Internet of things: review, architecture and applications

Computer Science and Information Technologies
Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 31~38
ISSN: 2722-3221, DOI: 10.11591/csit.v3i1.pp31-38  31
Journal homepage: http://iaesprime.com/index.php/csit
Internet of things: review, architecture and applications
Tanweer Alam
Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Islamic University of Madinah, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 7, 2021
Revised Jan 28, 2022
Accepted Feb 9, 2022
Devices linked to the internet of things (IoT) may communicate with one
another in several settings. Furthermore, rather of relying on an existing
centralized system, users may develop their own network by using wireless
capabilities. This kind of network is known as a wireless mobile ad hoc
network. The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) enables IoT devices to
connect with one another in an unstructured networked environment. IoT
devices may connect, establish linkages, and share data on a continuous
basis. In this system, the cloud's purpose is to store and analyze data
acquired from IoT devices. One of the most significant challenges in cloud
computing has been identified as information security, and its resolution will
result in an even bigger increase in cloud computing usage and popularity in
the future. Finally, the goal of this project is to create a framework for
facilitating communication between IoT devices in a Cloud and MANET
context. Our major contribution is a ground-breaking research initiative that
combines cloud computing with the MANET and connects the internet of
things. This research might be used to the IoT in the future.
Keywords:
Cloud computing
Internet of things
Mobile Ad-Hoc networks
Smart devices
Wireless communication
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Tanweer Alam
Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Madinah
Abo Bakr Al Siddiq, Al Jamiah, Medina 42351, Saudi Arabia
Email: tanweer03@iu.edu.sa
1. INTRODUCTION
A worldwide network for the knowledge society, the internet of things (IoT) is a network that
connects (physical and virtual) things across digital networks that is currently under development and makes
use of existing and new interoperable communication and information platforms. The IoT is a network that
connects all of humanity's devices to the rest of the world through the Internet. Among the IoT's many
applications are remote connection, mobile sensor networks, computer systems, 2G/3G/4G, GSM/GPRS,
RFID/Wi-Fi/GPRS, GPS, microcontrollers, and microprocessors, among others. As "Internet of Things"
facilitators, they're well-known in the industry [1]. Approximately 75 billion smart devices will be connected
to the internet by 2025 [2]. Figure 1 depicts the proliferation of IoT devices from 2015 to 2025.
This evolutionary method enables users to swiftly scale up or down their requirements with
minimum involvement from the service provider. The use of mobile technology has increased in popularity
over the last many years [3], [4]. The number of smart devices available on the market is increasing at an
alarming pace [5]. Smart devices have the ability to communicate data to any other active devices connected
to a wireless network [6], [7]. When a smart device does not have enough information to selectively transmit
a request, it broadcasts the request to all of its neighbors [8], [9]. It is the most important characteristic of ad
hoc networks [10] of smart communication devices [11] to ensure their security, which is achieved via the
use of encryption and decryption keys. Smart gadgets offer a variety of benefits, including context awareness,
increased computational power, and independence from a single energy source [12].

