Immune response In Host Microbial Interaction
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CONTENTS LINE OF DEFENCE IMMUNE CELLS MAST CELLS NEUTROPHILS NET’s ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS OSTEOIMMUNOLOGY PROSTAGLANDINS MATRIX METALLOPROTEINS
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2) The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry being awarded to Stefan Hell, a former associate of the Cremer Lab, for his work developing stimulated emission depletion microscopy.
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CONSCIOUS SEDATION USE ON ANXIETY REDUCTION, AND PATIENT AND SURGEON SATISF...
CONSCIOUS SEDATION USE ON ANXIETY REDUCTION, AND PATIENT AND SURGEON SATISF...Dr. B.V.Parvathy EFFECT OF CONSCIOUS
SEDATION USE ON ANXIETY REDUCTION, AND PATIENT
AND SURGEON
SATISFACTION IN DENTAL
IMPLANT SURGERIES: A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
ORTHODONTICS PERIODONTICS RELATIONSHIP.pptx
ORTHODONTICS PERIODONTICS RELATIONSHIP.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy Orthodontics-Periodontics Relationship
ntroduction
Biological basis for orthodontic therapy
Periodontal tissue response to orthodontic force
Effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the periodontium
Orthodontic tooth movement in adults with periodontal tissue breakdown
Specific factors associated with orthodontic tooth movement
Implants and orthodontic therapy
Systematics of combined ortho – perio treatment
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO)
Minor periodontal surgery and orthodontic treatment
Review of literature
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis HNOI9 Presents Antimicrobial Potential....
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis HNOI9 Presents Antimicrobial Potential....Dr. B.V.Parvathy To evaluate the effects of B. lactis HN019 on clinical periodontal parameters (plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding), on the immunocompetence of gingival tissues [expression of BD-3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation (CD)-57 and CD-4], and on immunological properties of saliva (IgA levels) and adhesion to buccal epithelial cells and antimicrobial properties in non-surgical periodontal therapy in GCP patients.
TISSUE ENGINEERING.pptx
TISSUE ENGINEERING.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy The document discusses tissue engineering and its application in periodontal regeneration. It describes the key elements of tissue engineering which include progenitor/stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules. It discusses various sources of progenitor cells for periodontal tissues, methods of scaffold fabrication, and growth factors used to enhance regeneration such as PDGF and BMPs. Studies evaluating the efficacy of different scaffold-growth factor combinations for achieving periodontal regeneration are also mentioned.
GREATER PALATINE COMPRESSION SUTURE Journal presentation.pptx
GREATER PALATINE COMPRESSION SUTURE Journal presentation.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy To evaluate the efficacy of the GPCS for palatal hemostasis during and after the FGG harvesting procedure.
A secondary objective was to evaluate if the placement of the suture improved the operator
visibility thereby reducing the surgical time.
ACUTE GINGIVAL INFECTIONS Based on 2017 Classification.pptx
ACUTE GINGIVAL INFECTIONS Based on 2017 Classification.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy Abscess in Periodontium
Definition
Classification
Etiology & Risk factors
Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Microbiology
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Problems in 1999 Classification
2017 Classification
Treatment
Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
Definition
Classification
Etiology – Host Immune Response
Microbiology
Pathophysiology & Histological features
Diagnosis
Problems in 1999 Classification
2017 Classification
Differential diagnosis / Other Acute Conditions in Periodontium
Treatment
Endo-Perio Lesions
Clinical Presentation
Etiology
Microbiology
Risk factors
Pathophysiology & Histological features
Classification
Diagnosis
Problems in 1999 Classification
2017 Classification
Treatment
Comparative study of DFDBA and FDBA block grafts.pptx
Comparative study of DFDBA and FDBA block grafts.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of demineralized freeze dried block graft and freeze dried block graft with chorion membrane as barrier membrane clinically and radiographically for the treatment of residual deep intra bony defects.
Gray Zone Cases
Gray Zone CasesDr. B.V.Parvathy Abstract
Focused Clinical Question: Debates and questions related to the newly developed two-vector system
for classification of periodontal diseases have emerged as to how to accurately assign stage and grade
to the periodontitis cases. The aim of the present manuscript is to demonstrate the essential thought
processes that are needed in utilizing the new periodontitis classification system to diagnose two gray
zone cases.
