![Prevention and control measures
• Aquaculture Health management means the management approaches to prevent
and control the outbreak of emerging and reemerging diseases which begins with
prevention of disease. I. Proper management of water quality and nutrition is the
first step in fish disease Prevention. It is impossible to prevent diseases outbreaks
without this. Poor water quality, nutrition or immune system are associated with
stress which allows the pathogens to cause a disease [3]. II. Nutritional diseases
are not contagious and rarely happen but cannot be cured by medications. Best
way to prevent and control through provision of good water quality and good
management. III. Timely observation of fish behavior and feeding helps in
primary detection of disease. It provides easy diagnosis odd disease before the
majority of the population becomes sick [4]. IV. A balanced diet can provide high
nutrients to recover from deficiency diseases and high yields. Diets may also have
negative effects inducing nutrient deficiencies, toxin production or induction of
pathogens into the fish](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/importanceofnutrioninfishdiseaseresistancebyb-241112162232-16f45375/85/Importance-of-nutrion-in-fish-disease-resistance-by-B-pdf-29-320.jpg)
Importance of nutrion in fish disease resistance by B.pdf
- 1. IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION IN FISH DISEASE RESISTANCE By BHUKYA BHASKAR FISHERIES Salmon Nutrition Facts Ref: Ocean Blue
- 2. Introduction • Individual micronutrients known to affect disease resistance include vitamins C, B6, E, and A and the minerals iron and fluoride. • Macronutrient (protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) levels have not been critically evaluated. • There are indications that certain fatty acids may be important factors in disease resistance.
- 3. Diagnosis procedure of nutritional disease in fishes • Diagnosis procedure of some fish diseases are given below: • I. Starvation appears due to nutrient deprivation resulting from inadequate intake or assimilation of feed. Typically, starved fish appears to have a large head and slender body and will be dark in coloratio. • II. Lipodosis can be diagnosed through histopathology of liver and proximate analysis of artificial feeds. Since histopathology is required, this may have contributed to lack of reports • III. Scurvy of fish can be confirmed by the curvature of the body with the hemorrhagic lesion at the broken vertebral column, histopathology of gills and liver. The feed formulation can also be examined as to the form and level of inclusion of ascorbic acid and further by analysis of tissue and feed samples for ascorbic acid content. • IV. EFA deficiency is based on the visual observation of larval behavior (weak movement) is confirmed by fatty acid analysis of live food. • V. Nutritional Myopathy can be diagnosed Histopathologic ally, myofibril degeneration including extensive myolysis and macrophage invasion in degenerated fibers are observed in the skeletal muscles. Ceroid deposits, a kind of lipo-pigment which stains pink with PAS reaction in the hepatocytes, is typical. • VI. Histopathological lesions are mainly found in the brain where hemorrhages and degeneration of the nuclei of nervous cells occur and Thiamin deficiency is diagnosed.
- 4. Effects of nutritional disease in fish • negative impacts of nutritional diseases of fish are listed below; • I. Fish disease severely affects the socio-economic condition of farmers including losses in production, employment opportunities, income, investment loss, reduced consumer confidence, food shortage, industry failure etc. • II. Fish diseases affect fish survival and growth rates which results in poor yield qualitatively, the livelihood of people involved in the culture production and the community in which they occur through reduced food availability, loss of earnings and recreation, apprehension of healthy environment, consumption and handling of sick fish. • III. World Bank (2006) reported that, global US $3billion loss occurs per year due to aquaculture production loss due to disease in the form of investment loss, disease control and health management programs. • IV. Pathogen identification and use of unapproved drugs in aquaculture raises the issues to reject the products, law enforcement against involved trade parties, trade disruption and heavy financial losses. • V. Feed-derived "wastes impact the culture environment through direct pollution, which in turn affects the culture organisms. Extra feeds, faeces and metabolic wastes contribute to environmental pollution. These factors induce stress, depress the growth of cultured organisms and increase their vulnerability to diseases • VI. A chronic over supplementation of protein results in increased protein excretion by the fish and an increased level of ammonia in the environment. Alteration in water chemistry lead to serious health problems for the farmed populations.
