Income Tax(law and practice) (INDIA)

INCOME TAX LAW AND
PRACTICE
STUDY MATERIAL
B.COM.
VI SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
(2011 ADMISSION)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
THENJIPALAM, CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA - 693 635
341

School of Distance Education
Income Tax Law and Practice Page 2
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Study Material
B.COM.
VI SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
INCOME TAX LAW AND PRACTICE
Prepared by
Sri. VINEETHAN . T
Assistant Professor,
Department of Commerce,
Govt.College, Madappally,
Vadakara, Calicut
Scrutinised by:
Dr.K.VENUGOPALAN,
Associate Professor,
Department of Commerce,
Govt.College, Madappally,
Vadakara, Calicut
Type settings & Lay out
Computer Section, SDE
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CONTENTS
Chapter
No.
Chapter Title Page
No.
1 Income Tax in India -- An Introduction 5
2 Income Exempt from Income Tax 15
3 Income from Salaries 18
4 Income from House Property 37
5 Income from Business or Profession 43
6 Capital Gains 54
7 Income from Other Sources 66
8 Clubbing of Incomes 74
9 Deduction from Gross Total Income 82
10 Computation of Tax Liability of Individuals 94

Chapter 1
Income Tax in India --- An Introduction
BRIEF HISTORY OF INCOME TAX IN INDIA
In India, Income tax was introduced for the first time in 1860, by Sir James Wilson in order to
meet the losses sustained by the Government on account of the Military Mutiny of 1857.
Thereafter; several amendments were made in it from time to time. In 1886, a separate Income tax
act was passed. This act remained in force up to, with various amendments from time to time. In
1918, a new income tax was passed and again it was replaced by another new act which was
passed in 1922.This Act remained in force up to the assessment year 1961-62 with numerous
amendments. The Income Tax Act of 1922 had become very complicated on account of
innumerable amendments. The Government of India therefore referred it to the law commission
in1956 with a view to simplify and prevent the evasion of tax. The law commission submitted its
report-in September 1958, but in the meantime the Government of India had appointed the Direct
Taxes Administration Enquiry Committee submitted its report in 1956.In consultation with the
Ministry of Law finally the Income Tax Act, 1961 was passed. The Income Tax Act 1961 has
been brought into force with 1 April 1962. It applies to the whole of India including Jammu and
Kashmir.
Income-tax law in India
The income tax law in India consists of the following components:
1. Income tax Acts
2. Income tax rules
3. Finance Act
4. Circulars, notifications etc
5. Legal decision of courts.
Finance Act:
Every year, the Finance Minister of the Government of India presents the Budget to the
Parliament. Once the Finance Bill is approved by the Parliament and gets the assent of the
President of India, it becomes the Finance Act.
Income-tax Rules:
The administration of direct taxes is looked after by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
The CBDT is empowered to make rules for carrying out the purposes of the Act. For the proper
administration of the Income-tax Act, the CBDT frames rules from time to time. These rules are
collectively called Income-tax Rules, 1962.
Circulars and Notifications:
Circulars are issued by the CBDT from time to time to deal with certain specific problems and to
clarify doubts regarding the scope and meaning of the provisions. These circulars are issued for
the guidance of the officers and/or assessees.
Important Definitions
Assessment Year : Section 2(9)
“Assessment year” means the period starting from April 1 and ending on March 31 of the next
year. Eg: Assessment year 2013-14 which commences on April 1, 2013 and ends on March 31,
2014. Income of previous year of an assessee is taxed during the assessment year at the rates
prescribed by the relevant Finance Act for tax rates.

Previous year : section 3
Income earned in a particular year is taxable in the next year. The year in which income is earned is
known as previous year and the next year in which income is taxable is known as assessment year. In
other words, previous year is the financial year immediately proceeding the assessment year.
Exceptions to the general rule that previous year’s income is taxable during the assessment year
In the following situations income of an assessee is liable to be assessed to tax in the same
year in which he earns the income:
a. Income of non-residents from shipping;
b. Income of persons leaving India either permanently or for a long period of time;
c. Income of bodies formed for short duration;
d .Income of a person trying to alienate his assets with a view to avoiding payment of tax;
e. Income of a discontinued business.
Person : Section 2(31)
The term “person” includes:
1. an individual;
2. a Hindu undivided family;
3. a company;
4. a firm;
5. an association of persons or a body of individuals , whether incorporated or not;
6. a local authority; and
7. every artificial juridical person not falling with in any of the preceding categories.
Assessee : Section 2(7)
Every person in respect of whom, any proceeding under the act has been taken for the assessment
of his income or of the income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable or of the
loss sustained by him or by such other person or the amount of refund due to him or to such other
person may be called an assessee.
Deemed Assessee:
A person who is deemed to be an assessee for some other person is called “Deemed Assessee”.
Assessee In Default:
When a person is responsible for doing any work under the Income Tax Act and he fails to do it,
he is called an “Assessee in default”.
Assessment [Section 2(8)]
This is the procedure by which the income of an assessee is determined by the Assessing Officer.
Basis Of Charge Of Income Tax Sec : 4
To know the procedure for charging tax on income, one should be familiar with the following:
1. Annual tax - Income-tax is an annual tax on income.
2. Tax rate of assessment year - Income of previous year is chargeable to tax in the next
following assessment year at the tax rates applicable for the assessment year. This rule
is, however, subject to some exceptions
3. Rates fixed by Finance Act - Tax rates are fixed by the annual Finance Act and not
by the Income-tax Act. For instance, the Finance Act, 2013, fixes tax rates for the
Assessment year 2013-14.
4. Tax on person - Tax is charged on every person
5. Tax on total income - Tax is levied on the “total income” of every assessee computed
in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

INCOME : Section2 (24)
The definition of the term “income” in section 2(24) is inclusive and not exhaustive.
Therefore, the term “income” not only includes those things that are included in section 2(24) but
also includes those things that the term signifies according to its general and natural meaning.
Income, in general, means a periodic monetary return which accrues or is expected to accrue
regularly from definite sources. However, under the Income-tax Act, 1961, even certain income
which do not arise regularly are treated as income for tax purposes e.g. Winnings from lotteries,
crossword puzzles.
Section 2(24) of the Act gives a statutory definition of income.
At present, the following items of receipts are included in income:—
(1) Profits and gains.
(2) Dividends.
(3) Voluntary contributions received by a trust/institution created wholly or partly for
charitable or religious purposes or by an association or institution
(4) The value of any perquisite or profit in lieu of salary taxable under section 17.
(5) Any special allowance or benefit other than the perquisite included above, specifically
granted to the assessee to meet expenses wholly, necessarily and exclusively for the
performance of the duties of an office or employment of profit.
(6) Any allowance granted to the assessee to meet his personal expenses at the place where
the duties of his office or employment of profit are ordinarily performed by him or at a
place where he ordinarily resides or to compensate him for the increased cost of living.
(7) The value of any benefit or perquisite whether convertible into money or not, obtained
from a company either by a director or by a person who has a substantial interest in the
company or by a relative of the director or such person and any sum paid by any such
company in respect of any obligation which, but for such payment would have been
payable by the director or other person aforesaid.
(8) The value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, which is
obtained by any representative assessee mentioned under section 160(1)(iii) and (iv), or
by any beneficiary or any amount paid by the representative assessee for the benefit of the
beneficiary which the beneficiary would have ordinarily been required to pay.
(9) Deemed profits chargeable to tax under section 41 or section 59.
(10) Profits and gains of business or profession chargeable to tax under section 28.
(11) Any capital gains chargeable under section 45.
(12) The profits and gains of any insurance business carried on by Mutual Insurance Company or
by a cooperative society, computed in accordance with Section 44 or any surplus taken to be such
profits and gains by virtue of the provisions contained in the first Schedule to the Act.
(13) The profits and gains of any business of banking (including providing credit facilities)
carried on by a co-operative society with its members.
(14) Any winnings from lotteries, cross-word puzzles, races including horse races, card games
and other games of any sort or from gambling, or betting of any form or nature whatsoever.
(15) Any sum received by the assessee from his employees as contributions to any provident fund
or superannuation fund or Employees State Insurance Fund (ESI) or any other fund for the
welfare of such employees.

(16) Any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of
bonus on such policy will constitute income. “Keyman insurance policy” means a life insurance
policy taken by a person on the life of another person where the latter is or was an employee or is
or was connected in any manner what so ever with the former’s business.
(17) Any sum referred to clause (va) of Section 28. Thus, any sum, whether received or receivable
in cash or kind, under an agreement for not carrying out any activity in relation to any business; or
not sharing any know-how, patent, copy right, trade-mark, licence, franchise, or any other
business or commercial right of a similar nature, or information or technique likely to assist in the
manufacture or processing of goods or provision of services, shall be chargeable to income tax
under the head “profits and gains of business or profession”.
(18) Any sum of money or value of property referred to in section 56(2)(vii) or section
56(2)(viia).
(19) Any consideration received for issue of shares as exceeds the fair market value of shares
referred to in section 56(2)(viib).
Gross Total Income Sec: 80b (5)
As per section 14, the income of a person is computed under the following five heads:
1. Salaries.
2. Income from house property.
3. Profits and gains of business or profession.
4. Capital gains.
5. Income from other sources.
If the income is not derived from any of the above sources, it is not taxable under the act. The
aggregate income under these heads is termed as “gross total income”.
Total Income Sec : 2(45)
Total income means the the amount left after making the deductions under section 80C to 80U
from the gross total income.
Casual Income
Any receipt which is of a casual and non-recurring nature is called casual income. Casual income
includes the following receipts:
1. Winning from lotteries,
2. Winning from crossword puzzles,
3. Winning from races (including horse races),
4. Winning from card games and other games of any sort
5. Winning from gambling or betting of any form or nature.
RATES OF INCOME TAX FOR THE ASSESSMENT YEAR 2013-14
General Rates (Excluding short term capital gains specified in sec:111A, long term
capital gains, winning from lottery, cross word puzzle, races, etc.):
Individual- Super senior citizen (80 years or more):
Upto Rs: 5,00,000 : Nil
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs:10,00,000 : 30%

Individual- Senior citizen (60 years or more but less than 80 years):
Upto Rs: 2,50,000 : Nil
Rs: 2,50,001 to 5,00,000 : 10%
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs:10,00,000 : 30%
Other individuals, HUF, AOP, BOI:
Upto Rs: 2,00,000 : Nil
Rs: 2,00,001 to 5,00,000 : 10%
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs: 10,00,000 : 30%
Special Rates:
On short term capital gains specified in Sec. 111A : 15%
On long term capital gains : 20%
On gains from listed shares without indexing the cost of acquisition : 10%
On winnings from lottery, cross word puzzle, horse race, etc. : 30%
Surcharge: Nil
Education Cess: 3% on the amount of income tax.
Agriculture income
Agriculture income is exempt under the Indian Income Tax Act. This means that income earned
from agricultural operations is not taxed. The reason for exemption of agriculture income from
Central Taxation is that the Constitution gives exclusive power to make laws with respect to taxes
on agricultural income to the State Legislature. However while computing tax on non-agricultural
income agricultural income is also taken into consideration. As per Income Tax Act income
earned from any of the under given three sources meant Agricultural Income;
(i) Any rent received from land which is used for agricultural purpose.
(ii) Any income derived from such land by agricultural operations including processing of
agricultural produce, raised or received as rent in kind so as to render it fit for the market,
or sale of such produce.
(iii) Income attributable to a farm house subject to the condition that building is situated on or
in the immediate vicinity of the land and is used as a dwelling house, store house etc.
Now income earned from carrying nursery operations is also considered as agricultural income
and hence exempt from income tax.
In order to consider an income as agricultural income certain points have to be kept in mind:
(i) There must me a land.
(ii) The land is being used for agricultural operations.
(iii) Agricultural operation means that efforts have been induced for the crop to sprout out of the
land .
(iv) If any rent is being received from the land then in order to assess that rental income as
agricultural income there must be agricultural activities on the land.
(v) In order to assess income of farm house as agricultural income the farm house building must
be situated on the land itself only and is used as a store house/dwelling house.

Certain income which is treated as Agriculture Income:
(a) Income from sale of replanted trees.
(b) Rent received for agricultural land.
(c) Income from growing flowers and creepers.
(d) Share of profit of a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations.
(e) Interest on capital received by a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations.
(f) Income derived from sale of seeds.
Certain income which is not treated as Agricultural Income:
(a) Income from poultry farming.
(b) Income from bee hiving.
(c) Income from sale of spontaneously grown trees.
(d) Income from dairy farming.
(e) Purchase of standing crop.
(f) Dividend paid by a company out of its agriculture income.
(g) Income of salt produced by flooding the land with sea water.
(h) Royalty income from mines.
(i) Income from butter and cheese making.
(j) Receipts from TV serial shooting in farm house is not agriculture income.
Partly agriculture income
Partly agricultural income consists of both the element of agriculture and business, so non
agricultural part of the income is taxed. Some examples for partly agricultural income are given
below:
1. Profit of business other than Tea
This rule applicable to agricultural produce like cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane etc, here the
market value of the agricultural produce raised by the Assessee for utilizing it as raw material for
his business will be deducted out of the total profit of such Assessee while calculating tax on his
income.
2. Profit from Tea manufacturing
If a person using his own tealeaves grown by him for his tea manufacturing business, then 60
% of his income will be treated as agricultural income and the remaining 40 % will be treated as
business income. So he has to pay tax on that remaining 40% of income.
3. Income from the manufacturing of centrifuged latex or cenex
If a person manufacturing centrifuged latex by using his own made raw then, 65 % of the
income derived from the sale of the same is treated as agricultural income so he has to pay tax
remaining part of the income.
4. Income from the coffee manufacturing
a) 75% of the income derived from the sale of coffee grown and cured by the seller in India is
deemed to be agricultural income 25% is taken as business income.
b) 65% the income derived from the sale of coffee grown, cured, roasted and grounded by the
seller in India is deemed to be agricultural income 40% is taken as business income.

Illustration:1 Mr. Ramsanth had estates in Rubber, tea and coffee. He derives income from them.
He furnishes the following particulars of his income for the year ending 31-3-2013.
Manufacture of rubber Rs: 5,00,000
Manufacture of coffee grown and cured Rs: 3,50,000
Manufacture of tea Rs: 7,00,000
Compute taxable income of Ramsanth for the A.Y. 2013-14.
Solution :
Computation of Taxable income for the A.Y.2013-14:
Manufacture of rubber ( 35% is non-agricultural income) : 175,000
Manufacturing of Coffee (25% is non-agricultural income) : 87,500
Manufacturing of tea ( 40% is non-agricultural income) : 2,80,000
Taxable Income : 5,42,500
Capital and revenue receipts and expenditure
Receipts which are non-recurring (not received again and again) by nature and whose benefit is
enjoyed over a long period are called "Capital Receipts", e.g. money brought into the business by
the owner (capital invested), loan from bank, sale proceeds of fixed assets etc. Capital receipt is
shown on the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.
receipts which are recurring (received again and again) by nature and which are available for
meeting all day to day expenses (revenue expenditure) of a business concern are known as
"Revenue receipts", e.g. sale proceeds of goods, interest received, commission received, rent
received, dividend received etc.
Distinction between Capital Receipt and Revenue Receipt:
No. Revenue Receipt Capital Receipt
1 It has short-term effect. The benefit is
enjoyed within one accounting period.
It has long-term effect. The benefit is
enjoyed for many years in future.
2 It occurs repeatedly. It is recurring and
Regular in nature.
It does not occur again and again. It is
nonrecurring and irregular in nature.
3 It is shown in profit and loss account on
the credit side.
It is shown in the Balance Sheet on the
liability side.
4 It does not produce capital receipt. Capital receipt, when invested, produces
revenue receipt e.g. when capital is
invested by the owner, business gets
revenue receipt (i.e. sale proceeds of goods
etc.).
5 This does not increase or decrease the
value of asset or liability.
The capital receipt decreases the value of
asset or increases the value of liability e.g.
sale of a fixed asset, loan from bank etc.
6 Sometimes, expenses of capital nature
are to be incurred for revenue receipt,
e.g. purchase of shares of a company is
capital expenditure but dividend
received on shares is a revenue receipt.
Sometimes expenses of revenue nature are
to be incurred for such receipt e.g. on
obtaining loan (a capital receipt) interest is
paid until its repayment.

Difference between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure:
No. Revenue Expenditure Capital Expenditure
1 Its effect is temporary, i.e. the
benefit is received within the
accounting year.
Its effect is long-term, i.e. it is not exhausted
within the current accounting year-its benefit is
received for a number of years in future.
2 Neither an asset is acquired nor is
the value of an asset increased.
An asset is acquired or the value of an existing
asset is increased.
3 It has no physical existence because
it is incurred on items which are
used by the business.
Generally it has physical existence except
intangible assets.
4 It is recurring and regular and it
occurs repeatedly.
It does not occur again and again. It is
nonrecurring and irregular.
5 This expenditure helps to maintain
the business.
This expenditure improves the position of the
business.
6 The whole amount of this
expenditure is
shown in trading P & L A/c or
income statement.
A portion of this expenditure (depreciation on
assets) is shown in trading & P & L A/c and the
balance are shown in the balance sheet on asset
side.
7 It does not appear in the balance
sheet.
It appears in the balance sheet until its benefit is
fully exhausted.
8 It reduces revenue (profit) of the
business
It does not reduce the revenue of the concern.
Residential Status And Tax Incidence
Tax incidence on an assessee depends on his residential status. The residential status
of an assessee is determined with reference to his residence in India during the previous year.
Therefore, the determination of the residential status of a person is very significant in order to find
out his tax liability. Residence and citizenship are two different things. The incidence of tax has
nothing to do with citizenship.
Residential Status of an Individual
As per section 6, an individual may be (a) resident and ordinarily resident in India, (b)
resident but not ordinarily resident in India, or(c) non-resident in India. The following are the two
sets of conditions for determining the residential status of an individual:
Basic conditions :
He is in India in the previous year for a period of 182 days or more
OR
He is in India for a period of 60 days or more during the previous year and has been in
India for a period of 365 days or more during 4 years immediately preceding the
previous year.
Note: In the following two cases, an individual needs to be present in India for a minimum
of 182 days or more in order to become resident in India:

(a) An Indian citizen who leaves India during the previous year for the purpose of taking
employment outside India or an Indian citizen leaving India during the previous year as a
member of the crew of an Indian ship.
(b) An Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin who comes on visit to India during the previous
year (a person is said to be of Indian origin if either he or any of his parents or any of his
grandparents was born in undivided India).
Additional Conditions:
(i) He has been resident in India in at least 2 out of 10 previous years [according to basic
condition noted above] immediately preceding the relevant previous year.
AND
(ii) He has been in India for a period of 730 days or more during 7 years immediately preceeding
the relevant previous year.
Resident
An individual is said to be resident in India if he satisfies any one of the basic conditions.
(A)Resident And Ordinarily Resident
An individual is said to be resident and ordinarily resident in India if he satisfies any one of the
basic conditions and both of the additional conditions.
(B)Resident But Not Ordinarily Resident
An individual is said to be resident but not ordinarily resident in India if he satisfies any one of
the basic conditions but not satisfies both of the additional conditions.
Non-Resident
An individual is a non-resident in India if he satisfies none of the basic conditions.
Residential Status Of A Hindu Undivided Family
As per section 6(2), a Hindu undivided family (like an individual) is either resident in India or
non-resident in India. A resident Hindu undivided family is either ordinarily resident or not
ordinarily resident.
HUF : Resident or Non-Resident
A Hindu undivided family is said to be resident in India if control and management of its affairs is
wholly or partly situated in India. A Hindu undivided family is non-resident in India if control and
management of its affairs is wholly situated outside India.
A resident Hindu undivided family is an ordinarily resident in India if the karta or manager of
the family (including successive kartas) satisfies the following two additional conditions as laid
down by section 6(6)(b).
Additional condition (i) Karta has been resident in India in at least 2 out of 10 previous years
[according to the basic condition mentioned in immediately preceding the relevant previous year)
Additional condition (ii) Karta has been present in India for a period of 730 days or more during
7 years immediately preceding the previous year.
If the Karta or manager of a resident Hindu undivided family does not satisfy the two additional
conditions, the family is treated as resident but not ordinarily resident in India.
Residential Status of Firm and Association of Persons
As per section 6(2), a partnership firm and an association of persons are said to be resident in
India if control and management of their affairs are wholly or partly situated within India during
the relevant previous year. They are, however, treated as non-resident in India if control and
management of their affairs are situated wholly outside India.

Residential Status of a Company
As per section 6(3), an Indian company is always resident in India. A foreign company is resident
in India only if, during the previous year, control and management of its affairs is situated wholly
in India. However, a foreign company is treated as non-resident if, during the previous year,
control and management of its affairs is either wholly or partly situated out of India.
Illustration:2
Mr. Alex Joseph, an American, came to India for the first time 10-01-2009 and left for Britain on
15-09-2009. He again came to India on 01-05-2012 and left for Korea on 15-06-2012. Determine
his residential status.
Solution:
During the previous year 2012-13, Mr. Alex Joseph was in India only for 46 days only. So he is
a non-resident for the assessment year 2013-14.
Illustration:3
Mr. Ahammed Khan, a citizen of India went to Tokyo to join a course in Business
Administration on 01-03-2012 and came back to India on 5th
September,2012. Determine his
residential status for the A.Y 2013-14.
Solution:
During the P.Y. 2012-13, Ahammed Khan was in India for a period of 208 days
(26+31+30+31+31+28+31), and therefore he satisfies the basic conditions. As he satisfies both
the additional conditions, he is ordinarily resident for the A.Y. 2013-14.
Scope of Total Income (Section 5) :
Resident and ordinarily resident:
Total income of an assessee who is resident and ordinarily resident includes:
(a) any income received or deemed to be received in India during the previous year by or on
behalf of the assessee ; or
(b)any income accrues or arises or deemed to accrue or arise to him in India during the previous
year ; or
(c) any income accrues or arises to him outside India during such year.
Resident but not ordinarily resident:
year ; or
(c) any income accrues or arises to him outside India from a business controlled in or a profession
set up in India.
Non- resident:
year.

