Deepanshu thanks Lovely Professional University for providing him the opportunity to complete a project on Angular 6. He learned a lot and is grateful for the experience. He also thanks his parents and friend for their help in finalizing the project within the limited timeframe. The document then provides summaries of key aspects of Angular 6, including its architecture which follows an MVC pattern, forms, data binding, pipes, services, routing, and modules.
AngularJS is an open source JavaScript framework for building dynamic web applications. It enhances HTML with custom directives and bindings to enrich client-side web applications with reusable components. Key features include two-way data binding, reusable components, support for MVC/MVVM design patterns, end-to-end testing, cross-browser compatibility, and services. AngularJS allows developers to organize applications into modules and controllers to keep code clean and reusable.
Angular Interview Question & Answers PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
The document discusses Angular interview questions and answers. It begins by explaining that Angular is an open-source front-end framework maintained by Google that is used for building single-page web applications. It emphasizes TypeScript, modularity, dependency injection, directives, and routing. The rest of the document provides detailed explanations and examples for common Angular interview questions around key concepts like two-way data binding, dependency injection, components vs directives, services, decorators, and routing.
Single Page Applications in SharePoint with AngularSparkhound Inc.
The Angular framework allows developers to create lightweight single page web applications with ease. By leveraging the Angular framework and the SharePoint 2013 REST API, we can create lightweight applications within SharePoint as alternatives to InfoPath forms and OOTB SharePoint web parts. This presentation will cover the basics of single page applications with Angular as well as targeting the SharePoint platform with SPA applications.
Get up to speed and level up your skills so we can understand core concepts and develop complex web applications more effectively.
Plunkers to check out:
Scope
http://plnkr.co/edit/wruApVb8kh1tttJwkQAP?p=preview
Two-way data binding & ngModel
http://plnkr.co/edit/yJ1jKHO1dpkfsVbMKBu9?p=preview
ngRepeat Directive
http://plnkr.co/edit/Fe5GvSmFQNnsWjUW0qeu?p=preview
Filters & ngModel
http://plnkr.co/edit/eIr8Ajzi9zPo5PA8U7nk?p=preview
Login Service
http://plnkr.co/edit/hf1WxgMr9u1HVQuGv1l6?p=preview
Services used to communicate between controllers
http://plnkr.co/edit/I1rBFI?p=preview
Service vs provider vs factory
http://plnkr.co/edit/kh1YsJmcozzSSqur20Zt?p=preview
Routes
http://plnkr.co/edit/UZRpIHdtmQJgOmCquLQ3?p=preview
https://youtu.be/_yLt_abcK2w
Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this framework such as declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other features are used to ease the development.
Angular 7 is a Javascript framework built around the concept of components, and more precisely, with the Web Components standard in mind. It was rewritten from scratch by the Angular team using Typescript (although we can use it with ES5, ES6, or Dart as well).
Angular 7 is a big change for us compared to 1.x. Because it is a completely different framework than 1.x, and is not backward-compatible. Angular 7 is written entirely in Typescript and meets the ECMAScript 6 specification
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angular interview questions, angular 6 interview questions and answers, angular 2 interview questions, angular7, angular 5 interview questions, angular interview, angular 2 interview questions and answers, angular questions and answers
Angular workshop - Full Development GuideNitin Giri
AngularJS provides powerful tools for building single page applications, including data binding, scopes, controllers, directives, filters and forms validation. It follows an MVC pattern with two-way data binding between models and views. Key features include directives for creating custom HTML elements, filters for formatting data and built-in validation for forms. AngularJS aims to improve frontend development by reducing code and server interactions.
Introduction to single page application with angular jsMindfire Solutions
This document summarizes a presentation on AngularJS. It introduces AngularJS as a JavaScript framework for building single-page applications. It covers key AngularJS concepts like modules, controllers, views, directives, routing, services, filters and custom directives. It also provides examples of creating modules, controllers and views, using directives for data binding, implementing routing and dependency injection. The presentation concludes by discussing upcoming topics like custom directives, isolated scopes, services and testing with AngularJS.
In modern web development, creating dynamic and efficient applications is essential to meet user expectations and industry standards. Angular, one of the most popular JavaScript frameworks, provides a variety of tools and features that make this task easier. Among these tools, Angular services play a crucial role in building scalable and maintainable applications. These services help manage data, business logic, and interactions between components in Angular applications.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
So, recently I had my first Web Development Experience.
After some research and many iterations on different approaches I came out with these solutions:
MVC – Model View Controller Architecture
AWS – Amazon Web Services
Front End – AngularJS and RDW (Responsive Web Design)
Server and Back End – Django and REST API
Application Version of the Web App – Unity and StrangeIoC Framework.
AngularJS is an open source web application framework. It was originally developed in 2009 by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now maintained by Google. Its latest version is 1.4.4 .
Angularjs interview questions and answersAnil Singh
This document discusses AngularJS interview questions and answers. It begins by defining AngularJS as a JavaScript framework maintained by Google for building single-page applications using MVC or MV* patterns. It then lists the main features of AngularJS such as two-way data binding, templates, directives, dependency injection and more. The document continues by providing sample questions that may be asked during an AngularJS interview and suggested answers covering topics like directives, scopes, filters, routing and other aspects of the framework.
Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client applications using HTML and TypeScript. The basic building blocks of Angular include components, modules, directives, decorators, pipes, data binding, templates, and services. Components define views with templates and logic. Modules organize related code. Directives modify DOM elements. Decorators add metadata. Pipes transform data. Data binding syncs data and UI. Templates define views. Services provide reusable functionality.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
Through this blog you will get to know more about Angular and AngularJS framework and also the major differences between them.
