Industrial Psychology - Referencing and Plagiarism
- 1. Referencing, Plagiarism & Evaluating the literature PeplerHead FacultyLibrarian:EconomicandManagementSciences [email protected]
- 2. In this session we’ll be looking at Distinguishing between sources Evaluate sources Reading & Writing Distinguishing between trustworthy & untrustworthy information Plagiarism 2
- 3. 3 Distinguishing between sources Book Journal Article Report
- 4. 4 Book A published work on a specific topic, usually contains chapters. Can be hardcopy or electronic. Written by a specific person (author), or under an editor. It will have: • Publisher • Place of publication (not needed for APA 7th) • Year • ISBN
- 5. 5 Book - Example Boland, A., Cherry, M. G., & Dickson, R. (2017). Doing a systematic review: a student’s guide (2nd ed). SAGE. In-text: (Boland et al., pp. 23-24, 2017)
- 6. 6 Book Chapter Be careful of chapter in books that you find electronically Example: Reflexivity and Development Economics https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230250598_ 4
- 7. 7 Academic Journal A periodical or serial publication in which information on a specific topic is published in article format. It can be electronic or hard copy. It will have: • Title • Publisher • Year • Volume number • Issue number • ISSN
- 8. 8 Journal - Example Search Journal of Organizational Behavior
- 9. 9 Academic Article Topic specific information within an academic discipline, published in a Journal. It can be electronic or hard copy. It will have: • Source Title References • Article title • Abstract (summary) • Year • Volume number • Issue number • Page number
- 10. 10 Article - Example Gärtner, C., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., van Dijk, F. J. H., & Sluiter, J. K. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Nurses Work Functioning Questionnaire (NWFQ). PloS One, 6(11), e26565–e26565. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.00265 65 In-text: (Gärtner et al., 2011)
- 11. 11 Report A document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose, reporting something that has been observed, done or investigated. Can be annual or once off. It will have • Report title • Author • Corporate body/Company • Year
- 12. 12 Report - Example APA task force on teaching and learning. (2014). Assessing and Evaluating Teacher Preparation Programs. https://www.apa.org/ed/schools/teaching -learning/teacher-preparation- programs.pdf In text: (APA task force on T&L, 2014)
- 13. Differences between APA 6 & 7 Place of publication no longer needed for books In-text: et al for 3 or more is now from the 1st citation Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference entry DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author). 13
- 14. Evaluating the literature 14 Photo by Raquel Martínez on Unsplash Quality Relevance On database or website
- 15. Evaluating literature 15 Reliability: From a reputable source/institution- publisher, University, Research Unit, Company Authority: Creator is an expert in their field, and affiliated with a reputable institution Validity : The research was conducted in a manner that is commonly accepted in the field, and is evident in the article - abstract Accuracy: The information can be verified
- 16. Evaluating literature 16 Any Website ending in: .org; .gov; .edu; .ac
- 17. 17
- 18. 18 Reading the literature Photo by mostafa meraji on Unsplash Photo by Steven Wright on Unsplash VS
- 19. 19 Skim Reading Reading for Relevance Saves time Establish quickly whether a document is useful or not
- 20. 20 Skim Reading First sentence of each paragraph Introduction + conclusion Table of contents Abstract Title, author, journal, date
- 21. 21 Close Reading (critical engagement) Reading with purpose Read with questions in mind Reading to: Locate information Understand difficult ideas Gain insights or overview
- 22. 22 Close Reading Close Reading Techniques: Adjust reading rate – focus on the important stuff Annotate – don’t just highlight, make notes Connect – start piecing together the story Paraphrase – write difficult passages in own words Monitor comprehension – make sure you understand Question – relate readings to your research question
- 23. 23 Close Reading Why close reading? Convince the reader of your knowledge Familiarity with Critical engagement of
- 24. Literature Synthesis table AUTHOR (S) (YEAR) TITLE PURPOSOF THE STUDY METHOD SAMPLE FINDINGS THEMES SIMILARITIES UNIQUENESS DATA QUALITY Mather, C. and Greenberg, S., 2003. Market Liberalisation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: the Restructuring of Citrus Exports after 'Deregulation'. Explores the impact of market liberalisation on South Africa’s citrus export Industry, specifically from a grower’s perspective Literature review conducted Qualitative data collected from interviews Growers from 4 co- operatives within 4 specific geographic al areas Former cooperatives have faced problems in using the resources they inherited from the past, increasing differentiation between those who are able to take advantage of deregulation and those who are not. Deregulation has affected labour on farms and in packhouses but could be as a result of liberalisation of the economy having intensified structural changes in the agricultural labour market that have been present for some time. Market regulation Export regulations (Butler, Washington). Effect on farm labourers(Washin gton). Similar to Cohen for risk factors. Analysis of the ‘deregulation’ of citrus exports draws on political economy approaches to markets and suggests that the impact of liberalisation is far more complex. Data was triangulated through variables. Bias was countered through pre- testing. All results reported (no leaving out of results).
