IATA WORLD GEOGRAPHY & CODES& Time Zones.pptx
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The document discusses various aspects of world geography and travel, including what defines a travel destination and the important factors influencing tourism. It outlines the seven continents, the significance of geographical coordinates in locating places, and the importance of understanding local currencies and three-letter city codes for travel professionals. Additionally, it highlights historical transport advancements and fundamental concepts related to climate, culture, and tourism seasons.
IATA WORLD GEOGRAPHY & CODES& Time Zones.pptx
- 1. IATA WORLD GEOGRAPHY & CODES
- 2. DESTINATION GEOGRAPHY It may surprise you to learn as a student of travel, that not all places in the world are considered travel destinations. A travel destination is a location that a traveller chooses to visit. There are many factors that determine which locations become tourist destinations. Some of these include the following: 1. Attractions 2. Accessibility 3. Costs and Standards of Living 4. Culture 5. Climate CHARACTERESTIC • Weather 57% • Sightseeing 44% • Beaches 39% • Entertainment 30% • Language spoken 28% • Restaurants 28% • Expensiveness 28%
- 3. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY The major land masses of the world are known as continents. Geographers typically identify 7 continents, although some geographers group Asia and Europe together as one continent, Eurasia. The 7 continents as typically described by geographers are : 1. NORTH AMERICA 2. SOUTH AMERICA 3. ASIA 4. AUSTRALIA 5. ANTARTICA 6. AFRICA 7. EUROPE Some geographers also include sub-continents when describing world physical geography. Subcontinents include Central America, Australasia and the Pacific Islands, and the Middle East. The importance of the continents in shaping both the history and culture of geography cannot be underestimated • Ocean Area (Sq. Km) Area (Sq. Mi.) % of Earth’s Water Area • Pacific 16,62,41,000 6,41,69,026 46.00% • Atlantic 8,65,57,000 3,34,11,002 23.90% • Indian 7,34,27,000 2,83,42,822 20.30% • Arctic 94,85,000 36,61,210 2.60%
- 5. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE OF MAP-READING SKILLS One way to locate continents, countries, cities, and other geographical features is to use latitude and longitude. Often, indexes in atlases and references in maps will be made using degrees of latitude and longitude. Latitude is determined by a series of imaginary lines circling the globe in an east/west direction (parallel to the Equator). A geographic feature's latitude is expressed by the number of degrees that it is north or south of the Equator. The climate is usually similar at latitudes that are an equal distance north or south of the equator. Longitude is a series of imaginary lines going in north/south (pole-to-pole) direction, perpendicular to the Equator, at intervals of 15 degrees. A geographic feature’s longitude is expressed by the number of degrees it is east or west of the prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. The geographic feature's exact location on a map or globe can be determined by knowing its longitude and latitude.
- 6. EXPLORING THE EARTH'S COUNTRIES Countries, which are the next smallest geographical unit, have boundaries that are often determined by political forces as well as geographic features. There are presently 195 independent countries in the world and this number changes with some frequency depending on political and social forces.
- 8. • CHINA People's Republic of China, Asia ,Beijing, Yuan ,Renminbi Mandarin • INDIA Republic of India, Asia, New Delhi, Rupee ,Hindi and English • USA United States of America North America Washington D.C. 307 million U.S. Dollar English • INDONESIA Republic of Indonesia, Asia (Pacific) ,Jakarta , Rupiah, Bahasa • BRAZIL Federative Republic of Brazil ,South America ,Real ,Portuguese • PAKISTAN Islamic Republic of Pakistan ,Asia ,Islamabad, Pakistani, Rupee, Urdu • BANGLADESH People's Republic of Bangladesh, Asia ,Dhaka ,Taka ,Bengali • NIGERIA Federal Republic of Nigeria ,Africa ,Abuja ,Naira ,English • RUSSIA Russian Federation ,Europe/Asia ,Moscow, Ruble ,Russian • JAPAN Japan, Asia (Pacific) ,Tokyo, Yen, Japanese • MEXICO United States of Mexico, Southern North America, Mexico City, Mexican New Peso, Spanish • PHILIPPINES Republic of the Philippines, Asia (Pacific) ,Manila, Philippine, Peso, Pilipino and English • VIETNAM Socialist Republic of Vietnam ,Asia ,Hanoi, Dong, Vietnamese • ETHIOPIA Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Africa, Addis Ababa, Birr, Amharic • GERMANY Federal Republic of Germany ,Europe, Berlin, Euro, German • EGYPT Arab Republic of Egypt, Africa, Cairo, Egyptian Pound, Arabic • TURKEY Republic of Turkey, Asia, Ankara, Turkish, Lira, Turkish • CONGO Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa, Kinshasa, Congolese, Franc, French official • IRAN Islamic Republic of Iran ,Asia, Tehran, Iranian ,Rial , Farsi • THAILAND Kingdom of Asia Thailand ,Asia, Bangkok, Baht, Thai