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Figure 1. IoT devices growth between 2015-2025
As far as IoT is concerned, everything can be linked to the worldwide communication and
information network. IoT is able to deliver stuff-related services within the limitations of objects, such as
protection of privacy and conceptual continuity among physical objects and their corresponding electronic
activities. With the attempt to deliver things-related resources under the limitations of life, all technology in
the physical world and the knowledge environment must adjust. IoT devices are diverse based on various
mobile platforms and infrastructure. These can communicate with other devices or service platforms over
various platforms. The state of the devices changes continuously, e.g., resting and wake up, linked and/or
disconnected, and the scope of the equipment, involving position and velocity. In addition, the number of
devices will change continuously. The number of devices that need to be handled and interact with each other
would be at least significantly greater than the devices connected to the current Network. The management of
the data generated and their analysis for application purposes would be even more important.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
When physical objects were first linked together, it signaled a new phase in the development of the
internet of things, which started in 2008. The physical goods are connected to a smart database that contains
intelligent data [13]. For companies and customers, the framework makes use of image recognition
technology to distinguish real-world items, such as buildings and people [14]. It also recognizes brands and
locations, among other things. At this point, the IoT is migrating from information-based technology to
operational-based technology, i.e. from IPV4 (machine-to-machine) to IPV6 (internet of things) networking
(machine-to-machine). A smart grid [15] is a system that includes sensors, smart devices, and interfaces to
provide energy and other services. A rising number of sensors and sensor networks [16] are now able to
communicate with one another over the Internet and the World Wide Web. Machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication [17] is the core technology for data transfer among sensors and is the most widely used. An
increasing variety of tools are being developed to assist in the conversion of embedded machine-to-machine
communication concepts into operational systems [18]. In a larger sense, each of the previous clients is
worried about the risks and challenges associated with cloud computing that might prevent them from
achieving their objectives [19].
Figure 2 shows the framework of IoT. The following are the components of the internet of things:
i) Identifiers [20], ii) Sensors [21], iii) Communications [22], iv) Computations, v) Services, vi) Semantics.
Three technologies have contributed to the expansion of the internet of things. Using the ubiquitous
computing architecture [23] intelligent physical entities are capable of executing on the platform. In addition
to supporting machine-to-machine communication [24], [25] the internet protocol (IPv6) is based on
ubiquitous computing and enables ubiquitous computing. When it comes to connecting billions of smart
devices, the IPv4 internet has its limitations [26]. On the other hand, the IPv6 internet enables billions of
smart devices to be securely linked [27]-[37].

Comput Sci Inf Technol ISSN: 2722-3221 
Internet of things: review, architecture and applications (Tanweer Alam)
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These technologies should be updated on a regular basis in order to facilitate the evolution of the
internet of smart devices. This includes multi-sensor frameworks that can be used to store, compute, analyze,
and process data while using the least amount of space and energy. Most significantly, this study develops a
unique secure communication paradigm for the IoT that makes use of cloud computing and mobile ad-hoc
network (MANET) technology [38] as its foundation. It is based on three primary criteria that the
communication security concept is implemented in the design of the IoT architecture [39].
a. In a distributed system, it is difficult to manage data from millions of sensors in a centralized framework
for smart device collecting.
b. Controlling the resources of a big network capable of collecting environmental data from one central
location is difficult.
b. To handle sensors that examine the same data simultaneously in a centralized framework is quite tough.
Figure 2. IoT framework
A computer paradigm known as cloud computing is widely used nowadays. Parallel computation,
grid computation, distributed computation, and various computing paradigms, among others, have all
contributed to this breakthrough. Three major cloud computing administration models are a software as a

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service (SaaS), platform as service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) [40]. End users that use
software for their day-to-day operations and are ready to pay a monthly subscription price make up the
primary market for software as a service (SaaS). Application developers are the key benefactors of platform-
as-a-service since they require platforms on which to build software or applications. Infrastructure as a
service (IaaS) is a kind of cloud computing service that is mainly aimed towards network architects that want
infrastructure services. The internet of smart devices [41] is the most important component of cloud
communication security challenges and hazards. A number of security challenges and hazards were explored
in this article, including In the first instance, service disruption as a consequence of an attack is a concern.
External attacks on the cloud have lately been attributed to a number of high-profile security breaches. As a
consequence, cloud service providers must step up their efforts to prevent cyberattacks in order to mitigate
the severity of these attacks. The second problem is the use of denial of service (DoS) attacks. In order to be
effective, it must be unique, frequent, and simple to execute. When it comes to distinguishing between illegal
and legitimate packets, there is an issue to contend with. These attacks, of course, need temporal
coordination, which might be accomplished by inexperienced hackers utilizing simple programs and
instruments. This will result in a deluge of packets being directed towards the targeted service provider,
which will cause it to become inaccessible. In order to cope with the mitigation of such hazards, many
technologies may be used [42].
