ideology of Pakistan.pptx. ideology of Pakistan
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The document discusses the evolution of the ideology of Pakistan and the historical factors leading to Muslim separatism in the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. It highlights significant events such as the war of independence, the impact of British colonial policies, the emergence of the All India Muslim League, and the eventual call for the creation of a separate Muslim state, leading to the partition of India in 1947. The analysis encompasses political, cultural, and educational dimensions that shaped the Muslim identity and nationalist movements during that period.
ideology of Pakistan.pptx. ideology of Pakistan
- 1. Pakistan studies Topics : 1. Introduction to the ideology of Pakistan 2. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
- 2. IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN • Ideology of Pakistan was so strong in its nature, it main focus was on the external source of religion that was Islam. • Islam being a complete code of life was covering all of the external and internal sources. • So the ideology of Pakistan was an ideology in Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947 by the Muslims of India to achieve its independent status according to its religion Islam.
- 3. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
- 4. 1. War of Independence 1857 • After the war of Independence the Muslim community was blamed as the sole responsible for the revolt against the British and they were tortured in a way that they were banned for military and governments services and Hindus were given benefits even with less qualifications and abilities which created a distance between the falling ruling party and upcoming rulers
- 5. 2. Queen Proclamation ordinance 1858 • The queen of England issued an ordinance to take India as the colony of the British empire that promises • No religion would be preferred • No nation should be ignored all would have equal opportunity of development and progress • This ordinance was in theory but not in exercise as the western democracy had prove that and the minorities were ignored and the Muslim were brought in minorities and their separate identity was denied. It was a clear cut message to the Muslim community that they would have to stand for their rights if they want to maintain their separate nationalism.
- 6. 3.Western Democracy • The British came here with the new concept of Western Democracy. • The concept explain the favor of majority rule in India. • The Hindus were in majority in India so it was a constitutional support to the Hindus to rule the land and to provide support to the British for survival.
- 7. 4.Permanent mastership • The Western Democracy was a term that had made the Muslim worried for their future as it was having the majority rule of Hindus in India after the British departure. • As the British were the temporary master of this land they had to leave this land sooner or latter but if the powers are shifted into the hands of Hindus according to the Western Democracy so it would have a complete slavery of the Muslims. • The Western Democracy was the constitutional safeguard to declare the Hindus as the permanent master of this land.
- 8. 5.Muslim Umma • The concept of Muslim Umma was the first concept that explains that there are two nations in the world • Muslims • Non-Muslims • The same concept was implemented in the Indian sub-continent as that there are two nations in India • Muslims • Hindus • Which separated the identity of the Muslims in India, and also compelled the Muslims to maintain their individual status depending on the concept of Muslim Umma. After accepting this concept it was difficult for the Muslim nation to live united with the Hindus in India
- 9. Hindi-Urdu controversy 1867 • After the British had took over the Indian Sub-continent the Urdu was progressed as the national language as it was implemented from the Mughal empire. • The Hindus extremist moment started against this that it is a Muslim language and it should be replaced by Hindi. • In reality it was a generated language for the Mughal army and was based on transcript of Persian, Arabic and Hindi but it was criticized by the Hindus which give an indication that the Muslim was totally unacceptable nation to the Hindus • It was a direct attack on the Muslim culture that any language even generated in the Muslim era would not be workable.
- 10. Political Deprivation • The British government kept a distance from the Muslim as they want to have the support of the majority nation Hindus. • Muslim demands were neglected and they were treated as the minorities of the land and even they were not given their due representation as per their rights. • All of the political representation was captured by the congress. • Even the right of separate electorate was not progressed in the era to maintain justice among the other nation and to pay due safeguard to sustain their separate identity. • Only Hindus were projected and was beneficiaries of the British empire so that the British can rule the land with out any hesitation.
- 11. Congress attitude • congress was established in 1885 and it claimed that it was the sole representative party of all the nation in India but it proved that it works only for Hindus, it is clear from the below mentioned two set of aims that were formed in continuation to each other
- 12. Congress aims set 1 (1885-1891) • To impose British Imperialism in India. • To cover the gap between British and Indian nations. • To stand for the political rights of Indian nations.
