES SCABIEI SYPHILIS TREPONEMA
- 50. REFERENCES • From hand book of anatomy by A. CHANDHRA SEKHAR • From text book of anatomy by sembulingam