Hydroelectric power plant

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Presented to
Mr. Rizwan zafar
Lecturer Technology Dept.. University of Lahore

GROUP MEMBERS
Muddassar Latif Awan
Ali Raza shabbir
Sajid ali
MC-6

CONTENTS
Sources of power Generation
Concept hydroelectric power plant
Hydroelectric power plant
History of hydroelectric power plants
Major hydroelectric power plants
Hydroelectric power plants in Pakistan
Maximum power output
Working of hydroelectric power plants
Sizes of hydroelectric power plants
Major components of hydropower plants
Advantages and disadvantages

SOURCES OF POWER GENERATION
• Fuel
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Solar
• Nuclear
• HYDROPOWER

CONCEPT OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
Electricity by water power

CONCEPT OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
Earth is a watery place. But just how
much water exists on, in, and above
our planet? About 71 percent of the
Earth's surface is water-covered, and
the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of
all Earth's water. Rest is in lakes,
rivers, streams, water vapours
glaciers, icecaps

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower the production of electrical power through the
use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the
most widely used form of renewable energy accounting for 16
percent of global electricity generation –3,427 terawatt-
hours of electricity production in 2010 and is expected to
increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific
region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China
is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of
production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic
electricity use.
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a
competitive source of renewable electricity.
The average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than
10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour

HISTORY
Humans have been harnessing water to perform work
for thousands of years. The Greeks used water wheels
for grinding wheat into flour more than 2,000 years
ago. Besides grinding flour, the power of the water was
used to saw wood and power textile mills and
manufacturing plants.
For more than a century, the technology for using
falling water to create hydroelectricity has existed. The
evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in
the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military
engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture
Hydraulique

HISTORY
During the 1700s and 1800s, water turbine development
continued. In 1880, a brush arc light dynamo driven by a
water turbine was used to provide theatre and storefront
lighting in Grand Rapids, Michigan; and in 1881, a brush
dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided
street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. These two
projects used direct-current technology.
Alternating current is used today. That breakthrough
came when the electric generator was coupled to the
turbine, which resulted in the world's, and the United
States', first hydroelectric plant located in Appleton,
Wisconsin, in 1882.

MAJOR HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

IN PAKISTAN
Under construction : neelum Jhelum ,Dia meer dasu, kalabagh bunji Dam etc

TARBELAPOWER STATION
According to the original plan, four (4) power units of 175 MW
generating capacity each were to be installed on each of the
tunnels 1, 2 and 3 located on the right bank with the ultimate
installed capacity of 21,00 MW.
Tunnel 1 4 power units of 175MW = 700 MW
Tunnel 2 6 power units of 175MW =1000 MW
Tunnel 3 4 power units of 432 MW =1728 MW
After study installed six (6) units, instead of four (4) only on
tunnel NO.2. Based on studies, four power units of 432 MW
capacity each were installed on tunnel NO.3. Thus the total
ultimate power potential of the project enhanced from 2100
MW as originally planned to 3478 MW. It provides nearly 30
percent of all the irrigation water available in dry season

• the maximum power output is entirely dependent on how
much head and flow is available at the site
P = m x g x Hnet x System efficiency
P = Power, measured in Watts (W).
m = Mass flow rate in kg/s (numerically the same as the flow
rate in liters/second because 1 liter of water weighs 1 kg).
g = the gravitational constant, which is 9.81 m/s2.
Hnet = the net head This is the gross head physically
measured at the site, less any head losses.
System efficiency = the product of all of the component
efficiencies, which are normally the turbine, drive system
and generator.
For a ‘typical’ small hydro system the turbine efficiency would be 85%, drive efficiency
95% and generator efficiency 93%, so the overall system efficiency would be 0.85 x 0.95 x
0.93 = 0.751 or 75.1%.
MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT

if you had a relatively low gross head of 2.5 meters, and a turbine that could take
a maximum flow rate of 3 m3/s, the maximum power output of the system would
be: Hnet = 2.5 x 0.9 = 2.25 metres. 3 m3/s = 3,000 litres/second.

What is interesting here is that for two
entirely different sites, one with a net
head of 2.25 meters and the other 45
meters, can generate exactly the same
amount of power because the low-head
site has much more flow (3,000 liters /
second) compared to the high-head site
with just 150 liters/second.
This clearly shows how the two main
variables when calculating power output
from a hydropower system are the head
and the flow, and the power output is
proportional to the head multiplied by the
flow

IN PAKISTAN

WORKING
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to
generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of
falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts
the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many
consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that
individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to
utilities.
• LARGE HYDROPOWER
Hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30
megawatts.
• SMALL HYDROPOWER
Small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100
kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
• MICRO HYDROPOWER
A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A
small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough
electricity for a home, farm or village.