Summary: Clinical case 1 includes an 83-year old patient diagnosed with periodontitis and classified as
Generalized Stage III Grade B periodontitis, while clinical case 2 , a 73-year old male was classified as
presenting Generalized Stage IV Grade B periodontitis. Although clinical and radiographic evaluations
revealed similarities between the cases, the thought process that includes clinical judgement is
described to guide a more accurate diagnosis following the guidelines of the new classification
system.
Conclusion: The two cases demonstrated here offer an opportunity for clinicians to recognize the
essential role of sound clinical judgment in certain cases when applying the new periodontal disease
classification system and also to clarify questions emerging from implementing this classification
system.
Key words: Staging and grading of periodontal diagnosis, Periodontal Diseases, Periodontal Diagnosis,
CAF+CTG+iPRF.pptx
CAF+CTG+iPRF.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the combined connective tissue
graft (CTG) with injectable platelet‐rich fibrin (i‐PRF) with coronally advanced flap
(CAF) improved root coverage of deep Miller Class I or II gingival recessions com‐
pared with CTG alone with CAF.
Material and Methods: Seventy‐two patients with Miller class I and II gingival reces‐
sions were enrolled. Thirty‐six patients were randomly assigned to the test group
(CAF+CTG+i‐PRF [700 rpm for 3 min]) or control group (CAF+CTG). Clinical evalua‐
tions were made at 6 months.
Results:At 6months, complete root coveragewas obtained at 88% of the sites treated
with CAF+CTG+i‐PRF and 80% of the sites treated with CAF+CTG. Difference be‐
tween the two groups was not statistically significant. At 6 months, the recession
depth (RD) reduction and increase in keratinized tissue height (KTH) of the test sites
were significantly better compared with the control sites.
Conclusions: According to the results, the addition of i‐PRF to the CAF+CTG treat‐
ment showed further development in terms of increasing the KTH and decreasing
RD. However, this single trial is not sufficient to advocate the true clinical effect of
i‐PRF on recession treatment with CAF+CTG and additional trials are needed.
KEYWORDS
connective tissue graft, injectable platelet‐rich fibrin, root coverage
VIRUSES IN PERIODONTITIS .pptx
VIRUSES IN PERIODONTITIS .pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy EVOLUTION OF VIRUSES
VIRUS CLASSIFICATION
VIRAL COMPONENTS & STRUCTURES
REPLICATION OF VIRUSES
HOST RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
HERPES VIRUS
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS
HUMAN CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
EVIDENCE
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
SARS COV-2
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
TREATMENT
Trauma From Occlusion.pptx
Trauma From Occlusion.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy This document provides an overview of trauma from occlusion including:
- Definitions from various dental organizations
- Etiology and types of occlusal forces that can cause trauma
- Historical perspectives on the study of occlusion and trauma
- Terminologies used to describe occlusal trauma
- Stages of tissue response to excessive occlusal forces
- Signs and symptoms of trauma from occlusion
- Classification systems for trauma from occlusion
- Examination and diagnosis techniques
- Radiographic signs of trauma
- Debate around reversibility of traumatic occlusion
- Considerations for trauma around dental implants
- Treatment approaches including occlusal adjustments and splinting
MUCOGINGIVAL SURGERY.pptx
MUCOGINGIVAL SURGERY.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy DEFINITION
INDICATION AND OBJECTIVES
PROCEDURES FOR INCREASING WIDTH OF ATTACHED GINGIVA
PROCEDURES FOR ROOT COVERAGE
TECHNIQUES FOR CORRECTION OF ABERRANT FRENUM
PAPILLA RECONSTRUCTION
RIDGE AUGMENTATION
PROCEDURES FOR INCREASING VESTIBULAR DEPTH
CROWN LENGTHENING PROCEDURES
FLAP TECHNIQUES.pptx
FLAP TECHNIQUES.pptxDr. B.V.Parvathy OBJECTIVES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
INCISIONS & ELEVATION
CLASSIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
HEALING AFTER FLAP SURGERY
POST OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
Resective vs Access Therapy
Resective vs Access TherapyDr. B.V.Parvathy The Efficacy of Pocket Elimination/Reduction Compared to Access Flap Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
To assess the efficacy and adverse effects of resective
surgery compared to access flap in patients with
periodontitis.
