Ind Waste Management.pptx
- 1. UNIT- V
- 2. WASTE MANAGEMENT-STEEL INDUSTRIES • The solid wastes generated in steel industry are of two types, i.e., ferruginous wastes and non ferruginous wastes. • The ferruginous wastes, i.e. the iron bearing wastes are generated from steel making viz., mill scale, flue dust, sludges from Gas cleaning plants of Blast Furnaces and Steel Melting Shops, Blast furnace slag and SMS slag. • The non ferruginous wastes are lime fines, broken refractory bricks, broken fire clay bricks, acetylene plant sludge etc. • A list of solid wastes along with their source of generation is depicted in Table 2.
- 3. Sub Processes(source of solid waste generation) Solid wastes Coke oven and by product plant Coke and coal dust,tar sludge,sulphur muck,acid sludge,refractory waste Lime plant Lime fines Sinter plant Sludge RMP ESP dust,lime fines BF Slag flue dust,sludge,refractory wastes SMS LD slag,GCP sludge,refractory wastes Rolling mill Mill scale,scrap,oil sludge
- 4. • Blast furnace flue dust and electric earth furnace dust are mixture of oxides and coke fines. It also contains silicon, calcium, magnesium and some undesirable elements like zinc, lead and alkali metals. • Rolling Mill sludge is mainly contaminated with oils and inorganic particles. • Dry slag exhibits stable performance, small density, high strength and high temperature endurance, making it suitable as concrete aggregate. • Blast furnace slags, the major solid waste in steel industry (around 70% of total solid wastes in steel industry) are used for the manufacture of cement, road base, railroad ballast, light weight concrete block, glass and artificial rock, high performance concrete admixtures. • Slag from BOF having high fluxing capacity is charged into the B.F for easy melting and better utilization of calcium values. Filling in the low lying area may be done with the slag generated from EAF at SMP.
- 5. • Segregated refractories generated at source in manufacturing process of steel can be used as one of the constituents in manufacture of new bricks/mortars. • For the production of new steel products requiring much less energy compared to the production of iron or steel products from iron ore, recycling of iron and steel scrap plays an important role and finds as a vital raw material for production of the same. • Flue dust from BF and EAF after duly extracting zinc and other metals can be used as a source of lime and phosphorous in fertilizers. The scrap generated from rolling mills may either be recycled or may be sold in the market. • For the utilization of BF Slag, the installation of captive cement plants may be a decision criteria in case of high capacity Steel Plants. Equal amount of flux in Sinter Plant may be replaced with SMS slag of particle size up to 5 mm . • LD slag having 5 - 10 mm and 10 - 40 mm particle size may be used as repairing materials in roads. • Conventional stone ballast in railway track. can also be replaced by LD slag with 20 - 65 mm particle sizes. Pavement construction can be done using the rejected refractory bricks. Fly ash is one of the major constituents in cement manufacturing plant. In building constructions now-a-days fly ash bricks are found much more economical than traditional clay bricks.
- 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT-ALUMINIUM INDUSTRIES • Disposal of aluminium industry waste, chiefly the bauxite residue called red mud is a worldwide concern. • The high alkalinity of red mud and the presence of toxic materials in it pose a serious ecological hazard,which is why the aluminium industry has been brainstorming to overcome the problem associated with red mud disposal. • The remedies have ranged from dumping the waste into open, artificial settling pools to treating them in red mud processing units. Some shore based alumina refineries have also opted for discarding the waste into the sea given the sea water’s ability to neutralise the high alkalinity in red mud. • What’s more, the iron content in the waste residue when unleashed into the sea supports marine life.
- 7. Decoding India’s aluminium waste and efforts for reuse • The major solid wastes produced during the alumina-aluminium value chain include dross, red mud and spent pot lining (SPL). • India produces some 0.12 million tonne of dross, five million tonne of red mud and 35,000 SPL each year. Though considerable R&D work has been done across many countries for effective utilisation of such wastes, commercialisation of these wastes has not gained a foothold in India. • In order to meet environmental sustainability, it is imperative to convert these wastes into valuable products as such conversions will also ensure sustainability for aluminium industries.