AngularJS is a JavaScript framework for building single-page web applications. It augments HTML to provide MVC capabilities and allows developers to write dynamic web apps without having to manipulate the DOM directly. AngularJS uses scopes to bind models and views, and filters to format data for display. Directives extend HTML and allow developers to create reusable components. Modules are used to organize code and keep the global namespace clean.
AngularJS is an MVC framework for building dynamic browser-based applications, using two-way data binding between models and views, and dependency injection to separate concerns; it includes routing, directives to extend HTML, services for reusable logic, and animation capabilities to build robust and testable single-page web apps.
This document provides an introduction to Angular, including its history and architecture. Angular is a TypeScript-based front-end framework for building client-side dynamic web applications. It discusses when to use Angular, such as for large complex projects or apps with dynamic content. The document also covers Angular's modules, components, data binding, directives, services and dependency injection.
What are the key distinctions between Angular and AngularJS?Albiorix Technology
What distinguishes Angular from AngularJS? Do they actually differ from one another? Learn more about the distinctions between Angular and AngularJS and also know about what kind of frameworks are, what are their features, and learn about their architecture, and their pros, and cons. Let's know which one is better: Angular Vs AngularJS, in this presentation. Did we miss anything? Please contact us and share your points.
Reference: https://www.albiorixtech.com/blog/angular-vs-angularjs/
The document outlines an agenda for a presentation on AngularJS that covers:
1. An introduction to AngularJS and its core features like two-way data binding, templates, and MVC architecture.
2. Explanations and examples of key AngularJS concepts like directives, expressions, forms, services, modules, routing, and scopes.
3. Discussions of AngularJS advantages like fast development and scalability, and disadvantages like complexity.
4. References for further learning and a question/answer session.
The document outlines an agenda for a presentation on AngularJS that covers:
1. An introduction to AngularJS and its core features like two-way data binding, templates, and MVC architecture.
2. Explanations and examples of key AngularJS concepts like directives, expressions, forms, services, modules, routing, and scopes.
3. Discussions of AngularJS advantages like fast development and scalability, and disadvantages like complexity.
4. References for further learning and a question/answer session.
AngularJS framework primarily transforms static HTML into dynamic HTML. While Angular is a JS-based framework, type script is its core programming language and all the capabilities of JS plus some extra features.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
Through this blog you will get to know more about Angular and AngularJS framework and also the major differences between them.
Angularjs is a client side javascript framework that adds interactivity to HTML. It allows developers to create dynamic and interactive web applications. Some key features include directives, modules, controllers, expressions and data binding. Directives are HTML annotations that trigger javascript behaviors. Modules group application components. Controllers add application logic and behavior. Expressions display dynamic values in the HTML. Angularjs uses MVC architecture with the view being the DOM, controllers handling logic, and models storing data. It also utilizes dependency injection to manage dependencies between components.
The document summarizes an AngularJS workshop that covers AngularJS core principles, building a sample website, and AngularJS 2. It discusses building the sample site from scratch using tools like NodeJS, Bower, and Bootstrap. Key AngularJS concepts covered include modules, views, controllers, directives, routing, promises, and AngularJS 2.0. Hands-on tasks include adding routing, creating a header directive, loading data from a service, and validating a form.
Introduction to single page application with angular jsMindfire Solutions
This document summarizes a presentation on AngularJS. It introduces AngularJS as a JavaScript framework for building single-page applications. It covers key AngularJS concepts like modules, controllers, views, directives, routing, services, filters and custom directives. It also provides examples of creating modules, controllers and views, using directives for data binding, implementing routing and dependency injection. The presentation concludes by discussing upcoming topics like custom directives, isolated scopes, services and testing with AngularJS.
In modern web development, creating dynamic and efficient applications is essential to meet user expectations and industry standards. Angular, one of the most popular JavaScript frameworks, provides a variety of tools and features that make this task easier. Among these tools, Angular services play a crucial role in building scalable and maintainable applications. These services help manage data, business logic, and interactions between components in Angular applications.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
So, recently I had my first Web Development Experience.
After some research and many iterations on different approaches I came out with these solutions:
MVC – Model View Controller Architecture
AWS – Amazon Web Services
Front End – AngularJS and RDW (Responsive Web Design)
Server and Back End – Django and REST API
Application Version of the Web App – Unity and StrangeIoC Framework.
AngularJS is an open source web application framework. It was originally developed in 2009 by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now maintained by Google. Its latest version is 1.4.4 .
Angularjs interview questions and answersAnil Singh
This document discusses AngularJS interview questions and answers. It begins by defining AngularJS as a JavaScript framework maintained by Google for building single-page applications using MVC or MV* patterns. It then lists the main features of AngularJS such as two-way data binding, templates, directives, dependency injection and more. The document continues by providing sample questions that may be asked during an AngularJS interview and suggested answers covering topics like directives, scopes, filters, routing and other aspects of the framework.
Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client applications using HTML and TypeScript. The basic building blocks of Angular include components, modules, directives, decorators, pipes, data binding, templates, and services. Components define views with templates and logic. Modules organize related code. Directives modify DOM elements. Decorators add metadata. Pipes transform data. Data binding syncs data and UI. Templates define views. Services provide reusable functionality.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
Through this blog you will get to know more about Angular and AngularJS framework and also the major differences between them.
AngularJS is a JavaScript framework for building single-page web applications. It augments HTML to provide MVC capabilities and allows developers to write dynamic web apps without having to manipulate the DOM directly. AngularJS uses scopes to bind models and views, and filters to format data for display. Directives extend HTML and allow developers to create reusable components. Modules are used to organize code and keep the global namespace clean.