Impact of Different Surgical Protocols on Dimensional Changes of Free Soft Ti...
Impact of Different Surgical Protocols on Dimensional Changes of Free Soft Ti...Dr. B.V.Parvathy To determine if there is a difference in the amount of shrinkage during
healing of free soft tissue autografts (FSTA) using different surgical
techniques—suturing the vestibular flap margin apically to the base of
the recipient bed versus leaving the flap margin free and unsutured.
Regenerative Surgical Treatment of Furcation Journal Presentation
Regenerative Surgical Treatment of Furcation Journal PresentationDr. B.V.Parvathy AIM
To evaluate the performance and the added values of surgical regenerative techniques in terms of tooth loss, furcation closure/conversion, horizontal bone level gain and other periodontal parameters of teeth affected by periodontitis-related furcation defects, at least 12 months after surgery.
i-prf &MN in gingival augmentation in thin phenotype
i-prf &MN in gingival augmentation in thin phenotypeDr. B.V.Parvathy To evaluate the effect of gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized tissue width (KTW) using injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF) alone and with microneedling (MN) in individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes.
Local Treatment in Periodontal pocket Journal Presentation
Local Treatment in Periodontal pocket Journal PresentationDr. B.V.Parvathy It was a systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive locally delivered antimicrobials, compared to sub gingival instrumentation alone or plus a placebo, on changes in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), in patients with residual pockets during supportive periodontal care.
2 Stage Crown Lengthening VS 1 Stage Journal Presentation
2 Stage Crown Lengthening VS 1 Stage Journal PresentationDr. B.V.Parvathy This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a two-
stage crown lengthening intervention (SCL) in the aesthetic zone
compared with a one-stage crown lengthening procedure (CCL).
Black triangle Management Journal Presentation
Black triangle Management Journal PresentationDr. B.V.Parvathy This review covers the surgical and non-surgical management of
Gingival black triangles (GBTs).
This review also covers the aetiology and management of GBTs,
highlighting the importance of considering the options currently
available when treating a lost dental papilla.
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Physiology of Pain and thermal sensations
Physiology of Pain and thermal sensationsMedicoseAcademics This in-depth lecture by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology and a distinguished graduate of Allama Iqbal Medical College (Best Graduate, MBBS 2017), offers a thorough exploration of the neurophysiology of pain and temperature sensation. With advanced qualifications including FCPS in Physiology, CHPE, DHPE (STMU), MPH (GC University), and MBA (Virtual University), Dr. Faiza brings both clinical insight and pedagogical clarity to complex sensory concepts.
🔍 What You’ll Learn in This Lecture:
I. Pain Sensation:
Types of Pain: Acute (fast, sharp) vs. Chronic (slow, burning)
Nociceptors: Distribution, types (mechanical, thermal, chemical, polymodal), and functional characteristics
Pain Receptor Activation:
TRPV1 (heat, vanilloids), TRPA1 (cold, mechanical)
ASICs (acid-sensing ion channels)
Bradykinin, prostaglandin, and purinergic receptors
Mechanism of Pain Transmission:
Rate of tissue damage as a key determinant
Pain stimuli: mechanical spasm, thermal injury (>45°C), ischemia-induced chemical pain
Dual Pain Pathways:
Neospinothalamic Tract (Fast pain): Aδ fibers, glutamate neurotransmission, thalamic projection
Paleospinothalamic Tract (Slow pain): C fibers, substance P and glutamate, brainstem involvement
II. Central Processing of Pain:
Major relay centers: Thalamus, Reticular formation, Periaqueductal gray, Mesencephalon
Functional roles of cerebral cortex vs. brainstem in pain perception
Effects of anterolateral cordotomy and thalamic ablation
III. Thermal Sensation:
Perception spectrum: Freezing cold → Burning hot
Receptor Types:
Cold Receptors: Aδ and C fibers; peak at ~24°C
Warm Receptors: Type C fibers; active from ~30–49°C
Thermal Pain Receptors: Activated at extremes; overlap with nociceptors
Mechanism of Thermal Transduction:
Based on metabolic rate modulation and intracellular chemical reaction dynamics
Adaptation Properties:
Rapid initial decline with ongoing stimulation
Importance of dynamic change (falling/rising temperature) over static input
Spatial Summation:
Larger surface area → enhanced detection (as fine as 0.01°C)
Small area → requires larger temperature shifts
🧠 Clinical Relevance:
Phantom limb pain: central sensitization, cortical plasticity
Mechanistic differences between local anesthesia and opioid response
Importance of understanding dual pain pathways in anesthesia, pain management, and neurosurgery
🎯 Ideal For:
MBBS, BDS, and Nursing students
Postgraduate Physiology and FCPS candidates
Medical educators and examiners
Professionals preparing for PLAB, USMLE, and other licensing exams
Lecture chi squire. For Postgraduate and Undergraduate
Lecture chi squire. For Postgraduate and UndergraduateTauseef Jawaid Lecture chi squire. For Postgraduate and Undergraduate MBBS, DPH,DPT, Pharm D students
Pharmacovigilance aspects : Predictability & Preventability Assessment.pptx
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Gastric Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis...