3. RESEARCH METHOD
The intrusion detection system is an example of this sort of technological advancement. In the face
of persistent dangers, it proves to be an effective piece of software. A hybrid intrusion detection system that
can survive a broad variety of attacks is currently being developed [43]. Service hijacking is the third issue to
be concerned about. Since service hijacking is a serious issue that threatens service confidentiality, integrity,
and availability, it's important to bring it to the public's notice. Software weaknesses and specialized tools are
routinely used by hackers to get access to passwords and usernames. Attackers will have total access to the
cloud service, making it vulnerable to compromise. Some of these attacks may be avoided by limiting the
transmission of personal information like passwords and usernames. The next degree of difficulty and danger
is posed by attacks on the virtual machine (VM) itself. VM technologies are required by cloud service
providers since the cloud environment is built on virtualization. A hypervisor is one of these tools, and it's in
charge of running and maintaining virtual computers on a network. For service providers, the first step in
using hypervisors should be a comprehensive assessment of all the potential issues. As the last step, cloud
service providers must extensively analyze their security models. Cloud multitenancy is the next step. The
cloud environment enhances client satisfaction by using shared resources. Multi-tenancy is used by cloud
service providers to make the idea of sharing a reality [44], [45]. As a software architecture, it ensures that all
of the available resources are used to their fullest degree.
To recognize and link adjacent smart devices, the cloud-MANET architecture of the IoT uses smart
device-to-smart device communication. Since there is no need for a centralized infrastructure, cloud-MANET
architecture is the way to go for the internet of things. The present cellular network cannot link smart devices
without a central infrastructure, regardless of how close they are in proximity. The recommended solution
will be particularly effective in the machine-to-machine (M2M) networks because of the large number of
devices that are in close proximity to one another. According to this, it is possible to save energy, utilize
frequencies, and maximize utilization efficiency by employing the MANET paradigm in smart device-to-
smart-device communications. As a means of enhancing the capabilities of smart devices, MANET models
may use cloud-based services for communication between devices. For example, cloud-based services will be
used by smart device users to identify devices, decrease useable data in large amounts of data (such as videos
and photographs), and analyze movies, images, and text, among others. It is my hope that the architecture I
propose in this study will be useful in a 5G heterogeneous network for improving MANET and cloud
computing capabilities on the internet of smart devices. Devices like smartphones and tablets would be
considered service nodes in this design. This strategy also covers the security, reliability, and vulnerability of
the communication system [46], [47].
4. SMART DEVICE COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK
The smart device communication architecture incorporates a number of different levels of Internet
of Things-supporting technologies. Using this method, you may demonstrate how different technologies
communicate with one another while also showing the interoperability, flexibility, and compatibility of IoT
implementations in diverse situations.

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4.1. Application layer
The application layer of the standard IoT framework is supposed to be the top layer. Consumers'
needs are met by each layer, which delivers services that are tailored to their needs. The major purpose of this
layer is to bridge the gap that exists between users and programs. In addition, it brings together the industry
to deliver high-level smart application-type applications such as emergency control, safety control, and
transfer as well as property, health, and environmental management [48]. It also brings together the industry
to deliver strategic management for all smart-type solutions [49].
4.2. Service support and application support layer
Many features appear in the second tier, which is comprised of service management and application
support, such as IoT supply chain management, which includes business process modeling and business
process execution, system structure features, which include business structure and system improvisation, and
digital enterprise features, which include VE resolution and VE system, to name a few.
4.3. Network communication layer
The purpose of such a layer would be to collect important evidence in the form of electrical
impulses from the sensing layer and transmit it to the middleware layer processing systems over wireless
networks such as Wi-Fi, wireless, WiMAX, Zigbee, GSM, 3G, and other similar technologies. Media
transport protocols such as IPv4, IPv6, MQTT, DDS, and others are used to convey data.
