A fine mess: Bricolaged forest governance in Cameroon
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This document summarizes a study on forest governance in Cameroon. It finds: 1) Forest product value chains operate in dynamic settings with overlapping formal and informal institutions, referred to as "institutional bricolage." 2) Different governance arrangements, from statutory regulations to customary rules to project standards, influence the various non-timber forest product chains. Governance is weakest for gum arabic and bamboo chains. 3) Actors in the chains adapt to this complex environment by creatively shaping new governance arrangements or modifying existing ones to meet livelihood needs, in a process called "productive bricolage."
A fine mess: Bricolaged forest governance in Cameroon
- 1. A fine mess: Bricolaged forest governance in Cameroon 1 Sustainable Markets & Chains Group, Agricultural Economics Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centres, PO Box 29703, 2502 LS, Den Haag [email protected] 2 Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam [email protected] 3 African Studies Centre, Leiden [email protected] Verina Ingram1,2, Mirjam Ros Tonen2 & Ton Dietz2,3 Capturing Critical Institutionalism 18 – 19 April 2013, Kings College, London
- 2. Aims • Disentangle the “fine mess” of institutional bricolage by introducing and characterising different forest product governance arrangements and institutions. • Impacts of how they interact and their combined impacts on the sustainable livelihoods of those involved in NTFP value chains. • Challenges and opportunities for development and conservation policy, using examples of successes and failures.
- 3. Silent chain “actors” with little voice in formal governance arrangements, who act to create their own ‘’messy’’ arrangements Laurel & Hardy Silver screen stars c.1920-1940 Moses & Pa Pygeum hoe handle traders, c.1990-2009
- 5. Value chains • Value chains of products – from the forest in Cameroon that move through harvesters, processors, traders and retailers to consumers worldwide - operate in very dynamic, changing and complex settings. • Alongside legal pluralism, messy with overlapping and multiple layers of institutions, the configurations of which have changed over time, there are voids where no institutions govern certain practices of access to resources and markets and the chains themselves. Some actors, notably NGOs, project-related and market-based actors, fulfil roles normally the reserve of the state. In other chains the state performs it duties, in others not, and customary authorities, projects, civil society and voluntary govern.
- 6. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Statutory regualtion Voluntary/market standards Customary regulation Corruption Involuntary standards Score 10 = strong governance 0 = weak governance NTFP Chain Apiculture Gnetum Irvingia Prunus Cola Raphia Bamboo Gum arabic The fine mess…. Governance arrangements of NTFP chains
- 7. Traditional & customary laws Statutory law ‘bricolage’ Regulatory authorities national and provincial ministries, local councils, implementing agencies Traditional authorities Chiefs, customary councils, courts Community forest management institutions ‘Project’ rules NGOs & donors ‘Voluntary’ and ‘supplier’ rules voids voids voids voids International organizations Conventions Who’s in the mess ? Certification bodies & companies
- 9. Bricoleurs for actors in forest product value chains, they are forced to stay, and become even more adept bricoleurs. They make the best of the arrangements in which they both find themselves, and creatively use capitals available, building on natural capital to construct new governance arrangements and/or remould existing ones aiming to meet their current objectives, circumstances and livelihoods. This situation reflects notions of institutional bricolage: the dynamic and multiple identities of the bricoleurs and multi-purpose institutional arrangements and the crafting arrangements which advance livelihoods, individually and collectively. Reflects productive bricolage with its focus on livelihoods as the flexible and dynamic crafting of livelihood options and associated impacts on landscapes.
- 11. Successes and failures • Prunus failure
- 12. A story about 18 community forests in the mountains of Cameroon, bark, old men's disease and money…
- 13. A sweet, sticky, more sustainable story of bricolage in the apiculture (honey, wax, propolis etc.) chain in Adamaoua, Cameroon
- 14. Policy challenges and opportunities • Dealing with Pluralism • Hybrids • Time to show impacts and learning • Hearing silent voices • Dealing with conflicts • Recognising customary institutions laws that work • development and conservation policy,
- 15. Biodiversity ater the variety of plants and animals, the greater the genetic diversity.
- 16. Thank you!