- 9. THREE-LETTER CITY CODES Three-letter city codes have existed for many years. When travel professionals take notes and complete reservations, they use these standard codes. These codes are required by all automated reservation systems, airport check-in systems and airport baggage tracking systems that ensure baggage is loaded on correct flights. As a travel professional, you will use three-letter city codes everywhere. Use of these codes will save time when navigating GDS systems. When you learn to use a computer reservations system to find information and generate an airline ticket, three-letter city or airport codes will represent the destinations a customer will be travelling to and from. CODING AND DE-CODING THREE-LETTER CITY AND AIRPORT CODES • Each city has at least one airport and some have more than one. For cities that have more than one airport, there will be more than one three-letter code. • What is the difference between a city and an airport code? Well some cities have more than one airport, so each airport gets its own code, and the city itself gets a code too. • For example, LON is the city code for London, whereas LHR is the airport code for London Heathrow, and LGW is the airport code for London Gatwick. • The coding and de-coding of three-letter city codes is often easy. Many city codes simply represent the first three letter characters in the city name: DEL for Delhi, ROM for Rome, FRA for Frankfurt, BAH for Bahrain, SAO for Sao Paulo, BOG for Bogota, BRU for Brussels, MAN for Manchester and many others. • Sometimes the city code is composed of the first letter of multiple word names, like initials: for example, POS for Port of Spain, or PAP for Port au Prince. The same goes for airport names: DFW is for Dallas Fort Worth Airport in Texas.
- 10. DOMESTIC STATION CODES S No IATA code Full Name State 1 IXA Agartala Tripura 2 IXD Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 3 IXU Aurangabad Maharashtra 4 IXB Bagdogra West Bengal 5 BEK Bareli Uttar Pradesh 6 IXG Belgaum Karnataka 7 BEP Bellary Karnataka 8 BLR Bengaluru Karnataka 9 BHU Bhavnagar Gujarat 10 BHO Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 11 BBI Bhubaneswar Odisha 12 BHJ Bhuj Gujarat 13 KUU Bhuntar Himachal Pradesh 14 BKB Bikaner Rajasthan 15 IXC Chandigarh Chandigarh UT 16 MAA Chennai Tamil Nadu 17 COK Cochin Kerala 18 CJB Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 19 IXB Bagdogra West Bengal 20 DED Dehra Dun Uttarakhand
- 11. S No IATA code Full Name State 21 DEL Delhi New Delhi 22 DBD Dhanbad Jharkhand 23 DHM Dharamshala Himachal Pradesh 24 DIB Dibrugarh Assam 25 DMU Dimapur Nagaland 26 GAY Gaya Bihar 27 GOI Goa Goa 28 GOP Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 29 GAU Guwahati Assam 30 GWL Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 31 HBX Hubli Karnataka 32 HYD Hyderabad Telangana 33 IMF Imphal Manipur 34 IDR Indore Madhya Pradesh 35 JLR Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 36 JAI Jaipur Rajasthan 37 JSA Jaisalmer Rajasthan 38 IXJ Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 39 JGA Jamnagar Gujarat 40 IXW Jamshedpur Jharkhand
- 12. 41 JDH Jodhpur Rajasthan 42 JRH Jorhat Assam 43 KNU Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 44 IXK Keshod Gujarat 45 HJR Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh 46 CCU Kolkata West Bengal 47 KTU Kota Rajasthan 48 CCJ Kozhikode Kerala 49 IXL Leh Jammu and Kashmir 50 IXI Lilabari Assam 51 LKO Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 52 IXM Madurai Tamil Nadu 53 IXE Mangalore Karnataka 54 BOM Mumbai Maharashtra 55 MZU Muzaffarpur Bihar 56 MYQ Mysore Karnataka 57 NAG Nagpur Maharashtra 58 PGH Pant Nagar Uttarakhand 59 IXP Pathankot Punjab 60 PAT Patna Bihar 61 IXZ Port Blair Andaman 62 PNQ Pune Maharashtra 63 PUT Puttaparthi Andhra Pradesh 64 RPR Raipur Chhattisgarh 65 RJA Rajahmundry Andhra Pradesh
- 13. WORLD TIME ZONES AND ELAPSED TRAVEL TIMES
- 14. WORLD TIME ZONES 1884, the world's major nations agreed to create a series of standardized time zones. The world is now divided into 24 time zones, beginning with the prime meridian in Greenwich, England. The prime meridian is an imaginary line running through Greenwich that connects the north and south poles. The time at Greenwich and all other countries in this zone is called Greenwich Meantime (GMT) and is also referred to as Universal Time Coordinated (UTC).