4.4. Smart device/sensor layer
This layer is made up of smart devices that are connected to the detectors. These detectors bridge the
gap between the digital and physical worlds, allowing for the collection and analysis of data in real time.
Sensors are available in a variety of forms and sizes, and they have a wide range of uses. This kind of sensor
might be used to measure a variety of factors such as temperatures, air pollution levels, velocity, moisture,
stress levels, wind speeds, motion, and energy, to name a few. In certain situations, they may also possess an
awareness aptitude that enables them to measure a number of different quantities at once. The sensor is
capable of computing the physical object and converting it into a signal that can be understood by a tool. The
job of transmitters is divided into many categories.
Due to the large number of smart items that will be connected to the Internet, each one will require a
unique address in order to connect and share data. The following phases are involved in the communication
between smart devices in the IoT architecture: i) Addressing and identifiers: Because billions of smart items
will be connected to the Internet, each one will require a unique address in order to connect and share data.
To do this, a vast address space, as well as a unique address for each smart device, are necessary [50]; ii)
Low-power transmission: Data transfer between devices, particularly wireless connections, is an energy-
intensive activity that requires low power transmission. An interaction mechanism with minimal power
consumption is thus needed; iii) The use of effective communication mechanisms in conjunction with
memory-limited dynamic routing; iv) Improved reaction time and flawless synchronization [51]; v) The
adaptability of smart devices.
5. APPLICATIONS
Many of the everyday life apps that we are already familiar with are intelligent, enabling them to
communicate with one another and exchange vital information among themselves. As a consequence, a
diverse range of ground-breaking applications will be developed. There is little question that this new
technology, in conjunction with some automated technologies, will increase the overall quality of our lives.
For example, google car, which seeks to provide real-time driving experiences for vehicles while also
providing information on traffic conditions, the environment, and other information exchanges, all of which
are heavily related to the internet of things, is already on the market [52], [53].
5.1. Smart home
Home automation used to be considered a science fiction notion. It was alarming until people
learned the genuine benefits of home automation, at which time the notion began to appeal to a wider variety
of individuals. Home automation encompasses a wide range of functions such as door and window controls,
air conditioner controls, multimedia controls, lighting controls, stove controls, and so on. A smart house is
defined as the capacity to control one's home from a distance utilizing various technologies such as GSM,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and so on. Smart homes are becoming more popular [54].

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5.2. Internet of vehicles (IoV)
It is comprised of a collection of applications that analyze and exchange data in order to reduce
traffic congestion, enhance traffic management, limit environmental effects, and increase revenue for
businesses and public transit. In order to share data between high-speed automobiles, it is necessary to use
cutting-edge technology that includes sensors, the internet, wireless connections, and protocols. The IoT
should be capable of processing real-time data efficiently. The conventional data processing and
communication system, on the other hand, has a number of challenges, including connection and coverage,
communication and energy costs, congestion, coordination and execution, and the notification of traffic
incidents [55].
5.3. Smart agriculture intelligent machinery
Precision agricultural equipment cultivation, precise fertilizer and pesticide application, robotic
welding, precision parallel grain harvesting, and yield management are all made possible by this technology,
as are precision parallel grain harvesting and yield management. A real-time judgment and correction are
made by the machine based on data collected from GPS, geographic information system (GIS), and on-board
sensors. The onboard sensors assess a variety of characteristics, including plant biomass, chlorophyll content,
soil nitrogen level, and other factors. When spraying pesticides, for example, the system may make use of
sensor and GIS data to adjust the boom height, nozzle flow, and droplet size as needed. GIS data is
downloaded by farming, fertilizing, and harvesting equipment in order to assist them in planning their
operations.