- 5. Common nutritional diseases in fish • 1. Fish scurvy • 2. Broken Back Syndrome • 3. Lipidosis • 4. EFA deficiency • 5. Obesity • 6. Nutritional myopathy • 7. Steatitis and white fat disease • 8. Hyponatremia • 9. Thiamin deficiencies • 10. Avitaminosis • 11. Hypervitaminosis • 12. Histamine poisoning • 13. Toxicosis • 14. Blindness-melanism syndrome • 15. Granulomatous hypertyrosinemia • Nutritional deficiency symptoms: • 1. Protein deficiencies • 2. Lipids deficiencies • 3. Carbohydrate deficiencies • 4. Vitamin deficiencies • 5. Mineral deficiency • 6. Micronutrient deficiency
- 6. 1. Fish scurvy • Scurvy in fish is a deficiency condition and non-infectious in nature. • It rarely occurs naturally when diets are not formulated and prepared based on the species requirement. • Deficiency of Ascorbic acid is the preliminary cause of fish scurvy disease. Use of another specie’s diets in absence of a suitable formulated diet for species may results in deficiencies. • Spinal deformity associated with ascorbic acid deficiency has been reported to occur naturally in Cromileptes altivelis post larvae in Indonesia. • Fishes in the growout stages are usually affected but spinal deformity occurs at post larval stages. • It has been reported in Epinephelus tauvina and Epinephelus malabaricus in Thailand. • Anorexia, erosion of fins and opercula, short snout, hemorrhages in eye and fins, exophthalmia, abnormal skull, swollen abdomen, pharyngo-branchial falling, severe emaciation and spinal column abnormality, poor growth are signs of fish suffering from Scurvy disease. • High doses of vitamin C intake can provide increased disease resistance against several pathogenic bacterial and virus species in fish
- 7. 2. Broken Back Syndrome • Broken Back Syndrome is a well-known channel catfish disease in super-intensive culture system. • This disease arises if fish are fed vitamin C deficient diets for more than eight weeks. • Vitamin deficiency leads to biochemical dysfunctions and consequent organ dysfunction. • Other morphological and functional changes have been also reported in fish deprived of vitamin C
- 8. 3. Lipidosis • Lipidosis It is one of the most common non-infectious nutritional disease among cultured fish species. • Presence of disease affected fish in a farm does not affects the healthy individuals. • Various degrees of this disease have been observed in cage-cultured grouper fish including Epinephelus malabaricus, Epinephelus coioides and Cromileptes altivelis in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. • Feeding of rancid formulated feeds and fatty or poorly stored trash fish can cause lipodosis. • Fish in the grow-out stage are most susceptible to lipodosis. Affected fish shows poor growth but low mortality rate, lethargic movement, opaque eyes, slight distention of the abdomen and pale appearance of liver
- 9. 4. EFA deficiency: • EFA deficiency It is associated with low levels of essential fatty acids in live food. Fatty acids are essential components of bio membranes and precursors of some physiological modulators. • Marine fish larvae require EFA for normal growth and development. Essential fatty acids such as DHA and EPA are usually found in live food such as copepods, microalgae, rotifers and Artemia. • Fatty acid deficiency results in larval mortality known as “Shock Syndrome”. This disease has been reported from Epinephelus malabaricus in Thailand and from Epinephelus tauvina and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in Singapore. • Body weakness and mortality is observed after 21 day of starting feeding for E. malabaricus. • This disease is not transmitted to other healthy individuals by affected fish
- 10. 5. Obesity • Obesity It is a most common health concern in both pond and aquarium environment. • The common goldfishes are especially prone to obesity disease Obesity in fish may result in health problems. • Fatty infiltration of liver is correlated with a high-fat diet. • A fatty liver can be the direct result of a high-fat diet or due to the deficiency of biotin or choline in the diet
- 11. 6. Nutritional myopathy • Nutritional Myopathy is associated with rancid fat or PUFA containing diets and low vitamin E contents. • When cellular integrity is compromised in the cell membrane, this disease can occur. • It is a non-infectious and non-transmissible disease. • Cromileptes altivelis fingerlings and bloodstock are severely affected by this disease. • Affected fish shows body colour darkening, emaciation, petechial at operculum and occasional spinal cord deformity. • The disease can cause continuous low mortality in Cromileptes altivelis fingerlings and mass mortality in Cromileptes altivelis bloodstock.