AngularJS is an MVC framework for building dynamic browser-based applications, using two-way data binding between models and views, and dependency injection to separate concerns; it includes routing, directives to extend HTML, services for reusable logic, and animation capabilities to build robust and testable single-page web apps.
This document provides an introduction to Angular, including its history and architecture. Angular is a TypeScript-based front-end framework for building client-side dynamic web applications. It discusses when to use Angular, such as for large complex projects or apps with dynamic content. The document also covers Angular's modules, components, data binding, directives, services and dependency injection.
What are the key distinctions between Angular and AngularJS?Albiorix Technology
What distinguishes Angular from AngularJS? Do they actually differ from one another? Learn more about the distinctions between Angular and AngularJS and also know about what kind of frameworks are, what are their features, and learn about their architecture, and their pros, and cons. Let's know which one is better: Angular Vs AngularJS, in this presentation. Did we miss anything? Please contact us and share your points.
Reference: https://www.albiorixtech.com/blog/angular-vs-angularjs/
The document outlines an agenda for a presentation on AngularJS that covers:
1. An introduction to AngularJS and its core features like two-way data binding, templates, and MVC architecture.
2. Explanations and examples of key AngularJS concepts like directives, expressions, forms, services, modules, routing, and scopes.
3. Discussions of AngularJS advantages like fast development and scalability, and disadvantages like complexity.
4. References for further learning and a question/answer session.
The document outlines an agenda for a presentation on AngularJS that covers:
1. An introduction to AngularJS and its core features like two-way data binding, templates, and MVC architecture.
2. Explanations and examples of key AngularJS concepts like directives, expressions, forms, services, modules, routing, and scopes.
3. Discussions of AngularJS advantages like fast development and scalability, and disadvantages like complexity.
4. References for further learning and a question/answer session.
AngularJS framework primarily transforms static HTML into dynamic HTML. While Angular is a JS-based framework, type script is its core programming language and all the capabilities of JS plus some extra features.
angularjs_vs_angular_the_key_differences_between_javascript_and_typescript.pptxsarah david
The primary distinction between AngularJS and Angular is that AngularJS is built with JavaScript, whereas Angular is built with TypeScript. There are significant similarities between these two open-source front-end frameworks for creating dynamic web applications and SPAs. Let’s have a look at their differences as well.
Through this blog you will get to know more about Angular and AngularJS framework and also the major differences between them.
Angularjs is a client side javascript framework that adds interactivity to HTML. It allows developers to create dynamic and interactive web applications. Some key features include directives, modules, controllers, expressions and data binding. Directives are HTML annotations that trigger javascript behaviors. Modules group application components. Controllers add application logic and behavior. Expressions display dynamic values in the HTML. Angularjs uses MVC architecture with the view being the DOM, controllers handling logic, and models storing data. It also utilizes dependency injection to manage dependencies between components.
The document summarizes an AngularJS workshop that covers AngularJS core principles, building a sample website, and AngularJS 2. It discusses building the sample site from scratch using tools like NodeJS, Bower, and Bootstrap. Key AngularJS concepts covered include modules, views, controllers, directives, routing, promises, and AngularJS 2.0. Hands-on tasks include adding routing, creating a header directive, loading data from a service, and validating a form.
As of Mid to April Ending, I am building a new Reiki-Yoga Series. No worries, they are free workshops. So far, I have 3 presentations so its a gradual process. If interested visit: https://www.slideshare.net/YogaPrincess
https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
Blessings and Happy Spring. We are hitting Mid Season.
Exploring Substances:
Acidic, Basic, and
Neutral
Welcome to the fascinating world of acids and bases! Join siblings Ashwin and
Keerthi as they explore the colorful world of substances at their school's
National Science Day fair. Their adventure begins with a mysterious white paper
that reveals hidden messages when sprayed with a special liquid.
In this presentation, we'll discover how different substances can be classified as
acidic, basic, or neutral. We'll explore natural indicators like litmus, red rose
extract, and turmeric that help us identify these substances through color
changes. We'll also learn about neutralization reactions and their applications in
our daily lives.
by sandeep swamy
A measles outbreak originating in West Texas has been linked to confirmed cases in New Mexico, with additional cases reported in Oklahoma and Kansas. The current case count is 795 from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 95 individuals have required hospitalization, and 3 deaths, 2 children in Texas and one adult in New Mexico. These fatalities mark the first measles-related deaths in the United States since 2015 and the first pediatric measles death since 2003.
The YSPH Virtual Medical Operations Center Briefs (VMOC) were created as a service-learning project by faculty and graduate students at the Yale School of Public Health in response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Each year, the VMOC Briefs are produced by students enrolled in Environmental Health Science Course 581 - Public Health Emergencies: Disaster Planning and Response. These briefs compile diverse information sources – including status reports, maps, news articles, and web content– into a single, easily digestible document that can be widely shared and used interactively. Key features of this report include:
- Comprehensive Overview: Provides situation updates, maps, relevant news, and web resources.
- Accessibility: Designed for easy reading, wide distribution, and interactive use.
- Collaboration: The “unlocked" format enables other responders to share, copy, and adapt seamlessly. The students learn by doing, quickly discovering how and where to find critical information and presenting it in an easily understood manner.
The ever evoilving world of science /7th class science curiosity /samyans aca...Sandeep Swamy
The Ever-Evolving World of
Science
Welcome to Grade 7 Science4not just a textbook with facts, but an invitation to
question, experiment, and explore the beautiful world we live in. From tiny cells
inside a leaf to the movement of celestial bodies, from household materials to
underground water flows, this journey will challenge your thinking and expand
your knowledge.