Chapter 2
Income Exempt from Income Tax
The following Income is exempt from Income tax:-
1. Agriculture Income [Sec. 10(1)]
2. Payments received from family income by a member of HUF [Sec. 10(2)]
3. Share of profit from a firm [Sec. 10(2A)]
4. Interest received by a non resident from prescribed securities [Sec. 10(4)]
5. Interest received by a person who is resident outside India on amounts credited in the non-
resident (External) account [Sec. 10(4)]
6. Leave travel concession provided by as employer to his Indian citizen employee,Sec. 10(5)]
7. Remuneration received by foreign diplomats of all categories [Sec. 10(6)]
8. Salary received by a foreign citizen as an employee of a foreign enterprise provided his stay in
India does not exceed 90 days [Sec. 10(6)(vi)]
9. Salary received by a non-resident foreign citizen as a member of ship’s crew provided his
total stay in India does not exceed 90 days [Sec. 10(6)(vii)]
10. Remuneration received by an employee, being a foreign national, of a foreign government
deputed in India for training in a Government establishment or public sector undertaking [Sec.
10(6)(xi)]
11. Tax paid on behalf of foreign companies [Sec. 10(6A)]
12. Tax paid by Government or an Indian concern in case of a non-resident / foreign company
[Sec.10(6B)]
13. Income arising to notified foreign companies from services provided in or outside India in
project connected with the security of India [Sec. 10(6C)]
14. Foreign allowance granted by the Government of India to its employees posted abroad [Sec.
10(7)]
15. Remuneration received from a foreign Government by an individual who is in India in
connection with any sponsored co-operative technical assistance programme with a foreign
Government and the income of the family members of such employee [Sec. 10(8)and(9)]
16. Remuneration / fee received by non-received consultants and their foreign employees [Sec.
10(8A),(8B) and (9)]
17. Death-cum-retirement gratuity [Sec. 10(10)]
18. Commuted value of pension and any payment received by way of commutation of pension by as
individual out of annuity plan of LIC or any other insurer from a fund set up by that corporation
or insurer [Sec. 10(10A)]
19. Leave salary [Sec. 10(10AA)]
20. Retrenchment compensation [Sec. 10(10B)]
21. Compensation received by victims of Bhopal gas leak disaster [Sec. 10(10BB)]
22. Compensation from the Central Government or a state Government or a local authority
received by an individual or his legal heir on account of any disaster [Sec. 10(10BC)]
23. Compensation received from a public sector company at the time of voluntary retirement or
separation [Sec. 10(10C)]
24. Tax on perquisite paid by employer [Sec. 10(10CC)]

25. Any sum (including bonus) on life insurance policy (not being a keyman insurance policy) [Sec.
10(10D)]
26. Any amount from provident fund paid to retiring employee [Sec. 10(11)]
27. Amount from an approved superannuation fund to legal heirs of the employee [Sec. 10(13)]
28. House rent allowance subject to certain limits [Sec. 10(13A)]
29. Special allowance granted to an employee [Sec. 10(14)]
30. Interest from certain exempted securities [Sec. 10(15)]
31. Payment made by an Indian company, engaged in the business of operation of an aircraft, to
acquire an aircraft on lease from a foreign Government or foreign enterprise [Sec. 10(15A)]
32. Scholarship granted to meet the cost of education [Sec. 10(16)]
33. Daily allowance of a member of parliament or state Legislature (entire amount is exempt), any
other allowance subject to certain conditions [Sec. 10(17)]
34. Rewards given by the central or state Government for literary, scientific or artistic work or
attainment or for service for alleviating or for service for alleviating the distress of the poor, the
weak and the ailing, or for proficiency in sports and games or gallantry awards approved by the
Government [Sec. 10(17A)]
35. Pension and family pension of gallery award winners [Sec. 10(18)]
36. Family pension received by family members of armed forces [Sec. 10(19)]
37. National property income of any one place occupied by a former ruler [Sec. 10(19A)]
38. Income from local authorities [Sec. 10(20)]
39. Any income of housing boards constituted in India for planning, development or improvement
of cities, town or villages [Sec. 10(20A)]
40. Any income of an approved scientific research association [Sec. 10(21)]
41. Income of specified non- agencies [Sec. 10(22B)]
42. Any income (other than interest on securities income from property income received for
rendering any specific services and income by way of interest or dividends) of approved
professional bodies [Sec. 10(23A)]
43. Any income received by any person on behalf of any regimental fund or non public fund
established by the armed forces of the union for the welfare of the past and present members
of the such forces or their dependents [Sec. 10(23AA)]
44. Income of funds established for the welfare of employees [Sec. 10(23AAA)]
45. Any income of the pension fund set by LIC or any other insurer approved by the controller of
insurance or insurance Regulatory and development authority [Sec. 10(23AAB)]
46. any income (other than business income) of a trust or a society approved by Khadi and village
industries commission [Sec. 10(23B)]
47. Income of an authority whether known as Khadi and village industries board or by any other
name for the development of Khadi and village industries [Sec. 10(23BB)]
48. Income of the European Economic Community derived in India by way of, interest, dividends
or capital gains in certain cases [Section 10(23BBB)]
49. Any income arising to anybody or authority established, constituted or appointed under any
enactment for the administration of public religious or charitable trusts or endowments or
societies for religious or charitable purposes [Section 10(23BBA)]

50. Income of SAARC Fund for Regional Projects, set up by Colombo Declaration [Section
10(23BBC)]
51. Any income of Secretariat of Asian Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions [Section
10(23BBD)]
52. Any income received by any person on behalf of specified national funds and approved public
charitable trust or institution [Section 10(23C)]
53. Income of Mutual Fund set up by — a public sector bank or a public financial institution
[Section 10(23D)]
54. Any income by way of dividend, or long term capital gains of venture capital funds and
venture capital companies [Section 10(23F)]
55. Income of a member of Scheduled Tribe, living in Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Arunachal
Pradesh and Mizoram from any source arising by reason of his employment therein and
income by way of dividend and interest on securities [Section 10(26)]
56. Any income accruing or arising to any resident of Ladakh from any source therein or out of
India before the assessment year 1989-90, provided that such person was resident in Ladakh in
the previous year relevant to the assessment year 1962-63 [Section 10(26A)]
57. Any income of a statutory Central or State corporation or of a body/institution, financed by the
Government formed for promoting the interest of Scheduled Castes/Tribes [Section 10(26B)]
58. Income of co-operative society formed for promoting interests of members of Scheduled
Castes/Scheduled Tribes [Section 10(27)]
59. Income by way of subsidy from Tea Board for replanting or replacement of tea bushes or for
the purpose of rejuvenation or consolidation of areas used for cultivation of tea in India
[Section 10(30)]
60. Subsidy received by planters of Rubber, Coffee, Cardamon [Section 10(31)]
61. Income of a minor child up to Rs. 1,500 in respect of each minor child whose income is
includible under section 64(1A) [Section 10(32)]
62. Any income by way of Capital gains on transfer of US-64 units [Section 10(33)]
63. Dividend on or after April, 2003 from domestic companies [Section 10(34)]
64. Income on units of Mutual Funds on or after April 1, 2003 [Section 10(35)]
65. Long term Capital gains on transfer of listed Equity Shares purchased during 1-3-2003 to 29-
2-2004 [Section 10(36)]
66. Capital gain to individual/HUF on compensation received on compulsory acquisition of urban
agriculture land [Section 10(37)]
67. Long term capital gain in some cases [Section 10(38)]
68. Sum received without consideration from international sporting event held in India [Section
10(39)]
69. Income of Industrial Units situated in trade-free zones, specified technology parks etc. [Section
10A]
70. Income from specified 100% export oriented undertakings [Section 10B]
71. Income from property held for approved charitable or religious purposes [Section 11]
72. Specified Income of Registered political parties [Section 13A]

Chapter 3
Income from Salaries
Salary (Section 15 – 17)
Salary is the remuneration received by or accruing to an individual, periodically, for
service rendered as a result of an express or implied contract. The actual receipt of salary in the
previous year is not material as far as its taxability is concerned. According to Income Tax Act
there are certain conditions where all such remuneration is chargeable to income tax:
1. When due from the former employer or present employer in the previous year, whether paid
or not
2. When paid or allowed in the previous year, by or on behalf of a former employer or present
employer, though not due or before it becomes due.
3. When arrears of salary is paid in the previous year by or on behalf of a former employer or
present employer, if not charged to tax in the period to which it relates.
Section 17(1) of the Income tax Act gives an inclusive and not exhaustive definition of “Salaries”
, which includes:
(i) Wages
(ii) Annuity or pension
(iii) Gratuity
(iv) Fees, Commission, allowances perquisites or profits in lieu of salary
(v) Advance of Salary
(vi) Amount transferred from unrecognized provident fund to recognized provident fund
(vii) Contribution of employer to a Recognized Provident Fund in excess of the prescribed limit
(viii) Leave Encashment
(ix)Compensation as a result of variation in Service contract etc.
(x) Contribution made by the Central Government to the account of an employee under a notified
Pension scheme.
Arrears of Salary
Salary in arrears / advance, received in lump sum, is liable to tax in the year of receipt. Relief can
be obtained for salary arrears u/s 89(1) of the Income Tax Act.
Pension
Pension is a payment made by the employer after the retirement or death of employee as a
reward for past service. It is normally paid as a periodical payment on monthly basis but certain
employers may allow an employee to forgo a portion of pension in lieu of lump sum amount. This
is known as commutation of pension.
The treatment of these two kinds of pension is as under:
Periodical pension (or uncommuted pension): It is fully taxable in the hands of all employee,
whereas government or non-government.
Commuted pension
For employees of government organizations, local authorities and statutory corporations, it is
fully exempted from tax, hence not included in gross salary.
For other employees, commuted value of half of the total value of pension is exempted from tax.
Any amount received over and above this amount is taxable, so included in gross salary. If,

however, the employee is also receiving gratuity (another retirement benefit) along with pension,
then one third of the total value of pension is exempted from tax. Amount received in excess of
this is taxable, so included in gross salary.
Pension received by employee is taxable under the head “Salaries”. However, family pension
received by legal heirs after death of employee is taxable under ‘Income from other sources’ For
Central Government Employees joined on or after 1-1-2004, 10% of Salary is compulsory
deducted towards Pension with a matching contribution from the Govt. and is Non-Taxable u/s
80CCD. Only Terminal Benefit is charged to tax.
Gratuity
Gratuity is the payment made by the employer to an employee in appreciation of past services
rendered by the employee. It is received by the employee on his retirement. Gratuity is exempted
up to certain limit depending upon the category of employee. For the purpose of exemption,
employees are divided into 3 categories:
(i)Government employees and employees of local authority:
In case of such employees, the entire amount of gratuity received by then is exempted from tax.
Nothing will be added to gross salary.
(ii)Employees covered under Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
In case of employees who are covered under Payment of Gratuity Act, the minimum of the
following amounts are exempted from tax:
1.) Amount of gratuity actually received.
2.)15 days of salary for every completed years of service or part thereof in excess of six
months. (15 / 26 x [basic salary + Dearness Allowance] x No. of years of service+1 [if
fraction > 6 months]).
3.) Rs.10, 00,000 (amount specified by government).
(iii) Other employees.
In case of employees not falling in the above two categories, gratuity received from the employers
is exempt to the extent of minimum of following amounts:
1. Actual amount of gratuity received.
2. Half month average salary for every completed year of service
(1/2 x average salary of last 10 months x completed years of service).
3. Rs. 10, 00,000 (amount specified by government).
Salary = 10 months average salary preceeding the month of retirement. = Basic Pay + Dearness
Allowance considered for retirement benefits + commission (if received as a fixed percentage on
turnover).
Illustration:1
Mr. Ashikh retired in September, 2012 after having put in 42 years of service in a company.
His average salary for 10 months preceding Sept. 2012 was Rs:2500 p.m. He received a gratuity
of Rs;60,000. Compute his taxable gratuity.
Solution:
Mr.Ashikh is not covered by the Payment of Gratuity Act,1972. He has put in 42 years of
completed service. Here, least of the following is exempted:
½ month’s salary for every completed years of service (2500x ½ x 42) = 52,500
Actual amount of gratuity received = Rs: 60,000
Statutory limit = Rs: 10,00,000

Computation of taxable Amount of Gratuity
Particulars Rs:
Amount of gratuity received 60,000
Less: amount exempted 52,500
Taxable Gratuity 7500
Illustration 2:
Mr. Athul, covered under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, retires on 10th
January, 2013 after
serving the company for 16 years. At the time of retirement his basic salary was Rs:4,400 p.m.
and DA Rs:800 p.m. On retirement he receives Rs:1,00,000 as gratuity. Compute the amount of
gratuity exempt U/s 10(10).
Solution :
As Mr. Athul is covered by the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, out of the gratuity received by
him, the least of the following is exempted u/s 10(10):
15 days salary for every completed years of service:
(4400+800) x 15/26 x 16 years = 48,000
Actual amount of gratuity received = Rs: 1,00,000
Statutory limit = Rs:10,00,000
Therefore exempted amount = 48,000.
Leave Salary
Employees are entitled to various types of leave. The leave generally can be taken (casual
leave/medical leave) or it lapses. Earned leave is a kind of leave which an employee is said to
have earned every year after working for some time. This leave can either be availed every year,
or get encashment for it. If leave is not availed or encashed, it is allowed to be carried forward.
This leave keeps getting accumulated and is encashed by employee on his retirement.
The tax treatment of leave encashment is as under:
(i)Encashment of leave while in service. This is fully taxable and so is added to gross salary.
(ii)Encashment of leave on retirement. For the purpose of exemption of accumulated leave
encashment, the employees are divided into two categories. They are Govt employees and Other
employees.
•State or Central Government employees:
Leave encashment received by government employees is fully exempted from tax. Nothing is to
be included in gross salary
•Other employees:
Leave encashment of accumulated leave at the time of retirement received by other employees is
exempted to the extent of minimum of following four amounts:
1. Amount specified by Central Government (3,00,000).
2. Leave encashment actually received.
3.10 months average salary (10 x average salary of 10 months preceeding retirement).
4. Cash equivalent of unavailed leave.
(Leave entitlement is calculated on the basis of maximum 30 days leave every year, cash
equivalent is based on average salary of last 10 months).
Salary = Basic Pay + Dearness Allowance (forming a part of salary for retirement benefits) +
Commission (if received as a fixed percentage on turnover).

Illustration:3
Mr.Afsal was employed in a company. He took voluntary retirement on 1st
December, 2012 after
completing 25 years of service. On 1st
January, 2013 his salary was Rs: 4,000 p.m. after adding
the annual increment. The total leave aviled during service is 10 months and actual amount
received is Rs: 1,60,000 on encashment. Compute the amount exempt regarding encashment of
earned leave.
Solution:
The exempted amount of leave encashment is least of the following:
Cash equivalent of earned leave (15 months leave x Rs:4,000) = Rs: 60,000
Ten months average salary (10 months x Rs; 4,000) = Rs: 40,000
Actual amount of leave salary received = Rs: 1,60,000
Statutory Limit = Rs: 3,00,000
Therefore, the exempted amount of leave salary is Rs: 40,000.
Illustration:4
Mr. Abhijith retired on 31st
October, 2012 after serving 20 years. He received Rs: 96,000 as leave
encashment for 12 months. His average salary at the time of retirement amounted to Rs: 7,400. He
had 2 months leave at his credit. Find the taxable amount of leave encashment.
Solution:
Exempted amount of leave encashment is least of the following:
Cash equivalent of earned leave (2 months leave x Rs:7,400) = Rs: 14,800
Ten months average salary (10 months x Rs; 7,400) = Rs: 74,000
Actual amount of leave salary received = Rs: 96,000
Statutory Limit = Rs: 3,00,000
Therefore, the taxable amount of leave salary = 96,000 – 14,800 = Rs: 81,200
==========
Retrenchment Compensation 10(10B)
Retrenchment compensation is the compensation is received by a workman at the time
of (i) closing down of the undertaking.(ii) transfer (irrespective of by agreement/compulsory
acquisition) if the following conditions are satisfied:
1. Service of workmen interrupted by transfer
2. Terms and conditions of employment after transfer are less favourable
3. New employer is not under a legal obligation whether under the terms of transfer or otherwise
to pay compensation on the basis that the employee’s service has been continuous and has not
been interrupted by transfer. The exemption is granted to the least of the followings:
(i) Actual amount received
(ii) Amount determined under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
(iii) Maximum Limit Rs 5,00,000
Illustration:5
Mr, Adithya Raveendran is employed in a company at Allahabad since 1st
October,1998. He is
getting a salary of Rs:12,000 p.m. and Rs:2,400 p.m. as DA since 1-1-2011. His service was
terminated on account of retrenchment of employees on 1-7-2012 and he was paid Rs:96,000 as
compensation. Compute taxable amount of compensation for the AY 2013-14.

Solution:
The exempted amount of retrenchment compensation is least of the following:
Actual retrenchment compensation received = Rs: 96,000
15 days salary for every completed years of service= 14x ½ x 14400=Rs:1,00800.
Maximum limit Rs: 5,00,000
Sum calculated as per Industrial Dispute Act, 1947 = not given
Therefore, taxable amount of retrenchment compensation= 96,000—96,000 = Nil
Voluntary Retirement Compensation 10(10c)
The following Conditions are to be met for claiming exemption:
(i) An individual, who has retired under the Voluntary Retirement scheme, should not be
employed in another company of the same management.
(ii) He should not have received any other Voluntary Retirement Compensation before from any
other employer and claimed exemption.
(iii) Exemption u/s 10(10C) in respect of Compensation under VRS can be availed by an
Individual only once in his lifetime.
Exemption is allowed to the least of the followings:
(i) Actual amount received
(ii) Maximum Limit Rs 5,00,000
(iii) The highest of the following:
1. Last drawn salary × 3 × No. of fully completed years of service
2.Last drawn salary × Balance of no. of months of service left.
Taxable Value of Allowances
Allowance is a fixed monetary amount paid by the employer to the employee (over and above
basic salary) for meeting certain expenses, whether personal or for the performance of his duties.
These allowances are generally taxable and are to be included in gross salary unless specific
exemption is provided in respect of such allowance. For the purpose of tax treatment, we divide
these allowances into 3 categories:
I. Fully taxable cash allowances
II. Partially exempt cash allowances
III. Fully exempt cash allowances.
Fully Taxable Allowances
Dearness Allowance and Dearness Pay
City Compensatory Allowance
Tiffin / Lunch Allowance
Non practicing Allowance
Warden or Proctor Allowance
Deputation Allowance
Overtime Allowance
Fixed Medical Allowance
Servant Allowance

Other allowances:- There may be several other allowances like family allowance, project
allowance, marriage allowance, education allowance, and holiday allowance etc. which are not
covered under specifically exempt category, so are fully taxable.
Partly Exempted Allowances
House Rent Allowance or H.R.A. [Sec. 10(13A) Rule 2A]
Conditions for claiming exemption:
1.Assessee is in receipt of HRA.
2. He has to pay rent.
3.Rent paid is more than 10% of salary.
An allowance granted to a person by his employer to meet expenditure incurred on payment of
rent in respect of residential accommodation occupied by him is exempt from tax to the extent of
least of the following three amounts:
a)House Rent Allowance actually received by the assessee
b) Excess of rent paid by the assessee over 10% of salary due to him
c) An amount equal to 50% of salary due to assessee (If accommodation is situated in Mumbai,
Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai) ‘Or’ an amount equal to 40% of salary (if accommodation is situated in
any other place).
Salary for this purpose includes Basic Salary, Dearness Allowance (if it forms part of salary for
the purpose of retirement benefits), Commission based on fixed percentage of turnover achieved
by the employee.
While claiming exemption the following points are considered :
1. The exemption shall be calculated on the basis of where the accommodation is situated.
2. If the place of employment is the same for the whole year, then exemption shall be calculated
for the whole year.
3. If there is a change in place during the previous year, then it will be calculated on a monthly
basis
4. Exemption should be calculated in respect of the period during which rental accommodation is
occupied by the employee during the previous year.
5. Salary for the period during which rental accommodation is not occupied shall not be
considered.
Illustration:6
Mr. Aswin is entitled to a basic salary of Rs 5,000 p.m. and dearness allowance of Rs 1,000p.m.,
40% of which forms part of retirement benefits. He is also entitled to HRA of Rs 2,000 p.m. He
actually pays Rs 2,000 p.m. as rent for a house in Delhi. Compute the taxable HRA.
Solution:
Salary for HRA = (5,000 × 12) + (40% × 1,000 × 12) = 64,800
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Amount received during the financial year for HRA 24,000
Less: Exemption u/s 10(13A) Rule 2A Least of the followings:
(a) Actual amount received 24,000
(b) 50% of Salary of Rs 64,800 32,400
(c) Rent paid less 10% of Salary [2,000 × 12 – 10% of 64,800] 17,520 17,520
Taxable HRA 6,480

Entertainment Allowance
This allowance is first included in gross salary under allowances and then deduction is given to
only central and state government employees under Section 16 (ii).
Special Allowances for meeting official expenditure
Certain allowances are given to the employees to meet expenses incurred exclusively in
performance of official duties and hence are exempt to the extent actually incurred for the purpose
for which it is given. These include travelling allowance, daily allowance, conveyance allowance,
helper allowance, research allowance and uniform allowance.
Special Allowances to meet personal expenses:
There are certain allowances given to the employees for specific personal purposes and the
amount of exemption is fixed.
i. Children Education Allowance: This allowance is exempt to the extent of Rs.100 per month
per child for maximum of 2 children (grand children are not considered).
ii. Children Hostel Allowance: Any allowance granted to an employee to meet the hostel
expenditure on his child is exempt to the extent of Rs.300 per month per child for maximum
of 2 children.
iii. Transport Allowance: This allowance is generally given to government employees to
compensate the cost incurred in commuting between place of residence and place of work. An
amount uptoRs.800 per month paid is exempt. However, in case of blind and orthopedically
handicapped persons, it is exempt up to Rs. 1600 p.m.
iv. Running Allowance (Out of station allowance ): An allowance granted to an employee
working in a transport system to meet his personal expenses in performance of his duty in the
course of running of such transport from one place to another is exempt up to 70% of such
allowance or Rs.10000 per month, whichever is less.
v.) Tribal area allowance: Exemption is available as Rs: 200 p.m.
vi) Under ground allowance : Exempted up to Rs:800 p.m.
Fully Exempt Allowances
(i)Foreign allowance: This allowance is usually paid by the government to its employees being
Indian citizen posted out of India for rendering services abroad. It is fully exempt from tax.
(ii)Allowance to High Court and Supreme Court Judges of whatever nature are exempt from tax.
(iii) Allowances from UNO organization to its employees are fully exempt from tax.
Perquisites
Perquisites are defined as any casual emolument or benefit attached to an office or position in
addition to salary or wages. . Perquisites are taxable and included in gross salary only if they are
(i) allowed by an employer to an employee, (ii) Allowed during the continuation of employment,
(iii) directly dependent on service, (iv) resulting in the nature of personal advantage to the
employee and (v) derived by virtue of employer’s authority.
As per Section 17 (2) of the Act, perquisites include:
1.Value of rent free accommodation provided to the employee by the employer.
2. Value of concession in the matter of rent in respect of accommodation provided to the
employee by his employer.
3. Value of any benefit or amenity granted free of cost or at a concessional rate in any of the
following cases:

a) by a company to an employee who is a director thereof
b) by a company to an employee who has substantial interest in the company
c) by any employer to an employee who is neither a director, nor has substantial interest in the
company, but his monetary emoluments under the head ‘Salaries’ exceeds Rs.50, 000.
4. Any sum paid by the employer towards any obligation of the employee.
5. Any sum payable by employer to effect an assurance on the life of assessee.
6. The value of any other fringe benefit given to the employee as may be prescribed
Classification of Perquisites
For tax purposes, perquisites specified under Section 17 (2) of the Act may be classified as
follows:
(1) Perquisites that are taxable in case of every employee, whether specified or not
(2) Perquisites that is taxable in case of specified employees only.
(3) Perquisites that is exempt from tax for all employees
Perquisites Taxable in case of all Employees
The following perquisites are taxable in case of every employee, whether specified or not:
1. Rent free house provided by employer
2. House provided at concessional rate
3.Any obligation of employee discharged by employer e.g. payment of club or hotel bills of
employee, salary to domestic servants engaged by employee, payment of school fees of
employees’ children etc.
4. Any sum paid by employer in respect of insurance premium on the life of employee
5. Notified fringe benefits (on which fringe benefit tax is not applicable) – it includes interest free
or concessional loans to employees, use of movable assets, transfer of moveable assets.
Perquisites taxable in case of Specified Employees only
Specified Employee:
An Individual will be considered as a Specified Employee if:
• He is a director of a company, or
• He holds 20% or more of equity voting power in the company,
• Monetary salary in excess of 50,000: His income under the head salaries, (from any employer
including a company) excluding non-monetary payments exceeds 50,000. For the above purpose,
salary, should be arrived at after making the following deductions:
(a) Entertainment Allowance
(b) Professional Tax.
The following perquisites are taxable in case of such employees:
1. Free supply of gas, electricity or water supply for household consumption
2. Free or concessional educational facilities to the members of employees household
3. Free or concessional transport facilities
4. Sweeper, watchman, gardener and personal attendant
5. Any other benefit or amenity

Perquisites which are tax free for all the employees
This category includes perquisites which are tax free for the employees and also other perquisites
on which employer has to pay a tax (called Fringe Benefit Tax) if they are given to the employees
and so are not taxable for them.
The following perquisites are exempt from tax in all cases and hence not includible for the
purpose of tax deduction at source under section 192 during the financial year 2008-09:
1. Provision for medical facilities subject to limit
2. Tea or snacks provided during working hours
3. Free meals provided during working hours in a remote area or an offshore installation
4. Perquisites allowed outside India by the Government to a citizen of India for rendering service
outside India.
5. Sum payable by an employer through a recognized provident fund or an approved
superannuation or deposit-linked insurance fund established under the Coal Mines Provident Fund
or the Employees Provident Fund.
6. Employer’s contribution to staff group insurance scheme.
7. Leave travel concession subject to Sec.10 (5)
8. Payment of annual premium by employer on personal accident policy effected by him on his
employee
9. Free educational facility provided in an institute owned/maintained by employer to children of
employee provided cost/value does not exceed ` 1,000 per month per child (no limit on no. of
children)
10. Interest-free/concessional loan of an amount not exceeding 20,000
11. Computer/laptop given (not transferred) to an employee for official/personal use.
12. Transfer without consideration to an employee of a movable asset (other than computer,
electronic items or car) by the employer after using it for a period of 10 years or more.
13. Traveling facility to employees of railways or airlines.
14. Rent-free furnished residence (including maintenance thereof) provided to an Official of
Parliament, a Union Minister or a Leader of Opposition in Parliament.
15. Conveyance facility provided to High Court Judges u/s22B of the High Court Judges
(Conditions of Service) Act, 1954 and Supreme Court Judges u/s 23A of the Supreme Court
Judges (Conditions of Service) Act, 1958.
16. Conveyance facility provided to an employee to cover the journey between office and
residence.
17. Accommodation provided in a remote area to an employee working at a mining site or an
onshore oil exploration site, or a project execution site or an accommodation provided in an
offshore site of similar nature.
18. Accommodation provided on transfer of an employee in a hotel for not exceeding 15 days in
aggregate.
19. Interest free loan for medical treatment of the nature given in Rule 3A.
20. Periodicals and journals required for discharge of work.
21. Tax on perquisite paid by employer [Sec.10 (10CC)]

22. Other Exempted Payments:
i. Bonus paid to a football player after the World Cup victory to mark an exceptional event
ii. Payment made as a gift in appreciation of the personal qualities of the employee.
iii. Payment of proceeds of a benefit cricket match to a great cricket player after he retired from
test match.
iv. Trust for the benefit of employee’s children
Valuation of Perquisites
Valuation of Medical Facilities
Medical facilities provided to employee are exempt from tax.
A. Medical benefits within India which are exempt from tax include the following:
a) Medical treatment provided to an employee or any member of his family in hospital maintained
by the employer.
b)Any sum paid by the employer in respect of any expenditure incurred by the employee on
medical treatment of himself and members of his family :
(i) In a hospital maintained by government or local authority or approved by the government for
medical treatment of its employees.
(ii) In respect of the prescribed diseases or ailments in any hospital approved by the Chief
Commissioner.
(iii) Premium paid by the employer on health insurance of the employee under an approved
scheme.
c) Premium on insurance of health of an employee or his family members paid by employer
Limited Exemption: If the ordinary medical treatment of the employee or any member of his
family is done at any private hospital, nursing home or clinic, the exemption is restricted to Rs.15,
000.
B. Medical Treatment outside India which is exempt from tax includes the following:
a)Any expenditure incurred by employer on the medical treatment of the employee or any
member of his family outside India.
b)Any expenditure incurred by employer on travel and stay abroad of the patient (employee or
member of his family) and one attendant who accompanies the patient in connection with such
treatment, shall be exempt to the following extent :
(i)The expenditure on medical treatment and stay abroad shall be exempt to the extent permitted
by the Reserve Bank of India.
(ii)The expenditure on travel shall be exempt in full provided the gross total income of the
employee (including this expenditure) does not exceed Rs.2, 00,000.
Valuation of rent free accommodation
For the purpose of valuation of house, employees are divided into 2 categories:
a) Central and State Government employees: If accommodation is provided by the State or
Central Government to their employees, the value of such accommodation is simply the amount
fixed by the government (called the licence fees) in this regard.
b): Other Employees: The valuation of accommodation for this category of non government
employees depends upon whether the accommodation given to the employee is owned by the
employer or taken on lease.