- 8. • The creation of dross in the casting process is a generic problem. Until India switches over to technology that eliminates dross entirely, dross treatment and management needs attention. • In India, a few government organizations working together with aluminium industry players have taken up some R&D projects pertaining to red mud, SPL and dross to establish viable solutions to dispose of these waste materials. • Examples range from creating ceramic glass tiles from red mud to the destruction of cyanide in SPL material or low ferric alum from dross. The utilization of red mud, fly ash and SPL can conserve the quality of natural resources such as clay and sand required for making bricks, titles etc. Thereby, this process yields dual benefits: on one hand, it puts waste vis red mud, fly ash, SPL and dross to good use, and on the other it enhances the sustainability of the aluminium industry. Not only are these solutions environmentally friendly, some are also commercially viable if proprely implemented.
- 9. WASTE MANAGEMENT-POWER INDUSTRY • Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land and water bodies without proper treatment, causing severe water pollution. They also emit greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any organic waste from urban and rural areas and industries is a resource due to its ability to get degraded, resulting in energy generation. • The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly waste-to-energy technologies that will allow treatment and processing of wastes before their disposal. • These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes, generate a substantial quantity of energy from them, and greatly reduce environmental pollution. India’s growing energy deficit is making the government central and state governments become keen on alternative and renewable energy sources. • Waste to energy is one of these, and it is garnering increasing attention from both the central and state governments. • While the Indian Government’s own figures would suggest that the cost of waste to energy is somewhat higher than other renewable sources, it is still an attractive option, as it serves a dual role of waste disposal and energy production.
- 10. Technologies for generation of energy from waste • Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non- biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical, biochemical and electrochemical methods. • (i) Thermal Conversion: The process involves thermal degradation of waste under high temperature. In this complete oxidation of the waste occurs under high temperature. The major technological option under this category is incineration. But incineration has been losing attention these days because of its emission characteristics. • (ii) Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails high temperature driven decomposition of organic matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. They are useful for wastes containing high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The main technological options under this category include Pyrolysis and Gasification. The products of these processes (producer gas, exhaust gases etc) can be used purely as heat energy or further processed chemically, to produce a range of end products. • (iii) Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce methane gas, and alcohol etc. This process, on the other hand, is preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic, bio-degradable (putrescible) matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial activity. The major technological options under this category are anaerobic digestion (bio-methanation) and fermentation. Of the two, anaerobic digestion
- 11. WASTE MANAGEMENT-AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY • With the rapidly increasing volume of vehicles, there is a parallel need to increase waste management initiatives by governments across the world and also of modern facilities for reuse and recycling of waste materials like metal, solvents, batteries, plastics etc. when the vehicle reaches its end of life. Waste recycling can help eliminate and thus minimize wastes. • The average vehicle is a mix of materials: steel body frame, glass windows, rubber tyers, lead batteries, copper wires, as well as traces of metals like zinc, magnesium, tin, platinum and cobalt. • In recent years, the composition of the vehicles has changed considerably. The concentration of ferrous metals has declined considerably as vehicle producers have opted for lighter and fuel efficient materials such as aluminum and engineering plastic in designing new vehicles.
- 12. • Draining is the first thing done as vehicles come to ELV. The outside and the engine area have been cleansed and the tyres removed, the automobile is drain parts surrounding fluids. • Draining is important because of the danger involved in likely pollution as fluids finish on the storage area, together with the danger of subsequent soiling of remaining which are not difficult to access from the exterior are dismantled after draining, which includes body parts that can be retrieved, for example bumpers, plastic fuel tank and auxiliary compilations. • Further,management of plastics,management of metals and tyre disposal methods are carried out.
- 13. WASTE MANAGEMENT-TRANSPORT INDUSTRY • Waste management within the transportation industry has been and continues to be extensively regulated by federal, state, and local agencies. The key technical strategies include:- • Property screening and characterization • Risk assessment methodologies • In-place materials management
- 14. Key cost compensation strategies include:- • Regulatory referral • Recovery of costs through litigation • Good faith negotiations • Use of appraisal during eminent domain
- 15. ANALYTIC AND CREATIVE TECHNIQUES OF WASTE CONTROL • Today, you can use tech for nearly everything – including taking out the trash. • With smart waste management technology, businesses are able to track their trash more closely than ever before. • Not only can smart waste collection systems help to cut costs, but they can help to reduce your business’s environmental impact. • From trash can sensors to self-sorting trash cans, garbage collection has never been so high-tech.