Integrated pest management of fruit fly (bactrocera cucurbitae ) in vegetables crops nepal,himal bhusal final print

Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Fly
(Bactrocera cucurbitae ) in vegetables crops in
Nepal
Presented by:
Himal Bhusal
888809084
MSc. Ag in Plant Science
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1

The Country
 Land locked country
 Bordering countries:
 China (Tibet): North
 India: East, south and west
 Geographical region: (3)
 Altitude ranges from 75
meters to 8,848m
NEPAL
Major crops :
Rice, Wheat, Maize, vegetables,
potatoes and fruits.
Vegetables Productivity (33,01,684 Mt. 13.4
m/t)
Pesticide Consumption by vegetables
1.604693 a.i.Kg/ha.
< 80% chemical pesticides are use in
vegetables
( Source: DoA 2015)

Introduction
 Insect pests are realised one of the major important production
constraints .
 B. cucurbitae is a very serious pest of cucurbit crops, its native
range (tropical Asia) and in introduced areas such as the
Hawaiian Islands.
 High potential risk of its introduction to a new area
 Easily disperse due to its high reproductive potential
 high biotic potential (short life cycle of 3-5 weeks, up to 10
generations of offspring per year)
 Damage levels up to 100%
3

Distribution and invasion history of fruit fly (Bactrocera
cucurbitae)
4
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553480/

B. cucurbitae, the melon fly, is now found in more
than 40 countries.
with High quarantine significance
5
Source: https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17683
EPPO (European and
Mediterranean Plant
Protection Organization)
APPPC (Asia and Pacific Plant
Protection Commission)
COSAV (Comité de Sanidad
Vegetal del Cono Sur)
CPPC (Caribbean Plant
Protection Commission),
Agropecuaria) countries.

Polyphagous, Dipterous
insect,
Wide host: over 125
plants, Pumpkin, bottle
gourd, cucumber etc.
Commonly identified
species: Melon fly
It completes its life cycle
from 4 stages.
The pest is active almost all
season, however, peak
infestation occurs in
summer
Pic.source: CPC2006

Insect biology
 Eggs is elliptical, 2 mm long
are laid in groups under the
skin of young fruits
 Only the larvae typical
dipterous maggots up to 10-
12 mm long body length, are
damaging stage
 Full grown larvae stop
feeding, come out of fruit.
 Pupation usually occurs in
the soil. There may be as
many as 8 to 10 generations
a year.
• Adult is a brown fly with 8-
10 mm in body length.
Wings are hyaline with a
dark brown costal stripe
 Development period from
egg to adult ranges from 12
to 28 days.
 The female may lay as
many as 1,000 eggs.
 The eggs are deposited in
cavities created by the
female using its
sharp ovipositor .
7

Damage symptom
 Only the maggot directly cause damage
 Make tunnel in the fruit, contaminating them with
their cast skins
 Provide entry point for fungi, bacteria with cause
fruit rot
 Young fruit are easily destroyed in a few days, older
fruit show less obvious symptoms
 Cutting open they are found to contain mass of
maggots in the pulp
 Fruit fly is a problematic in field conditions since its
maggot feed inside the fruit so, application of
insecticide is not practical

9
Fig. 1. Incidence and infestation of fruit fly on pointed gourd during
summer season in Nepal
(Source : PPD/ DoA Nepal 2015)

Management strategies
 Management of pests is utmost important.
 Chemicals are the chief means of pest
management in Nepal in the absence of other
alternatives.
 The integration of different approach of pest
management is realised from all corner as a means
of integrated pest management (IPM).
Minimum hazards to the parasitoids, predators
and other non-target organisms along with the
environment.
10

]Chemical
Biological Cultural
Mechanical
Physical
Quarantine
Integrated
FARMER

Management stra….
 Use physical barrier:
Warp the soft fruits of pumpkin, cucumbers with small
piece of cloths plastic bag, paper bag( ensure aeration
to enclosed fruits), it is practical in small scale
Field sanitation is utmost important as the decayed
fruits
 Rotten fruits should be dipped into the water or
buried into the soil which cause death of maggots.
12

Use pheromone trap:
Install pheromone traps with Cue-lure (3-5 traps/ha)
along with suitable insecticide ( malathion) to attract.
Cue-lure attracts B. cucurbitae male
13

Management stra….
 Use food lure:
Keep food lure (crush @ 1 kg pumpkin and add 100 gm of
jaggery and 10 ml malathion) in crop fied @ 20 spot s /ha
Adults are attracted to the fermented pumpkin and lay eggs
and get killed
• Use plant extracts:
Use extracts of neem fruits (Azadirachta indica ), Zinger,
tobacco extracts to repel, kill female flies.
• Use baits: Apply protein bait sprays (malathion+
hydroysed protein + water) @ few spots in a field to kill the
flies attracted.
• Soil treatments: Treat root zone soil of the plants with
malathion 5% dust @ 20 Kg /ha or Neem cake @250 kg/ha
to kill hibernating pupae.
14