Gastric Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis...Oleg Kshivets METHODS: We analyzed data of 806 consecutive GCP (age=57.1±9.5 years; tumor size=5.4±3.1 cm) radically operated (R0) and monitored in 1975-2025 (m=563, f=243; distal gastrectomies (G)=463, proximal (G)=166, total (G)=177, combined G with resection of pancreas, liver, diaphragm, duodenum, colon transversum, jejunum, cholecystectomy, splenectomy=341; T1=242, T2=223, T3=184, T4=157; N0=443, N1=109, N2=254; G1=225, G2=165, G3=416; early GC=168, invasive=638; only surgery=630, adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy-AT=176: 5-FU+thymalin/taktivin). Variables selected for prognosis study were input levels of 45 blood parameters, sex, age, TNMG, cell type, tumor size. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences in curves between groups of GCP were evaluated using a log-rank test. Multivariate Cox modeling, clustering, SEPATH, Monte Carlo, bootstrap and neural networks computing were used to determine any significant dependence.
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2146.8±2350.4 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 58.6%, 10 years – 52.5%, 20 years – 40.2%, 30 years – 28%. 322 GCP lived more than 5 years (LS=4337.4±2377.7 days), 172 GCP – more than 10 years (LS=5966.5±2159.7 days). 291 GCP died because of GC (LS=649.9±347.1 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (67.5% vs. 56.9%) (P=0.047 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of GCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) in terms of synergetics N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G, prothrombin index, residual nitrogen, blood cells subpopulations, age, sex, GC cell dynamics, histology, tumor growth, bilirubin, chlorides, procedure type (P=0.000-0.021). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and healthy cells/CC (rank=1), PT early—invasive cancer (2); erythrocytes/CC (3), PT N0--N12 (4); leucocytes/CC (5), lymphocytes/CC (6), thrombocytes/CC (7), monocytes/CC (8), segmented neutrophils/CC (9), eosinophils/CC (10); stick neutrophils/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5-year survival of GCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT “early-invasive cancer”; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) Cell Ratio Factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) GC cell dynamics; 9) GC characteristics; 10) tumor localization; 11) anthropometric data; 12) surgery type. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for GC are: 1) screening and early detection of GC; 2) availability of experienced abdominal surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for GCP with unfavorable prognosis.
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S4 Bonus S2 Clearing Chi
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S4 Bonus S2 Clearing ChiLDM Mia eStudios A 4TH FREE WORKSHOP/
BONUS SESSION 2
Reiki Yoga “Clearing”
Our Sessions 1-3 are available for download notes. Thx for Reading.
https://ko-fi.com/ldmmia
Celebrating my 49th Bday.
A Taurus Sun, Born early May 3rd, “76”.
Also A Gemini Moon/Rising. I follow Both signs.
Welcome to the 2nd Bonus Session.