Notice something special about this book? The page numbers follow the playful
flight of a butterfly and a soaring paper plane! Just as these objects take flight,
learning soars when curiosity leads the way. Simple observations, like paper
planes, have inspired scientific explorations throughout history.
*Metamorphosis* is a biological process where an animal undergoes a dramatic transformation from a juvenile or larval stage to a adult stage, often involving significant changes in form and structure. This process is commonly seen in insects, amphibians, and some other animals.
How to manage Multiple Warehouses for multiple floors in odoo point of saleCeline George
The need for multiple warehouses and effective inventory management is crucial for companies aiming to optimize their operations, enhance customer satisfaction, and maintain a competitive edge.
Odoo Inventory Rules and Routes v17 - Odoo SlidesCeline George
Odoo's inventory management system is highly flexible and powerful, allowing businesses to efficiently manage their stock operations through the use of Rules and Routes.
World war-1(Causes & impacts at a glance) PPT by Simanchala Sarab(BABed,sem-4...larencebapu132
This is short and accurate description of World war-1 (1914-18)
It can give you the perfect factual conceptual clarity on the great war
Regards Simanchala Sarab
Student of BABed(ITEP, Secondary stage)in History at Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 🙏🙏
Ultimate VMware 2V0-11.25 Exam Dumps for Exam SuccessMark Soia
Boost your chances of passing the 2V0-11.25 exam with CertsExpert reliable exam dumps. Prepare effectively and ace the VMware certification on your first try
Quality dumps. Trusted results. — Visit CertsExpert Now: https://www.certsexpert.com/2V0-11.25-pdf-questions.html
The *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responThe *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responses*: Insects can exhibit complex behaviors, such as mating, foraging, and social interactions.
Characteristics
1. *Decentralized*: Insect nervous systems have some autonomy in different body parts.
2. *Specialized*: Different parts of the nervous system are specialized for specific functions.
3. *Efficient*: Insect nervous systems are highly efficient, allowing for rapid processing and response to stimuli.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive in diverse environments.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive
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Infosys Angular Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
1. Top Infosys Angular Interview Questions to Boost Your
Preparation
If you are a fresher preparing for an Angular interview, these Infosys Angular interview questions will help you understand the
basics and boost your confidence.
Preparing for an Infosys Angular interview can feel overwhelming, especially if you're aiming to work with a leading IT giant like
Infosys. But don't worry! This guide will walk you through the recruitment process, from understanding the stages to mastering
the key Angular interview questions designed for Infosys. Whether you’re a fresher or an experienced professional, these tips
and questions will help you ace your Infosys Angular interview. Let’s dive in.
In this Interview Tutorial, we’ll explore the Infosys Angular interview questions and answers, including insights into the
recruitment process, technical rounds, Infosys Angular Interview Questions for Freshers, Infosys Angular Interview Questions
for Experienced, and strategies to excel in your interview.
The Infosys Angular interview process evaluates your ability to develop efficient and scalable web applications using Angular.
You can expect questions on key Angular fundamentals like components, modules, Angular Forms, services, and routing.
Additionally, scenario-based tasks will test your expertise in implementing state management using NgRx or RxJS. You may
also face questions about performance optimization, debugging, and integrating Angular with back-end services.
Understanding Angular testing frameworks like Jasmine and Karma, as well as following best practices, will give you a
competitive edge during the interview.
Infosys Angular Interview Questions For Freshers
What to Expect in the Infosys Angular Interview Process
2. Q.2 Explain MVVM architecture.
Ans: MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) is a software architectural pattern that helps separate the UI logic from business logic,
making applications more maintainable and scalable. It consists of three key components:
Q.1 What is Angular, and what are its key features?
Ans: Angular is a TypeScript-based framework for building single-page applications (SPAs). Its key features include data
binding, dependency injection, directives, routing, and RxJS for reactive programming. It’s widely used for creating scalable
and interactive web apps.
The ViewModel fetches data from the Model and updates the View.
The ViewModel listens for user interactions in the View and updates the Model accordingly.
Data binding ensures that changes in the Model automatically reflect in the View.
Let's implement a simple example where we bind user input to a model using two-way data binding:
The Model represents the application's data structure. It manages data retrieval, storage, and business rules.
The ViewModel acts as an intermediary between the View and Model. It handles user interactions, business logic, and data
transformations before sending them to the View.
The View is the user interface that presents data to users. In Angular, this refers to the HTML templates that display
information from the Model.
2. View
1. Model
3. ViewModel
How MVVM Works:
Example of MVVM in Angular
@Component({
selector: 'app-user',
templateUrl: './user.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./user.component.css']
})
export class UserComponent {
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
3. And the corresponding View ( ):
Ans: The Angular CLI is a command-line tool that simplifies tasks like initializing projects (
serve), generating components (ng generate), and running tests (ng test).
Two-way data binding: The View updates whenever the Model changes, and vice versa.
Separation of concerns: Business logic is managed in the ViewModel, keeping the View clean.
Scalability: Helps in building large applications efficiently.
MVVM architecture enhances modularity and makes code more maintainable in Angular applications.
), serving applications (
Ans: Lifecycle hooks allow you to execute custom logic at specific stages of a component's lifecycle. Common hooks include
ngOnInit, ngOnChanges, ngAfterViewInit, and ngOnDestroy.