1. Accommodation owned by employer
In cities having population exceeding 25 lakhs as per 2001 census
: 15% of Salary Less Rent actually paid by employee
In cities having population exceeding 10 lakhs but not exceeding 25 lakhs as per 2001 census
: 10% of Salary Less Rent actually paid by employee
In other places:
7.5% of Salary Less Rent actually paid by employee
2. Accommodation is taken on lease / rent by the employer
Rent paid by the employer or 15% of Salary whichever is lower Less Rent recovered from
employee
3. Accommodation in a hotel
24% of salary paid/payable or actual charges paid/payable whichever is lower Less Amount paid
or payable by the employee
4. Valuation of accommodation in case of Employees on transfer:
(a) For the first 90 days of transfer: Where accommodation is provided both at existing place of
work and in new place, the accommodation, which has lower value, shall be taxable.
(b) After 90 days : Both accommodations shall be taxable.
Valuation of furnished accommodation where the accommodation is furnished, 10% per annum of
the original cost of furniture given to the employee shall be added to the value of unfurnished
accommodation. If the furniture is taken on rent by employer, then actual hire charges are to be
added to the value.
Definition of salary for rent free accommodation:
Basic Salary + Taxable cash allowances + Bonus or Commission + any other monetary payment.
(It does not include dearness allowance if it is not forming part of basic salary for retirement
benefit, allowances which are exempt from tax, value of perquisites specified under Section 17(2),
employer’s contribution to provident fund account of employees).
Sweeper, gardener or watchman provided by the employer
The value of benefit of provision of services of sweeper, watchman, gardener or personal
attendant to the employee or any member of his household shall be the actual cost to the
employer. The actual cost in such a case is the total amount of salary paid or payable by the
employer or any other person on his behalf for such services as reduced by any amount paid by
the employee for such services. If the above servants are engaged by the employer and facility of
such servants are provided to the employees, it will be a perquisite for specified employees only.
On the other hand, if these servants are employed by the employee and wages of such servants are
paid / reimbursed by the employer, it will be taxable perquisite for all classes of employees.
Free Supply of Gas, Electricity or Water
The value of these benefits is taxable in the hands of specified employees, if the connection is
taken in the name of the employer, and is determined according to the following rules:
a) If the employer provides the supply of gas, electricity, and water from its own sources, the
manufacturing cost per unit incurred by the employer shall be the value of perquisite.
b) If the supply is from any other outside agency, the value of perquisite shall be the amount paid
by the employer to the agency supplying these facilities.

c) Where the employee is paying any amount in respect of such services, the amount so paid shall
be deducted from the value of perquisite calculated under (a) or (b).
d) Where the connection for gas, electricity, water supply is in the name of employee and the bills
are paid or reimbursed by the employer, it is an obligation of the employee discharged by the
employer. Such payment is taxable in case of all employees under Section 17 (2) (iv).
Free Education
a) Cost of free education to any member of employees’ family provided in an educational
institution owned and maintained by the employer shall be determined with reference to
reasonable cost of such education in a similar institution in a nearby locality. For education
facilities provided to the children of employee (excluding any other member of house hold),
the value shall be nil, if the cost of such education per child does not exceed Rs.1, 000 per
month.
b)Where free education facilities are allowed to any member of employees’ family in any other
educational institution by reason of his being in employment of that employer, the value of
perquisite shall be determined as in (a).
c)In any other case: The value of benefit of providing free or concessional educational facilities
for any member of the house hold (including children) of the employee shall be the amount of
expenditure incurred by the employer.
d) While calculating the amount of perquisite in all in above cases, any amount paid or recovered
from the employee in this connection, shall be deducted
Free Transport
The value of any benefit provided by any undertaking engaged in the carriage of passengers or
goods to any employee or to any member of his household for private journey free of cost or at
concessional rate in any conveyance owned or leased by it shall be taken to be the value at which
such benefit is offered by such undertaking to the public as reduced by the amount, if any, paid by
or recovered from the employee for such benefit. In case of employees of the Railways and
airlines, the value of transport facility shall be exempt.
Use of any movable asset other than computer or laptops or other assets already mentioned
10% of Actual Cost if owned by the employer; or Actual rental charge paid/payable by the
employer less Amount recovered from employee.
Leave Travel Concession (LTC)
Leave Travel Concession is a non-taxable perquisite available for salaried class. An Employee
with his dependent family members can avail of this facility to travel anywhere in India / native
place. Exemption is limited to the amount actually spent. The amount exempt is the value of any
travel concession or assistance received or due to the assessee.
1. Journey by Air: Economy Class Airfare of India Airlines by the shortest route or the
actual amount spent, whichever is lower.
2. Journey by Rail: A/C 1st Class rail fare by the shortest route or actual amount spent,
whichever is lower.
3. Where the place of destination is connected by Rail: Air-conditioned first class Rail fare
by the shortest route or the actual amount spent for the journey performed by road whichever
is lower.
4. Where the place of destination is NOT connected by Rail :

1. If Recognized public transport exists: First Class or Deluxe Class fare by the shortest route or
the actual amount spent whichever is lower.
2. If No recognized public transport exists: Air-conditioned first Class Rail fare by the shortest
route or the actual amount spent whichever is lower.
These exemptions is available only for 2 journeys performed in a block of 4 calendar years.
Family of an Individual means:
• Spouse and children of the individual, and
• Parents, brothers and sisters of the individual or any of them, wholly or mainly dependent on the
Individual
Taxability of Perquisites Provided By Employers
Taxability of Motor Car Benefits
Owner of Car Expenses
borne by
Purpose Taxable Value of Perquisite
1(a) Employer Employer Fully official Nil
1(b) Employer Employer Fully private Total of:
(i) Actual expenditure on car
(ii) Remuneration to chauffeur
(iii) 10% of the cost of car (normal wear & tear)
Less:
Amount charged from employee
1(c)(i)
Employer
Employer Partly official
and partly
personal
Cubic Capacity of Car Engine up to 1.6 litres`
Rs 1,800 p.m+ Rs 900 p.m. for Chauffeur
Cubic Capacity of Car Engine above 1.6 litres
Rs2,400 p.m. + Rs 900 p.m. for Chauffeur
1(c)(ii)
Employer
Employee Partly official
and partly
personal
Cubic Capacity of Car Engine up to 1.6 litres
Rs 600 p.m + Rs 900 p.m. for chauffeur
Cubic Capacity of Car Engine above 1.6 litres
Rs900 p.m. + Rs 900 p.m. for chauffeur
2(i) Employee Employer Fully official Nil
2(ii) Employee Employer Partly official
and partly
personal
Actual expenditure incurred.
Less: Car cubic capacity up to 1.6 litres [i.e.
value as per 1(c)(i)]
Or
Car cubic capacity up to 1.6 litres above 1.6
litres [i.e. value as per 1(c )(i)
3(i) Employee
Owns other
auto motive
but not car
Employer Fully official Not a perquisite
3(i) Employee
Owns other
auto motive
but not car
Employer Partly for
official use
Actual expenditure incurred by employer.
Less: Rs 900 p.m

Free meals during office hours
Actual cost to the employer in excess of Rs 50 per meal less: amount recovered from the
employee. Tea or non-alcoholic beverages and snacks during working hours is not taxable.
Gifts
Value of any gift or voucher or taken other than gifts made in cash or convertible into money (e.g.
gift cheques) on ceremonial occasion. In this case if the aggregate value of gift during the
previous year is less than Rs 5,000, then it is not a taxable perquisite.
Profit in lieu of salary
Profit in lieu of salary means any amount received by the employee from the employer
due to its employee employer relationship other than normal compensation what he receive from
employer.
The amount of any compensation due to or received by an assessee from his employer or
former employer at or in connection with the termination of his employment or modification of
his term of employment
Any payment from Unrecognized Provident Fund( URPF) or such other fund to the extent to
which it does not consist of contribution by the assessee or interest on such contribution.
Any sum received undera keyman insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of
bonus on such policy.
Any other amount from employer except the following:
o Gratuity exempted u/s 10(10)
o House rent allowance
o Retrenchment compensation
o Superannuation fund
o Statutory provident fund or public provident fund
o Recognized provident fund, if does not include contribution of assessee and interest
thereon
o Keyman insurance policy and bonus
o Any amount received prior to employment or after the cession of employment
o Any received from ex-employer
Illustraton:7
Mr. Sajad is now working in a private company at Chennai and he gets a monthly salary of Rs:
9,000. He is provided with a rent free unfurnished accommodation for which he pays a monthly
rent of Rs:300. Calculate taxable perquisite.
Solution:
15% of salary: 108000 x 15/100 =16,200
Less rent paid by the employee = 3,600
Therefore, Value of unfurnished accommodation = 12,600
Provident Fund
Provident Fund Scheme is a welfare scheme for the benefit of employees. Under this scheme,
certain amount is deducted by the employer from the employee’s salary as his contribution to
Provident Fund every month. The employer also contributes certain percentage of the salary of
the employee to the Fund. The contributions are invested outside in securities. The interest earned
on it is also credited to the Provident Fund Account. At the time of retirement, the accumulated
balance is given to the employee.

(i)Statutory Provident Fund
This is set up under the provisions of Provident Fund Act, 1925.
Contribution is made by Employer and Employee.
Assesse’s Contribution: will get Deduction u/s 80C
Employer’s Contribution- Not taxable
Interest credited- Fully exempted
Withdrawal at the time of retirement/resignation/termination, etc- Exempted u/s 10(11)
(ii)Recognized Provident Fund
This is set up under the Employee’s Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (PF
Act, 1952) and is maintained by private sector employees.
Assessee’s Contribution- will get Deduction u/s 80C
Employer’s Contribution-Amount exceeding 12% of salary is taxable
Interest credited-Exempted up to 9.5% p.a. Any excess is taxable.
Withdrawal at the time of retirement/ resignation/termination, etc-Exempted u/s 10(12) Subject to
conditions.
(iii)Unrecognized Provident Fund
If a provident fund is not recognized by the Commissioner of Income Tax, it is known as
unrecognized PF.
Assesse’s Contribution: will not get Deduction u/s 80C. No Income Tax Benefit
Employer’s Contribution- Not taxable at the time of contribution
Interest credited- On Employee’s contribution taxable under the head “Other Sources”
and, on Employer’s contribution not taxable at the time of credit.
Withdrawal at the time of retirement/resignation/termination, etc- Employee’s contribution
thereon is not taxable. Interest on employees share ias taxable under the head income from other
sources.
Employer’s contribution and interest thereon is taxable as Profits in lieu of Salary, under
“Salaries”
iv) Public Provident Fund
The Central Government has established the Public Provident Fund for the benefits of general
public to mobilize personal savings. Any member of general public (whether salaried or self
employed) can participate in this fund by opening a Provident Fund Account at the State Bank of
India or its subsidiaries or other nationalized banks. A salaried employee can simultaneously
become member of employees provident fund (whether statutory, recognized or unrecognized)
and public provident fund. Any amount may be deposited (subject to minimum oRs.500 and
maximum of Rs.70, 000 per annum) under this account. The accumulated sum is repayable after
15 years.
Assesse’s Contribution: will get Deduction u/s 80C
Interest credited- Fully exempted
Withdrawal at the time of retirement/resignation/termination, etc-Exempted u/s 10(11)
Deductions:
The income chargeable under the head salaries is computed after making the following deductions
under Section 16:
1.Entertainment Allowance [section 16(ii)] of the Act as given earlier, entertainment allowance
received from employer is first included in gross salary and thereafter, a deduction is allowed to

government employees (State or Central Government) to the extent of least of following 3
amounts:
(i)Rs.5000
(ii)20% of basic salary
(iii)Amount of Entertainment Allowance actually received during the year.
2.Professional Tax [Section 16(iii)] of the Act.
Professional tax or tax on employment levied by a State under Article 276 of the Constitution is
allowed as a deduction only in the year when it is actually paid. If the professional tax is paid by
the employer on behalf of the employee, it is first included in gross salary as a perquisite (since it
is an obligation of employee fulfilled by employer) and then the same amount is allowed as
deduction on account of professional tax from gross salary.
Illustration:8
Mr. Abhijith is getting a salary of Rs 12,000 p.m. w.e.f. 1.4.2011. He is promoted w.e.f.
31.12.2011 and got arrears of Rs75,000. Bonus for the year 2012-13 is Rs15, 000 remains
outstanding but bonus of Rs 12,000 for the year 2011-12 was paid on 1st January 2013. In March
2013, he got two months salary i.e. April and May 2013 in advance. Compute the
gross salary for the assessment year 2013-14.
Solution:
Computation of Gross Salary for the Assessment Year 2013-14
Salary : Rs 12,000 × 12 1,44,000
Arrears of Salary 75,000
Bonus for the year 2012-13 : (Receivable) ---
Bonus for the year 2011-12 : (Received) 12,000
Advance of Salary: April & May 2013 (12,000 × 2) 24,000
Gross Salary 2,55,000
Illustration:9
Following particulars are furnished by Muhammed Labeeb, a citizen and resident in India:
Basic salary after deduction of contribution to RPF Rs: 2,40,000
Own contribution to RPF Rs:20,000
Interest credited to RPF @9.5% Rs:3,600
HRA (house is at Kolar and rent paid amount to Rs:30,000) Rs: 14,400
Unit-linked insurance plan contribution paid by employer Rs: 2,000.
Compute taxable income from salary of Muhammed Labeeb for the A.Y.2013-14.
Solution:
Computation of Income from Salary for the assessment year 2013-14
Basic salary ( 2,40,000+20,000) 2,60,000
HRA (14,400-4,000) 10,400
Ulip paid by employer 2,000
Less: Deductions Nil
Taxable Salary 2,72,400
Notes: Least of the following is exempt:
Actual HRA Rs:14,400
Excess of rent paid over 10% of salary (30000-26000) Rs:4,000
40% of salary Rs: 1,04,000

Illustration :10
Mr. Varun furnished the following particulars of his income for the financial year 2013-13:
Salary 15000 p.m.
D A 1250 p.m.
Entertainment Allowance 1000 p.m.
Employer’s and employee’s contribution to RPF 24000 each
Interest from PF @ 9.5% p.a. 19000
City compensatory allowances 200 p.m.
Medical allowances 10000
He has been provided with the facility of unfurnished house by the
employer in a town (population less than 10 lakhs) for which the employer
charge Rs:500 per month. The fair rent of the house is Rs: 30,000 p.a. The
house is owned by the employer.
The employer has employed for him a sweeper @ Rs:200 p.m. and a
servant a2 Rs:750 p.m.
Compute taxable income under the head ‘salary’ for the AY 2013-14
Solution:
Computation of Income from Salary for the assessment year 2013-14
Salary 180000
DA 15000
Entertainment allowance 12000
CCA 2400
Medical allowance 10000
Employer’s contribution to RPF in excess of 12% of salary 2400
Sweeper 2400
Servant 9000
Concession in rent 9330
Gross Salary 242530
Less: Deductions nil
Taxable salary 2,42,530
Notes: Concession in Rent:
7.5% of Salary ( 180000+12000+2400+10000) Rs: 15,330
Less : Rent Charged Rs: 6,000
---------------
Rs: 9,330
========
Illustration:11
Mr. Justin Kuriakose retired on 31-10-2012 after serving 20 years. He received Rs;96,000 as
leave encashment for 12 months. His average salary at the time of retirement amounted to
Rs:7,400. He had 2 months leave at his credit. Find out the taxable amount of Leave encashment.

Solution:
The exempted amount of leave salary is least of the following:
10 months average salary ( 7400 x10 ) Rs:74000
Actual amount of leave encashment received Rs:96,000
Amount of leave salary at his credit (7400x2) Rs:14,800
Maximum limit Rs:3,00,000
Computation of taxable Amount of Leave Salary
Amount of leave salary received 96,000
Less: amount exempted 14,800
Taxable amount of leave salary 81,200
Illustration:12
From the following particulars calculate the salary income of Mr. Reshin for the assessment year
2013-14:
Basic pay Rs: 5500 p.m.
HRA Rs:2400 p.m.
DA Rs: 5,000 p.m.
Entertainment Allowance Rs:1,200 p.m.
CCA Rs: 600 p.m.
Education allowance for 2 children (total) Rs: 800 p.m.
Reshin and his employer (a private company) contribute to RPF @ 14% of salary. He lives in a
rented house at Alleppy on amonthky rent f Rs: 3000.
Solution:
Computation of income from salary of Mr. Reshin for the Assessment Year 2013-14
Basic pay 66000
HRA (28800-26400) 2400
D A 60000
Entertainment allowance 14400
CCA 7200
Education allowance ( 9600-2400) 7200
Employer’s contribution toRPF in excess of 12% 1320
Income from Salary 1,58,520
Illustration:13
Mr. Akhildas is employed as an engineer in Indian railways. He is getting Rs:7,000 p.m. as basic
pay; Rs:2,500 p.m. as D.A.and Rs:2,500 p.m. as dearness pay. During the year 2012-13, he
received the following allowances also:
Rs: 16,500 as running allowance p.m.
Rs; 200 p.m. per child as educational allowance for his 2 children
One of his son is staying in a hostel on which Akhildas is spending Rs:800 p.m. He is
getting Rs:500 p.m. for his as hostel allowance for meeting their expenditure.
Rs: 250 p.m. as CCA.
Rs:400 p.m. as uniform allowance , fully spent for employment purposes.

Rs: 1250 p.m. as HRA. He pays Rs:1500 p.m. as rent to house owner. He contributes 10%
of his basic pay and DA to SPF and the Indian railway contributes a similar amount.
Compute his taxable salary for the AY 2013-14.
Solution:
Computation of taxable salary of Mr.Akhildas for the A Y 2013-14
Basic pay (7500 x 12) 90,000
D A (2500 x 12) 30,000
D P (2500 x 12) 30,000
House Rent Allowance:
HRA received (1250 x 12) 15,000
Less: exempted 6,000 9,000
Running Allowance:
Running allowance received 16,500
Less: 70% of allowance or
Rs:10,000
p.m, whichever is less)
10,000 6500
Education allowance (200x12x2) 4,800
Less: exemption for 2 children
(100x12x2)
2,400 2,400
Hostel allowance (500x12) 6,000
Less: exempted (300x12) 3,600 2,400
Uniform Allowance (400x12) 4,800
Less: exempted 4,800 ...........
CCA (250 x12) 3,000
Less : Deduction u/s 80C (PF) 12,000
Income from Salaries 1,61,300
Calculation of exempted amount of HRA:
Least of the following is exempted:
HRA received (Rs:1,250 x12) = 15,000
Excess of rent paid over 10% 0f salary (18,000-12,000) = 6,000
40% of salary (1,20,000x40%) = 48,000
Illustration :14
Mr.Suhil is a government employee. He draws a monthly salary of Rs;20,000 and Rs: 500 p.m. as
entertainment allowance. Find out the amount of deduction for the entertainment allowance.
Solution:
Least of the following is exempted:
Actual Entertainment Allowance received (500x12) = 6,000
Statutory Limit = Rs: 5,000
20% of Salary 2,40,000 x 20%) = Rs: 48,000
Therefore the amount of deduction for the entertainment allowance is Rs: 5,000.

Chapter 4
INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY
The annual value of a property, consisting of any buildings or lands appurtenant thereto, of
which the assessee is the owner, is chargeable to tax under the head ‘Income from house
property’. However, if a house property, or any portion thereof, is occupied by the assessee, for
the purpose of any business or profession, carried on by him, the profits of which are chargeable
to income-tax, the value of such property is not chargeable to tax under this head.
Thus, three conditions are to be satisfied for property income to be taxable under this head:
1. The property should consist of buildings or lands appurtenant thereto.
2. The assessee should be the owner of the property.
3. The property should not be used by the owner for the purpose of any business or profession
carried on by him, the profits of which are chargeable to income-tax.
Ownership of house property
It is only the owner (or deemed owner) of house property who is liable to tax on income under
this head. Owner may be an individual, firm, company, co-operative society or association of
persons. The property may be let out to a third party either for residential purposes or for business
purposes. Annual value of property is assessed to tax in the hands of the owner even if he is not in
receipt of the income. For tax purposes, the assessee is required to be the owner in the previous
year only.
Deemed Owner [Section 27]
1. Owner: An Individual shall be considered as owner of a property when the document of title to
the property is registered in his name.
2. Deemed Owner: Under the following circumstances, Income from House Property is taxable
in the hands of the Individual, even if the property is not registered in his name —
(a) Where the Property has been transferred to spouse for inadequate consideration other than in
pursuance of an agreement to live apart.
(b) Where the Property is transferred to a minor child for inadequate consideration (except a
transfer to minor married daughter)
(c) Where the Individual holds an impartible estate.
(d) Where the Individual is a member of Co-operative Society, Company, or other Association
and has been allotted a house property by virtue of his being a member, even though the property
is registered in the name of the Society / Company / Association.
(e) Where the property has been transferred to the individual’s name as part-performance of a
contract u/s 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. (i.e. Possession of the Property has been
transferred to Individual, but the Title Deeds have not yet been transferred).
(f) Where the Individual is a holder of a Power of Attorney enabling the right of possession or
enjoyment of the property.
(g) Where the property has been constructed on a leasehold land.
(h) Where the ownership of the Property is under dispute.
(i) )Where the property is taken on a lease for a period of not less than 12 years, then the lessee
shall be deemed as the owner of the property.