- 12. 7. Steatitis and white fat disease • Steatitis and white fat disease: These diseases are caused by Vitamin E Deficiency. • Vitamin E has antioxidant properties which to plays important role in cellular membranes to maintain the integrity in the oxidative processes at the storage of fish. • Steatitis was induced experimentally in phocid seals and to measure the relationships between vitamin E deficiency and hyponatremia. • Vitamin E is commonly supplied to the Piscivores at a rate of 100 mg/kg of feed to maintain high level of vitamin in blood serum
- 13. 8. Hyponatremia • Hyponatremia is a disease of marine fish which is related to salt deficiency. • It is most common in freshwater pinnipeds, saltwater animals, otarids, phocid seals, and other marine mammals. • Clinical signs are periodic weakness, tremor, lethargy, incoordination, and anorexia. • Severely affected animals may collapse in an Addisonian crisis, which can be fatal • Sodium chloride infusion therapy can provide effective protection. • Animals should be provided with continuous freshwater flow
- 14. 9. Thiamin deficiencies • Thiamin is a co-enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and essential for normal nerve functions, digestion and reproduction. • Deficiency of thiamine is caused by thiaminase activity. • Thiamine is also destroyed by the activity of antithiamine substances in feed. These active enzymes can also destroy thiamine if the fish sits for long periods before feeding. • Fish species from sardine and anchovy families contain enzymes which results in degradation of thiamin in the trash fish. • Deficiency signs appear when single species trash fish are fed for extended periods but not when mixed species. • Clinical signs of thiamine deficiency are Nervous System disturbances, whitish body color, anorexia, regurgitation, erratic swimming and mechanical injuries and hemorrhages on the body surface which can led to death.
- 15. 10. A vitaminosis • Avitaminosis Absence of a particular vitamin leads to serious metabolic disorders referred to as Avitaminosis that is frequently fatal. • High deficiency of vitamin can lead to non-specific growth retardation and susceptibility to diseases. • Vitamin deficiency disease does not usually occur in ponds which can result in depressed immune function and chronic disease. • Optimum level of vitamin is required for the development of immunity in the early stages of their life cycle
- 16. 11. Hypervitaminosis • Hypervitaminosis Under different conditions, accumulated water soluble vitamins can produce a toxic condition which is called Hypervitaminosis Usually, these types of conditions do not occur under practical farming conditions. • Hypervitaminosis has been successfully induced in experimental units in fish and the reported toxicity signs
- 17. 12. Histamine poisoning • Histamine poisoning Tuna, Mackerel and other dark-fleshed fish have a short life span. Formation of histamine complex due to bacterial decarboxylation of histidine has been found in the flesh of marine fish species. • This toxicity can also occur in non-scombroid fishes, anchovies, herrings or pilchards where it is mostly common in pinnipeds. • Clinical signs are lethargy, anorexia and throat inflammation. • Antihistamines can provide temporary relief and the animal start ingesting feed within 2-3 days. • Epinephrine is effective in severe or acute cases of histamine reaction. Cortisone and diphenhydramine hydrochloride can also be effective
- 18. 13. Toxicosis • Toxicosis Toxins may be present in fish feeds such as mycotoxins, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl residues, herbicides and other agro-industrial chemicals. • Molds produce Mycotoxins on plant products like oil seed by-products and grain by-products. • In addition, aflatoxin in the diet can produce liver cancer in rainbow trout. • 8-20 ppb of toxin can induce clearly visible hepatomas within 4 - 6 months. • Other toxins are protease inhibitors, goitrogens, hemagglutinins, saponins, gossypol and others. • Toxins produced by microorganisms associated with feed contamination can cause bacterial Toxicosis