- 25. 25 Writing
- 26. Write Evaluate Edit Writing Write to understand Write to be understood
- 27. Writing A 'golden thread‘ ◦ an overall line of argument - running through the paper, holding it together 'Sign-posts‘ ◦ crisp titles, sub-titles and headings that identify the direction being followed 'Authority‘ ◦ good engagement with existing literature and a comprehensive bibliography - the bibliography is the window to the paper and its author
- 28. Quick word on Formatting Avoid sloppy, inaccurate presentation & referencing, as it detracts from your content
- 29. SAGE Research Methods Online
- 30. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the theft and use of the ideas, material and other intellectual property of others that are passed off as one’s own This can take multiple forms 30 OBVIOUS FORMS: Buying / borrowing a paper and copying it Hiring somebody to write for you Cutting and pasting text Direct translations Citing sources you didn’t use LESS OBVIOUS FORMS: Not giving proper credit Not referencing images, etc. Improper paraphrasing Failing to give a proper reference Not acknowledging outsourcing (eg. Data)
- 31. Plagiarism - Examples 31 In 2016, Melania Trump used parts of a 2008 speech by Michelle Obama at her Republican National Convention speech
- 32. Plagiarism - Examples 32 JK Rowling has also been accused of stealing plotlines from various stories to write Harry Potter
- 33. Spot the plagiarism 33 Is this plagiarism? Timmer asserts that the fundamental role of prices in a market economy is to serve as signals for allocating both consumption and investment resources (Timmer, 2002: 1507). This is important, because of the…
- 34. Spot the plagiarism 34 Is this plagiarism? Timmer asserts that the fundamental role of prices in a market economy is to serve as signals for allocating both consumption and investment resources (Timmer, 2002: 1507). This is important, because of the… Different font, so copied and pasted No quotation marks Reference in wrong place
- 35. Spot the plagiarism 35 Is this plagiarism? Dorward comments that even the impoverished are not likely to gain much directly as self-employed producers of trade agricultural assets, with restricted access to land and capital and relatively low farm earnings (2004: 4). Even here the poor are unlikely to gain much directly as self- employed producers of tradable agricultural commodities, with limited access to land and capital and relatively low on- farm incomes – original text
- 36. Spot the plagiarism 36 Is this plagiarism? Dorward comments that even the impoverished are not likely to gain much directly as self-employed producers of trade agricultural assets, with restricted access to land and capital and relatively low farm earnings (2004: 4). Even here the poor are unlikely to gain much directly as self- employed producers of tradable agricultural commodities, with limited access to land and capital and relatively low on- farm incomes – original text
- 37. Spot the plagiarism 37 Is this plagiarism? “In his 1991 review, Sherman Robinson highlights the theoretical tension between the neoclassical paradigm and AGE models with financial behaviour” (Hertel, 2002: 1376).