Beyond Basics - Good Vibes Only:
—Review - Good Vibes Only:
— For me, within both Reiki and Yoga sessions the essentials boost the energy. Energy can also be called Vibrations and Frequency. So many coaches are specializing within Frequency topics. They can coach entire themes using Frequency success stories. This shows how little we think of energy? We need our coaches to boost our wisdom? To boost the vibes? For Reiki & Yoga Therapy, using ‘Props’ can assist, protect, and heal energies - faster/better. Let’s Explore more.
(See Presentation for all sections, THX)
Clear Your Energy Pt 1…(See Presentation)
Clear Your Energy - Pt 2
I know we operate busy schedules. Sometimes I will yoga stretch, do warm ups, Fuse Qigong, and clear my chakras. It can be therapy or for energy boosts. So many things within our activities will leave behind energy. This can be positive or negative. We assume these energies naturally drop off. But, not always the case. Some energies latch on longterm. This all depends on your moods, emotions, and lifestyle. Hope it makes sense. We have to monitor our energy intake/out-take.
Repost:
Taking breaks, pausing, relaxing, are common things ppl struggle with. Including at times, myself. Reiki requires chill hours or meditations. We often believe our schedules are badges to display for social/approval? This is a generational society belief. It takes courage to bold/quietly declare - the opposite.
(Old Matrix Systems)
Energy Monitoring-The Media/News
A Perm bonus section I wanted to keep. This is about The media and news. Now, I understand it’s hard to avoid all news. Especially when we need our global, local, weather, and economic updates. Some news are important while others are extremely negative. Anything hosting bad vibes can be draining. I have seen this occur within distant/visual updates like news or gossip. We have to keep what we need. Then leave behind what we don’t. The intuitive coaching/Tarot rules.
There’s a lot going on for every country. So now is the time to practice calming methods for daily life or emergencies.
(See Presentation for all, new topics, THX)
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Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Transforming Cancer Carepptx
Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Transforming Cancer CarepptxNEIGRIHMS, SHILLONG Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming oncology by enabling faster, more accurate, and personalized cancer care. AI uses technologies like machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) to analyze complex medical data, helping doctors make better decisions at every stage of cancer care.
Key Applications of AI in Oncology:
Cancer Detection & Diagnosis:
AI analyzes radiology (CT, MRI, mammography) and pathology images to detect tumors early and accurately.
Tools like PathAI, Aidoc, and DeepMind are used in clinical imaging.
Precision Medicine & Genomics:
AI interprets genetic mutations to match patients with targeted therapies.
Platforms like Tempus and OncoKB support personalized cancer treatment.
Radiation Oncology:
AI automates contouring, treatment planning, and dose optimization.
Reduces planning time and improves consistency in radiation delivery.
Drug Discovery & Clinical Trials:
AI helps discover new cancer drugs and match patients to trials.
Companies like BenevolentAI and Insilico Medicine lead this space.
Prognostics & Monitoring:
AI predicts survival, recurrence, and side effects using patient data.
Wearables and mobile apps track symptoms and alert doctors in real time.
Benefits of AI in Oncology:
Early and accurate diagnosis
Faster workflows and reduced workload
Personalized treatments
Improved patient outcomes
Challenges:
Data privacy and bias
Lack of clinical validation
Interpretability of AI decisions
Integration into hospital systems
Conclusion:
AI is not replacing oncologists but empowering them with better tools to diagnose, plan, and treat cancer more effectively. With ongoing research and responsible use, AI will play a crucial role in the future of oncology.
SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES, FFP, AUTHORSHIP,CONFLICT OF INTEREST.pptx
SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES, FFP, AUTHORSHIP,CONFLICT OF INTEREST.pptxSanskritiUpadhyay5 it is all about public ethics.
Introduction to adverse drug reactions & Management of ADR.pptx
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Normal distribution and Z score Test for post graduate and undergraduate stu...
Normal distribution and Z score Test for post graduate and undergraduate stu...Tauseef Jawaid Normal distribution and Z score
The normal distribution is also known as a Gaussian distribution or probability bell curve.
