Introducing Domain Driven Design - codemash
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DDD provides a set of patterns and practices for tackling complex business problems with software models. Learn the basics of DDD in this session, including several principles and patterns you can start using immediately even if your project hasn't otherwise embraced DDD. Examples will primarily use C#/.NET.
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Introducing Domain Driven Design - codemash
- 1. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Introducing Domain- Driven Design (DDD) @ardalis Ardalis.com Steve Smith
- 2. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Tweet Away! • Live Tweeting and Photos are encouraged • Questions and Feedback are welcome • Use #Codemash and/or #DDDesign • (and mention @ardalis)
- 3. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Online Training See me after for: • 1-month free Pluralsight pass • 20% off any DevIQ course
- 4. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) https://ardalis.com/architecture-ebook http://microsoft.com/net/learn/architecture Sample: https://github.com/dotnet-architecture/eShopOnWeb Covers ASP.NET Core 2.x monolithic app development along with several DDD principles and patterns. Free Microsoft eBook
- 5. Starting down the path…
- 6. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) What is Domain-Driven Design? Focus on the problem domain Not the database, or even the code implementation Tools for better communication and knowledge discovery Patterns for modeling solutions Without tight coupling to infrastructure concerns
- 7. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Some new thing? Domain-Driven Design published in 2004
- 8. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Why You Should Care about DDD History of success with complex projects Principles & patterns to solve difficult problems Clear, testable code that represents the domain Aligns with practices from experts’ experience
- 9. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Flexible Customer’s vision/perspective of the problem Path through a very complex problem Well-organized and easily tested code Business logic lives in one place. Many great patterns to leverage Benefits of Domain Driven Design
- 10. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) While Domain-Driven Design provides many technical benefits, such as maintainability, it should be applied only to complex domains where the model and the linguistic processes provide clear benefits in the communication of complex information, and in the formulation of a common understanding of the domain. —Eric Evans Domain-Driven Design
- 11. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Time and Effort Learning curve (why you’re here) Only makes sense when there is complexity in the problem Team or Company Buy-In to DDD Drawbacks of DDD
- 12. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) DDD Concepts
- 14. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) The Domain
- 15. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Core Domain Your company (or product/division)’s primary space in which they solve customers’ problems Key differentiator Problem Domain The overall domain of the specific problem your application will address / solve Generic Subdomains Separate applications or features your application must interact with. Not necessarily core to your app. What are “domains”
- 16. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Domains refer to problem spaces. Domain Models and Bounded Contexts are parts of a solution.
- 17. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Bounded Contexts Domain-Driven Design
- 18. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Appointment Scheduling Bounded Context Billing
- 19. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Explicitly define the context within which a model applies… Keep the model strictly consistent within these bounds, but don’t be distracted or confused by issues outside. —Eric Evans
- 20. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Bounded Context Appointment Scheduling Billing
- 21. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) What’s important to one bounded context may not be (as) important in another.
- 22. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark)
- 23. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark)
- 24. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Relates to the Solution you are building The domain represents the problem your solution is solving Core Domain – the business’s primary focus/industry Sub-Domain – a particular area within a larger domain. Maps to a software solution and bounded context. Bounded Context
- 25. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Context Maps Client Patient Appointment Notification Exam Room Client Procedure Invoice Notification One DB To Rule Them All Appointment Scheduler Billing vet-managr The Dev Team
- 26. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Context Maps Client Patient Appointment Notification Exam Room Client Procedure Invoice Notification Appointment Scheduler Billing DB DBAuthentication User Shared Kernel vet-appt-sched Team Awesome vet-billing Team Ultimate
- 27. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Ubiquitous Language http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Rosetta_Stone.JPG
- 28. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) A project faces serious problems when its language is fractured. —Eric Evans
- 29. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Ubiquitous Language For a single Bounded Context Used throughout that context, from conversations to code Bounded Contexts should also have names, to aid in disambiguation.
- 30. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Problem Domain The specific problem the software you’re working on is trying to solve. Glossary of Terms Core Domain The key differentiator for the customer’s business – something they must do well and cannot outsource. Sub-Domains Separate applications or features your software must support or interact with. Bounded Context A specific responsibility, with explicit boundaries that separate it from other parts of the system. Usually corresponds to a specific Sub-Domain.