- 16. Daylight Saving Time (DST): Certain countries modify their standard time during the summer by advancing one hour (or a fraction of an hour in some areas). This temporary change is called Daylight Saving Time (DST). Time charts are published in all major Airline Guides. Reproduced on the next two pages is the complete OAG International Time Calculator. It lists all countries, with an indication against each country of its standard time in relation to GMT/UTC. In countries where Daylight Saving Time applies during certain periods of the year, such time is specified together with the periods during which it applies. Standard Clock Time is expressed in hours fast (+) or slow (-) of GMT/UTC. All examples and exercises in this Unit are based on these extracts.
- 17. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE • Crossing the International Date Line makes the calculation of time differences between countries more complicated, because travellers either gain or lose a day during the process. When a customer crosses the International Date Line travelling west, the day changes to the following day—Wednesday would immediately become Thursday. • Travelling the opposite direction has the opposite effect. So, a customer crossing the International Date Line travelling east gains a day—in other words, Thursday becomes Wednesday. • It should be noted that the time of day (except at midnight) means nothing. A customer could cross the date line at 15:00 or 02:00 and it has no effect on time of day. • The only difference is the date—the hour remains the same. The International Date Line is an imaginary north-south line through the Pacific Ocean, east and west of which the date differs (east being one day earlier).
- 19. LOCAL CURRENCIES AROUND THE WORLD • With the growth of international travel and the world global economy, it is very important that you understand and identify different types of currency. As a travel agent, you will need a basic understanding of local currencies. It is likely that you will provide information to your customers about the different foreign currencies and their rates of exchange (ROE). IDENTIFY DIFFERENT LOCAL CURRENCIES AND COUNTRY CURRENCY CODES • The currency code is composed of the country code with the first letter of the currency name. For example, Great Britain’s currency code is derived by adding GB + P = GBP. The GB is the country code and P represents Pound Sterling.
- 20. THE EURO (EUR) CURRENCY • In 1992 a treaty between several European countries was signed, agreeing to form a single market which would simplify trading between participating member countries. • Six European Union countries founded the European Monetary Union (commonly known as the Eurozone), agreeing to establish one common currency: the euro (EUR). Its purpose is to facilitate the ease of business transactions travellers can compare prices of goods sold in different EU countries that use it. • Trading between euro countries is simplified because there is no need to change money from the currency of one EU country using the euro to that of another. • The Euro is the currency used by 19 out of 28 EU countries today. The remaining nine EU countries of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom have not adopted the Euro and continue to use their own national currencies. • Other countries, such as Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican are not EU members, yet these countries have adopted the euro as their official currency.
- 22. DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD TRANSPORT MODES • Centuries before the wheel was invented or animals were domesticated humans had invented primitive boats for crossing bodies of water. Because, as we learned earlier, 71% of the earth's surface is covered with water, a means of transport across these bodies of water was essential for human exploration and development. Perhaps the single biggest transport development, since the wheel, was the development of the power engine. It is hard to fully appreciate the importance the engine has had on human transport. But life as we know it today would not be possible without this amazing invention. Virtually all modern forms of transport including cars, cruise ships, airplanes, and trains are powered by engines. The engine has made rapid transport from one side of the globe to the other, not only possible, but fortunately for the travel industry, affordable
- 23. MODES OF TRANSPORT • AIR • LAND a) RAIL b) ROAD c) METRO/SUBWAY • WATER
- 25. GLOSSARY • Climate: the average weather over an extended period. • Continental drift: the lateral movement of continents resulting from motion of the earth's crustal plates. • Cultural geography: the study of how geography influences people's behaviour, customs and habits. • Culture: the characteristics of a society including its language, religion, politics, art, food, customs and related elements that shape and distinguish it from other societies. • Destination: a location that a traveller chooses to visit. • Destination geography: the study of all the properties and characteristics of a location that influence travel. • Event effect: an occurrence, either positive or negative, that can disproportionately affect travel to a geographic area. • International date line: an imaginary line that is both 12 hours ahead of and12 hours behind GMT. • Low season: the period during which tourism is at its lowest level. • Shoulder season: the period during which tourism is between low season and peak season. • Peak season: the period during which tourism is at its highest level. • Physical geography: the study of the world's natural terrain and features. • Prime meridian: an imaginary line running through Greenwich, England that connects the north and south poles. • Touristic patterns: a predictable combination of characteristics and qualities that describe why, how and when people travel. • Universal time coordinated (UTC): another term for Greenwich Mean Time.