- 13. Congress aims set 2(1891-1947) • To impose Hindus superiority as majority nation • To fight for the extra provisions for Hindus in government strategies • To fight for the rights of Majority nation in India. The Congress was also proceeding with the samementality, so the congress just maintain its own benefit and depressed national interests and progressed Hindus nationalism in India.
- 14. Educational Dominance • The British came here with new education and their missionaries were working with that education system, as the education was modern in its nature and was reserved to pure British families. • The Hindus affiliated themselves with these missionaries schools and got access to modern education by developing their own institution on that basis. • In those educational institution such obligation was settled like the national song of Band-e-Matharam and the religious books were included in their syllabus so that the Muslim may be set a side from these institutions. • In response to which Sir Sayeed Ahmad khan established school in Muradabad and Gazipur and latter on in Aligarh but it had created a gap of era between the Muslim and the Hindus education.
- 15. Partition of Bengal 1905 • Bengal was a governor province. The partition of Bengal was the prominent event that changed the mind of the Muslims of India. • Bengal was portioned because of administrative issue into two ful commissionarate provinces. • This partition had supported the Muslims in gaining some economical importance which was intolerable for the Hindus. • To suppress the Muslims the Hindus started a moment of “Mother India’ that India is our mother and it is divided into two pieces so this partition may be reversed. • The British were compelled to annul the partition of Bengal into single governor province again in 1911 due to the civil disobedience moment launched by the Congress.
- 16. Simla Deputation 1906 • The Simla deputation in 1906 was headed by Sir Aga khan who met the viceroy Lord Minto and put the demands of the Muslims in front of him the basic demand was the right of separate electorate system. • The delegation was encouraged as the Muslim for the first time stood for their own rights in front of the British government.
- 17. Formation of All India Muslim League 1906. • As the Congress attitude towards the Muslims were not accurate and the Muslims were encouraged in Simla Deputation • The Muslim leaders called a joint meeting and decided that they would have a separate representative political party which would work for the safeguard of the Muslim rights in India constitutionally.
- 18. Minto -Marley reforms 1909 • The Minto-Marley reform 1909 was a case of further encouragement for All India Muslim League as the reform included the demand of Simla Deputation of separate electorate, constitutional Muslims were accepted as the separate nation in India.
- 19. Ram and Rahim Movement • A critical movement targeting our religion was started by the Hindus declaring that it’s the language problem nothing else the quality of the lord in our language is mentioned by the name Ram and in Muslim language by Rahim. It was a direct a serious blow on the religion of Muslim just to negate the separate nationhood of the Muslims in India.
- 20. Lucknow pact 1916 • Lucknow pact was again a serious effort made by Quid-e- Azam to brought the two nations together as he was the member of All India Muslim League as well as of All India national Congress. He succeeded in the unity based on the acceptance of the Muslims as a separate nation in India by the Hindus. • Quid e azam was awarded with the title of Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity by Sironji Naidu. • The lucknow pact does not work for the long period and some extremist leader avoid and criticized congress act of accepting Muslim as a separate nation.
- 21. Nehru Report 1928 • Nehru was the extremist Hindu leader as well as the prominent figure of All India National Congress who give his report in 1928 denying Muslims as separate nation and changing the demarcated Muslim majority areas into Hindus majority area in response to Nehru report Quid-e-Azam M.Ali Jinnah give his famous 14 points agenda.
- 22. Round Table Conferences • The British realized that the mentality defense of Hindus and Muslim cant be solved by them so they give a chance to both the major political parties, if the could decide a reasonable constitution for them so for the same cause round table conferences were held in 1930,1931 and 1932 respectively. These three round table conferences between All India Muslim League and All India National Congress got fail because of the following circumstances. 1st round table conference , Muhandas Karamchand Ghandi was the nominated member of the All India National Congress for the conferences and he was not present in the first round table conference. 2nd round table conference, the Muslim were not accepted as separate nation so if the basics were rejected there was no reason to constitute upon then. 3rd round table conference ended with no fruitful decision as there was the rejection of the Muslim as the separate nation and congress was defending themselves. • After the failure of second round table conference a “white paper” was issued which indicates that if the two nation were not in position to satisfy each other for the future constitution the British will made the future constitution for India and it will be obligatory for both the nation to fallow that, it was a type of ultimatum for the Indians to cooperate with one another but unfortunately the third round table conference was ended with no results.