 Up-scaling of IPM technology and production area
and Marketing of IPM Product
 Approval of IPM Policy and IPM GAP Standard
 Bio and botanical pesticide
 Use of trained manpower
 Norms and module
 Coordination and cooperation of line agencies

 IPM practices has been given high priority in National program.
 Bio-pesticide promotion directives prepared.
 IPM production area is increasing
 IPM Product is coming in the market.
 It created awareness among the farmers on the concept ,principles
and methods of IPM and has educated them on ecology based crop
production in vegetables and high value crops
 It also initiated a process of institutionalization and mainstreaming of
IPM within the regular activities of DoA in Nepal.
Activities and achievements

Conclusion:
 IPM techniques can be used as holistic and eco friendly approach to
control fruit fly.
 Combination of two or more methods can be done to make IPM
system more Effective.
Points to remember:
 Monitor for pests and ‘pest-conducive’ conditions
 Prevent Pests: Use sanitation, maintenance and good
horticultural practices
 Determine your Threshold: Is it really a pest? How many is too
many?
 Use multiple pest control methods that eliminate pest access
to food, water, shelter.
 Keep records.
17

Single tree does not make a forest
Co-operation
co-ordination
and concentration
are
indispensable

ABSTRACT
Vegetable production is one of the backbone in Nepalese agriculture sector. Every year the area
as well as production of vegetable commodities are increasing. Cucurbiteous vegetables are
growing all year round in seasonal and off seasonal under different agro ecological belts in Nepal.
But this vegetable production is major threatened by one of the most destructive key pest which is
known as fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae ). The adult is brown fly , wings are hyaline with a dark
brown costal stripe extended right up to tip of the wings. Eggs are laid in groups under the skin of
young fruits. The larvae are typical dipterous maggots. The maggots make tunnels in the fruit ,
contaminating them with their excreta and cast skins. The full grown maggots stop feeding and
come out of the fruits for pupation. They pupate in soil. The management of fruit fly is considered
to be problematic in field condition since its maggots feed inside the fruit where application of
insecticide is not practical. Very important such as combine stratagems i.e. IPM tools for fruit fly
management within home country and are made accessible to sustainable production of
cucurbitaceous vegetables. IPM has been widely accepted technology transfer plate form for
policy makers, academicians, technicians and farmers in Nepal. Efforts to further expand IPM
practices and technologies in vegetable growing areas are continuing.
19

 Agriculture diary, 2018. Government of Nepal. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development.
Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal.
 Annual progress report 2015, Plant protection directorate, Department of Agriculture,
Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal.
 Paneru, R.B and Y.P Giri, 2011. Management of economically important agricultural and household
pests Nepal.
 Pouel,Sulav and Sah,lalit (2016).Development and Dissemination of Vegetable IPM Practices and
Packages in Nepal, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310841804.
 R. Maharjan et al.,2015 Monitoring and varietal screening cucurbit of fruit fly , Bacrtocera
cucurbitae coquillett (Diptera: on cucumber in Bhaktapur and kathmandu, Nepal On Int J Appl
Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 714-720DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13988
 Sharma.Dilli Ram,2015. Technical paper , Use pesticide and its residue on vegetable crops in
Nepal. The journal of agriculture and environment vol:16, June .
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553480/ ,Accessed 2018 December.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305999564_Fruit_Fly_Surveillance_in_Nepal Accessed
2018 December. 20
Bibliography:

Table 1.
LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES IN NEPAL
S.N. Name of pesticides Year
1 Chlordane 2001
2 Dieldrin 2001
3 Aldrin 2001
4 Mirex 2001
5 Lindane 2001
6 Phosphamidon 2001
7 DDT 2001
8 Endrin 2001
S.N. Name of pesticides Year
9 Heptachlor 2001
10 BHC 2001
11 Organo mercury 2001
Fungicids
12 Toxaphene 2001
13 Monochrotophos 2006
14 Methyle parathion 2006
15 Endosulfan 2012
16 Phorate 2015
Source: PPD, 2015

Crops Total
Pesticide
a.i.kg
Total Area
(ha)
Quantity
(a.i.kg/ha)
Cereals 43.975 953.379 0.046125
Vegetables 513.967 320.290 1.604693
Cash Crops 12.921 69.266 0.186542
Pulses 2.178 42.916 0.05075
Fruits 1.952 66.880 0.029187
Total 574.993 1452.730
Pesticide Consumption by Crop
Source: PPD, 2015
Table 2.

Integrated pest management of fruit fly (bactrocera cucurbitae ) in vegetables crops nepal,himal bhusal final print

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