Ans: Angular directives are used to manipulate the DOM or extend HTML functionality. Directives can be categorized as
structural (e.g., *ngFor, *ngIf) or attribute (e.g., [ngClass], [ngStyle]).
Ans: Dependency injection is a design pattern in Angular that allows services or dependencies to be provided to components
or other services. This improves modularity and testability.
Ans: Data binding in Angular establishes a connection between the application UI and the business logic. It includes one-way
binding (interpolation and property binding) and two-way binding (via [(ngModel)]). This ensures real-time updates between
the view and the model.
Enter Name:
Welcome, {{ userName }}!
userName: string = 'Shubham';
updateUserName(name: string) {
}
}
this.userName = name;
user.component.html
ng new ng
Key Takeaways:
Q.4 What is data binding in Angular?
Q.8 How does Angular handle forms?
Q.6 What are Angular lifecycle hooks?
Q.3 What is the role of Angular directives?
Q.7 What is dependency injection in Angular?
Q.5 How does Angular CLI simplify development?
4. Ans: Angular provides built-in support for unit testing with Jasmine and end-to-end testing with Protractor. Components and
services are tested using test files, ensuring application reliability and performance.
Ans: Angular supports two types of forms: template-driven forms and reactive forms. Template-driven forms rely on HTML
directives, while reactive forms use the FormControl and FormGroup classes for greater flexibility and validation.
Ans: Angular services are classes designed to share logic or data across multiple components. They are typically used for
business logic and are injected into components using dependency injection.
Ans:Pipes Angular are used to transform data in the template. For example, the uppercase pipe converts text to uppercase,
and the date pipe formats dates. You can also create custom pipes to fit specific needs.
Ans: Angular routing allows navigation between views in a single-page application. It is implemented using the RouterModule,
which maps URLs to components via route configurations.
Ans: Observables, part of RxJS, allow you to handle multiple values over time and provide powerful operators for transforming
and handling asynchronous data streams. On the other hand, promises resolve a single value. Observables are more flexible,
can be canceled, and are ideal for real-time data processing.
@Injectable({
{{ user.dateOfBirth | date:'shortDate' }}
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
Q.13 What are Angular services?
Q.11 What is the purpose of Angular pipes?
Q.10 How is testing done in Angular applications?
Q.9 What is Angular routing, and how is it implemented?
Q.12 What is the difference between observables and promises in Angular?
Example:
Example:
5. Q.15 What are Angular templates?
Ans: Angular templates are HTML files that define the structure and view of a component. They use Angular syntax, like {{
interpolation }} and ngIf, to dynamically render data and respond to user actions.
Q.14 How does Angular handle error handling in HTTP requests?
Ans: Angular uses the HttpClient module to make HTTP requests and the catchError operator from RxJS to catch and handle
errors in the response. Additionally, you can use HttpInterceptorto handle HTTP request errors globally.
Q.16 How can you create a custom structural directive in Angular?
Ans: A custom structural directive in Angular is used to modify the DOM layout by adding or removing elements dynamically. It
is created using the @Directive decorator and the TemplateRef and ViewContainerRef services.
Example:
Example:
Welcome, {{ username }}
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class UserService {
getUser() {
}
}
return { name: 'Shubham', age: 25 };
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
// Example of a Custom Structural Directive
getData() {
this.http.get('api/data').pipe(
catchError(error => {
console.error('Error occurred:', error);
throw error;
})
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
}
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { catchError } from 'rxjs/operators';
6. Click Me
@Input() set appHighlight(condition: boolean) {
if (condition) {
this.viewContainer.createEmbeddedView(this.templateRef);
} else {
this.viewContainer.clear();
}
}
}
// Usage in a Template
// This will display the paragraph only if showContent is true
<p *appHighlight="showContent">This is a highlighted text.</p>
@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private templateRef: TemplateRef, private viewContainer: ViewContainerRef) {}
(event),
Read More: DOM and BOM in JavaScript
Ans: Angular uses event binding to listen to user actions like clicks, key presses, etc. The syntax for event binding is
which links a DOM event to a method in the component class.
Ans: Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern in Angular that allows components and services to receive dependencies
instead of creating them manually. It promotes modularity, reusability, and testability in applications.
In Angular, a dependency is typically a service that provides functionality across multiple components. Instead of manually
instantiating these services, Angular injects them where needed.
Q.17 How does Angular handle event binding?
Q.18 Explain the concept of Dependency Injection.
Example:
Understanding Dependency Injection
7. Example of Dependency Injection
Let’s consider a that displays messages.
We can inject this service into a component to use its functionality:
NotificationService
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-user',
templateUrl: './user.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./user.component.css']
})
export class UserComponent implements OnInit {
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { NotificationService } from '../notification.service';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root' // Makes the service available throughout the app
})
export class NotificationService {
showMessage(message: string) {
}
}
console.log(`Notification: ${message}`);
8. Example:
Example:
Key Takeaways:
Services: Services are marked with @Injectable to make them injectable.
Injection: The service is injected into the component via the constructor.
ProvidedIn: Using providedIn: 'root' ensures the service is available globally.
This approach enables Angular to manage dependencies efficiently, promoting scalability and maintainability.
Ans: ngOnInit isa Component lifecycle hook in Angular that is called after the component is initialized. It's used to perform
component initialization logic like data fetching or setting up subscriptions.
Ans: The Angular compiler converts templates and components into executable JavaScript code. This occurs during the build
phase using AOT (Ahead-of-Time compilation), which improves performance.
Here are some commonly asked Infosys Angular interview questions for 3 years experience. If you have around three years of
experience in Angular, these questions will help you understand the key concepts, best practices, and real-world scenarios you
might face during your interview at Infosys.