It is symmetric about the mean and indicates that values near the mean occur more frequently than the values that are farther away from the mean
Defining and Delivering Person-Centric HIV Care in Key Populations
Defining and Delivering Person-Centric HIV Care in Key PopulationsPVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education Chair, Jonathan S. Appelbaum, MD, FACP, AAHIVS, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to HIV for this CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Defining and Delivering Person-Centric HIV Care in Key Populations.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4eVxdWJ. CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until April 27, 2026.
PLEURAL EFFUSION By Dr. Kritika Somani..
PLEURAL EFFUSION By Dr. Kritika Somani..KritikaSomani1 This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of pleural effusion, a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space. It covers the types, causes, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, with illustrative visuals and case-based insights. Ideal for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of pleural diseases
Meeting dissolution requirements M.Pharmacy sem 2nd biopharmaceutics &pharmac...
Meeting dissolution requirements M.Pharmacy sem 2nd biopharmaceutics &pharmac...Swami ramanand teerth marathwada university Meeting dissolution requirements M.Pharmacy sem 2nd biopharmaceutics &pharmacokinetics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, B...
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, B...Oleg Kshivets METHODS: We analyzed data of 786 consecutive LCP (age=57.7±8.3 years; tumor size=4.1±2.4 cm) radically operated and monitored in 1985-2025 (m=674, f=112; upper lobectomies=284, lower lobectomies=180, middle lobectomies=18, bilobectomies=46, pneumonectomies=258, mediastinal lymph node dissection=786; combined procedures with resection of trachea, carina, atrium, aorta, VCS, vena azygos, pericardium, liver, diaphragm, ribs, esophagus=199; only surgery-S=629, adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy-AT=157: CAV/gemzar + cisplatin + thymalin/taktivin + radiotherapy 45-50Gy; T1=328, T2=260, T3=137, T4=61; N0=528, N1=133, N2=125, M0=786; G1=199, G2=248, G3=339; squamous=423, adenocarcinoma=313, large cell=50; early LC=221, invasive LC=565; right LC=422, left LC=364; central=298; peripheral=488. Variables selected for study were input levels of 45 blood parameters, sex, age, TNMG, cell type, tumor size. Regression modeling, clustering, SEPATH, Monte Carlo, bootstrap and neural networks computing were used to determine significant dependence.
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2245.9±1741.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.4%, 10 years – 65.2%, 20 years – 42.5%. 516 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3118.2±1527.7 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.2% vs.63.5%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (65.6% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00001 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, age, bilirubin, procedure type (P=0.000-0.044). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), healthy cells/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), erythrocytes/CC (6), segmented neutrophils/CC (7), lymphocytes/CC (8), monocytes/CC (9); stick neutrophils (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) p
Awake Craniotomy with endoscopic support, guided by intraoperative ultrasound...
Awake Craniotomy with endoscopic support, guided by intraoperative ultrasound...Dr. Damian Lastra Copello Awake Craniotomy with endoscopic support, guided by intraoperative ultrasound, Imeka Neuronavigator and MRI for excision of low-grade Astrocytoma in Sharab Hospital. Case Report.
Fontes C1; Sama Y2; Sulayman S 3; BaldehS 4; Ceesay A5; Copello DL6
1. Carlos Fontes. Licensed Nurse in Anesthesiology and Resuscitation. Master's Degree in Emergencies, Assistant Professor University of Medical Sciences of Camaguey. Cuba. Anesthesiology Service, Sharab Hospital. Republic of The Gambia.
2. Sama Yamundaw. Nurse Anesthesiologist Nurse. Anesthesiology Service at Sharab Hospital. Republic of The Gambia
3. Sulayman Sima. Sharab Hospital Surgery Service. Republic of The Gambia.
4. Sanna Baldeh. Scrubs Nurse. Sharab Hospital Surgery Service. Republic of The Gambia.
5. 5 Abdoulie Ceesay. Scrubs Nurse. Sharab Hospital Surgery Service. Republic of The Gambia
6. Dr.Damian Lastra Copello. Consultant Neurosurgeon.MD. Emergency and Critical Care Fellowship. Neuro-Oncology and Spine Surgeon, Lecturer, Researcher, Santiago de Cuba Medical Sciences University, Havana University, Cuba. Neurosurgery Service Sharab Hospital. The Gambia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-9393-1933
Abstract
Low-grade astrocytomas are considered low-grade gliomas. Low-grade gliomas are brain tumors that grow slowly and require specialized care.