House Property Income Is Exempt From Tax To Certain Persons
1. An Ex-Ruler for his occupation (palace)
2. Local Authority.
3. Approved Scientific Research Association.
4. Institution for the development of Khadi and Village Industries.
5. Khadi and Village Industries Boards.
6. A body or authority for administering religious or charitable Trust or endowments.
7. Certain Funds, educational institutions, hospitals etc.
8. Registered Trade Union.
9. Statutory Corporation or an institution or association financed by the Government for
promoting in the interests of members of SC or ST.
10. Co-operative Society for promoting the interest of the members of SC or ST.
11. Charitable Trust.
12. Political Parties
DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL VALUE
The basis of calculating Income from House property is the ‘annual value’. This is the inherent
capacity of the property to earn income and it has been defined as the amount for which the
property may reasonably be expected to be let out from year to year. It is not necessary that the
property should actually be let out. The municipal value of the property, the cost of construction,
the standard rent, if any, under the Rent Control Act, the rent of similar properties in the same
locality, are all pointers to the determination of annual value.
Gross Annual value
The Gross Annual Value is the municipal value, the actual rent (whether received or receivable)
or the fair rental value, whichever is highest. If, however, the Rent Control Act applies to the
property, the gross annual value Fair rental value or municipal value whichever is higher or
Standard rental value whichever is less. If the property is let out but remains vacant during any
part or whole of the year and due to such vacancy, the rent received is less than the reasonable
expected rent, such lesser amount shall be the Annual value.
The principle of determining GAV is :
Expected Rental Value OR
Actual Rent received for full year,
Whichever is more.
Here, Expected Rental Value is calculated as follows:
If the let out property is not subject to Rent Control Act ERV is:
FRV or MRV whichever is higher.
If the let out property is subject to Rent Control Act ERV is:
FRV or MRV whichever is higher
OR
Standard Rental Value ,
Whichever is less.
Municipal Tax
Municipal Tax includes services tax like Water Tax and Sewerage Tax levied by any local
authority. It can be claimed as a deduction from the Gross Annual Value of the Property.
Conditions:

(a) Paid by Owner. The tax shall be borne by the owner and tie same was paid by him during the
previous year.
(b) Property let out: Municipal Tax can be claimed as a deduction only in respect of let out or
deemed to be let out properties (i.e. more than one property self occupied).
(c) Year of payment: Municipal Tax relating to earlier previous years, but paid during the current
previous year can be claimed as deduction only in the year of payment.
(d) Advance Taxes: Advance Municipal Tax paid shall not be allowed as deduction in the year of
payment, but can be claimed in the year in which it falls due.
(e) Borne by Tenant: Municipal taxes met by tenant are not allowed as deduction.
.Unrealized Rent
Unrealized Rent means the rent not paid by the tenant to the owner and the same shall be
deducted from the Actual Rent Receivable from the property before computing income from that
property, provided the following conditions are satisfied:
1. The tenancy is bonafide
2. The defaulting tenant should have vacated the property
3. The assessee has taken steps to compel the defaulting tenant to vacate the property
4. The defaulting tenant is not in occupation of any other property owned by the assessee
5. The assessee has taken all reasonable steps for recovery of unrealized rent or satisfies the
Assessing Officer that such steps would be useless.
Deduction from Net Annual Value
A.Standard Deduction u/s 24(a): Standard deduction of 30% of NAV (Net Annual Value) shall
be allowed to the assessee.
B. Interest on Loan u/s 24(b):
1. Purpose of loan: The loan shall be borrowed for the purpose of acquisition, construction,
repairs, renewal or reconstruction of the house property.
2. Accrual basis: The interest will be allowed as a deduction on accrual basis, even though it is
not paid during the financial year.
3. Interest on interest: Interest on unpaid interest shall not be allowed as a deduction.
4. Brokerage: Any brokerage or commission paid for acquiring the loan will not be allowed as a
deduction.
5. Prior period interest: Prior Period Interest shall be allowed in five equal installments
commencing from the financial year in which the property was acquired or construction was
completed.
Note: Prior period interest means the interest from the date of borrowal of the loan up to the end
of the financial year immediately preceding the financial year in which acquisition was made or
construction was completed.
6. Interest on fresh loan to repay existing loan: Interest on any fresh loan taken to repay the
existing loan shall be allowed as a deduction.
7. Inadmissible interest: Interest payable outside India without deduction of tax at source and in
respect of which no person in India is treated as an agent u/s 163 shall not be an allowable
expenditure. [Section25]
8. Certificate: The assessee should furnish a certificate from the person from whom the amount is
borrowed.

Income From Self – Occupied House Property
The annual value of one self-occupied house property is taken as ‘Nil’. From the annual
value, only the interest on borrowed capital is allowed as a deduction under section 24. The
amount of deduction will be:
1. Either the actual amount accrued or Rs.30,000/- whichever is less
2. When borrowal of money or acquisition of the property is after 31.3.1999 - deduction is
Rs.1,50,000/- applicable to A.Y 2002-03 and onwards.
However, if the borrowal is for repairs, renewals or reconstruction, the deduction is restricted to
Rs.30, 000. If the borrowal is for construction/acquisition, higher deduction as noted above is
available. If a person owns more than one house property, using all of them for self-occupation,
he is entitled to exercise an option in terms of which, the annual value of one house property as
specified by him will be taken at Nil. The other self occupied house property/is will be deemed to
be let-out and their annual value will be determined on notional basis as if they had been let out.
Annual Value of a house property which is partly self – occupied and partly let out: If a house
property consists of two or more independent residential units, one of which is self – occupied
and the other unit(s) are let out, the income from the different units is to be calculated separately.
Illustration:1
Compute Gross annual value:
Actual rent Rs: 24,000 p.a.
Fair rent Rs:28,000 p.a.
Standard rent Rs: 20,000 p.a.
Solution:
Gross Annual Value = ERV or Actual Rent Received for full year, whichever is higher.
Here Rent Control Act is applicable.
FRV =Rs: 28,000 ; SRV = 20,000
Therefore, ERV = 20,000.
Actual Rent = 24,000
So, GAV = 24,000.
Illustration:2
Calculate annual rental value from the following particulars for the assessment year 2013-
14.Actual rent Rs: 14,000 p.m.; MRV Rs: 1,20,000 p.a.; FRV Rs:1,32,000 p.a. Standard rent Rs:
1,38,000. During the P.Y. the assessee is not able to realise two months rent.
Solution:
Expected Rental Value = 1,32,000
Actual rent for the full year (14,000x12) = 1,68,000
Therefore, GAV = 1,68,000.
Annual Value = 1,68,000 – unrealised rent
= 1,68,000 -- 28,000 = 1.40,000.
========

Illustration:3
Compute gross annual value for the AY 2013-14:
FRV Rs: 1,32,000 p.a.; Actual rent Rs:12,000 p.m.; MRV Rs:1,20,000 p.a., Standard rent Rs:
1,30,000.
Solution:
Expected Rental Value = Rs: 1,30,000
Actual rent for full year (12,000 x 12) = Rs:1,44,000
Therefore, GAV = Rs: 1,44,000.
==========
Illustration:4
Rinju is the owner of 2 houses. From the following, find out annual value of the houses:
House-1 House-2
Municipal value 30,000 35,000
Actual rent 40,000 32,000
FRV 36,000 30,000
SRV 30,000 36,000
Municipal tax paid 4,000 3,500
Solution:
MRV or FRV (higher) 36,000 35,000
SRV 30,000 36,000
ERV (Lesser of the above 2) 30,000 35,000
Actual Rent 40,000 32,000
GAV (higher of 3 and 4) 40,000 35,000
Less : Municipal Taxes 4,000 3,500
Annual Value 36,000 31500
====== ======
Illustration:5
Mr. Abhinand constructed one house in 2010. Half of the portion is let out and the remaining half
is used for his residence. The following particulars are available:
MRV Rs: 12,500; Rent received Rs:10,000 ; Municipal taxes Rs:2,500 ; Ground rent Rs;250 ;
Repairs Rs:2,000 ; Interest on loan taken for construction Rs: 2,500.
Compute income from house property of Mr. Abhinand for the AY 2013-14.

Solution:
Computation of Income from house property
Let out portion:
GAV (MRV =6250 or Rent received, whichever is higher) : 10,000
Less : municipal rent ( ½ ) : 1,250
--------------
Net Annual Value : 8,750
Deductions:
30% of annual value : 2,625
Interest on loan taken for construction : 1,250
----------- : 3,875
Income from let out portion 4,875
Self-occupied portion:
Net Annual Value : Nil
Deductions:
Interest on loan taken for construction : 1,250
--------------
Income from self occupied portion --1,250
-----------
Income from House Property 3,625
Illustration:6
The following information is available in respect of two houses of owned by Neeraj.
He let out the first house for a yearly rent of Rs: 11,000. He paid Rs:1,000 as interest on
borrowings. He paid Rs: 100 as insurance premium. He let out his second house at a monthly rent
of Rs:1,200. It is not rented out for 3 months. The unreaqlised rent for the past 5 years was Rs:
13,000. Compute the income from house property of Mr. Neeraj for the AY 2013-14.
Solution:
Computation of Income from house property for AY 2013-14
First House:
Annual Value : 11,000
Less : Deductions:
Standard deduction (30%) : 3,300
Interest on loan : 1,000 : 4,300 6,700
Second House:
Annual Value : 14,400
Less : Loss for vacancy period : 3,600
Unrealised rent : 13,000 16,600 --2,200
Income from House Property = 4,500.
======

Chapter 5
Income from Business or Profession
Business : Sec 2 (13)
Business includes any trade, commerce, or manufacture or any adventure or concern in the nature
of trade, commerce, or manufacture. Or practical purpose business means the purchase and sale or
manufacture of a commodity with a view to make profit. Business includes banking, transport
business or any other adventure. Profit of an isolated transaction is also taxable under this head.
Profession
A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is
to supply objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly
apart from expectation of other business gain. For example the work of lawyer, doctor auditor
engineer and so on. Vocation means activities which are performed in order to earn livelihood.
For example brokerage, music, dancing etc.
The following items are chargeable under the head income from business or profession.
(section28)
The profits and gains of any business or profession, which was carried on by the assessee at
any time during the previous year;
Any compensation or other payment, due or received by the following:-
o Any person, by whatever name called, managing the whole or substantially the whole of the
affairs of an Indian company, at or in connection with the termination of his management or the
modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;
o Any person, by whatever name called, managing the whole or substantially the whole of the
affairs in India of any other company, at or in connection with the termination of his office or the
modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;
o Any person, by whatever name called, holding an agency in India for any part of the activities
relating to the business of any other person, at or in connection with the termination of any
agency or the modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;
o Any person, for or in connection with the vesting in the Government, or in any corporation
owned or controlled by the Government, under any law for the time being in force, of the
management of any property or business;
Income, derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services
performed for its members;
Profits on sale of a license granted under the Imports (Control) Order, 1955, made underthe
Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1947;
Cash assistance (by whatever name called), received or receivable by any person against
exports under any scheme of the Government of India;
Any duty of customs or excise repaid or repayable as drawback to any person against exports
under the Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1971;
The value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, arising from
business or the exercise of a profession;
Any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or
received by, a partner of a firm from such firm.

Income from speculative transactions.
Any sum received under a key man insurance policy including bonus.
Any sum whether received or receivable in cash or in kind , under an agreement for :
(a) Not carrying out any activity in relation to nay business or
(b) Not sharing any know how, patent, copyright, trade mark, licence franchise or any likely
to assist in the manufacture or processing of goods or provision of services.
Any sum whether received or receivable in cash or kind, on account of any capital asset (other
than land or goodwill or financial instrument) being demolished , discarded or transferred , if the
whole of the expenditure on such capital asset has been allowed as deduction under section
35AD.
However, it is provided that where any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by
whatever name called, or any part thereof has not been allowed to be deducted under Clause (b) of
section 40, the income under this clause shall be adjusted to the extent of the amount not so
allowed to be deducted.
In the following cases, income from trading or business is not taxable under the head "profits and
gains of business or profession":-
Rent of house property is taxable under the head “Income from house property". Even if the
property constitutes stock in trade of recipient of rent or the recipient of rent is engaged in the
business of letting properties on rent.
Deemed dividends on shares are taxable under the head "Income from other sources".
Winnings from lotteries, races etc. are taxable under the head "Income from other sources".
General Principals governing the computation of taxable income under the head "profits and gains
of business or profession:-
Business or profession should be carried on by the assessee. It is not the ownership of
business which is important, but it is the person carrying on a business or profession, who is
chargeable to tax.
Income from business or profession is chargeable to tax under this head only if the business or
profession is carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year. This income is
taxable during the following assessment year.
Profits and gains of different business or profession carried on by the assessee are not
separately chargeable to tax i.e. tax incidence arises on aggregate income from all businesses or
professions carried on by the assessee. But, profits and loss of a speculative business are kept
separately.
It is not only the legal ownership but also the beneficial ownership that has to be considered.
Profits made by an assessee in winding up of a business or profession are not taxable, as no
business is carried on in that case. However, such profits may be taxable as capital gains or as
business income, if the process of winding up is such as to involve the carrying on of a trade.
Taxable profit is the profit accrued or arising in the accounting year. Anticipated or potential
profits or losses, which may occur in future, are not considered for arriving at taxable income.
Also, the profits, which are taxable, are the real profits and not notional profits. Real profits from
the commercial point of view mean a gain to the person carrying on the business and not profits
from narrow, technical or legalistic point of view.

The yield of income by a commercial asset is the profit of the business irrespective of the
manner in which that asset is exploited by the owner of the business.
Any sum recovered by the assessee during the previous year, in respect of an amount or
expenditure which was earlier allowed as deduction, is taxable as business income of the year in
which it is recovered.
Modes of book entries are generally not determinative of the question whether the assessee
has earned any profit or loss.
The Income tax act is not concerned with the legality or illegality of business or profession.
Hence, income of illegal business or profession is not exempt from tax.
Profits and losses of speculation business carried on by an assessee are kept separate.
Profits made in winding up of a business by the sale of assets in one lot are nottable as
business profit but as capital gain. The profit on the sale of stock in trade will be taxable as
business profit, because the sale of goods under any circumstances is a transaction in the nature of
trader and hence its profit is taxable as business profit.
Tax is levied on the actual profit of the previous year and not on the anticipated profit.
Speculative Transactions and Taxability of Speculation Business
Speculative Transaction [Section 43(5)]: “Speculative Business” means a transaction in which a
contract for purchase/sale of any commodity/stocks/ shares is settled otherwise than by the actual
delivery or transfer of the commodity or scrips. Transactions not regarded as speculative
transaction.
Deduction In Respect Of Losses Incidental to Business
A loss (other than capital loss), which is incidental to the trade, is allowable in computing the
business profits on ordinary principles of commercial trading. Such trading losses can be claimed
as deduction provided the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) Loss should be real in nature and not notional or fictitious;
(b) It should be a revenue loss and not capital;
(c) Loss should have resulted directly from carrying on of business i.e. it should be incidental to
business;
(d) Losses should have actually occurred during the previous year;
(e) There should be no direct or indirect restriction under the Act against the deductibility of such
loss. E.g. Loss of stock-in-trade on account of fire, embezzlement/theft of cash in course of
business, or loss on account of advances/guarantees granted during course of business, are
admissible in the computation of taxable income on the basis of common principles of accounting
and commercial expediency.
Amounts expressively allowed as deduction [ U/s 30 to 37 ]
Deduction In Respect Of Rent, Rates, Taxes, Repairs and Insurance, etc. for Buildings, Plant and
Machinery and Furniture [Section 30 And 31]
The following are allowable as deduction in computing the income under the head ‘Profits and
Gains of Business or Profession’ –
1.Rent of the premises is allowed ad deduction. However, notional rent paid by proprietor is not
allowed as deduction. But rent paid by him to its partner for using his premises is allowed as
deduction.

2. Current repairs if the assessee bears the cost of repairs are allowed as deduction. However,
Capital repairs incurred by the assessee are never allowed as deduction whether premises is
occupied as a tenant or as an owner. Instead the capital repairs incurred shall be deemed to be a
building and depreciation shall be claimed.
3.Any sum on account of Land Revenue, Local Taxes or Municipal Taxes subject to section 43B.
4. Insurance charges against the risk of damage or destruction of building is allowed as deduction.
5. In respect of repairs and insurance of machinery, plant & furniture used for the purpose of
business or profession the following deductions are allowable:
i. Amount of expenditure incurred on current repairs of machinery, plant or furniture used in
the business is deductible.
ii. The amount paid for current repairs shall not include any expenditure in the nature of
capital expenditure.
Depreciation [Section 32]:
In respect of depreciation of-
(i) buildings, machinery, plant or furniture, being tangible assets;
(ii) know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or
commercial rights of similar nature, being intangible assets acquired on or after the 1st day of
April, 1998, owned, wholly or partly, by the assessee and used for the purposes of the business or
profession
Tea Development account, coffee development account and rubber development account (section
33AB)
Certain deduction is allowed to assessee growing and manufacturing tea or coffee or rubber in
India.
For this purpose, the assessee is required to
i. Deposit in a special account with the national bank for Agriculture and rural development in
accordance with the scheme approved by the tea board or the coffee board or rubber board or
deposit any amount in on an account opened by the assessee (known as deposit account) in
accordance with the deposit scheme framed by the tea Board or the Coffee Board or the rubber
board as the case may be, with the previous approval of the central government.
ii. The deposit should be made within a period of six months from the end of the previous year or
before furnishing the return of income whichever is earlier.
iii. In computing taxable profits from the above business the following deduction will be allowed
in respect of the above deposit:
(a) A sum equal to the amount so deposited or
(b) 40% of the profits from such business (before making deduction under this section and before
setting off brought forward business losses) whichever is less.
iv. This deduction shall be allowed only if the accounts of such business from the previous year
concerned have been audited by a chartered accountant and the audit report is furnished along
with the return of income.
Deduction in respect of prospecting for or extraction or production of petroleum or natural gas or
both India (Section 33ABA)
(1) Where an assessee is carrying on business consisting of the prospecting for, or extraction or
production of, petroleum or natural gas or both in India and in relation to which the Central

Government has entered into an agreement with such assessee for such business, has before the
end of the previous year—
(a) deposited with the State Bank of India any amount or amounts in an account (hereafter in this
section referred to as the special account) maintained by the assessee with that Bank in
accordance with, and for the purposes specified in, a scheme (hereafter in this section referred to
as the scheme) approved in this behalf by the Government of India in the Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas; or
(b) deposited any amount in an account (hereafter in this section referred to as the Site
Restoration Account) opened by the assessee.
Expenditure on scientific research (section 35)
The word 'Scientific Research' has been defined as 'an activity for the extension of knowledge in
the fields of natural or applied sciences including agriculture, animal husbandry or fisheries'. Such
an activity may result in an improved efficiency and thereby increases the productivity of the
process. So, in order to encourage people to enhance the productivity, government has provided
certain tax incentives under this section for expenditure incurred in respect of Scientific Research.
Such Scientific research may be carried out for the purpose of
(a) Extension of business;
(b) Providing medical facilities to the employees.
Deduction under this section is allowed in two ways
(A) When assessee takes up scientific research on his own
(B) When assessee contributes amount for scientific research to an approved body.
The provisions of both are given below.
(A) When assessee takes up scientific research on his own:
When assessee carries on any scientific research, the expenditure incurred by him for such may be
(a) Revenue expenditure or
(b) Capital expenditure.
The treatment of above is as follows.
(a) Revenue expenditure:
Any revenue expenditure incurred by the assessee in respect of scientific research within 3 years
immediately preceding the year of commencement of business shall be allowed deduction in the
year of commencement. Such revenue expenditure may be in respect of salaries (excluding any
perquisites) payable to the staff involved in the research; for acquiring the inputs required to carry
out the research or any such eligible expenditure.
(b) Capital expenditure:
Any Capital expenditure incurred by the assessee is deductible 100% in the year it is incurred.
(4) Amount contributed to National Laboratory [Section 35(2AA)]:
Any amount contributed by the assessee to a National laboratory* or University or IIT or to a
specified person (approved by prescribed authority) with a specific direction that the amount shall
be used for the purpose of scientific research, shall be given a weighted deduction of 2 times
(from the Assessment year 2012-13. For AY2011-12, it is given to the extent of 1.75 times only
and before that 1.25 times only)
*National Laboratory

Any laboratory functioning at national level under the aegis of
(1) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(2) Indian Council of Medical Research
(3) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(4) Defence Research and Development Organisation
(5) Department of Electronics
(6) Department of Bio-technology
(7) Department of Atomic Energy
In all the above cases, deduction shall not be denied on the ground that subsequent to such
contribution by the assessee, approval granted to the donee has been withdrawn by the prescribed
authorities.
Conditions to be fulfilled in order to claim depreciation under section 32
In order to claim depreciation under Section 32, the following conditions are required to be
fulfilled:
(1)Depreciation is available on ‘assets’ and ‘block of assets’: The assets may be tangible
(Buildings, Machinery, Plant and Furniture) or intangible (know-how, patents, copyrights,
trademarks, licences, franchises, etc.) in nature.
‘Block of Assets’ means group of assets comprising of tangible or intangible assets in respect of
which the same rate of depreciation is prescribed.
Rates of Depreciation In Case Of Block of Assets
Tangible Assets Rate
(I) Building:
(1)Residential Buildings except hotel and boarding houses ……………..5%
(2)Non-residential Buildings [office, factory, godown, hotels, ………..10%
boarding houses but other than (1) above and (3)(i)below]
(3) (i) Buildings for installing Plant and Machinery forming part of water supply or water
treatment system for infrastructure business u/s 80-India IA (4)(i). (ii) Purely temporary erections
such as wooden structures ……………………………….100%
(II) Furniture And Fittings:
(4) Furniture and Fittings including electrical fitting s (“Electrical Fittings” include electrical
wiring, switches, sockets, other fittings and fans, etc. …………………………..10 %
(III) Plant And Machinery
(5) Motor Cars not used in business of running them on hire; and Plant & Machinery other than
those covered in other Blocks ………………..15%
(6) Ships and vessels ………………….20%
(7) Motor buses, Lorries and taxis used in business of running on hire; Moulds used in rubber and
plastic goods factories; Plant & Machinery used in semi-conductor industry including circuits;
….30%
(8) Aeroplane- Aeroengines; Life-saving Medical Equipments …………40%

(9) Glass and Plastic containers used as refills ………………..50%
(10) (i) Computer including computer software (ii) Books (iii) Gas Cylinders including valves and
regulators (iv) Glass Manufacture – Melting Furnaces, Mineral Oil Concerns; ……….60%
(11) Flour Mills-Rollers, Rolling Mill rolls in Iron and Steel Industry; Energy renewal and energy
saving devices; Rollers in Sugar Works …………..80%
(12) (i) (a) Books (annual publications) owned by assessee carrying on profession; and (b) Books
owned by assessee carrying on business in running lending libraries (ii) Plant and Machinery in
water supply and treatment system for infrastructure u/s 80IA(4)(i); Wooden part in artificial silk
manufacturing Plant & Machinery; Cinematograph films-Bulbs of studio lights; Wooden Match
frames in Match factories; Mines and Quarries-rubs, ropes, lamps, pipes; Salt works – Clay and
salt pans, etc.; Air-pollution, Water-pollution, Solid waste control equipments and Solid waste
recycling system. ……….100%
Intangible Assets
(13) Know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises, or any other business or
commercial rights of similar nature …………25%
Concept of “Written Down Value” (WDV) [Section 43(6)]
WDV in general: In case of assets acquired in previous year, WDV= Actual cost to the assessee.
In case of assets acquired before previous year, WDV = Actual cost to assessee less depreciation
actually allowed (including unabsorbed depreciation, if any) to the assessee.
WDV in case of Block of Assets:
Written down Value of the block of assets as on 1st day of previous year
Add: Actual Cost of asset falling within the block, acquired during previous year
Less : Moneys payable (including scrap) for asset falling within block which is sold, discarded,
demolished, destroyed during the previous year to the extent of (A) + (B) above
WDV of block of assets eligible for depreciation
Carry Forward and Set-Off Of Unabsorbed Depreciation [Section 32(2)]
(1) Amount of depreciation remaining unabsorbed shall be allowed to be carried forward whether
or not the business/asset to which it relates exists. It shall be treated as part of current year
depreciation.
(2)Return of loss is not required to be submitted to carry forward unabsorbed depreciation.
(3)Brought forward business losses (speculative or non-speculative) under Section 72(2) and
73(3) shall be given priority of set off over unabsorbed depreciation.
(4)While allowing unabsorbed depreciation, the expression ‘Profit and Gains Chargeable to Tax’
llustration: 1 The net profit of business of Mr. Baveesh as disclosed by its P&L account was
Rs:3,25,000 after charging the following:
Municipal taxes on house property let out Rs:3,000
Bad debt written off Rs:15,000
Provision for bad and doubtful debts Rs: 16,000
Provision for taxation Rs: 15,000