Ans: Lazy loading in Angular is a technique to load modules only when they are needed, which reduces the initial load time of
the application. This is especially useful for large applications with multiple routes.
ngOnInit() {
this.fetchData();
ngOnInit() {
}
}
this.notificationService.showMessage('User Component Loaded');
constructor(private notificationService: NotificationService) { }
const routes: Routes = [
{ path: 'home', loadChildren: () => import('./home/home.module').then(m => m.HomeModule) }
];
Q.21 What is ngOnInit in Angular?
Q.20 What is the role of the Angular compiler?
Q.19 What are lazy loading modules in Angular?
Infosys Angular Interview Questions for Intermediates
9. Q.24 What are Angular directives?
Ans: Angular directives are special markers on elements that tell Angular to do something with the DOM. There are three types:
structural directives (e.g., *ngIf, *ngFor), attribute directives (e.g., ngClass, ngStyle), and component directives
(components themselves).
Q.23 What is two-way data binding in Angular?
Ans: Two-way Data binding in Angularallows for synchronization between the component's property and the view. It is
implemented using the [(ngModel)] directive.
Q.25 What is dependency injection in Angular?
Ans: Dependency injection in Angular is a design pattern used to supply dependencies (like services) to components or other
services. Angular’s dependency injection system allows you to keep your code modular and testable.
Q.22 What is the difference between ngOnInit and constructor in Angular?
Ans: ngOnInit is a lifecycle hook called after the component’s constructor, which is used for component initialization, whereas
the constructor is called when the component is instantiated. ngOnInit is best for initialization tasks that depend on input
proper ties.
Q.26 How can you pass data from a parent component to a child component in Angular?
Ans: Data is passed from a parent to a child component using input bindings through the
component.
decorator in the child
}
{{ userName }}
@Input() user: any;
@Input()
Example:
Example:
10. Q.28 What is Angular CLI?
Ans:Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a powerful tool that simplifies development tasks like creating components and
services and managing configurations in an Angular application.
Q.30 What are Angular modules?
Ans: Angular modules are used to group related components, services, and other code. The root module is typically
and additional feature modules can be created to organize an application.
Q.31 What are guards in Angular routing?
Ans: Guards in Angular routing are used to control navigation. You can use guards to prevent or allow navigation based on
conditions like user authentication or authorization. Guards include CanActivate, CanDeactivate, CanLoad, and others.
Q.33 What is the zone.js library in Angular?
Ans: Zone.js is a library used in Angular to manage asynchronous operations. It helps detect changes in the application by
keeping track of asynchronous tasks and ensuring that Angular can update the view when necessary.
Q.32 How do you optimize performance in Angular?
Ans: Performance optimization in Angular can be achieved by techniques such as lazy loading in angular, AOT compilation,
change detection strategy optimization, and trackBy in *ngFor loops.
Q.29 What is the difference between ngIf and ngSwitch?
Ans: ngIf is used to conditionally include or exclude elements from the DOM, while ngSwitch is used to display multiple
elements based on a single expression conditionally.
Q.27 How do you handle error scenarios globally in Angular?
Ans: Global error handling in Angular can be implemented using the ErrorHandler class. Custom error handlers allow you to
centralize error reporting and management.
// Example of Global Error Handler
@Injectable()
export class GlobalErrorHandler implements ErrorHandler {
handleError(error: any): void {
}
}
console.error('An error occurred:', error);
// Custom logic, e.g., logging to a server
@NgModule({
providers: [{ provide: ErrorHandler, useClass: GlobalErrorHandler }]
})
export class AppModule {}
AppModule,
11. Q.34 What is change detection in Angular?
Ans: Change detection in Angular is the process of checking the component’s state and updating the view accordingly.
Angular uses a dirty checking mechanism to determine when to update the DOM based on changes in component properties.
Q.37 What is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation in Angular?
Ans: AOT compilation converts Angular templates into optimized JavaScript code during the build process. This reduces the
application load time and increases performance by eliminating the need for the browser to compile templates at runtime.
Q.35 What is the purpose of the ng-content directive in Angular?
Ans: The ng-content directive in Angular is used for content projection, which allows you to insert external content into a
component’s template. It’s useful for creating reusable components like modals and cards.
Q.36 What is the purpose of Angular's Change Detection mechanism?
Ans: Angular's Change Detection mechanism ensures that the application view reflects the current state of the data model. It
detects changes in the component state and updates the DOM accordingly. Angular uses a zone.js library to intercept
asynchronous operations like HTTP requests or user events and triggers the change detection cycle.
For professionals with experience, these Infosys Angular interview questions for experienced will help you demonstrate your
expertise in Angular, including advanced concepts, best practices, and real-world applications.
Example:
Infosys Angular Interview Questions for Experienced
@Component({
selector: 'app-example',
template: `{{ counter }}`
})
export class AppExample {
counter = 0;
This is projected content
constructor(private cdr: ChangeDetectorRef) {}
incrementCounter() {
}
}
setTimeout(() => {
this.counter++;
this.cdr.detectChanges(); // Manually triggers change detection
}, 1000);
// Example of triggering change detection manually using ChangeDetectorRef
import { Component, ChangeDetectorRef } from '@angular/core';
12. @NgModule({
imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class AppRoutingModule {}
// Example of lazy loading configuration
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';
// Example using Renderer2 to set a class on an element
import { Component, ElementRef, Renderer2 } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-example',
template: `Renderer2 Example`
})
export class AppExample {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {
// Enabling AOT in Angular
// Use the following command to build the application with AOT enabled
ng build --aot
const routes: Routes = [
{ path: 'feature', loadChildren: () => import('./feature/feature.module').then(m => m.FeatureModule) }
];
AOT also catches template errors during the build process, making debugging easier before deployment.