They are a group of tumors that include: fibrillary astrocytoma, protoplasmic astrocytoma and gemistocytic astrocytoma. They differ from their counterpart high-grade astrocytomas, because they have a better prognosis and longer survival, although each of them is a different disease with a different course and prognosis.As a group, they represent 26.6% of all tumors derived from glial cells in the brain.Separated by age, they represent approximately 15% of intracranial tumors in adults and 25% in children. (1 -8)
The age of presentation of these tumors in adults is around the 4th decade of life. The frontal lobe is the most frequent location, followed by the temporal and parietal lobes.
Currently, technology has increased the safety of surgical procedures, with the arrival of techniques such as neuronavigation, stereotaxy, transoperative brain mapping, transoperative ultrasound or ultrasonic aspirator; all of them in contemporary times must be used with reasoning for the greater benefit of the patient.
A craniotomy is a complex neurological procedure that involves opening the skull, performing the necessary operation, and closing the skull, securing the bone in its original position. (4 -10)
Awake craniotomy is mainly used for mapping and resection of lesions in vitally important brain areas where imaging is not sufficiently sensitive. These are most commonly speech and motor areas. In all sedation-anesthesia techniques, the patients are awake and able to speak and/or move during the mapping phase.
It is a technique used to improve perioperative outcomes, achieving a faster recovery of the patient with a reduction in the percentage of postoperative complications.
2025-ADA-SOC-Slide-Deck-all-recommendations-FINAL-12-9-24.pptx
2025-ADA-SOC-Slide-Deck-all-recommendations-FINAL-12-9-24.pptxTanja Milenković The joint EASD (European Association for the Study of Diabetes) and ADA (American Diabetes Association) Consensus Report on the management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes serves as a comprehensive, evidence-based guide to help clinicians provide patient-centered care. Updated regularly, the report reflects evolving scientific evidence, advances in pharmacological therapies, and a growing emphasis on individualization of treatment.
The 2022 edition emphasizes a holistic approach to managing type 2 diabetes, integrating lifestyle interventions, glucose-lowering medications, cardiovascular and renal risk reduction, and patient preferences. The report moves beyond strict glycemic targets alone and promotes the consideration of comorbid conditions—such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obesity—when choosing therapies.
The document highlights the importance of metformin as a foundational therapy but recommends early use of SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with established cardiovascular or renal disease, regardless of HbA1c levels. These classes offer benefits beyond glucose control, including heart failure risk reduction and kidney protection.
A key feature of the consensus is its endorsement of shared decision-making, taking into account patient goals, preferences, access, and affordability. The report also discusses the role of digital health tools, continuous glucose monitoring, and team-based care in improving outcomes.
Glycemic targets are individualized, typically aiming for an HbA1c of <7%, but allowing flexibility based on age, duration of diabetes, comorbidities, and risk of hypoglycemia. The report also underscores the need for regular reassessment, treatment intensification when needed, and ongoing patient education.
Overall, the EASD-ADA consensus provides a dynamic framework that supports a multifaceted, patient-centric approach to type 2 diabetes care, aiming to reduce complications, improve quality of life, and promote long-term health outcomes.
HIV AIDS for university students studying
HIV AIDS for university students studyingarthurtheophilus56 duce their risk of acquiring HIV.**
* **Highly effective when taken consistently.**
* **Requires regular HIV testing and medical monitoring.**
• **Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):**
* **Antiretroviral medications taken after a potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.**
* **Must be started within 72 hours of exposure.**
* **Typically involves a 28-day course of ART.**
• **Harm Reduction Strategies:**
* **Needle Exchange Programs:** Provide clean needles and syringes to intravenous drug users to reduce the risk of sharing needles and transmitting HIV.
* **Opioid Substitution Therapy:** Using medications such as methadone or buprenorphine to treat opioid addiction.
• **Education and Awareness:**
* **Providing accurate information about HIV transmission, prevention, and treatment.**
* **Addressing stigma and discrimination associated with HIV.**
**VIII. Global Impact of HIV/AIDS**
HIV/AIDS has had a profound impact on global health and development.
