Integrating research and e learning in advance computer architecture

 Here we present methods in teaching advanced
computer architecture courses. These methods
include presenting fundamental computer
architecture issues using e-learning; employing
visual aids to teach fundamentals concepts like
Caches, pipelining and scheduling.
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 Advance Computer Architecture usually combines software and
hardware approaches that increase the performance of
microprocessor design.
 Main concepts in this courses includes measuring performance,
Instruction Set Design, Memory Hierarchy and Caches, Pipelining
and its Hazards, Instruction Level Parallelism, I/O storage, and
latest contemporary computer architecture issues.
 By using these concepts this course also presents the quantitative
approaches to measure the feasibility.
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 These approaches also measure the performance emphasizing on
the differences between hardware and software approaches.
 There are several books available on Computer Architecture
concepts.
 Hennessy and Patterson’s are the one who gives a comprehensive
documentation on most of computer architecture topics.
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Concepts for e-learning are
 Cache Associativity
 Superscalar microprocessors.
 Dynamic scheduling algorithms.
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 Definition
 It is the easy control of direct mapping cache and a fully associative
cache.
 Each cache location can have more than one pair of tag and data
item that resides at same location in cache memory.
 If one cache location is holding two pair of tag and data item that is
called two-way set associative cache.
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 A 2-way set associative cache
having 8 lines will have 4 sets
and each set has two lines.
 Figures show the set
associativity explain
 This approach presents the
cache to be split into number of
sets and each set has equal
number of lines.
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Visual aid made the concepts easy to understand and we
can easily explained our point by adding visual aids and
graphics
 Pipelining and its hazards
 Superscalar design
 Instruction Level Parallelism
 Dynamic Scheduling.
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 Pipelining
 A Pipelining is a series of stages, where some work is done at each
stage in parallel.
 The stages are connected one to the next to form a pipe
instructions enter at one end, progress through the stages, and exit
at the other end.
 pipelining hazards
 Prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from
being executing during its designated clock cycle.
 Hazards reduce the performance from the ideal speedup
gained by pipelining
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 DLX is simple pipelining
architecture for CPU.
 This is the seven clock cycle
that is required to execute the
instruction
K+(n-1) cycle
 The pipeline could be also
shown in terms of cycles,
meaning display the events at
each clock cycle
DLX pipeline Starting stage
DLX pipeline 2nd instruction
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Pipelining hazards
 For pipeline hazards, the visual aid could show bubbles
inserted in the pipeline figure show bubbles and data
forwarded using arrows.
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 The concept of superscalars can also be explained with the
visual aids.
 This figure show a 2-way issues for a DLX superscalar
machine
 where one pipeline is assigned for integer and the other for
floating-point operations. Note that floating-point operation
takes 3 cycles to execute.
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 Definition
 Instruction level parallelism (ILP) is a measure of how
many of the instructions in a computer program can
be executed simultaneously.
 In Dynamic scheduling hardware determines which
instructions to execute,
 ILP and Dynamic Scheduling is made easy by using
visual aid.
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Tomasula’s algorithm
 It is a computer architecture hardware algorithm for
dynamic scheduling of instructions.
 It allows out-of-order execution and enables more efficient
use of multiple execution units.
 At cycle =0 five instructions
scheduled
 Student re-write each cycle
result.
 This idea involve the
student in the process of
learning and solving the
problem.
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 Advanced Computer Architecture is
rich with new topics that are in the
research stage.
 The student must be aware of these
topics before completing any advanced
computer architecture course.
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 Advanced Computer Architecture is rich with
advanced topics. The most advanced way of
learning is through visual aids and e-learning.
Future trends in teaching Computer Architecture
may lead to e-learning at a distance.
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 http://web.cs.iastate.edu/~prabhu/Tutorial/PIPELINE/ha
zards.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasulo_algorithm
 https://kb.iu.edu/d/aett
 http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/cache/funcMapping-
c.html
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Integrating research and e learning in advance computer architecture

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