- 19. 14. Blindness-melanism syndrome: • Blindness-melanism syndrome: • The disease was firstly described as a “Loss of Scales Syndrome” by Raymond in indigenous fishes of the West Indies, especially Ocyurus chrysurus and Lutjanus analis. • Fish show a loss of appetite, melanism, and an important decrease of weight. Some of them can hardly catch the pellets which also suggest blindness. • Ulcerative skin lesion is often seen on the head, latero-dorsal body part, and fins. Ocular lesions such as keratitis and aphaky are sometimes detected
- 20. 15. Granulomatous hypertyrosinemia • Granulomatous hypertyrosinemia Tixerant., et al. (1984) were the first to link a so called Granulomatous Syndrome observed on farmed turbots (Scophthalmus maximus) to a disorder in tyrosine metabolism. • Clinical signs of the disease are essentially 1 White yellowish or orange nodules, mostly on kidney but also on the other viscera and muscle. • Subcutaneous white deposits, around the articulations or under the cornea, possibly hiding the pupil. • It is also possible to remark cutaneous melanism, loss of weight, hepato- splenomegaly, adbominal dropsy and presence of urinary calculus. • At microscopic examination, the white deposits show bushes of needle-shaped crystal, 30 - 40 μm long, located around the melano macrophage centres or around the nodules. • These crystals cannot be seen on histological sections (after paraffin embedding).
- 21. Nutritional deficiency symptoms: • i) Protein deficiencies: In general, protein and amino acid deficiency disease is not recognized as a problem in ponds. • Growth suppression, skeletal deformities, appetite depression and exophthalmia are evidenced in earlier studies. • Essential amino acid deficiency can lead to poor utilization of dietary protein and may result in growth retardation, less weight gain and low feed efficiency. • Amino acid deficiency can lower the disease resistance of fish and impairs the effectiveness of the immune system in severe cases
- 22. II) Lipids deficiencies • Lipids deficiencies Poor food efficiency, susceptibility to caudal fin erosion, elevated muscle water content, shock syndrome, swollen pale fatty liver, decreased hemoglobin and blood cell volume, degeneration of gill epithelium etc. are some of deficiency syndrome. • EPA and DHA are very important for larvae and Broodstock development. • EPA and DHA deficiency in Broodstock lead to reduced egg quality, poor hatchability and reduced survival of larvae. • Auto-oxidation of UFAs lead to morbid changes in the liver. • Fin erosion, loss of pigmentation, fatty infiltration of liver, cardiac myopathy and shock syndrome are some of the deficiency signs of Linolenic acid. • Slightly affected fish are capable to recover whereas in severe case, fish are not capable to recover to an acceptable limit
- 23. III) Carbohydrate deficiencies • Carbohydrate deficiencies Generally, the deficiency of carbohydrates results in growth retardation due to gluconeogenesis. • Sekoke disease is one of the common diseases related to Carbohydrate. • It is also called Spontaneous Diabetes in carp which are fed with extremely high- starch diets. • It was reported in Japan. So, elimination of the excess amount of starch from the diets can prevent this disease
- 24. IV) Vitamin deficiencies • Vitamin deficiencies Usually, nutritional deficiency signs develop slowly, and it is very difficult to detect clear signs at the early stages. • Poor appetite, poor feed efficiency and reduced weight gain are some of the vitamin deficiency signs. • The farmers may obtain indirect clues of vitamin deficiency from this sign.
- 25. Different vitamins and their deficiency signs in fishes
- 26. V) Mineral deficiency In fish • Mineral deficiency In fish, minerals provide important roles in osmoregulation, scale and skeleton formation and intermediary metabolism. • Difficult to study the mineral requirements of fish are because some minerals are required very minute amounts. • Some other minerals are absorbed from water in significant quantities through the gills as well as from the diet. • Mineral deficiencies appear due to dietary imbalances and interaction of dietary components. • Skeletal deformities, reduced resistance to diseases and anemia are some of mineral deficiency signs
- 27. Major minerals, their functions and deficiency symptoms in fish and shellfish.