- 23. Allahabad Address 1930 • In 1930 at Allahabad Allama M. Iqbal give his famous presidential address focusing on the concept of state with in a state that the contagious Muslim majority area should be gathered and Muslims should be provided with self government in these provinces including Punjab, Sindh, Balouchistand and NWFP. • The constitution should also give due safeguard to Muslims rights where they are in minorities. • If it is not progressed so then these provinces would struggle for the independent sovereign state and the ultimate solution will be achieved.
- 24. Government Act of India 1935 • The government act of India 1935 was the response of the white paper that was issued after the failure of second round table conference. • The government of India act was a complete centralized government act and the viceroy was allotted with extreme powers to suppress any type of revolt by any of the nation. • The act was violating the basics of democracy but it was implemented just to show the British imperialism.
- 25. Congress rule 1937 to 1939 • General elections were held in 1937 and congress got the majority in 8 out of 11 provinces and form majority government in centre even the province of NWFP and Punjab came under the control of congress. • During the period the congress did not cooperate with the Muslims fortunately a misconception of congress let the Muslims out of the congress rule that congress resigned all the ministries and was in thinking that Japanese will defeat the British and the next government would be of Japanese. Unfortunately the British came as victorious and invite the All India Muslim league to form the interim government.
- 26. Lahore resolution 1940 • In 1940 Quid-e-Azam addressed the All India Muslim league that the North Western zone and North Eastern zone should be gather to form separate sovereign independent Muslim state. • North Western included Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan , NWFP and the North Eastern included Bengal. • In the history of India it was first time projected that the division of India has to be done as the two nation theory demand it and it was also explained that India is not the land of a single nation number of examples were given to support the division of India • The British press called this resolution as “Pakistan of Jinnah” so the name was replaced in history with Pakistan Resolution 1940.
- 27. Cripps Mission 1942 • Sir Stafford Cripps give his proposals in 1942 for the transfer of powers to the Indians his proposal include the fallowing main points • After the war the powers would be transferred to Indians. • the central legislature would be formed which would constitute central constitution • the central constitution would be sent to each province if it is approved by a province that province would become a part of Indian Union if the province deny it will create its independent status • The Cripps mission was failed both the parties rejected it on the fallowing grounds. • The All India Muslim League rejected it because it was having no clear indication of Pakistan. • The All India National Congress rejected it on the ground of independent status, that it can lead to the formation of Pakistan and division of India.
- 28. Cabinet Mission Plan 1944 • Cabinet Mission plan was introduce by the three prominent British Ministers • Lord Pethic Lawrence • AV Alexander • Sir Stafford Cripps • The plan was having two major divisions • Short term That all the political forces would form interim government including the Muslims, Hindus and the British.
- 29. • Long term The long term proposals were as under It was a federal form of government, it was having unique structure of dividing the government into four unit (a)central (b)provincial then provincial is further on divided into group ABC Group A was Hindu majority areas including Madras, CP, UP, Bombay, Bihar and Orissa Group B was Muslim majority areas including Punjab, Sindh, Balouchistan and NWFP Group C was the separation of Bengal into two parts Bengal the Muslim majority area and Assam the Hindus majority area Central legislature would be formed and central constitution would be framed, centre would have subjects of foreign affairs, defense, communication and finance. Every group would form its own legislature and would constitute its constitution. Any province from group C can change its group after 10 years. Any group can declare its independent status after 10 years. The plan was implemented but was failed because the Hindus were not supporting the grouping and the AIML was not supporting to be governed by interim government only. AIML demand was to implement the plan as a whole.
- 30. 3rd June Plan 1947 • Third June plan was actually the partition plan of the Indian sub continent into two sovereign states of Pakistan and India. He partition plan was designed by the Lord Mount Batten who convinced the AINC that the partition would be done in such a way that after a few months the newly created state of Pakistan would be collapsed and it will seek the mercy of India and would join India again. • The partition plan was completed as under. • Hindu majority area including Madras, CP, UP, Bombay, Bihar and Orissa were given to India • NWFP was given to Pakistan through referendum, Punjab and Bengal assemblies were called in two sessions, Balouchistan was progressed by Queta municipality and shahi Jirga and Sindh assembly excluding foreign members voted in favor of Pakistan. • Princely states were given the option to join either the state of Pakistan or India.