Depreciation Rs: 25,000
Depreciation allowance as per rule is Rs:20,000.
Compute taxable business profit.
Solution:
Computation of income from busines
Particulars Rs Rs
Net profit 3,25,000
Add: Municipal taxes 30000
Provision for bad debts 16000
Provision for taxation 15000
Excess epreciation 5000 39,000
Business Profit 3,64,000
Illustration:2
From the following P&L account, compute income from business:
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
To Salaries 14,600 By G/p 1,35,000
To household expense 2000
To income tax 900
To Gifts 900
To business expense 2,200
To LIC premium 2,100
To bad debt reserve 800
To N/P 1,11,500
1,35,000 1,35,000
Solution:
Computation of income from business for the A Y 2013-14
Net Profit as pe P&L Account : 1,11,500
Add : Expenses Disallowed:
Household expenses 2,000
Income tax 900
Gift 900
LIC Premium 2,100
Bad debt reserve 800 6,700
Income from business 1,18,200
=======
Illustration:3
Dr. Biju is a medical practitioner in Mahe. From the following, calculate his income from
profession for the AY 2013-14:

Gross receipt from dispensary 2,35,000
Gross receipt from consultation 1,65,000
Operation fee 2,50,000
Visiting fee 50,000
Gifts from patients 30,000
Medicines purchased 1,25,000
Closing stock of medicines 35,000
Salaries paid to employees 1,50,000
Surgical equipments purchased 48,000
Dr. Biju wanted to attend a medical seminar in Australia to update
the knowledge and spent an amount of
25,000
Medical books purchased 20,000
He owns a house whose MRV is Rs:50,000. Half portion of the
house is used for profession. Expenses paid on house are
municipal tax=30% of MRV ; Repairs Rs:10,000 ; and renovation
expenses Rs:30,000.
Solution:
Computation of income from profession for the AY 2013-14
Gross receipts from dispensary 2,35,000
Gross receipts from consultation 1,65,000
Operation fee 2,50,000
Visiting fee 50,000
Gifts from patients 30,000 7,30,000
Less : Expenses :
Medicines ( 1,25,000—35,000) 90,000
Salaries to employees 1,50,000
Surgical equipments ( Depreciation :
15% )
7,200
Visit to Australia to attend a medical
seminar
25,000
Medical Books ( Depreciation : 60% ) 12,000
Expenses on house used for profession:
Municipal tax (50,000 x 10% x ½
)
2,500
Repairs ( 10,000 x ½ ) 5,000
Total 2,91,700
Income from profession 4,38,300

Illustration:4
The following is the Receipts and Payments account of Mr. Akhilesh, a practicing Chartered
Accountant for the year ended 31-03-2013:
Receipts Rs: Payments Rs:
Audit fee 19,210 Office expenses 10,000
Consultation 10,000 Office rent 5,000
Tribunal appearance 15,000 Salaries and wages 12,050
Miscellaneous 20,000 Printing and Stationeries 1,000
Interest on Govt. security 10,000 subscription 3,000
Rent received 10,000 Purchase of books(annual
publication)
1,300
Presents from clients 10,000 Travelling expenses 5,800
Interest on bank loan 3,000
Donation to National Defence
Fund
5,000
Loan from bank was taken for the construction of the house in which he lives. MRV of the house
is Rs: 8,000 and the local taxes Rs: 800 p.a. One-fourth of travelling expenses are not allowable.
Compute income from profession for the A Y 2013—14.
Solution:
Computation of income from business for the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Audit Fees 19,210
Consultation Fee 10,000
Tribunal appearance 15,000
Miscellaneous 20,000
Presents from clients 10,000 74,210
Less: Allowable Expenses:
Office expenses 10,000
Office rent 5,000
Salaries and wages 12,050
Printing and stationery 1,000
Subscription 3,000
Purchase of books (100% depreciation) 1,300
Travelling expenses (5,800 x ¾ ) 4,350 36,700
Income from Profession 37,510
Illustration:5
Calculate the amount of depreciation on the assets of a mill:
Factory building W.D.V. on 01-04-2012 Rs: 14,00,000
Additions made on 01-06-2012 Rs: 6,00,000
Rate of depreciation 10%
The part of factory building which was destroyed by fire, for which the insurance company
accepted the claim for Rs: 60,000 and scrap value realised amounted to Rs:10,000.

Solution:
Computation of Depreciation
Factory building : W.D.V on 1-4-2012 Rs: 14,00,000
Additions made on 1-6-2012 Rs: 6,00,000
-------------------
Rs: 20,00,000
Less: Amount received from the insurance company Rs:60,000
Amountb received from the sale of scrap Rs:10,000 Rs: 70,000
Written Down Value of factory building for the AY 2013-14 Rs: 19,30,000
Therefore, Depreciation @ 10% Rs: 1,93,000
==========
Illustration:6
From the following figures, you are required to calculate the depreciation admissible during the
previous year:
Plant & Machinery(Rs:) Building(Rs:)
W.D.V. at the beginning of the year 3,75,000 15,00,000
Purchased during the year 4,50,000 Nil
Sales during the year 7,75,000 3,00,000
Solution:
Computation of Depreciation
Particulars Plant & Machinery Building
Rate = 15% Rate = 10%
W.D.V at the beginning of the year 3,75,000 15,00,000
Add: Purchase 4,50,000 Nil
Total 8,25,000 15,00,000
Less: sales 7,75,000 3,00,000
W.D.V. 50,000 12,00,000
Depreciation 7,500 1,20,000
xxxxxxxx

Chapter 6
Capital Gains
Profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset made in a previous year are taxable as
capital gains under the head “Capital Gains”. The capital gain is chargeable to income tax if the
following conditions are satisfied:
1. There is a capital asset.
2. Assessee should transfer the capital asset.
3. Transfer of capital assets should take place during the previous year.
4. There should be gain or loss on account of such transfer of capital asset.
Capital Asset: Sec. 2(14): Capital Asset means property of any kind (Fixed, Circulating,
movable, immovable, tangible or intangible) whether or not connected with business or
profession.
Exclusions —
a. Stock-in-trade
b. Personal effects of the assessee i.e., personal use excluding jewellery, costly stones, silver,
gold
c. Agricultural land in a rural area i.e., an area with population more than 10,000.
d. 6½% Gold Bonds, 1977 or 7% Gold Bonds, 1980 or National Defence Bonds, 1980 issued by
the Central Government
e. Special Bearer Bonds, 1991 issued by the Central Government.
f. Gold Deposit Bonds issued under Gold Deposit Scheme 2000
Kinds of capital assets
There are two kinds of capital assets
Short-term capital asset: Sec. 2(42A): means a capital asset held by an assessee for not more
than thirty six months immediately preceding the date of its transfer. However, in the following
cases, an asset, held for not more than twelve months, is treated as short-term capital asset—
a. Quoted or unquoted equity or preference shares in a company
b. Quoted Securities
c. Quoted or unquoted Units of UTI
d. Quoted or unquoted Units of Mutual Funds specified u/s. 10(23D)
e. Quoted or unquoted zero coupon bonds
Long-term capital asset: Sec. 2(29A): means a capital asset which is not a short-term capital
asset. Under the existing law, profits and gains arising from the transfer of capital asset made in a
previous year is taxable as capital gains. A capital asset is distinguished on the basis of the period
of holding. A capital asset, which is held for more than three years, is categorized as a long-term
capital asset. However, if the capital asset is in the nature of equity, it is categorized as a long-
term capital asset if it is held for more than one year. All capital assets other than long-term
capital asset are termed as a short-term capital asset.

Transfer of capital asset
Transfer includes:
• Sale of asset
• Exchange of asset
• Relinquishment of asset (means surrender of asset)
• Extinguishments of any right on asset (means reducing any right on asset)
• Compulsory acquisition of asset.
The definition of transfer is inclusive, thus transfer includes only above said five ways. In other
words, transfer can take place only on these five ways. If there is any other way where an asset is
given to other such as by way of gift, inheritance etc. it will not be termed as transfer.
Year of chargeability to tax
Capital gains are generally charged to tax in the year in which ‘transfer’ takes place.
Long term capital gains
Long term Capital gains, if the assets like shares and securities, are held by the assessee
for a period exceeding 12 months or 36 months in the case of other assets. Units of UTI and
specified mutual funds will now be eligible for treatment as long term capital assets if they are
held for a period exceeding 12 months.
Long term Capital gains are computed by deducting from the full value of consideration for the
transfer of a capital asset the following:
- Expenditure connected exclusively with the transfer;
- The indexed cost of acquisition of the asset, and
- The indexed cost of improvement, if any, of that asset.
The method of computing capital gains is given below:
Short-term Capital Gain Long-term Capital Gain
A. Find out Full Value of Consideration A. Find out Full Value of Consideration
B. Deduct: B. Deduct:
(i) Expenditure incurred wholly and
exclusively in connection with such
Transfer.
(ii) Cost of Acquisition
(iii) Cost of Improvement
(iv) Exemption provided by Ss. 54B, 54D &
54G, 54GA
(i) Expenditure incurred wholly and
exclusively in connection with such Transfer.
(ii) Indexed Cost of Acquisition
(iii) Indexed Cost of Improvement
(iv) Exemption provided by Ss. 54, 54B,
54D, 54EC, 54ED, 54F & 54G, 54GA
C. (A-B) is the short-term capital gain C. (A-B) is the long-term capital gain

Differences between Long term capital gains and Short term capital gains
Long Term Capital Gain Short Term Capital Gain
It arises out of transfer of long term capital
assets
It arises out of transfer of short term capital
assets
Tax rate is 20% Rates applicable to all other incomes
Cost of acquisition and cost of improvement
are indexed on the basis of CII.
No indexing is done.
If LTCA is acquired before 1-4-1981, then
the fair market value of the asset as on 1-4-
1981 is taken as the value of acquisition.
No such option is available to STCA.
Long term capital loss can be set off only
against long term capital gain.
Short term capital loss can be set off against
short term capital gain or long term capital
gain.
Full value of consideration
Full value of consideration means and it includes the whole or complete sale price or
exchange value or compensation including enhanced compensation received in respect of capital
asset in transfer. The following points are important to note in relation to full value of
consideration.
1. The consideration may be in cash or kind.
2. The consideration received in kind is valued at its fair market value.
3. It may be received or receivable.
4. The consideration must be actual irrespective of its adequacy.
When shares, debentures or warrants are received under employees stock option plan or scheme
are transferred under a gift or an irrecoverable trust , the market value on the date of transfer shall
be deemed to be the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of transfer for
computation of capital gains.
Cost of Acquisition
Cost of Acquisition (COA) means any capital expense at the time of acquiring capital asset
under transfer, i.e., to include the purchase price, expenses incurred up to acquiring date in the
form of registration, storage etc. expenses incurred on completing transfer. In other words, cost of
acquisition of an asset is the value for which it was acquired by the assessee. Expenses of capital
nature for completing or acquiring the title are included in the cost of
acquisition.
Cost to the previous owner deemed to be the cost of acquisition: If the asset is acquired by an
assessee in the following circumstances the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be
the cost for which the previous owner of the property acquired it.
1. On any distribution of asset on the total or partial partition of a HUF or
2. Under gift or will
3. By succession , inheritance or devolution or

4. On any distribution of assets on the dissolution of a firm, body of individuals or other
association of persons at any time before 1-04-1987. Or
5. On Any distribution of asset on the liquidation of a company or
6. Under a transfer to a revocable or an irrevocable trust or
7. On transfer by a parent company to its Indian subsidiary company which is wholly owned by a
parent company or
8. On the transfer by a subsidiary company to its Indian holding company which owns whole of
the share capital of the subsidiary company or
9. On the transfer of capital asset by the amalgamating company to the amalgamated company if
the amalgamated company is an Indian company. Or
10. On transfer of shares of an Indian company by amalgamated foreign company to the
amalgamated foreign company. Or
11. On the transfer of capital asset in a scheme of amalgamation of a banking company with a
banking institution sanctioned and brought into force by the central government or
12. When any members of HUF converts his self acquired property into HUF property or
13. On transfer of capital asset by the predecessor cooperative bank to the successor cooperative
bank in a business organization or
14. On transfer of shares in the predecessor cooperative bank in lieu of shares allotted in the
successor cooperative bank in a business reorganization or
15. On transfer of capital asset or intangible asset by a firm to a company as a result of succession
of the firm by a company or
16. On succession of a sole proprietary concern by a company.
Cost of share or security
If the share or security was acquired before 1st April 1981, the cost of acquisition will be the
actual cost or fair market value on 1st April 1981 whichever is beneficial to the assessee. If it is
acquired after 31st march 1981, the actual cost is the cost of acquisition.
3. Cost of bonus shares
The cost of bonus shares or security which is received by the assessee without any payment on the
basis of his holding any financial asset will be as under
(a) Where bonus share or security was received prior to 1st April 1981, the fair market value on
1str April 1981.
(b) In any other case- nil
4. Cost of acquisition of goodwill
If the asset is purchased from the previous owner – purchase price
In any other case – Nil
5. Right issue-cost of acquisition in the case of right issue is amount actually paid to acquire it.
6. Capital asset acquired before 1st April 1981- total cost of the asset to the assessee or the
faire market value on 1st April 1981.
7. Capital asset acquired by the previous owner before 1st April 1981- total cost of the asset
to the previous owner or the faire market value on 1st April 1981.
8. Cost of acquisition of shares or debentures- shares or debentures acquired in consideration of
conversion of debenture, debenture stock or deposit certificate shall be deemed to be the cost of
original debentures, debenture stocks or deposit certificates converted.

Cost of Improvement
Cost of improvement is the capital expenditure incurred by an assessee for making any
addition or improvement in the capital asset. It also includes any expenditure incurred in
protecting or curing the title. In other words, cost of improvement includes all those expenditures,
which are incurred to increase the value of the capital asset.
cost of improvement x CII for the year in which
the asset is sold
Indexed Cost of improvement = ----------------------------------------------------------
CII for the year in which the improvement
To asset took place.
Any cost of improvement incurred before 1st April 1981 is not considered or it is ignored. The
reason behind it is that for carrying any improvement in asset before 1st April 1981, asset should
have been purchased before 1st April 1981. If asset is purchased before 1st April we consider the
fair market value. The fair market value of asset on 1st April 1981 will certainly include the
improvement made in the asset.
Computation of capital gains in case of slump sale: Any gain arising from the slump sale
effected in the previous year shall be chargeable as long term capital gains of the previous year in
which the transfer take place.
Expenditure on transfer
Expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for transfer of capital asset is called expenditure on
transfer. It is fully deductible from the full value of consideration while calculating the capital
gain. Examples of expenditure on transfer are the commission or brokerage paid by seller, any
fees like registration fees, and cost of stamp papers etc., travelling expenses, and litigation
expenses incurred for transferring the capital assets are expenditure on transfer.
Note: Expenditure incurred by buyer at the time of buying the capital assets like brokerage,
commission, registration fees, cost of stamp paper etc. are to be added in the cost of acquisition
before indexation.
Exemption from Capital Gains
Capital gain arising on the transfer of property used for residence: -
The exemption u/s 54 relates to the capital gain arising out of transfer of residential house. The
exemption is available to only Individual assessee. The exemption relates to the capital gains
arising on the transfer of a residential house.
Conditions: Exemption is available if: -
1. House Property transferred was used for residential purpose.
2. House Property was a long term capital asset.
3. Assesses has purchased another house property within a period of one year before or two years
after the date of transfer or has constructed another house property within three years of date of
transfer i.e. the construction of the new house property should be completed within three years.
The date of starting of construction is irrelevant. Where the amount of capital gain is not utilized
by the assessee for acquisition of new house before the due date, it shall be deposited by him on

or before the due date of furnishing the return of income in an account opened under the capital
gain account scheme 1988.
Amount of Exemption will be the least of: -
1. Capital Gain
2. Cost of new house.
Withdrawal of exemption: If the newly acquired house property is transferred within three years
of acquisition. Thus the earlier exempted capital gain will be charged to tax in the year in which
the newly acquired house property is transferred. For that the cost of acquisition of the newly
acquired house property will be reduced by the amount of exemption already availed thus the cost
will reduce and thus the capital gains on the new house property will be more. Above all the new
house property will be a STCA since for withdrawal of exemption it should had been sold within
three years of its acquisition thus now the capital gain of the new house property will be STCG
which is charged as per the normal rates which may be 30% (a higher rate as compare to the flat
rate of LTCG of 20%) in the case of individuals.
Capital gain arising from the transfer of agricultural land (sec 54 B)
Any capital gain arising on the transfer of agricultural land situated in an urban area is exempt
subject to the following conditions
1. The agriculture land is owned by an individual or a HUF
2. The agriculture land was , in the two years immediately preceding the date of transfer, being
used either by the assessee or his parent or HUF for agriculture purposes.
3. The assessee has purchased within a period of two years from the date of transfer any other
land for agricultural purposes.
The amount of deduction is the capital gain arising from the transfer of such agricultural land is
exempt to the extent of the cost of the new agricultural land purchased within two years from the
date of transfer.
If the amount of capital gain is not utilized by the assessee for the acquisition of the new
agricultural land before due date of furnishing return of income, it shall be transferred to
capital gain account scheme.
The exemption is withdrawn if the assessee transfers the new land within 3 years of its purchase.
Capital gain on compulsory acquisition of land and buildings (sec 54 D)
This exemption is available to all categories of taxpayers. To get exemption the following
conditions are to be satisfied.
1. The asset transferred is land or building or any right in land or building which formed part of
new industrial undertaking belonging to the tax payer.
2. Asset in question is transferred by way of compulsory acquisition under any law.
3. The asset in question was used for the purpose of industrial undertaking at least for two years
immediately before the date of compulsory acquisition.
4. Assessee has purchased any other land or building with in a period of three years from the date
of receipt of compensation or constructed a building within such a period.

If the new asset is not acquired by the due date for furnishing the return of income for the relevant
assessment year, the unutilized amount of capital gains must be deposited in a Capital Gains
Deposit Account.
The cost of acquisition of the new asset is reduced by the exemption granted from LTCG for a
period of 3 years from its date of acquisition.
Investment in Financial Assets (Section -54 EC)
This exemption is available to all categories of taxpayers. To get exemption the following
conditions are to be satisfied.
1. The assessee should transfer a long-term capital asset during the previous year.
2. The assessee should invest the whole or part of capital gain in long term specified assets. The
long term specified assets include
I. Bonds redeemable after three years
II. Issued on or after 1.4.2007 and
III. Issued by
a) National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). Or
b) Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (RECL).
The investment made on or after 1.4.2007 in the long term specified asset by an
assessee during any financial year shall not exceed fifty lakh rupees. The investment is to be made
within six months from the date of transfer of the original capital asset. The bonds should not be
transferred or converted into money for a period of three years from the date of acquisition. In
case the bonds are transferred within 3 years from the date of their acquisition, the exemption
allowed for investment earlier would be taxed in the year of such transfer as capital gains. For this
purpose it would be considered as transfer even if the assessee takes any loan or advance on the
security of the specified securities. For the investment in the bonds deduction under section 80C
will not be available.
Investment into a residential house (Section 54F)
If an individual or a HUF having LTCG arising out of sale of capital asset other than a residential
house invests in the purchase or construction of a residential house, then, he/it is eligible for
exemption.
Cost of New House X Capital Gains
Amount of exemption = --------------------------------------------------
Net Consideration
Where net consideration = full value of consideration - cost of transfer.
The time available for investment and the method to be followed for investment after the due date
for filing of return of income are the same as mentioned in the scheme in (a) above.
In this case, however, cost of the new asset is not changed. But the assessee should not own more
than one residential house other than the residential house in which he has invested as on the date
of transfer and also, he should not purchase/construct any other residential house for a period of
1/3 years from the date of transfer. In case he owns more than one residential house as on the date
of transfer he is not eligible for this deduction.

In case he purchases/constructs a house within 1/3 years from the date of transfer after getting this
deduction, the amount allowed as deduction would be taxed as capital gains in the year of such
purchase/construction.
g) Transfer of fixed asset of industrial undertaking effected to shift it from urban area -54G
This exemption is available to all categories of taxpayers. The conditions for claiming the
exemption are as under:
1.The transfer is affected in the course of or inconsequence of shifting the undertaking from an
urban area to any area other than an urban area.
2. Asset transferred is machinery, plant, building, land or any right in building or land used for the
business of industrial undertaking in an urban area.
3.The capital gain is utilized within one year before or 3 years after the date of transfer
a) for purchasing new machinery or plant or building or land for tax payer’s business in that new
area; or
b) shifting of the old undertaking and its establishment to the new area; or
c) incurring of expenditure on such other purposes as specified in the scheme notified for the
purpose.
Exemption of LTCG is given to the extent of the outlay for aforesaid asset and activities. The
unutilized amount of capital gain as on the date on which return of income for the relevant
Assessment Year is due; must be deposited in a Capital Gains Deposit account.
The cost of acquisition of the new asset is reduced by the exemption allowed from LTCG for a
period of 3 years from its date of acquisition.
h) Shifting of an industrial undertaking from urban area to any Special Economic Zone (Sec54GA)
Capital gain arising out of shifting of industrial undertaking from urban area to any Special
Economic Zone are exempt of the following conditions were satisfied.
1.The transfer should be a long term or short-term capital asset such as plant, machinery, building
or land or right in building or land.
2. Such asset has been used for the purpose of business of industrial undertaking situated in urban
area.
3. The transfer should be done in connection with shifting of industrial undertaking in SEZ.
4. The amount of capital gain must be used with in a period of one year before or three years after
the date of transfer to purchase machinery or plant, to acquire land, to construct building for the
purpose of business in SEZ.
The unutilized amount of capital gain as on the date on which return of income for the relevant
Assessment Year is due; must be deposited in a Capital Gains Deposit account.
Exemption of long term capital gains on transfer of residential property (sec 54 GB)
This exemption is available to an individual or HUF. Capital gain arising out of transfer of a long
term capital asset being a residential property (a house or a plot of land) is exempted from tax if
the following conditions are satisfied.
1. The assessee utilizes the net consideration for subscription in equity shares of an eligible
company before the due date of furnishing the return of income. If he invests less than the net
consideration in equity shares, the proportionate capital gains shall be exempt.
2. The company utilizes the money within one year from the date of subscription in equity shares
by the assessee for the purchase of new plant and machinery.