Ans: Angular's Renderer2 service abstracts the DOM manipulation logic, allowing you to modify the DOM safely, even in
environments where direct DOM access is not possible, such as server-side rendering or Web Workers.
Ans: Lazy loading in Angular improves performance by loading modules only when they are needed. You can achieve this
using the loadChildren property in the Angular Router configuration.
Q.39 What is the role of Angular's Renderer2 service?
Q.38 How can you implement lazy loading with Angular routes?
13. @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class GlobalService {
getMessage() {
}
}
return 'Service available globally';
@Component({
selector: 'app-example',
template: `{{ data }}`,
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush
})
export class AppExample {
// Example of providing a service at the component level
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-local',
template: `{{ message }}`,
providers: [LocalService] // Local service provided here
})
export class LocalComponent {
constructor(private localService: LocalService) {
}
}
this.message = this.localService.getMessage();
}
}
this.renderer.setStyle(this.el.nativeElement, 'color', 'blue');
// Example of OnPush change detection
import { Component, ChangeDetectionStrategy, Input } from '@angular/core';
Q.40 What is Angular's Dependency Injection (DI) hierarchy?
Ans: Angular's DI hierarchy allows services to be provided at different levels, such as the root module, feature module, or
component level. The hierarchical structure ensures that child components inherit services provided at a higher level
unless explicitly overridden.
Q.41 How do you optimize Angular applications for performance?
Ans: Optimizing Angular applications involves several techniques, including:
Using AOT compilation to reduce runtime overhead.
Implementing lazy loading for modules.
Using OnPush change detection for immutability.
Minimizing the use of global variables and services.
14. @Input() data: string;
}
@Component({
selector: 'app-form',
template: ``
})
export class FormComponent {
form: FormGroup;
constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
this.form = this.fb.group({
// Example using FormBuilder
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup } from '@angular/forms';
// Example of an Angular interceptor
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpInterceptor, HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
intercept(req: HttpRequest, next: HttpHandler): Observable> {
const clonedRequest = req.clone({ headers: req.headers.set('Authorization', 'Bearer token') });
return next.handle(clonedRequest);
}
}
Read More: Understanding Local and Global Variables in JavaScript
Ans: Securing Angular applications involves:
Using route guards like CanActivate to restrict unauthorized access.
Securing API endpoints with tokens.
Using Angular's DomSanitizer to prevent XSS attacks.
Ans: Angular's FormBuilder simplifies the creation of reactive forms by reducing boilerplate code. It provides methods to
create FormGroup and FormControl.
Ans: Angular interceptors are used to modify HTTP requests or responses globally. They are implemented by creating a
service that implements the HttpInterceptor interface.
Q.43 How can you secure Angular applications?
Q.44 How does Angular's FormBuilder simplify reactive forms?
Q.42 What are Angular interceptors, and how are they implemented?
15. } }
name: ['']
});
@Component({
selector: 'app-user',
template: `User ID: {{ userId }}`
})
export class UserComponent implements OnInit {
userId: string;
constructor(private route: ActivatedRoute) {}
// Example of accessing route parameters
import { ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean {
}
}
return !!localStorage.getItem('userToken'); // Example condition
// Example of CanActivate route guard
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot } from '@angular/router';
ngOnInit() {
}
}
this.userId = this.route.snapshot.paramMap.get('id'); // Accessing parameter using snapshot
Q.45 How does Angular handle route guards?
Ans: Angular route guards, like CanActivate, control navigation based on conditions, ensuring that only authorized users can
access specific routes.
Q.46 How does Angular handle routing with parameters?
Ans: Angular routing allows you to pass parameters in the URL, which can be accessed in the component using the
ActivatedRoute service. Parameters can be optional or required and can be accessed using snapshot or observable methods.
Q.47 What is the difference between Template-Driven Forms and Reactive Forms in
Angular?
Ans: Angular provides two ways to build forms:
16. Ans: The ngOnInit lifecycle hook is called once when the component is initialized, whereas ngAfterViewInit is called after the
component's view has been fully initialized and rendered. Use ngOnInit for initialization logic and ngAfterViewInit for
operations that require interaction with the view.
Template-Driven Forms: Uses Angular directives like ngModel to bind form controls to data models. They are simpler but
less scalable for complex forms.
Reactive Forms:Angular Model-Driven (Reactive) Forms Provide more control and flexibility by using FormGroup and
FormControl objects. Reactive forms are more scalable for larger forms.
@Component({
selector: 'app-example',
template: ``
})
export class ExampleComponent {
form: FormGroup;
ngOnInit() {
}
this.message = 'ngOnInit called';
console.log('ngOnInit called');
constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
}
}
this.form = this.fb.group({
name: ['']
});
ngAfterViewInit() {
this.message += ' and ngAfterViewInit called';
console.log('ngAfterViewInit called');
// Example of reactive form with FormBuilder
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup } from '@angular/forms';
// Example showing ngOnInit and ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hooks
import { Component, OnInit, AfterViewInit } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-lifecycle',
template: `{{ message }}`
})
export class LifecycleComponent implements OnInit, AfterViewInit {
message: string;
Q.48 What is the difference between Angular's ngOnInit and ngAfterViewInit lifecycle
hooks?