- 28. VI) Micronutrient deficiency • Micronutrient deficiency Zinc, copper, iron and selenium are required at trace amount for metalo-enzymes which are vital to maintain cellular functions in the immune system. • Very little is known about the effects of trace elements on immune function of finfish species. • Iron is very important nutrient for fish as well as for microorganisms also, even the ability of pathogens to enter to a host depends on the availability of iron. • Microcytic Anemia is one of the deficiency signs of iron which can be occurred in several fish species. • Iron deficiency makes the host fish more susceptible to infectious agents.
- 29. Prevention and control measures • Aquaculture Health management means the management approaches to prevent and control the outbreak of emerging and reemerging diseases which begins with prevention of disease. I. Proper management of water quality and nutrition is the first step in fish disease Prevention. It is impossible to prevent diseases outbreaks without this. Poor water quality, nutrition or immune system are associated with stress which allows the pathogens to cause a disease [3]. II. Nutritional diseases are not contagious and rarely happen but cannot be cured by medications. Best way to prevent and control through provision of good water quality and good management. III. Timely observation of fish behavior and feeding helps in primary detection of disease. It provides easy diagnosis odd disease before the majority of the population becomes sick [4]. IV. A balanced diet can provide high nutrients to recover from deficiency diseases and high yields. Diets may also have negative effects inducing nutrient deficiencies, toxin production or induction of pathogens into the fish
- 30. Some nutritional diseases of fish and their treatments
- 31. steps can make new windows in nutritional disease control in aquaculture • I. Maintaining a suitable stocking density is necessary as Bibliography overcrowding predispose fish to infections. • II. Store the feed properly in dry, cool and covered place as Aspergillus flavins can grow on mouldy feedstuff and produce aflatoxins. • III. Increase the shelf life of fish food adding stabilized vitamin C (l-ascorbyl-2- polyphosphate) during manufacturing process. Avoid feeding food greater than 90 days old. • IV. Clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C include scoliosis and lordosis. Adding vitamin C directly to the water can provide necessary supplementation. • V. Vitamin B deficiencies are common nutritional problems. The requirements for certain B vitamins are significant increased after prolonged antibiotic treatment and supplements should be considered for these patients. • VI. When fish flakes come into contact with water, up to 90% of water-soluble vitamins are lost within 30 seconds. Owners should feed smaller amounts of food at more frequencies get the greatest benefit of vitamins.
- 32. Cont.. • VII. Live food can have several benefits, including color enhancement. Live foods should always originate from controlled artificial cultures and wild-caught live food should be avoided. • VIII. Feeding of higher vitamin is often reported to provide some protection against disease and to improve tissue regeneration following injury or tissue damage due to low temperatures. The prophylactic use of vitamins in animal nutrition is widely recognized and practiced. • IX. Use of high quality feed ingredients free from contaminants, proper nutrient balance in feed formulation, prevention of micronutrients loss during feed processing, better handling, storage and feed management also have good potential to improve health of aquatic animals. • X. Feeds formulation based on blood and fish meal should be closely monitored because they supply high amounts of iron which may predispose fish to common bacterial pathogens
- 33. Cont… • XI. Deficiencies due to presence of anti-vitamin factors in feed can be overcome by heat processing, cooking or heat treatments etc. • XII. Avoid feeding the stock with trash fish that cannot provide balanced nutrition. This type of feed lessens the natural resistance of fish and makes them more vulnerable to pathogenic infection. • XIII. Use dry pellet feed which is hygienic, nutritious and low in bacteria. Dry pellet feed added with vitamins and minerals can further strengthen fish immunity
- 34. Proteomics Revolution in improving fish welfare - International Aquafeed
- 35. • Vicki S. Blazer. Nutrition and disease resistance in fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases Volume 2, 1992, Pages 309-323. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0959803092900689#:~:te xt=Individual%20micronutrients%20known%20to%20affect,important%20factors %20in%20disease%20resistance. • Shoaibe Hossain Talukder Shefat1* and Mohammed Abdul Karim. Nutritional Diseases of Fish in Aquaculture and Their Management, 2018. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 2581-5423) Volume 2 Issue 12 December 2018
- 36. Thanks for time and attention B Microbes and fish diseases