• **Prevalence:** An estimated 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021.
• **New Infections:** Approximately 1.5 million new HIV infections occurred in 2021.
• **Deaths:** 650,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2021.
• **Regional Differences:** The burden of HIV/AIDS is disproportionately high in sub-Saharan Africa.
• **Impact on Life Expectancy:** HIV/AIDS has significantly reduced life expectancy in many countries.
• **Economic Impact:** HIV/AIDS has had a negative impact on economic development, particularly in countries with high prevalence rates.
• **Social Impact:** HIV/AIDS has led to stigma, discrimination, and social isolation for affected individuals and communities.
**IX. Ongoing Research and Future Directions**
Research continues to play a vital role in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
• **Cure Research:** Scientists are working to develop a cure for HIV infection, which could involve eliminating the virus from the body or achieving long-term remission without the need for ART.
• **Vaccine Development:** Efforts are underway to develop a safe and effective HIV vaccine that could prevent new infections.
• **Improved Treatment Strategies:** Researchers are developing new antiretroviral drugs that are more effective, easier to take, and have fewer side effects.
• **Prevention Strategies:** Scientists are exploring new prevention strategies, such as long-acting injectable PrEP and broadly neutralizing antibodies.
• **Understanding HIV Reservoirs:** Research is focused on understanding HIV reservoirs, which are cells in the body where HIV can hide and persist even during ART.
• **Addressing Co-morbidities:** Research is exploring how HIV infection affects other health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological disorders.
**X. Conclusion**
HIV/AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, but significant progress has been made in recent decad
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6. Trace the Spinothalamic tract/Anterolateral system
7. Compare the characteristics of DCML and ALS
8. Correlate the functions of DCML and ALS with the sensory loss seen in Brown-Sequard syndrome
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Immune response In Host Microbial Interaction
- 13. ROLE OF IMMUNE CELLS IN HOST MICROBIAL INTERACTION PREPARED BY, DR. BEENA VIJAYAN PARVATHY
- 14. Jens Martensson CONTENTS • LINE OF DEFENCE • IMMUNE CELLS • MAST CELLS • NEUTROPHILS • NET’s • ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS • OSTEOIMMUNOLOGY • PROSTAGLANDINS • MATRIX METALLOPROTEINS
- 15. Jens Martensson IMMUNITY Resistance exhibited by the host towards injury caused by microorganisms and their products. IMMUNITY SYSTEM Collection of cells, tissues and molecules that function to defend against infectious microbes.
- 17. Jens Martensson COMPONENETS OF IMMUNITY SYSTEM • Cell-Mediated Immunity • Antibody-Mediated/ Humoral Immunity
- 19. Jens Martensson MAST CELLS • Resident leukocytes. • Receptors: Complement system components - C3a & C5a Fc portion of antibody molecules – IgE : FcER & IgG : Fc Γr TLR’s • Contains lysosomes. • Triggered by: IgE &IgG antibodies Antigens Cytokines C3a & C5a Drugs, Physical activity, Hormones
- 20. Jens Martensson NEUTROPHILS • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes • Crucial role in host defense. • Contains 3 functional types of granules Azurophilic/Primary granules Function: Phagocytosis Specific/Secondary granules Named as “adhesomes” Gelatinase containing/Secretory/Tertiary granules Function: Extravasation process
- 21. Jens Martensson Regulation of Neutrophil Production & Distribution Production Trafficking Clearance • After entering circulation • Transendothelial migration • Chemotaxis • Opsonization • Phagocytosis “Abortive phagocytosis” • Killing & Digestion
- 26. Jens Martensson NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NET's) (Brinkmann et al, 2004) PMN’s Viable VITAL NETosis (Yipp B G, 2013) NET’s after nuclear membrane & granular digestion or cell death SUICIDAL NETosis (Brinkmann et al, 2007,2018)
- 27. Jens Martensson ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS Dendritic Cells B Cells Macrophages/Monocytes
- 29. Jens Martensson 1. Adhesion 2. Scanning 3. Co stimulation 4. Differentiation EVENTS IN T CELLACTIVATION
- 30. Jens Martensson PHASES OF IMMUNE REPONSE