3. If the company does not utilize the consideration, received for issue of shares to the assessee,
for purchase of new plant and machinery before the due date of furnishing return of income by the
assessee, the consideration not so utilized shall be deposited in specified banks or institution in
notified scheme.
If the amount deposited in specified bank etc is not utilized with the mentioned period of time by
the company, the proportionate capital gains shall be chargeable to tax of the assessee of the
previous year in which the period of one year from the date of subscription in the equity shares by
the assessee expires.
If the assessee sells or otherwise transfers the shares or the company sells or otherwise transfers
the new plant or machinery within five years from the date of acquisition , the exempted capital
gains shall be deemed to be the capital gains of the previous year in which the new plant and
machinery is sold or transferred.
If there is a gain on transfer of shares to the assessee, it shall be chargeable to tax in his hands.
If there is a gain on transfer of plant or machinery to the company, the company shall be liable to
pay tax on it.
i) Extension of time for acquiring new asset or depositing or investing amount of capital gain:
(Section 54H)
Where the transfer of the original asset (residential house and land appurtenant there to (Section
54), agricultural land (Section 54 B), land and building of an industrial undertaking (Section
54D), any long term capital asset (Section 54 EC) and long term capital asset other than
residential house is by way of compulsory acquisition under any law, and the amount of
compensation awarded foe such acquisition is not received by the assessee the date of transfer, the
period of acquiring the new asset or the period for depositing or investing the amount shall be
extended in relation to the amount of compensation as is not received on the date of transfer.
Tax on capital gains on transfer of equity shares in a company or units of an equity oriented fund
In the case of short term capital gains arising from transfer of equity shares in a company or units
of an equity oriented fund, the tax payable by the assessee shall be @15% +surcharge of any +
education cess 3% on such short term capital gains provided that such a transaction is chargeable
to securities transactions tax. Notably, no deduction is available u/s 80C to 80U from above short
term capital gains. In case of LTCG on transfer of equity shares or units of equity oriented mutual
funds, provided the transaction has been subject to securities transaction tax, the LTCG is not
chargeable to tax at all.
If the transaction has not been subjected to securities transaction tax, the LTCG will be taxed @
10% if no indexing is claimed and @ 20% if cost of acquisition is indexed. The taxpayer has an
option to choose from either of the above.
In case the shares / securities are transferred in demat' form, for computing capital gain
chargeable to tax, the cost of acquisition and period of holding of any security shall be determined
on First in – First - out (FIFO) basis.
Tax on long term capital gains
Long term capital gain tax rates
In case of an individual or HUF who are resident in India -20%
In case of other assesses 20%

Illustration:1
Mr. Vishal sold his residential house for Rs:4,50,000 in November, 2012. Indexed cost of this
house was Rs: 1,80,000. He paid 3 % of sale as commission to broker. He purchased another
house on 26th
January, 2013 for Rs:2,00,000. Compute his capital gains for the AY 2013-14
Solution:
Computation of capital gains for the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Selling price of the house 4,50,000
Less: Brokerage 13,500
Indexed cost 1,80,000 1,93,500
Long terrm capital gain 2,56,500
Less: Cost of new house 2,00,000
Taxable Capital Gain 56,500
Illustration:2
Mr. Irfan provides you the following information to the sale of residential house. Calculate his
capital gain for the AY 2013-14.
House purchased in January, 1989 Rs:4,83,000
Sold the house in August, 2012 Rs:30,00,000
Purchased another residential house in November, 2012 Rs:2,00,000
Invested in bond issued by NHAI Bonds u/s 54EC Rs:1,00,000
The Cost Inflation Index in 1988-89 was 161 and for 2012-13 was852.
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Sale of asset in August,2012 30,00,000
Less: Indexed cost of acquisition(483000x 852/161 ) 25,56,000
Capital Gain 4,44,000
Less: Exemption u/s 54 being cost of house
purchased within one year
2,00,000
Exemption u/s 54EC 1,00,000 3,00,000
Taxable Capital Gain 1,44,000
Illustration:3
Mr. Anandamurthy showed his block of assets as on 1-4-2012 at a WDV of Rs:1,50,000. He
purchased another asset within the block during the year 2012-13 for Rs:40,000.The entire block
of assets is sold during the previous year for Rs:2,00,000. Calculate capital gain for the
assessment year 2013-14.

Solution:
Particulars Rs:
W.D.V. of assets as on 01-04-2012 1,50,000
Add: Assets purchased during P.Y. 40,000
1,90,000
Less: Selling Price 2,00,000
Short Term Capital Gain 10,000
Illustration:4
Mr. Varma purchased a plot in 1986-87 for Rs: 1,40,000. It was sold on 15-1-2013 for
Rs:15,80,000 and he paid Rs:1,00,000 as brokerage. He invested Rs:2,00,000 in NHAI bonds on
31-3-2013 and Rs: 3,10,000 in bonds issued by Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. on 1-8-
2013. Compute his taxable capital gain, if the CII for 1986-87 was 140 and for 2012-13 is 852.
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Selling price of plot 15,80,000
Less: Brokerage 1,00,000
Indexed cost (1,40,000 x 853/140) 8,52,000 9,52,000
L T C G 6,28,000
Less: Exempt u/s 54EC : NHAI Bonds purchased
within 6 months from the date of transfer of LTCA
2,00,000
Taxable Capital Gains 4,28,000
Note: Bonds of Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. not purchased within 6 months from the
date of transfer of LTCA, hence, not entitled to exemption.
Illustration:5
Agricultural land purchased in 1984-85 for Rs: 75,000 sold for Rs: 7,20,000 on 01-05-2012. The
assessee purchased another piece of agricultural land on 01-08-2012 for Rs:80,000 and deposited
Rs:50,000 in Capital Gains Account Scheme, 1988. Compute tha Capital Gain chargeable to tax
for the AY 2013-14. CII in 1984-85 was 125 and in 2012-13 is 852.
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Selling price of agri. land 7,20,000
Less: Indexed Cost (75,000 x 852/125) 5,11,200
LTCG 2,08.800
Less: Cost of new agri. land 80,000
Deposit in Capital Gains Account 50,000 1,30,000
Taxable Capital Gains 78,800

Illustration:6
From the following information of Narayanamurthy, compute the capital gains for the AY 2013-
14:
Cost of acquisition of residential house in 1983-84 Rs:3,48,000.
Sale consideration on 01-07-2012 Rs: 31,00,000.
Cost of acquisition of new house prior to the date of filing the IT return Rs:8,00,000.
The CII in 1983-84 and in 2012-13 was 116 and 852 respectively.
Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Selling price of house 31,00,000
Less: Indexed cost (3,48,000 x 852/116) 25,56,000
LTCG 5,44,000
Less: Cost of new house 8,00,000
Taxable Capital Gains Nil
Illustration:7
From the following particulars, calculate capital gains:
Self-generated goodwill of a business sold for Rs: 14,00,000. Bonus shares in B.Ltd. (not listed)
and ( being STCA) sold for Rs:8,00,000. Business income Rs: 60,000. LTCl in the transfer of a
building Rs: 40,000. Face value of bonus shares sold Rs:6,00,000.
Solution:
Computation of Capital Gains for the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs:
Selling price of self-generated
goodwill(assumed LTCA)
14,00,000
Less: Cost Nil
L T C G 14,00,000
Less: LTCL on sale of building 40,000
L T C G 13,60,000
Selling price of bonus share 8,00,000
Less: Cost Nil
S T C G 8,00,000
Taxable Capital Gain 21,60,000
xxx

Chapter 7
Income from other sources
Under the Income Tax act, income of every kind which is not to be excluded from the
total income shall be chargeable to income tax under the head 'Income from other sources', if it is
not chargeable to income tax under any of the other heads of income. Thus, income from other
sources is a residuary head of income i.e. income not chargeable under any other head is
chargeable to tax under this head. All income other than income from salary, house property,
business and profession or capital gains is covered under 'Income from other sources'.
The following incomes are chargeable to tax:-
1. Dividend received from any entity other than domestic company. This is because dividend
received from a domestic company has been made exempt in the hands of the receiver.
Accordingly dividend received from a cooperative bank or dividend received from a foreign
company will be taxable as income from other sources.
2.Any pension received by the legal heirs of an employee.
3. Any winnings from lotteries, crosswords, puzzles, races including horse races, card games or
other games of any sort or gambling or betting of any form or nature.
4. Income from any plant, machinery or furniture let out on hire where it is not the business of the
assessee to do so.
5. Income from securities by way of interest.
6. Any sum received by the assessee from his employees as contribution to any staff welfare
scheme. However when the assessee makes the payment of such contribution within the time
limit under the scheme of welfare, then the payment will be allowed as a deduction and only the
balance amount will be taxable.
7. Income from subletting.
8. Interest on bank deposits
9. Income received under keyman insurance policy including bonus on such policy.
10. An individual or HUF receives in any previous year from any person or persons.
1. Any sum of money, without consideration, the aggregate value of which exceeds Rs
50,000.
Any immovable property (i) without consideration, the stamp value of which exceeds
Rs 50,000- the stamp duty is taxable.(ii) for a consideration which is less than the stamp
duty value of the property by an amount exceeding Rs 50,000- the stamp duty is taxable
3. Any property other than immovable property :
(i) without consideration, the aggregate fair Market value of which exceeds Rs 50,000- the whole
of the aggregate fair market value of such property is included under this head as income.
(ii) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair market value of the property by an
amount exceeding Rs 50,000- the aggregate fair Market value of such property as exceeds such
consideration.
Gift of Cash / Cheque / Draft:
If, through one or more transactions, gift received is up to Rs 50,000 per financial year, then
nothing is taxable. If gift is Rs 50,001 or above, then it is fully taxable. For example, if gift of Rs
70,000 is received in cash, then taxable amount is Rs 70,000 and not Rs 20,000.

2. Gift of immovable property : In this case, if Stamp duty value is up to Rs 50,000 then nothing
is taxable. If it is above Rs 50,000, then fully taxable. It is applicable for each individual
transaction.
Unlike above, if more than one transaction of Gift, below Rs 50,000, than they shall not be
aggregated. Similarly, if there is consideration, may be less or say if difference between the actual
selling price and Stamp duty value is more than 50,000, then the above law is not applicable. It is
applicable only in case of gift i.e. when property is transferred without consideration.
3. Gift of movable property (one or more transactions): If fair market value of all movable
properties gifted in one financial year is up to Rs 50,000, then nothing is taxable. But if it is more
than Rs 50,000, then it is fully taxable.
4. Movable property transferred for inadequate consideration: If difference between actual
consideration and fair market value is more than Rs 50,000, all transactions of one financial year
combined together, then the difference is fully taxable. If difference is up to Rs 50,000, than
nothing is taxable
Exempted Gifts:
1.Money / property received from a relative or by HUF from its members
2.Money / property received on the occasion of the marriage of the individual
3.Money / property received by way of will/inheritance
4.Money / property received in contemplation of death of the payer.
5.Money / property received from a local authority
6.Money / property received from any fund, foundation, university, other educational
institution, hospital, medical institution, any trust, or institution referred to in the section10(23C).
7.Money / property received from a charitable institute registered u/s 12AA.
11. Interest received on compensation or on enhanced compensation shall be deemed to be the
income of the previous year in which it is received.
12. With effect from 2013-14 the following shall be treated as income:
Where a closely held company issue shares to a resident person for consideration exceeding the
face value of such shares, the deemed income shall be consideration received- fair market value of
the shares.
Apart from the above the following incomes are also shall be chargeable under this head.
1. Income from subletting
2. Interest on bank deposits and loans and securities.
3. Agricultural income from a place outside India.
4. Rent of plot of land
5. Mining rent and royalty.
6. Casual income under a will, contract, trust deed.
7. Salary payable to a member of parliament.
8. Income from undisclosed sources.
9. Gratuity paid to a director who is not an employee of a company.
10. Any casual income exceeding Rs. 5,000.
11. Income from markets, ferries and fisheries etc.
12. Income from leasehold property

13. Remuneration received for writing articles in journals.
14. Salary of M.P, member of legislative assembly or council
15. Interest received on securities of cooperative society
16. Family pension received by the widow and heirs of deceased employees. However the
following family pensions are exempt:
(i) Pension received by the widow of an employee of the U.N.O
(ii) Family pension of gallantry awardee.
(iii) Family pension received by the widow or children or nominated person of a member of the
armed forces (including para military force) of the union, where the death of such member
occurred in the course of operational duties shall be exempt provided the prescribed conditions
are satisfied.
17. Amount withdrawn from deposit in national Savings Scheme 1987 on which deduction u/s80
CCA has been allowed including interest thereon.
18. Directors commission for giving guarantee to bank.
19. Directors commission for underwriting shares of a new company.
20. Insurance commission not chargeable under the head business or profession
21. Gratuity received by a director who is not an employee of the company.
22. Tips received by a waiter or taxi driver not being given by his employer.
23. Tax paid by an Indian company on behalf of a foreigner who was sent to India by a foreign
company with whom the collaborating company had entered into agreement was Income Of The
Foreigner Taxable Under The Head Income From Other Sources.
Dividend
The dividend is the distribution of divisible profits by a joint stock company to its shareholders
by way of return on investments in the shares of the company. Dividend from an Indian company
is exempted from tax.
Winnings from lotteries & betting, crossword puzzles, horse races and card games etc. sec. 115
BB.
It also includes income through draw of lots, television game shows and similar other games.
Taxable at a flat rate of 30% without claiming any allowance or expenditure. Even if income is
less than Rs 2,00,000 for the financial year 2012–13, these incomes are fully taxable Income from
Units of UTI and Mutual Fund :Income from units of UTI and Mutual Fund is exempt from tax as
per section 10(35).
Lottery includes winnings, from prizes awarded to any person by draw of lots or by chance or in
any other manner whatsoever, under any scheme or arrangement by whatever na me called. Card
game and other game of any sort includes any game show, an entertainment programme on
television or electronic mode, in which people compete to win prizes or any other similar game.
Deductions u/s 80C to 80U is not available against such incomes. Surcharge & education cess
will apply in a usual way.
Net amount received X 100
Formula for grossing up = --------------------------------------
100--Rate of TDS

TDS Rate
As per section 194B the TDS rate for lottery, crossword puzzles or card games or other games is
30% [No TDS if lottery etc. up to Rs 10,000–but if amount exceeds Rs 10,000 then TDS on
whole amount].
As per section 194BB, the TDS rate for winning from horse races is 30 % [No TDS if winning Up
to Rs 5000. But if winnings exceed Rs 5000 then TDS on whole winnings].
Note : No TDS is deducted if Lottery Price is less than Rs.10,000 but still the tax is payable by
the assessee. Similarly no TDS in case of Winning from other races, gambling or betting.
Interest on securities
The income from interest on securities shall be chargeable to tax under income from
other sources, if it is not taxable under the head income from business or profession.
The following amounts due to an assessee in the previous year shall be chargeable to
income tax as interest on securities.
1. Interest on any security of the central or state govts.
2. Interest on debentures or other securities issued by a local authority.
3. Interest on debentures issued by a company (whether Indian or foreign)
4. Interest on debentures or other securities issued by statutory corporation.
Kinds of securities
There are four types of securities.
Tax free government securities: The interest on these securities is fully exempt from tax. The
interest on such securities is neither included in total income nor taxed.
Less tax government securities: These securities are issued by central govt or state government.
These securities are taxable securities. But no tax is deducted at source on such securities.
Therefore the interest on such securities will not be grossed up.
Tax free commercial securities: These securities are issued by local authority or Statuary
Corporation or a company in the form of debentures or bonds. Actually the interest is not tax free.
Income tax due on this interest is payable by the company or authority or Statuary Corporation.
These are called tax free because the assessee is not required to pay tax on it. The interest due to
an assessee is grossed up and this grossed up amount is included in the total income.
Less tax commercial securities: These are taxable securities. In this case income tax is deducted
at source on the amount of interest calculated at the percentage stated on the securities. In this
type of securities, if the net amount of interest is given, it has got to be grossed up. If the rate of
percentage of interest is given it is not grossed up.
Bond washing transaction
A bond-washing transaction is a transaction where securities are sold sometime
before the due date of interest and reacquired after the due date is over. This practice is adopted
by persons in the higher income group to avoid tax by transferring the securities to their
relatives/friends in the lower income group just before the due date of payment of interest. In such
a case, interest would be taxable in the hands of the transferee, who is the legal owner of
securities. In order to discourage such practice, section 94(1) provides that where the owner of a
security transfers the security just before the due date of interest and buys back the same
immediately after the due date and interest is received by the transferee, such interest income will

be deemed to be the income of the transferor and would be taxable in his hands. In order to
prevent the practice of sale of securities-cum-interest, section 94(2) provides that if an assessee
who has beneficial interest in securities sells such securities in such a manner that either no
income is received or income received is less than the sum he would have received if such interest
had accrued from day to day, then income from such securities for the whole year would be
deemed to be the income of the assessee.
Grossing up of Interest:
Interest is paid after TDS at following rates:
Govt. Securities: Nil (In case of 8% saving bonds, if amount of interest exceeds Rs
10,000 then there is a TDS @ 10%)
Listed / Non listed securities: 10%
100
Formula for grossing up: = Net amount received X -----------------------
100-- Rate
Note: No tax is deductible on debentures issued by a widely held company if interest is
Paid /payable to an individual, resident in India and the aggregate amount of such interest paid or
payable during the financial year does not exceed Rs 2500.
Expenses deductible from Interest income
The following expenses can be claimed as deductions from grossed up Interest income:
(a)Collection charges: e.g. commission or remuneration to a banker or any other agent/broker for
the purpose of realizing the interest.
(b) Interest on loan: Interest on money borrowed for purchasing the securities can be claimed as
deduction. This deduction can exceed the amount received by way of interest. If interest is
payable outside India, TDS must be done, otherwise deduction is not available.
Basis of charge: Interest on securities is chargeable on receipt basis if the books of accounts of
such income are maintained on cash basis. If, however, books of accounts are not maintained or
maintained on the basis of mercantile system of accounting, then interest on securities is taxable
on accrual basis. Deduction of collection charges, interest on borrowed capital is allowed as per
the method of accounting followed by the assessee.
Interest exempt from tax [Sec. 10(15)]
Interest on the following is exempt from tax:
1. Interest on notified securities, bonds or certificates:
a. National Defence Gold Bonds, 1980
b. Special bearer bonds, 1991
c. Post office Cash certificates
d. National Plan Certificates
e. National Plan Savings certificates
f. Post Office National Savings Certificates
g. Post Office Savings Bank Account
(i) Individual account – maximum exemption limit Rs 3,500
(ii) Joint account – maximum exemption limit Rs 7,000
h. Post Office Cumulative Time Deposit Rules, 1981
i. Special deposit Scheme, 1981
j. public account in Post office (up to Rs 5,000)

2. Interest on National Relief Bonds (only for individual and HUF)
3. 7% Capital Investment Bonds (only for individual and HUF)
4. Interest on notified bonds/ debentures of Public Sector companies
5. Interest on deposits in a specified scheme made by a retired govt./public sector employee
out of retirement benefits.
6. Interest on Gold Deposit bonds
7. Interest received by a non-resident Indian from notified bonds (i.e. NRI bonds).
Standard deduction in the case of family pension [Sec. 57(iia)]
In the case of income in the nature of family pension, the amount deductible is Rs. 15,000 or 33
1/3per cent of such income, whichever is less.
For this purpose “family pension” means a regular monthly amount payable by the employer to a
person belonging to the family of an employee in the event of his death.
DEDUCTIONS AGAINST INCOME FROM OTHER SOURCE U/S 57
a. commission or remuneration for realising dividend or interest on securities – Section 57(i)
b. Repairs, depreciation in case of letting out of plant, machinery, furniture, building etc.
c. Standard deduction in case of family pension – 57(iia)
d. Any other expenditure of revenue nature [57(iii)]
e. Interest on borrowed capital [loan taken to invest in shares/ debentures etc.]
Illustration:1
Mr. S.B.Singh, a College Professor, furnished the following particulars. You are required to
compute income from other sources:
Examination remuneration Rs: 7,000
Royalty from books and articles Rs: 25,000
Winnings from card games Rs: 6,700
Winnings from State lottery Rs: 30,000
Expenditure on purchase of lottery tickets Rs: 12,000.
Solution:
Computation of Income from Other Sources For the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs:
Examination remuneration 7,000
Royalty from books and articles 25,000
Winnings from card games 6,700
Winnings from State lottery 30,000
Income from other sources 68,700
Illustration :2
Compute income from other sources:
Dividend (Gross) Rs:9,600
Expenses incurred for its collection Rs: 500
Receipts from letting of plant and machinery Rs: 10,000
Repairs of Plant and Machinery Rs: 4,000
Insurance premium in respect of plant and machinery Rs: 2,000
Depreciation allowed for letting Rs:4,000

Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Receipts from letting of P&M 10,000
Less: Admissible expenses:
Repairs of P&M 4,000
Insurance premium in respect of P&M 2,000
Depreciation allowed for letting 4,000 10,000
Income from other sources Nil
Illustration:3
From the following particulars submitted by Sri. Mani Shankar Iyer, compute his income from
other sources for the AY 2013-14 :
As Director of ABC Ltd. he received Rs: 12,000 p.m. as salary and Rs:1,200 p.m. as
entertainment allowance. The company provides him a car for both official and personal
use. The personal use is estimated to be 50%. The company incurs an expenditure of
Rs:16,000 on running and maintenance of the car {for both official and personal use) and
depreciation of the car may be taken as Rs: 14,000.
He was also a Director in another company from which he received Rs: 13,000 as
Director’s fee.
Interest received on deposits with a Co-operative bank limited Rs:2,000.
Dividend received from a foreign company Rs: 6,000.
Received winnings from lottery Rs: 24,500
Income from agricultural land in England Rs: 78,000.
Honorarium for delivering lectures in a registered society Rs:1,200.
Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Director’s fee 13,000
Interest on deposits with Co-operative Bank 2,000
Dividend from a foreign company 6,000
Winnings from lottery ( 24500 X 100/70) 35,000
Agri. Income from England 78,000
Honorarium for Lectures 1,200
Income from other sources 1,35,200
Illustration:4
Compute income from other sources of Mr. Ajayakumar for the AY 2013-14. His investments
are :
5% govt. securities Rs: 70,000
7.5% Agra Municipal Bond Rs: 50,000
9% debentures of a company Rs:30,000
7% Capital Investment Bond Rs: 20,000

Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Interest on Govt. Securities (70,000 x 5%) 3,500
Interest on Agra Municipal Bond (5,000 x 7.5 %) 3750
Interest on debentures (30,000 x 9%) 2,700
Interest on Capital Investment Bond Exempt
Income from Other Sources 9,950
Illustration:5
The following are the details relating to Mr. Siddharth for the P.Y. 2012-13. Compute income
from other sources:
Income from agriculture in Pakistan Rs: 5,000
Interest on post office savings bank Rs: 1,000
Dividend from foreign company Rs: 700
Dividend from Indian company Rs:1,000
Rent from sub-letting house Rs: 26,250
Expenses for sub-letting house Rs: 1,000
Winning from lottery (Net) Rs: 14,000
Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Income from agriculture 5,000
Interest on P.O.S.B. Exempt
Dividend from foreign company 700
Dividend from Indian company Exempt
Rent from sub-letting house 26,250
Less: Expenses 1,000 25,250
Winnings from lottery (14,000 x 100/70) 20,000
Income from Other Sources 50,950
Xxx

Chapter 8
Clubbing of incomes
Clubbing of income means Income of other person included in assesse’s total income, for
example: Income of husband which is shown to be the income of his wife is clubbed in the
income of Husband and is taxable in the hands of the husband. Under the Income Tax Act a
person has to pay taxes on his income. A person cannot transfer his income or an asset which is
his one of source of his income to some other person or in other words we can say that a person
cannot divert his income to any other person and says that it is not his income. If he do so the
income shown to be earned by any other person is included in the assessee’s total income and the
assessee has to pay tax on it. Inclusion of other’s Incomes in the income of the assessee is called
Clubbing of Income and the income which is so included is called Deemed Income. It is as per the
provisions contained in Sections 60 to 64 of the Income Tax Act. For example: A purchased a
house property in the name of his wife B. A let out this house property. The rental income earned
by A in name of his wife B is taxable in the hands of A.
Clubbing of Income takes place in the following cases:
1. Transfer of income without transfer of Asset: If any person transfers income without
transferring the ownership of the asset, such income will be taxable in the hands of the transferor.
Ex. X owns 4000, 14% debentures of A ltd. of Rs. 100 each , he transfers interest income to his
friend Y without transferring the ownership of Debentures . In this case although interest will be
received by Y but it is taxable in the hands of X.
2. Revocable transfer of Asset: If any person transfers any asset to any other person in such form
and condition that such transfer is revocable at any time during the lifetime of the transferee , the
income earned through such asset is chargeable to tax as the income of the transferor. For ex. X
transfers a house property to A. However , X has right to revoke the transfer during the life time
of A . It is a revocable transfer and income arising from the house property is taxable in the hands
of X.
3. Remuneration to Spouse: An individual is chargeable to tax in respect of any remuneration
received by the spouse from a concern in which the individual has *substantial interest. This
provision has an exception. If the remuneration is received by spouse by the application of
technical or professional knowledge or experience clubbing provisions will not take place. For ex.
X has substantial interest in A ltd. and Mrs. X is employed by A ltd. without any technical or
professional qualification. In this case salary income of Mrs. X shall be taxable in the hands of X.
4. Income from assets transferred to spouse: Where an asset is transferred by an individual to
his spouse directly or indirectly, otherwise than for adequate consideration or in connection with
an agreement to live apart, any income from such asset is deemed to be the income of the
transferor. For ex. Mrs. A transfer’s 100 debentures of IFCI to her husband without adequate
consideration. Interest income on these debentures will be included in the income of Mrs. A.