- 38. Turnitin 38 • Plagiarism Detection Software that check originality • Works through SUNLearn • Documents are submitted and checked for similarity • Report generated with percentage
- 39. Referencing 39 Know the Referencing Style that you are using Make sure what you are referencing, different material types are displayed differently in the bibliography Makes sure that your in-text citations match your bibliography Most important, be CONSISTENT
- 40. Mendeley 40
- 41. 41 Thank you – Any Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #4: To be able to reference properly, it is important to know what document type you are working with, since different document types are formatted differently in the bibliography or reference list. We are going to start by looking at different document types and how to identify them, so we can understand the components that make up the reference list. This may seem very basic, but we are going to look at how to identify a book, a journal, a journal article, and a report. These are only a hand full of documents types that you may encounter while conducting research.
- #5: Let’s start with a book.
- #7: These you will often find on Google or Google Scholar.
- #8: Articles appear in Academic journals.
- #10: Similar to the journal, only now it will have a source title (journal) and an article title with a year, volume, issue number and references.
- #14: The American Psychological Association has simplified the APA method considerably in the latest APA 7th edition – the major changes include
- #15: Essentially, when we talk about evaluating, it is a quick evaluation for document quality and relevance and usually happens on the website or academic database itself. Note that critical evaluation happens at a deeper level, authors must carefully evaluate and judge the content.
- #19: In the first section we will be looking at skim reading versus close reading, and these essentially are done for different purposes, with the same goal in mind.
- #20: Once we’ve evaluated our resources for quality, using the techniques we discussed last time – CRAAP test etc., it is necessary to read for relevance. Academic reading can be extremely time consuming and difficult, and we don’t want to waste time reading articles and documents that may not be the most relevant for our purposes. When we skim read, we are trying to establish how relevant a specific document is for my topic/research question, and whether it speaks to or answers my research question. Skim reading saves us a lot of time as it allows us to evaluate relevance of a document without having to waste time reading the entire document.
- #22: Once you have established witch documents are most relevant to your research topic, it’s time for the close reading, or active reading. Make sure that you have identified your purpose for reading and what you need to achieve. Always read with your research question in mind, and bring all your information back to it – how does this relate to my topic. Read with Purpose! Close reading is the process of actively engaging in the text that you are reading, and it tied to critical thinking. It moves beyond surface reading and allows us to actively engage with the text we consume, helping us think more clearly about what we are reading, and why! Always read with your research question in mind, and bring the information back to it – how does this relate to my question/topic? Are you reading to …?
- #24: It is the author’s responsibility to convince readers that they are both familiar with, and have critically engaged with previous works, helps you speak with authority. Critical evaluation makes up the bulk of the literature review, so close reading of texts it extremely important. An uncritical narration of the theory and dominant thoughts on the topic diminishes reader’s trust in the author.
- #25: Something like the literature synthesis table could assist you when reading. Write down various aspects of the article/chapter, methods, findings, purpose etc. so you can start identifying connections and similarities in the discourse.
- #27: First we write to understand, to make sense of what we have read, and get to grips with the current discourse. In the 2nd instance, we write to be understood, to convey our ideas and understanding of the current discourse to the reader, and convince them that we have read widely and understand the topic, speak with authority. This then shows you how writing is cyclical, a constant writing, editing and evaluating.
- #28: Like the Greek myth of Theseus who faced the Minotaur in the labyrinth of Deadalus, and escaped using the golden thread that was given to him by Ariadne, you will also have to weave a golden thread through your writing. That golden thread is you research question, that holds the entire project together. The reader needs to navigate the labyrinth that is your topic, and your writing using this golden thread, and it should be evident through your entire literature review. This thread should therefore lead the reader from start to finish, and make it clear to the reader where you are going and what you are doing. Signposting is also an important technique in writing – and helps lead the reader through the review. Bibliography is the window to the paper, and shows that the author is speaking with authority on the topic. Make sure you include the seminal/important authors and papers within the discourse.
- #32: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #33: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #34: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #35: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #36: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #37: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #38: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #39: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #40: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy
- #41: Credibility is a combination of Reliability, Authority, Validity and Accuracy