17. }
}
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
constructor(private router: Router) {}
// Example of an attribute directive
import { Directive, ElementRef, Renderer2 } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {
}
}
this.renderer.setStyle(this.el.nativeElement, 'backgroundColor', 'yellow');
canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean {
} }
const isAuthenticated = !!localStorage.getItem('authToken'); // Check authentication status
if (!isAuthenticated) {
this.router.navigate(['/login']);
return false;
}
return true;
// Example of using route guards for authorization
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, Router } from '@angular/router';
Q.50 How do you implement authentication and authorization in Angular?
Ans: Authentication and authorization in Angular can be handled using services that interact with a backend API for login and
role validation. You can secure routes with route guards to restrict access based on user roles and authentication status.
Common techniques include using JWT tokens for authentication.
Q.49 What are Angular Directives, and how do they differ from Components?
Ans: Angular directives are classes that allow you to manipulate the DOM in various ways, such as creating custom behavior or
altering the appearance of elements. They are classified into three types: Structural Directives (e.g., *ngIf, *ngFor), Attribute
Directives (e.g., ngClass, ngStyle), and Component Directives.
Components are a type of directive with a template, while other directives do not have their own templates.
18. Ans:
Ans: Angular supports PWAs using the
experiences using service workers.
: Defines reusable HTML templates that are rendered dynamically.
: Groups multiple elements without adding extra DOM nodes.
Ans: NgRx is a reactive state management library for Angular. Implementation steps:
Install NgRx: ng add @ngrx/store.
Define actions, reducers, and selectors.
Ans: Angular Universal enables SSR, improving SEO and performance. To implement SSR:
Install Angular Universal: ng add @nguniversal/express-engine.
Build the app: npm run build:ssr.
Run the server: npm run serve:ssr.
Ans: Angular handles memory leaks using automatic garbage collection. However, developers should follow best practices:
Unsubscribe from Observables using takeUntil or async pipe.
Detach event listeners to avoid reference leaks.
Use ngOnDestroy() to clean up subscriptions.
Limit DOM element manipulations and use trackBy in *ngFor.
Ans: The trackBy function in *ngFor improves performance by preventing unnecessary DOM updates. Instead of re-rendering
the entire list when data changes, it updates only the modified elements.
Ans: Web Workers in Angular run JavaScript in the background, preventing UI blocking. They improve performance by handling
heavy computations separately. Angular provides Web Workers using ng generate web-worker.
Ans: Angular's ViewEncapsulation controls how styles are applied to components. It helps encapsulate styles within a
component to avoid conflicts with global styles. Angular provides three types of encapsulation:
Emulated (default): Uses scoped styles but allows inheritance.
ShadowDom: Uses native shadow DOM for true encapsulation.
None: Applies styles globally.
JWT tokens are typically stored in localStorage or sessionStorage for client-side authentication, and the backend verifies the
token before granting access to protected routes.
package. PWAs provide offline support, faster loading, and app-like
Q.53 What is the role of trackBy in Angular's *ngFor directive?
Q.51 What is the purpose of the Angular ViewEncapsulation feature?
Q.57 What is the purpose of ng-template and ng-container in Angular?
Q.56 How does Angular handle progressive web applications (PWAs)?
Q.58 How do you implement state management in Angular using NgRx?
Q.52 How does Angular handle memory leaks, and how can they be prevented?
Q.55 What are Web Workers in Angular, and how can they improve performance?
Q.54 How do you implement a server-side rendering (SSR) with Angular Universal?
ng-template
ng-container
@angular/pwa
19. Use
(a) Two-way data binding
(b) Dependency Injection
(c) Component-based architecture
(d) All of the above
View Answer ⬇
to dispatch and select state updates.
Read More: Angular Interview Questions and Answers
Ans: Secure authentication token handling involves:
Storing tokens in HttpOnly cookies instead of localStorage.
Using Interceptor to add tokens to API requests.
Implementing expiration checks and auto-logout mechanisms.
(a) AngularJS is based on JavaScript, while Angular is based on TypeScript
(b) AngularJS uses controllers, while Angular uses components
(c) Angular is faster and supports mobile development
(d) All of the above
View Answer ⬇
Ans: Standalone components simplify Angular development by removing the need for
Faster loading with tree shaking.
Easier code maintenance.
Better modularization and reusability.
. Benefits include:
This article covers the Top 50 Infosys Angular Interview Questions for freshers, intermediates, and experienced candidates. It
highlights key Angular concepts such as dependency injection, routing, Angular modules, change detection, and lazy loading.
These questions are designed to test your understanding of Angular's core features and practical implementations, ensuring
you're well-prepared for your Infosys interview. Detailed answers with examples are provided to help you grasp and apply
Angular concepts efficiently. Whether you're new to Angular or preparing for an advanced role, this guide is a valuable resource
for success.
Enhance your skills with the Angular Certification Online Training from ScholarHat. Master Angular through hands-on projects
and expert insights to accelerate your career growth!
Store
NgModule
Q 3: What are Angular lifecycle hooks?
Q 1: What are the key features of Angular?
Q 2: What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?
Q.59 What are the benefits of using standalone components in Angular?
Q.60 How can you handle authentication tokens securely in an Angular application?
Summary
Infosys Angular Interview Questions
20. (a) Using Template-driven forms
(b) Using Reactive forms
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
View Answer ⬇
(a) Functions that execute during the component lifecycle
(b) A feature that speeds up Angular applications
(c) Methods to manage API calls
(d) A tool for debugging components
View Answer ⬇
(a) To share data between components
(b) To handle API calls
(c) To implement business logic separately from components
(d) All of the above
View Answer ⬇
Q 5: What is the purpose of Angular Services?
Q 4: How does Angular handle form validation?