5. Income from asset transferred to son’s wife: If an individual, directly or indirectly transfers
asset , without adequate consideration to son’s wife , income arising from such asset is included
in the income of the transferor. For ex. Mrs. A transfer’s 100 debentures of IFCI to her son’s wife
without adequate consideration. Interest income on these debentures will be included in the
income of Mrs. A.
6. Income from asset transfer to a person for the benefit of spouse/ son’s wife: If an
individual , directly or indirectly transfers asset , without adequate consideration to a person or an
association of persons for the benefit of his/her spouse /son’s wife , income arising from such
asset directly or indirectly is included in the income of the transferor. For Ex. X transfers
Government bonds without consideration to an association of persons, subject to the condition
that , the interest income from these bonds will be utilized for the benefit of Mrs. X or Mrs. X
son’s wife . Interest from bonds will be included in the income of X
7. Income of a minor child: All income which arises to the minor shall be clubbed in the income
of his parents. Income will be included in the income of that parent whose total income is greater.
This case has two exceptions.(1) Income of minor child suffering from specified disability . (2)
Income of minor child on account of manual work or involving application of his skill/talent etc.
*Substantial Interest: An individual is deemed to have substantial interest if he beneficially
holds equity shares carrying not less than 20% voting powering case of a company or is entitled to
not less than 20% of the profits in case of a concern other tan a company , at any time during the
previous year.
Some special points to remember:
1. If an individual makes a gift in cash or by cheque to his spouse and that money is utilized by
the spouse for purchase of an asset . The income earned by the spouse from that asset will not be
clubbed in the income of the individual.
2. In order to invoke clubbing provisions there must be relation of husband and wife. That means
if a person transfers asset to his would be spouse before marriage income arising from such asset
will not be included in the income of transferor.
3. Negative income is also income. Under the Income Tax Act income does not means positive
income only. The term income includes negative income or loss also.
4. Income from accretion to asset is not taxable in the hands of the transferor.
5. Income from saving out of pin money is not included in the income of husband.
6. Income of minor child is clubbed with the income of the parent whose income after excluding
the share of minor’s income is greater.
7. If trust is created for the benefit of minor child and income during minority of child is being
accumulated and added to corpus of trust and income from increased corpus is given to the child
after attaining majority, clubbing provisions are not applicable.

Aggregation of Income
In certain cases, some amounts are deemed as income in the hands of the assessee though they are
actually not in the nature of income. These cases are contained in sections 68, 69, 69A, 69B, 69C
and 69D. The Assessing Officer may require the assessee to furnish explanation in such cases. If
the assessee does not offer any explanation or the explanation offered by the assessee is not
satisfactory, the amounts referred to in these sections would be deemed to be the income of the
assessee. Such amounts have to be aggregated with the assessee’s income.
Cash credits (sec 68)
Where any sum is found credited in the books of an assessee maintained for any previous year,
and the assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source thereof or the explanation
offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the sum so credited
may be charged to income-tax as the income of the assessee of that previous year.
Unexplained investments (sec 69)
Where in the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year the assessee has made
investments which are not recorded in the books of account, if any, maintained by him for any
source of income, and the assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source of the
investments or the explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer,
satisfactory, the value of the investments may be deemed to be the income of the assessee of such
financial year.
Unexplained money, etc (Sec 69A)
Where in any financial year the assessee is found to be the owner of any money, bullion,
jewellery or other valuable article and such money, bullion, jewellery or valuable article is not
recorded in the books of account, if any, maintained by him for any source of income, and the
assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source of acquisition of the money, bullion,
jewellery or other valuable article, or the explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the
Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the money and the value of the bullion, jewellery or other
valuable article may be deemed to be the income of the assessee for such financial year.
Amount of investments, etc., not fully disclosed in books of account( 69B.)
Where in any financial year the assessee has made investments or is found to be the owner of any
bullion, jewellery or other valuable article, and the Assessing Officer finds that the amount
expended on making such investments or in acquiring such bullion, jewellery or other valuable
article exceeds the amount recorded in this behalf in the books of account maintained by the
assessee for any source of income, and the assessee offers no explanation about such excess
amount or the explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer,
satisfactory, the excess amount may be deemed to be the income of the assessee for such financial
year.

Unexplained expenditure, etc (69C).
Where in any financial year an assessee has incurred any expenditure and he offers no explanation
about the source of such expenditure or part thereof, or the explanation, if any, offered by him is
not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the amount covered by such expenditure
or part thereof, as the case may be, may be deemed to be the income of the assessee for such
financial year :
Provided that, notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act, such
unexplained expenditure which is deemed to be the income of the assessee shall not be allowed as
a deduction under any head of income.
Amount borrowed or repaid on hundi (69D.)
Where any amount is borrowed on a hundi from, or any amount due thereon is repaid to, any
person otherwise than through an account payee cheque drawn on a bank, the amount so
borrowed or repaid shall be deemed to be the income of the person borrowing or repaying the
amount aforesaid for the previous year in which the amount was borrowed or repaid, as the case
may be:
Provided that, if in any case any amount borrowed on a hundi has been deemed under the
provisions of this section to be the income of any person, such person shall not be liable to be
assessed again in respect of such amount under the provisions of this section on repayment of
such amount. For the purposes of this section, the amount repaid shall include the amount of
interest paid on the amount borrowed.
Set off, or carry forward and set off
Set off of loss from one source against income from another source under the same head of
income (sec 70.)
(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, where the net result for any assessment year in respect
of any source falling under any head of income, other than Capital gains, is a loss, the assessee
shall be entitled to have the amount of such loss set off against his income from any other source
under the same head.
(2) Where the result of the computation made for any assessment year under sections to in respect
of any short-term capital asset is a loss, the assessee shall be entitled to have the amount of such
loss set off against the income, if any, as arrived at under a similar computation made for the
assessment year in respect of any other capital asset.
(3) Where the result of the computation made for any assessment year under sections to in respect
of any capital asset (other than a short-term capital asset) is a loss, the assessee shall be entitled to
have the amount of such loss set off against the income, if any, as arrived at under a similar
computation made for the assessment year in respect of any other capital asset not being a short-
term capital asset.

However the following are the exceptions to the general rue.
(1) Loss from speculation business cannot be set off against income from other sources. This loss
can be set off only against income from another speculation business.
(2) Loss of specified business cannot be set off against income from other business. This loss can
be set off only against income from other specified business.
(3) Long term capital loss cannot be set off against short term capital gain. This loss can be set off
only against long term capital gain.
(4) Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses shall be set off against income
from owning and maintaining race horses only and not against any other income under the head
other sources.
Inter head adjustment [Section 71]
Loss under one head of income can be adjusted or set off against income under another head.
However, the following points should be considered:
(i) Where the net result of the computation under any head of income (other than ‘Capital Gains’)
is a loss, the assessee can set-off such loss against his income assessable for that assessment year
under any other head, including ‘Capital Gains’.
(ii) Where the net result of the computation under the head “Profits and gains of business or
profession” is a loss, such loss cannot be set off against income under the head “Salaries”.
(iii) Where the net result of computation under the head ‘Capital Gains’ is a loss, such capital loss
cannot be set-off against income under any other head.
(iv) Speculation loss and loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses cannot be
set off against income under any other head.
Carry forward and set off losses
If it is not possible to set off the losses during the same assessment year in which they occurred,
so much of the loss as he has not been so set off out of the following losses can be carried forward
for being set off against his income in the succeeding years provided the losses have been
determined in pursuance of a return filed by the assessee within the time allowed u/s 139(i) and it
is the same assessee who sustained the loss.
(i) Loss under the head income form house property.
(ii) Loss of non speculation business or profession.
(iii)Loss of speculation business.
(iv)Loss of specified business
(v) Short term capital loss or long term capital loss.
(vi)Loss from activity of owning and maintaining race horses.
Set-off and carry forward of loss from house property [Section 71B]
(i) In any assessment year, if there is a loss under the head ‘Income from house property’, such
loss will first be set-off against income from any other head during the same year.

(ii) If such loss cannot be so set-off, wholly or partly, the unabsorbed loss will be carried forward
to the following assessment year to be set-off against income under the head ‘Income from house
property’.
(iii) The loss under this head is allowed to be carried forward up to 8 assessment years
immediately succeeding the assessment year in which the loss was first computed.
(iv) For example, loss from one house property can be adjusted against the profits from another
house property in the same assessment year. Any loss under the head ‘Income from house
property’ can be set off against any income under any other head in the same assessment year.
However, if after such set off, there is still any loss under the head “Income from house property”,
and then the same shall be carried forward to the next year.
(v) It is to be remembered that once a particular loss is carried forward, it can be set off only
against the income from the same head in the forthcoming assessment years.
Carry forward and set-off of business losses [Sections 72 & 80]
Under the Act, the assessee has the right to carry forward the loss in cases where such loss cannot
be set-off due to the absence or inadequacy of income under any other head in the same year. The
loss so carried forward can be set-off against the profits of subsequent previous years. Section 72
covers the carry forward and set-off of losses arising from a business or profession. The
assessee’s right to carry forward business losses under this section is, however, subject to the
following conditions:-
(i) The loss should have been incurred in business, profession or vocation.
(ii) The loss should not be in the nature of a loss in the business of speculation.
(iii) The loss may be carried forward and set-off against the income from business or profession
though not necessarily against the profits and gains of the same business or profession in which
the loss was incurred. However, a loss carried forward cannot, under any circumstances, be set-off
against the income from any head other than “Profits and gains of business or profession”.
(iv) The loss can be carried forward and set off only against the profits of the assessee who
incurred the loss. That is, only the person who has incurred the loss is entitled to carry forward or
set off the same. Consequently, the successor of a business cannot carry forward or set off the
losses of his predecessor except in the case of succession by inheritance.
(v) A business loss can be carried forward for a maximum period of 8 assessment years
immediately succeeding the assessment year in which the loss was incurred.
(vi) As per section 80, the assessee must have filed a return of loss under section 139(3) in order
to carry forward and set off a loss. In other words, the non-filing of a return of loss disentitles the
assessee from carrying forward the loss sustained by him. Such a return should be filed within the
time allowed under section 139(1). However, this condition does not apply to a loss from house
property carried forward under section 71B and unabsorbed depreciation carried forward under
section 32(2).
Carry forward and set off speculation business losses (section 73)
The loss of a speculation business of any assessment year is allowed to be set off only against the
profits and gains of another speculation business in the same assessment year. If a speculation
loss could not be set off from the income of another speculation business in the same assessment
year, it is allowed to be carried forward for 8 assessment years immediately succeeding the
assessment year for which the loss was first computed. Also, it can only be set off against the

income of only a speculation business. It may be observed that it is not necessary that the same
speculation business must continue in the assessment year in which the loss is set off. However,
filing of return before the due date is necessary for carry forward of such a loss.
The following are the other important points regarding carry forward of business losses.
1. Losses of discontinued business of an industrial undertaking after reestablishment or revival. If
on account of natural calamities the business of an industrial undertaking is discontinued; but
revived within 3 years thereafter, the unabsorbed losses of the undertaking shall be carried
forward and set off against the profit of the revived business or any other business up to a
maximum period of 8 years.
2. Treatment of losses after succession takes place by inheritance : The loss incurred by the father
in the course of carrying on his business can be carried forward and set off by his son , if he
succeeds to the business of his father on account of his death.
3. Provisions relating to carry forward and set off of accumulated loss and unabsorbed
depreciation allowance in amalgamation or demerger, etc 72A.
Losses in speculation business (sec 73)
(1) Any loss, computed in respect of a speculation business carried on by the assessee, shall not
be set off except against profits and gains, if any, of another speculation business.
(2) Where for any assessment year any loss computed in respect of a speculation business has not
been wholly set off under sub-section (1), so much of the loss as is not so set off or the whole loss
where the assessee had no income from any other speculation business, shall, subject to the other
provisions of this Chapter, be carried forward to the following assessment year, and
(i) it shall be set off against the profits and gains, if any, of any speculation business carried on by
him assessable for that assessment year ; and
(ii) if the loss cannot be wholly so set off, the amount of loss not so set off shall be carried
forward to the following assessment year and so on.
Losses under the head Capital gains (sec 74)
(1) Where in respect of any assessment year, the net result of the computation under the head
Capital gains is a loss to the assessee, the whole loss shall, subject to the other provisions of this
Chapter, be carried forward to the following assessment year, and
(a) in so far as such loss relates to a short-term capital asset, it shall be set off against income, if
any, under the head Capital gains assessable for that assessment year in respect of any other
capital asset;
(b) in so far as such loss relates to a long-term capital asset, it shall be set off against income, if
any, under the head Capital gains assessable for that assessment year in respect of any other
capital asset not being a short-term capital asset;
(c) if the loss cannot be wholly so set off, the amount of loss not so set off shall be carried
forward to the following assessment year and so on.
(2) No loss shall be carried forward under this section for more than eight assessment years
immediately succeeding the assessment year for which the loss was first computed.
(3) In respect of allowance on account of depreciation or capital expenditure on scientific
research, the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 72 shall apply in relation to speculation
business as they apply in relation to any other business.

(4) No loss shall be carried forward under this section for more than eight assessment years
immediately succeeding the assessment year for which the loss was first computed.
Illustration:1
The business income of an individual for the AY 2013-14 has been determined by the AO at Rs:
3,50,000. Later, it is found that he has not considered the following while determining the
income: Depreciation for the current year Rs: 12,000
Unabsorbed depreciation carried forward Rs: 15,000
Unabsorbed business loss carried forward from AY 2011-12 Rs: 3,000
Determine the total income for the AY 20113-14.
Solution:
Computation of Total Income for the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs:
Business income as determined by A O 3,50,000
Less: Current year’s depreciation 12,000
3,38,000
Less: Unabsorbed Business Loss of 2011-12 3,000
3,35,000
Less: Unabsorbed Depreciation 15,000
Total Income 3,20,000
Illustration:2
From the following information of a trader, compute the gross total income for the AY 2013-14:
1) Income from H.P. Rs: 2,50,000
2) Business Loss Rs: 60,000
3) Current year’s depreciation Rs: 10,000
4) Business loss of preceding years Rs: 50,000
5) Unabsorbed depreciation of preceding years Rs: 30,000
6) STCG Rs:40,000
7) LTCG Rs: 50,000
Solution :
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from H.P. 2,50,000
Less: Business loss 60,000
Current depreciation 10,000
Unabsorbed depreciation 30,000 1,00,000
1,50,000
LTCG 50,000
Less: STCG 40,000 10,000
Gross Total Income 1,60,000
xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chapter 9
Deductions From Gross Total Income
In computing the total income of an assessee, deductions specified under sections 80C to 80U will
be allowed from his Gross Total Income. However, the aggregate amount of deductions under this
chapter shall not, in any case, exceed the gross total income of the assessee.
Total Income = Gross Total Income – Deductions under sections 80C to 80U.
These deductions are divided into two categories. They are:
A. Deductions in respect of certain payments
B. Deductions in respect of certain incomes.
Deductions in respect of certain payments
SECTION 80C: Deduction in respect of life insurance premia, deferred annuity,
contributions to provident fund, subscription to certain equity shares or debentures, etc.
Persons Covered: Individual /HUF.
Eligible Amount: Any sums paid or deposited in the previous year by the assessee —
1. As Life Insurance premium to effect or keep in force insurance on life of (a) self, spouse and
any child in case of individual and (b) any member, in case of HUF.
(i).Insurance premium should not exceed 20% of the actual capital sum assured, if the policy is
issued before 1-04-2012.
(ii). The qualifying amount of life insurance premium on the insurance policy issued on or after 1-
04-2012 shall not exceed 10% of the actual capital sum assured.
(iii). The qualifying amount of life insurance premium on an insurance policy issued on or after 1-
04-2013 shall not exceed 15% of the actual capital sum assured if it is on the life of a person who
is (a) a person with disability or a person with severe disability or (b) suffering from decease or
aliment specified u/s 80DDB.
2. To effect or keep in force a deferred annuity contract on life of self, spouse and any child in
case of individual. Such contract should not contain a provision for cash payment option in lieu of
payment of annuity.
3. By way of deduction from salary payable by or on behalf of the Government to any
individual for the purpose of securing to him a deferred annuity or making provision for his
spouse or children. The sum so deducted does not exceed 1/5th of the salary.
4. As contribution (not being repayment of loan) by an individual to Statutory Provident Fund;
i.e., any provident fund to which the Provident Funds Act, 1925, applies.
5. As contribution to Public Provident Fund scheme, 1968, in the name of self, spouse and any
child in case of individual and any member in case of HUF.
6. As contribution by an employee to a recognized provident fund.
7. As contribution by an employee to an approved superannuation fund.
8. any subscription to any such security of the central government or any such deposit scheme
which is notified by the central govt.
9. Any sum deposited in a 10 year or 15 year account under the Post Office Savings Bank
(CTD) Rules, 1959, in the name of self and as a guardian of minor in case of individual and in the
name of any member in case of HUF.
10. Subscription to the NSC (VIII issue) and IX issue.

11. As a contribution to Unit-linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) of UTI or LIC Mutual Fund
(Dhanraksha plan) in the name of self, spouse and child in case of individual and any member in
case of HUF.
12. To effect or to keep in force a contract for such annuity plan of the LIC (i.e., Jeevan Dhara,
Jeevan Akshay and their upgradations) or any other insurer as referred to in by the Central
Government.
13. As subscription to any units of any Mutual Fund referred u/s. 10(23D) (Equity Linked
Saving Schemes).
14. As a contribution by an individual to any pension fund set up by any Mutual Fund referred
u/s 10(23D).
15. As subscription to any such deposit scheme of National Housing Bank (NHB), or as a
contribution to any such pension fund set up by NHB as notified by Central Government.
16. As subscription to notified deposit schemes of (a) Public sector company providing long-term
finance for purchase/construction of residential houses in India or (b) Any authority constituted in
India for the purposes of housing or planning, development or improvement of cities, towns and
villages.
17. As tuition fees (excluding any payment towards any development fees or donation or payment
of similar nature), to any university, college, school or other educational institution situated
within India for the purpose of full-time education of any two children of individual.
18. Towards the cost of purchase or construction of a residential house property (including the
repayment of loans taken from Government, bank, LIC, NHB, specified assessee’s employer etc.,
and also the stamp duty, registration fees and other expenses for transfer of such house property to
the assessee). The income from such house property should be chargeable to tax under the head
"Income from house property".
19. As subscription to equity shares or debentures forming part of any eligible issue of capital of
public company or any public financial institution approved by Board.
20. As Term Deposit (Fixed Deposit) for 5 years or more with Scheduled Bank in accordance
with a scheme framed and notified by the Central Government.
21. As subscription to any notified bonds of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD).
22. In an account under the Senior Citizen Savings Schemes Rules, 2004.
23. As five year term deposit in an account under the Post Office Time deposit Rules, 1981.
Extent of Deduction: 100% of the amount invested or Rs. 1,00,000/- whichever is less. However,
as per Section 80CCE, the total deduction the assessee can claim u/ss. 80C, 80CCC and
80CCD(1) shall be restricted in aggregate to Rs. 1,00,000/-.
SECTION 80CCC- Deduction In Respect of Contribution to Certain Pension Funds
Persons Covered- Individual.
Eligible Amount- Deposit or payment made to LIC or any other insurer in the approved annuity
plan for receiving pension.
Extent of Deduction- Least of amount paid or Rs. 1,00,000/- .
SECTION 80CCD- Deduction In Respect of Contribution to Pension Scheme of Central
Government

Persons Covered- Individual in the employment of Central Government or any other employer
on or after 1-1-2004 or any other assessee being an individual.
Eligible Amount- Deposit or payment made by the employee and Central Government or
individual under a pension scheme notified by the Central Government.
Extent of Deduction-A) Aggregate of (a) Amount paid or deposited by the employee and (b)
Amount paid or deposited by the Central Government. The total deduction shall be restricted to
maximum 10% of salary.
B) Amount deposited by individual, subject to 10% of total income, in a previous year
80CCE- The aggregate amount of deductions under section 80C, section 80CCC and 80CCD
shall not exceed Rs 1, 00,000.
Section 80CCG
Section 80CCG of the Income-tax Act is also called as Rajiv Gandhi Equity Savings Scheme,
2012 (RGESS). Any resident individual with income less than Rs 12 lakhs who uses demat
account for the first time to buy notified shares, mutual funds or ETFs can claim 50% deduction
on the invested amount. RGESS was introduced to encourage small investors to participate in the
equity markets.
Eligibility
1. The assessee should be a new retail investor. This means you should be using a demat account
the first time ever for equities. You should be using a new demat account or if you had a demat
account you should have never traded in equities using it before.
2. The gross total income should not exceed Rs 12 lakhs.
3. Investment must be done in
(i) Shares belonging to BSE-100, NSE-100, maharatnas, navratnas or miniratnas. FPOs of these
companies or IPOs of PSUs with 51% government shareholding are also eligible.
(ii) Mutual funds and ETFs investing in the above shares are eligible for tax saving through
RGESS. NFOs of such funds are also eligible for 80 CCG RGESS deduction.
4. NRIs cannot avail this tax benefit. RGESS tax rebate under section 80CCG is applicable only
for residents. Investments will have a total lock-in period of three years. The first year will be a
fixed lock-in period where the assessee cannot alter the securities on which deduction has been
claimed under 80CCG and the next two years will be flexible lock-in period where the assessee
can sell the securities while ensuring that value of the portfolio on which tax benefit has been
claimed is maintained.
Maximum deduction limit: Maximum investment is capped at Rs 50,000. You can claim only
50% deduction on the amount invested. This deduction can be availed for three consecutive years,
based on investments you make in those years, complying with RGESS requirements.
Section 80D- Deductions In Respect Of Medical Insurance Premia
Eligible Amount Premium paid on Mediclaim Policy issued by GIC or any other insurer
approved by IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority).