MAJOR COMPONENTS
There are six major components
1. Reservoir
2. Dam & spillways
3. Intake or control gates
4. Penstock
5. Turbines
6. Generators

Reservoir
The water reservoir is the place
behind the dam where water is
stored. The water in the reservoir is
located higher than the rest of the
dam structure. The height of water
in the reservoir decides how much
potential energy the water
possesses. The higher the height of
water, the more its potential energy.
The high position of water in the
reservoir also enables it to move
downwards effortlessly.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

• Dam
A Dam is a barrier
that impounds water or
underground streams. The dam
is the most important
component of hydroelectric
power plant. The dam is built on
a large river that has abundant
quantity of water throughout the
year. It should be built at a
location where the height of the
river is sufficient to get the
maximum possible potential
energy from water.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

Spillways
A spillway is a structure used to
provide the controlled release of
flows from a dam into a
downstream area, typically being
the river that was dammed. In the
UK they may be known
as overflow channels. Spillways
release floods so that the water
does not overtop and damage or
even destroy the dam.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

Intake or control gates
These are the gates built on the
inside of the dam. The water from
reservoir is released and controlled
through these gates. These are
called inlet gates because water
enters the power generation unit
through these gates. When the
control gates are opened the water
flows due to gravity through the
penstock and towards the turbines.
The water flowing through the gates
possesses potential as well as
kinetic energy.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

The penstock is the long pipe or the
shaft that carries the water flowing
from the reservoir towards the power
generation unit, The water in the
penstock possesses kinetic energy
due to its motion and potential energy
due to its height.
The total amount of power generated
in the hydroelectric power plant
depends on the height of the water
reservoir and the amount of water
flowing through the penstock. The
amount of water flowing through the
penstock is controlled by the control
gates.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

Turbine
Water flowing from the penstock is
allowed to enter the power generation
unit, which houses the turbine and the
generator. When water falls on the
blades of the turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is converted
into the rotational motion of the blades
of the turbine. The rotating blades
causes the shaft of the turbine to also
rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed
inside the generator. In most
hydroelectric power plants there is
more than one power generation unit.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

Generators
In the generator the electricity is
produced. The shaft of the water
turbine rotates in the generator,
which produces alternating current
in the coils of the generator. It is
the rotation of the shaft inside the
generator that produces magnetic
field which is converted into
electricity by electromagnetic field
induction.
in hydroelectricity power plants
potential energy of water is
converted into electricity.
MAJOR COMPONENTS

Advantages are
Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source,
meaning it won't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil
fuels, such as coal or natural gas.
Hydroelectric power is a domestic source of energy, allowing
each state to produce their own energy without being reliant on
international fuel sources.
Some hydropower facilities can quickly go from zero power to
maximum output. Because hydropower plants can generate
power to the grid immediately, they provide essential back-up
power during major electricity outages or disruptions.
hydropower efforts produce a number of benefits, such as flood
control, irrigation, and water supply.
ADVANTAGES

 Hydroelectricity does not "use" water, all of the water is returned
to its source of origin.
 Cheep rate of electricity
 Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a
constant rate.
 When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not
produce green house gases.
 Hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of
recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and
boating. Most water power installations are required to provide
some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take
advantage of these opportunities.
ADVANTAGES

Disadvantages are
 Hydroelectric plants are very expensive to build, and must be
built to a very high standard
The creation of dams can also create flooding of land, which
means natural environment and the natural habitat of animals,
and even people, may be destroyed.
Changing the river pathway and shortage of water can cause
serious disputes between people.
Making dams on rivers affect the amount, quality and
temperature of water that flow in streams which has drastic
effects on agriculture and drinking water.
Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is
not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.
DISADVANTAGES

• http://energy.gov/eere/water/history-hydropower
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations
• http://www.slideshare.net/faruqsaeed/hydro-power-in-pakistan
• http://www.wvic.com/content/how_hydropower_works.cfm
• http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/7120-
components-of-hydroelectric-power-plants-part-one/
• http://energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-hydropower
• http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Disadvantages_HydroPower.php
• http://wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-dam-tarbela.html
REFERENCES

Hydroelectric power plant

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