5.4. Smart mines
Equipment used in the building and mining, farming, and logging industries is one of the fastest-
growing segments of IoT. In mining equipment, the IoT offers application potential. It's quite risky to work
around such massive equipment. It's possible that a worker might die if they don't take precautions. For
example, the usage of location sensors, cameras, and radio frequency locating devices (RFLDs) shows how
IoT technology might help improve safety in this setting.
5.5. Smart clinics
Smart clinics would be outfitted with smart portable wearing RFID bands that patients would be
provided with upon admission. This would allow doctors and nurses to track patients' cardiac output as well
as their blood pressure, temperature, and other symptoms as they entered and left the clinic. Several
emergency scenarios, such as heart failure, are now available on the market that may be transported to the
survival kit, allowing physicians to closely monitor the patients and refer them to the clinic as needed.
6. CONCLUSION
When 5G heterogeneous networking is deployed, this architecture has the potential to play a
significant role in the IoT framework. This study might help in the creation of smart gadgets that
communicate more efficiently and quickly. Because the cloud paradigm is built on a distributed architecture,
it inherits some of the risks and vulnerabilities associated with decentralized design. The risks and issues
related to communication security are veiled behind the allure of cloud computing. However, as the cloud
paradigm evolved, the quantity and severity of these hazards increased. The author explored the security
needs and obstacles for communication security across all smart devices, as well as the advantages of cloud
computing, within the context of cloud computing. This study was a success, and there is room for further
research in this field.
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using mobile application for smart cities,” International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, vol. 13, no. 1,
pp. 11–33, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13198-021-01277-7.
[46] T. Alam, “A survey on the use of blockchain for the internet of things,” International Journal of Electronics and Information
Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 12, 2021, doi: 10.22541/au.163519364.41044814/v1.
[47] T. Alam and M. Erqsous, “he real-time alert system for prayers at smart masjid,” Scientific Journal of Informatics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp.
166–172, 2021.
[48] T. Alam, “Performance evaluation of blockchains in the internet of things,” Computer Science and Information Technologies, vol.
1, no. 3, pp. 93–97, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.11591/csit.v1i3.p93-97.
[49] T. Alam, B. Rababah, A. Ali, and S. Qamar, “Distributed intelligence at the edge on IoT networks,” Annals of Emerging
Technologies in Computing, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1–18, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.33166/AETiC.2020.05.001.
[50] T. Alam, M. A. Khan, N. K. Gharaibeh, and M. K. Gharaibeh, “Big data for smart cities: A case study of neom city, saudi arabia,”
in Smart cities: a data analytics perspective, 2021, pp. 215–230.
[51] T. Alam, “Federated learning approach for privacy-preserving on the D2D communication in IoT,” in International Conference on
Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems, 2022, pp. 369–380.
[52] T. Alam, “Blockchain-based big data analytics approach for smart cities,” Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 45–61, 2020,
doi: 10.31219/osf.io/hd5n3.
[53] T. Alam, S. Qamar, A. Dixit, and M. Benaida, “Genetic algorithm: reviews, implementations, and applications.,” International
Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, p. 19, 2020, doi: 10.36227/techrxiv.12657173.v1.
[54] T. Alam, “IoT-fog-blockchain framework,” International Journal of Fog Computing, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–20, Jul. 2020, doi:
10.4018/IJFC.2020070101.
[55] T. Alam, “mHealth communication framework using blockchain and IoT technologies,” International Journal of Scientific &
Technology Research, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 7, 2020, doi: 10.22541/au.159223908.81270387.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Tanweer Alam is working in Islamic University of Madinah as a Professor
(Associate). His academic qualification is Ph.D., MPhil, MTech, MCA, MSc. His research
area includes Blockchain, Internet of Things and Wireless Communications. His profile was
published in Who’s who in the world- 2013. He has membership of IACSIT, IA Engg, ISOC,
Computer Science Teachers Association etc. He is a single author of twelve books. His books
are included in the curriculum of several universities. He can be contacted at email:
tanweer03@iu.edu.sa.

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