Extent of Deduction:
For Individual
A. For taxpayer his/her spouse and dependent children: 100% of premium paid subject to ceiling
of (a) Rs. 20,000/- in the case of premium paid in respect of senior citizen (who has attained the
age of 65 years or more) and (b) Rs. 15,000/- in other cases.
B. Additional deduction for parents of the taxpayer whether dependent or not 100% of premium
paid subject to ceiling of (a) Rs. 20,000/- in the case of premium paid in respect of senior citizen
(who has attained the age of 65 years or more) and (b) Rs. 15,000/- in other cases.
From Assessment year 2011-12, the benefit of deduction will be extended to the contribution
made to Central Government Health Scheme. However, the aggregate limit for deduction remains
the same.
Section 80DD- Deduction In Respect Of Maintenance Including Medical Treatment Of
Handicapped Dependant
Persons Covered- Resident Individual/HUF.
Eligible Amount-(a) Expenditure incurred on medical treatment [including nursing], training and
rehabilitation of a disabled dependant, or (b) Any payment or deposit made under a scheme
framed by LIC or any other insurer or the administrator or the specified company and approved
by the Board for payment of lump sum amount or annuity for the benefit of dependant with
disability.
Relevant Conditions/Points
1. The concerned assessee must attach a copy of certificate in the prescribed Form and signed by
prescribed medical authority along with return of income filed u/s 139. A fresh medical certificate
may be required to be submitted after the expiry of stipulated period depending on the condition
of disability as specified in such certificate.
2. Dependant means (a) in case of an individual, the spouse, children, parents, brothers and sisters
of such individual and (b) in the case of a Hindu Undivided Family, any member of HUF; and
who is dependant wholly or mainly on such individual or HUF for support and maintenance and
who has not claimed deduction under section 80U for the assessment year relating to previous
year.
Extent of Deduction(a) Rs. 50,000/- in case of normal disability or (b) Rs. 100,000/- in case of
severe disability.
Section 80DDB- Deduction In Respect Of Medical Treatment, Etc.
Persons Covered- Resident Individual/HUF.
Eligible Amount- Expenditure actually incurred for the medical treatment of such diseases or
ailments specified in Rule 11DD (some of the diseases are parkinsons disease, malignant cancers,
full blown AIDS, chronic renal failure, thalassaemia etc.) for self or dependant relative (spouse,
children, parents, brothers and sisters) in case of individual or any member of HUF in case of
HUF.
1. The concerned assessee must attach a copy of certificate in the prescribed Form No.10-I by a
neurologist, an oncologist, a urologist, a haematologist, an immunologist or such other specialist
working in Government Hospital along with return of income.ndividual/HUF

2. The deduction under this section shall be reduced by the amount received under insurance from
an insurer or reimbursed by an employer, for the medical treatment of the concerned person.
Extent of Deduction
100% of the expenses incurred subject to ceiling of (a) Rs. 60,000/- in the case of expenses
incurred for senior citizen (who has attained the age of 65 years or more) and (b) Rs. 40,000/- in
other cases.
Section 80E- Deduction in Respect of Interest on Loan Taken for Higher Education
Persons Covered- Individual.
Eligible Amount- Any amount paid by way of interest on loan taken from any financial
institution or any approved charitable institution for his/her higher education or w.e.f. 1-4-2008
for the purpose of higher education of his/her spouse, children and legal guardian of the
Individual.
1. Amount should be paid out of income chargeable to tax.
2. All field of studies including vocational studies pursued after passing the Senior secondary
examination or its equivalent from any school, board or university recognized by the central govt.
or state govt. or local authority or by any other authority authorised by the central govt. or state
govt. or local authority to do so.
3. Approved charitable institution means an institution established for charitable purposes and
notified by the Central Government u/s. 10(23C) or referred in 80G(2)(a).
4. Financial institution means banking company or financial institution notified by Central
Government.
5. The deduction is allowed in the initial assessment year (i.e., the assessment year relevant to the
previous year, in which the assessee starts paying the interest on loan) and 7 assessment years
immediately succeeding the initial assessment year or until the interest is paid in full whichever is
earlier.
Extent of Deduction- Entire amount of interest.
Section 80G Deduction In Respect of Donations to Certain Funds, Charitable Institutions,
Etc.
Persons Covered-All assessees [except for 80G (2)(c), which is applicable for donations made
only by company] to the Indian Olympic Association or to any other Association or Institution for
the development of infrastructure for sports & games or the sponsorship of sports & games, in
India
Eligible Amount- Any sums paid in the previous year as Donations to certain funds, charitable
institutions etc. specified u/s. 80G(2).
1. Donation in kind is not eligible for deduction.
2. Donations paid out of another year’s income or out of income not includible in the assessment
of current year are also eligible for deduction. Lt. F. No. 45/313/66 – ITJ (61) dt. 2-12-1966.

Extent of Deduction
Without any ceiling of 10% of adjusted Gross Total Income:—
(a) 100% of donation if donation given to
(i)National Defence Fund set up by the Central Government;
(ii)Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund;
(iii)Prime Minister’s Armenia Earthquake Relief Fund;
(iv)Africa (Public Contributions — India) Fund;
(v)National Foundation for Communal Harmony;
(vii)An approved university/educational institution of National eminence;
(viii)The Maharashtra Chief Minister’s Relief Fund
(ix)Chief Minister’s Earthquake Relief Fund, Maharashtra;
(x)Any fund set up by the State Government of Gujarat exclusively for providing relief to the
victims of earthquake in Gujarat;
(xi)any Zila Saksharta Samiti constituted in any district under the chairmanship of the Collector
of that district;
(xii)National Blood Transfusion Council or to any State Blood Transfusion Council;
(xiii)any fund set up by a State Government for the medical relief to the poor;
(xiv)the Army Central Welfare Fund or the Indian Naval Benevolent Fund or the Air
Force Central Welfare Fund,
(xv)Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister’s Cyclone Relief Fund, 1996;
(xvi) National Illness Assistance Fund;
(xvii)Chief Minister’s Relief Fund or Lieutenant Governor’s Relief Fund in respect of any State
or Union Territory;
(xviii)National Sports Fund;
(xix)National Cultural Fund;
(xx)Fund for Technology Development and Application;
(xxi) National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and
Multiple Disabilities;
(xxii)Any trust, institution or fund to which Section 80G(5C) applies for providing relief to the
victims of earthquake in Gujarat (contribution made during January 26, 2001 and
September 30, 2001) or
(b) 50% of donation if donation given to:
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund; Prime Minister’s Drought Relief Fund; National Children’s
Fund(deduction shall be allowed 100% w.e.f.A.Y 2014- 15) ; Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust;
Rajiv Gandhi Foundation.
With ceiling of 10% of adjusted Gross Total Income:— Where the aggregate of sums exceed
10% of adjusted gross total income, then such excess amount is ignored for computing such
aggregate.
(a) 100% of qualifying amount, if donation given to Government or any approved local
authority, institution or association to be utilised for the purpose of promoting family planning;
Donation by a Company to the Indian Olympic Association or to any other notified association or
institution established in India for the development of infrastructure for sports and games in India
or the sponsorship of sports and games in India.

(b) 50% of qualifying amount if donation given to any other fund or any institution which
satisfies conditions mentioned in Section 80G(5); Government or any local authority to be utilised
for any charitable purpose other than the purpose of promoting family planning, Any authority
constituted in India for the purpose of dealing with and satisfying the need for housing
accommodation or for the purpose of planning, development or improvement of cities, towns,
villages or both; Any corporation referred in Section 10(26BB) for promoting interest of minority
community; For repairs or renovation of any notified temple, mosque, gurudwara, church or other
place.
Section 80GG Deduction in Respect of Rent Paid
Persons Covered Any assessee other than assessee having income falling u/s 10(13A) (i.e.,
House Rent Allowance).
Eligible Amount Any expenditure incurred by him on payment of rent (by whatever name called)
in respect of any furnished or unfurnished accommodation in excess of 10% of his total income,
before making any deduction under this section.
Extent of Deduction- Lower of (a) Rs. 2,000 per month, or (b) 25% of the total income (after
allowing all deductions except under this section), or (c) Expenditure incurred in excess of 10%
of the total income (after allowing all deductions except under this section).
Section 80GGA Deduction In Respect Of Certain Donations For Scientific Research Or
Rural Development
Persons Covered- All assessees:
Eligible Amount-
1. Any sum paid to a scientific research association or to a university, college, or other institution
to be used for scientific research [approved u/s. 35(1) (ii)];
2. Any sum paid to a university, college, or other institution to be used for research in social
science or statistical research [approved u/s. 35(1)(iii)];
3. Any sum paid to an association or institution for any programme of rural development
[approved u/s. 35CCA];
4. Any sum paid to an association or institution for training of persons for implementing rural
development programmes [approved u/s. 35CCA];
5. Any sum paid to a public sector company or local authority or to an association or
institution approved by National Committee for carrying out any eligible project or scheme
[approved u/s. 35AC];
6. Any sum paid to a rural developemt fund set up and notified by Central Government for the
purposes of Section 35CCA(1)(a);
7. Any sum paid to a National Urban Poverty Eradication Fund set up and notified by Central
Government for the purposes of Section 35CCA(1)(d).
Extent of Deduction-100% of the amount paid as donation/contribution.
Section 80GGB Deduction in Respect of Contribution Given by Companies to Political
Parties or an Electoral Trust"
Persons Covered- Indian company.
Eligible Amount- Contribution given by Indian companies to any political parties or an electoral
trust.

Extent of Deduction-100% of the amount paid as contribution.
Section 80GGC- Deduction In Respect of Contribution Given by any Person to Political
Parties or an Electoral Trust"
Persons Covered- Any assessee (except local authority and every artificial juridical person
wholly or partly funded by the Government).
Eligible Amount- Contribution given by assessee to political parties or an electoral trust.
Extent of Deduction-100% of the amount paid as contribution.
Illustration:1
Ram Prakash (70 years of age) gives the following information. Compute deductible amount
under sec.80C for the A.Y. 2102-14:
1. Payment of LIC premium for his own life (policy amount Rs: 60,000) Rs: 13,000.
2. Payment of LIC premium on life of his wife Rs: 5,000 (paid out of agricultural income)
3. Contribution to URPF Rs: 24,000
4. Contribution to PPF Rs: 15,000
5. Interest accrued on NSC (VIII issue) including 6th
year’s interest of Rs: 1,500 is Rs:8,000
6. Repayment of loan taken for construction of a residential flat from Housing Development
Finance Corporation (includes interest Rs: 34,000) Rs: 80,000.
Solution :
Computation of Deduction under section 80 C for the A.Y.2013-14
Particulars Rs:
LIC Premium ---self ( 20% of sum insured ) 12,000
LIC Premium --- wife 5,000
Contribution to PPF 15,000
Accrued interest to NSC VIII th issue 7,500
Repayment of housing loan (80,000 – 34,000) 46,000
Total deduction 85,500
Illustration:2
From the following information, compute total income for the A.Y. 2013-14:
1. Business income of Surjih, aged 70, is Rs: 13,20,000
2. He deposited Rs: 70,000 in PPF And purchased NSC VIII issue Rs: 50,000
3. He paid interest on loan taken from a financial institution for higher education of his grand
son Rs:1,20,000.
4. He spent Rs: 40,000 on medical treatment of disabled dependent.

Solution:
Computation of Total Income for the A.Y.2013-14
Particulars Rs:
Business Income Being GTI 13,20,000
Less: Deduction u/s 80 C :
PPF and NSC ( Maximum deduction
Rs:1,00,000)
1,00,000
Deduction u/s 80DD:
Medi. Treatment deduction allowed
Rs:50,000)
50,000
Deduction u/s 80E (interest on loan for
high. Edu. Of
grand son ---- Not deductible)
--- 1,50,000
Illustration :3
Compute total income of Mr. X, a disabled, for the A.Y 2013-14:
1. Salary income is Rs: 4,30,000
2. He deposited Rs:20,000 in URPF.
3. He paid LIC premium Rs: 45,000 on a policy (issued on 15-6-2012) of Rs: 4,00,000
4. He donated Rs: 20,000 to National Children’s Fund by cheque.
Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Salary Income being GTI 4,30,000
Less: Deduction u/s 80 C : LIC premium (10% of sum
assured)
40,000
Deduction under 80G Donation to NCF (50% of
20,000)
10,000
Deduction under 80 U (Disabled) 50,000 1,00,000
Illustration:4
Compute total income of Mr. Xaviour, a non-resident for the A.Y. 2013-14:
1. Salary for 3 months received in India (computed) Rs: 18,000
2. Dividend received in Belgium from British companies Rs: 44,000
3. Interest on SB deposits in SBI Rs: 2,000
4. Taxable income from H.P. Rs:6,800.

Solution :
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Salary 18,000
Income from H.P. 6,800
Interest on SB Deposits 2,000
Gross Total Income 26,800
Less: Deductions Nil
Total Income 26,800
Illustration:5
From the following , compute Total Income of Mrs. Rajalakshmi for the A.Y. 2013-14:
Income from poultry farming Rs: 30,000
Interest from bank deposits Rs: 4,000
Dividend from shares held in an Indian company (Gross) Rs: 20,000
Income from units of Mutual Fund (Gross) Rs:8,000
Income from other sources Rs:42,000
Donation to National Defence Fund Rs:2,000
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from Business:
Income from poultry farming 30,000
Income from Other Sources:
Interest on deposits 4,000
Dividend from shares in Indian company Exempt
Income from units of UTI Exempt
Other incomes 42,000 46,000
Gross Total Income 76,000
Less : Deduction u/s 80G 2,000
Total Income 74,000
Illustration:6
Mr. X earned GTI of Rs: 5,00,000 in the P.Y and made the following donations during the year
by cheques:
a) Rs: 10,000 to CM’s Earthquake Relief Fund Maharashtra.
b) Rs: 15,000 to National Foundation for Communal Harmony.
c) Rs; 40,000 to municipality for family planning
d) Rs: 25,000 to approved institutions
Compute the amount of deduction admissible u/s 80G for the A.Y.2013-14

Solution: Computation of Deduction u/s 80G
Particulars Rs: Rs:
a)CM’s Earthquake Relief Fund ( 100% of amount
donated)
10,000
b)National Foundation for Communal Harmony (100% of
amount donated)
15,000
c and d) Qualifying amount is 10% of GTI (Rs: 50,000):
Donation to municipality for Family planning
( 40,000 x 100%)
For the balance amount 50% (10,000 x 50 %)
40,000
5,000
45,000
Deduction u/s 80 G 70,000
Illustration:7
From the following, prepare a statement of assessment of income of Mr. Ashikh for the A.Y.
2013-14:
1) Monthly salary Rs: 15,000 w.e.f. 01-07-2012.
2) His contribution to URPF is 15%
3) Employer’s contribution is 10%
4) Dividend on preference share of an Indian company Rs: 8,000
5) Deposit made in a bank ( interest 5 %) Rs:20,000
6) He owns a house, half of which is occupied by his son for his residence who is living
separate from his father and the other half is let at Rs: 1,500 p.m. ; insurance premium Rs:
250; local taxes Rs:6,000
7) He has income from a firm Rs:12,000 and fror the HUF Rs: 10,000.
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from salary ( 15,000 x 9) 1,35,000
Income from H.P.
Gross Annual Value
Less : Municipal Tax
Less : Standard Deduction 30 % 0f GAV
36,000
6,000
30,000
9,000 21,000
Income from business:
Share from a firm
Share from HUF
Exempt
Exempt ---------
Income from other sources:
Dividend
Interest on FD
Exempt
1,000 1,000
Less : Deduction under section 80 C Nil

Illustration:8
Compute the taxable income of HUF:
Profit from business Rs: 32,000
Salary received by a member of the family Rs: 8,000
Director’s fee received by Karta of the family Rs: 6,000
Profit from a firm Rs:10,000
Dividend (Gross) Rs: 5,000
Rental value of the property let out Rs: 12,000
Municipal taxes Rs: 600.
Solution:
Computation of Total Income of the HUF for the AY 2013-14
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from business:
Family business
Profit from a firm
32,000
Exempt
32,000
Income from H.P. :
Rental Value
Less : Municipal Tax
Less : Annual Value ( 30 % )
12,000
600
11,400
3,420 7,980
Total Income 39,980
Note: salary received by member of an HUF and director’s fee received by the Karta are not
taxable in the hands of HUF.
xxx

Chapter 10
Computation of Tax Liability of Individuals
Computation of Total Income and Tax Liability of Individuals
Income-tax is levied on an assessee’s total income. The total income has to be computed as per
the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Following steps are considered for computing total
income and to charge tax.
Step 1 – Determination of the residential status of the Assessee: First all we want determine
the residential status of the assessee. The residential status of a person has to be determined to
find out which income is to be included in computing the total income. It decides whether the
individual is tobe taxed or not. The residential status of an individual is determined on the basis of
the duration of time spend by him in India. . Based on the time spent by him, he may be (a)
resident and ordinarily resident, (b) resident but not ordinarily resident, or (c) non-resident.
Step 2 – Classification of income under different heads
The Act specifies five heads of income. These heads of income consist of all possible types of
income that can accrue to or be received by an individual. An individual is required to classify the
income earned by him under the appropriate heads of income.
Step 3 – Exclusion of income not chargeable to tax: There are certain incomes which are
wholly exempt from income-tax e.g. agricultural income. These incomes have to be excluded
while calculating Gross Total Income. T the same time certain incomes are partially exempt from
income tax e.g. House Rent Allowance, Education Allowance etc.. These incomes are excluded
only to the extent of the limits specified in the Act. The balance income over and above the
prescribed limits would enter computation of total income and have to be classified under the
relevant head of income.
Step 4 – Computation of income under each head:
Income is to be computed in accordance with the provisions governing a particular head of
income. As per the rules certain deductions and allowances are allowed. These deductions are
allowed while computing income under each head.
Step 5 – Clubbing of income of spouse, minor child etc.:
In case of individuals, income-tax is levied on a slab system on the total income. The tax system
is progressive. That means if income increases the tax amount to be paid also increases. We can
see that some taxpayers who have the higher income bracket have a tendency to divert some
portion of their income to their spouse, minor child etc. to minimize their tax burden. In order to
prevent such tax avoidance, clubbing provisions have been included in the Income-tax Act. As
per the provisions of income tax act income arising to certain persons (like spouse, minor child
etc.) have to be included in the income of the person when it is seen that the income is diverted
for avoiding tax.
Step 6 – Set-off or carry forward and set-off of losses:
An individual may have different sources of income under the same head of income. He might
have profit from one source and loss from the other. As per the provision we can set off the losses
under one head or form other heads or can carry forwards for the coming assessment years. All
provisions related to that should be considered while computing total income of the Assessee.

Step 7 – Computation of Gross Total Income:
The final figures of income or loss under each head of income, after allowing the deductions,
allowances and other adjustments, are then aggregated, after giving effect to the provisions for
clubbing of income and set-off and carry forward of losses, to arrive at the gross total income.
Step 8 – Deductions from Gross Total Income:
There are deductions prescribed from gross total income. The allowable deductions in case of an
individual are deductions under sections 80C, 80CCC, 80CCD, 80CCF, 80D, 80DD, 80DDB,
80E, 80G, 80GG, 80GGA, 80GGC, 80-IA, 80-IAB, 80-IB, 80-IC, 80-ID,80-IE, 80JJA, 80QQB,
80RRB, 80TTA and 80U. These deductions are allowed as per the rules prescribed in the income
tax act.
Step 9 – Compute Total income:
After allowing all deductions allowable, we can compute total income.
Step 10 – Application of the rates of tax on the total income:
Different slab of tax rates are available on basis of status and age of individual. . There also will
be basic exemption limit. The basic exemption limit is Rs 2, 00,000 for the assessment year 2013-
14. This means that no tax is payable by individuals with total income of up to Rs 2,00,000.
Level of total income Rate of tax
A) Normal Rates :
Up to Rs: 2,00,000 : Nil
Rs: 2,00,001 to 5,00,000 : 10%
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs: 10,00,000 : 30%
B) Individual- Senior citizen (60 years or more but less than 80 years):
Up to Rs: 2,50,000 : Nil
Rs: 2,50,001 to 5,00,000 : 10%
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs:10,00,000 : 30%
C) Individual- Super senior citizen (80 years or more):
Up to Rs: 5,00,000 : Nil
Rs: 5,00,001 to 10,00,000 : 20%
Above Rs:10,00,000 : 30%
Surcharge: Nil
Education Cess: 3% on the amount of income tax.
Illustration:1
Compute tax liability of Mr. Ramsanth for the A.Y. 2013-14:
Income from business Rs: 1,80,000
Income from H.P. Rs: 35,000
Solution:
Income from business Rs: 60,000
STCG Rs: 5,000
LTCG Rs: 1,00,000
Income from other sources Rs: 15,000

Computation of tax liability for the A.Y 2013-14
Business income 60,000
LTCG 1,00,000
STCG 5,000
Income from other sources 15,000
Tax on LTCG @ 20 % 20,000
On balance of Rs: 80,000 Nil
Total Tax 20,000
Education cess 3 % 600
Total Tax Liability 20,600
Illustration:2
Mr. Jithin Raj furnished the following incomes earned during the year 2012-13:
1.) Winning from Kerala State Lottery Rs: 1,00,000
2.) Profits from business Rs: 1,50,000
3.) STCG Rs: 12,000
4.) LTCG Rs: 23,000
Solution:
Income from business 1,50,000
Capital gains:
LTCG : 23,000
STCG : 12,000 35,000
Winnings from Kerala State Lottery 1,00,000
Total income 2,85,000
Tax on Lottery income ( 1,00,000 x 30%) 30,000
Tax on LTCG ( 23,000 x 20 %) 4,600
Tax on balance income ( 1,62,000 ) Nil
Total tax 34,600
Education cess 1,038
Total tax liability 35,638
Less : Tax deducted at source ( 1,00,000 x 30%) 30,000
Net Tax Liability 5,638

Illustration:3
Following details are available in respect of income of Mrs. Maya for the year 2012-13:
a) LTCG (indexed) Rs: 2,30,000
b) Interest on bank time deposits Rs:10,000
c) Dividend from co-operative society Rs: 5,000
d) LIC premium paid Rs: 10,000
e) Contribution to Public Provident Fund Rs:10,000
Calculate tax payable by Mrs. Maya for the assessment year 2013-13.
Solution:
Particulars Rs:
Long Term Capital Gains 2,30,000
Income from other sources:
Interest from bank
10,000
Dividend from Co-operative society 5,000
15,000
Gross total income 2,45,000
Less : Deduction u/s 80 C 15,000
Tax on Rs: 2,00,000 Nil
Tax on Rs: 30,0000 (LTCG) @ 20 % 6,000
Total 6,000
Add : Education Cess (6,000 x 3% ) 180
Tax Payable 6,180
Note: Deduction u/s 80C to 80U are not available against LTCG.
Illustration:4
Mr. Muhammad Haneefa is an Assistant Professor in a college . Compute his total income and
tax liability for the A.Y. 2013-14 :
(a) Salary Rs: 20,000 p.m.
(b) Royalty from books Rs: 36,000
(c) Remuneration for examination duty Rs: 10,800
(d) Wardenship Allowance Rs: 400 p.m.
(e) Income from lottery (Net) Rs:21,000
(f) Income from card games Rs: 12,800
(g) Expenses on lottery tickets Rs: 20,000.

Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from Salary:
(a) Salary ( 20,000 x 12 ) 2,40,000
(b) Wardenship Allowance ( 400 x 12) 4,800
Less : Deduction .........
Net Salary 2,44,800
Income from Other Sources:
(a) Examination duty remuneration 10,800
(b) Royalty from books 36,000
(c) Lottery winnings ( 21,000 100/70 ) 30,000
(d) Income from card games 12,800
Total 89,600
Less : Deduction u/s QQB (assumed as scientific
books ) 36,000
Computation of Tax Liability:
Up to Rs: 2,00,000 ..........
For balance ( 98,400 x 10%) 9,840
Total 9,840
Add : Education Cess ( 9,840 x 3% ) 295
Total Tax Liability 10,135
Less : Tax Deducted at Source 9,000
Net Tax Liability 1,135
Illustration:5
Mr. Nair is working in a private company in Mumbai. He furnished the following details of his
income for the financial year 2012-13:
a) Monthly salary Rs: 11,200
b) D A per month Rs:3,850
c) A rent free unfurnished accommodation for which he pays Rs: 340 p.m.
d) A car with an engine capacity of 1.8 litres with a driver is provided by the employer. All
expenses relating to the car is met by the employer. The car is used for both personal and
official purposes.
e) He is also getting an amount of Rs: 1,000 p.m.as entertainment allowance.

f) He paid Rs: 1,200 as profession tax for the last financial year.
g) Education allowance for two children @ Rs: 600 p.m.
h) Cost of electricity bill paid by the company Rs: 22,000.
i) His income from let out house property Rs: 25,000. He spent Rs: 12,000 for its repairs in
the previous year.
j) He contributed Rs: 3,000 p.m. to a recognized provident fund. He also paid Rs: 16,000
towards his life insurance premium.
Solution:
Particulars Rs: Rs:
Income from Salary:
Salary ( 11,200 x 12 ) 1,34,400
D A ( 3,850 x 12) 46,200
Entertainment allowance ( 1,000 x 12) 12,000
Educational allowance (600 x 12 ) -- (100 x 2 x
12)
4,800
Perquisites :
(e) Rent free unfurnished accommodation:
15 % of salary (Pvt. Employee at Mumbai) :
22,680
Less : Rent paid by employee (340 x 12) :
4,080
18,600
(f) Motor car (2,400 + 900) x 12 39,600
(g) Electricity bill paid by the company 22,000
Less : Deduction u/s 16 (iii) 1,200
Net Salary 2,76,400
Income from H.P : 25,000
Less : Deduction (30%) 7,500 17,500
Less : Deduction under section 80 C :
RPF ( 3,000 x 12 ) 36,000
Life Insurance Premium 16,000 52,000
Tax on Income :
Up to Rs: 2,00,000 Nil
On Balance 41,900 x 10 % 4,190
Total 4,190
Add : Education Cess (4,190 x 3%) 126
Tax Liability 4,316
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Income Tax(law and practice) (INDIA)

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