- 31. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Context Mapping The process of identifying bounded contexts and their relationships to one another. Glossary of Terms Shared Kernel Part of the model that is shared by two or more teams, who agree not to change it without collaboration Ubiquitous Language A language using terms from the domain model that programmers and domain experts use to discuss the system within a particular bounded context.
- 32. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) The Domain Model Domain-Driven Design
- 33. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark)
- 34. The Domain Model
- 35. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) BehaviorsSchedule an appointment for a checkup Note a pet’s weight Request lab work Notify pet owner of vaccinations due Accept a new patient Book a room Not AttributesAppointment.Time Pet.Name Owner.Telephone Room.Number FOCUS ON
- 36. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Rich Domain ModelsAnemic Domain Models
- 37. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) “The basic symptom of an Anemic Domain Model is that at first blush it looks like the real thing. There are objects, many named after the nouns in the domain space, and these objects are connected with the rich relationships and structure that true domain models have. The catch comes when you look at the behavior, and you realize that there is hardly any behavior on these objects, making them little more than bags of getters and setters.” —Martin Fowler http://martinfowler.com/bliki/AnemicDomainModel.html
- 38. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Many objects are not fundamentally defined by their attributes, but rather by a thread of continuity and identity. —Eric Evans Domain-Driven Design
- 39. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Entities Have Identity & Are Mutable Jan 12 10:00 am Check-Up Snickerdoodle Appointment ID=358 & Vaccinations ID=172 XXXX 9:30 am
- 40. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) ENTITIES Entities in the Navigation Map Evans, Domain-Driven Design, p. 65
- 41. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Entities should minimize direct access to their state (e.g. public property setters) Encapsulate changes by exposing well-defined methods Entities should be responsible for their own behavior Be especially wary of collection properties! EF Core 1.1+ supports encapsulation of properties (exposing IEnumerable or ReadOnlyCollection) Encapsulation
- 42. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Dependencies and Entities Don’t inject dependencies into entity constructors And of course don’t new up or call static infrastructure dependencies This often leads to moving interesting behavior out of entities and into services Consider raising domain events Behavior requiring dependencies shifts to domain event handlers
- 43. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) VALUE OBJECTS
- 44. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Value Object Measures, quantifies, or describes a thing in the domain. Identity is based on composition of values Immutable Compared using all values No side effects
- 45. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Value Object Example Company Worth: $50,000,000 $ 50,000,000 Worth (Value Object) Monetary Unit (string) “U.S. Dollar” Amount (decimal): 50000000 Company (Entity) ID (guid): 9F63CE8D-9F1E-45E0-85AB-C098CC15F8E6 Worth Unit (string): “US Dollar” Worth Amount (decimal): 50000000 Company (Entity) ID (guid): 9F63CE8D-9F1E-45E0-85AB-C098CC15F8E6 Worth { Source:http://fit.c2.com/wiki.cgi?WholeValue (Ward Cunningham)
- 46. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) DateTimeRange public class DateTimeRange { public DateTimeRange(DateTime start, DateTime end) { Start=start; End=end; } public DateTime Start { get; private set; } public DateTime End { get; private set; } … } Patient Appointment 10:00 am Jan 4, 2014 – 11:00 am Jan 4, 2014 Staff Meeting 2:00 pm Feb 1, 2014 – 3:15 pm Feb 1, 2014
- 47. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) It may surprise you to learn that we should strive to model using Value Objects instead of Entities wherever possible. Even when a domain concept must be modeled as an Entity, the Entity’s design should be biased toward serving as a value container rather than a child Entity container. —Vaughn Vernon Implementing Domain Driven Design
- 48. Patterns
- 49. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Aggregates
- 50. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Aggregates
- 51. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Aggregates Customer Address Customer Aggregate Product Component Product Aggregate 1 N N 1 Aggregate Root Aggregate Root
- 52. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Aggregates Product Component Product Aggregate N 1
- 53. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) An aggregate is a cluster of associated objects that we treat as a unit for the purpose of data changes. —Eric Evans Domain-Driven Design
- 54. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Important operations that don’t belong to a particular Entity or Value Object Good Domain Services: Not a natural part of an Entity or Value Object Have an interface defined in terms of other domain model elements Are stateless (but may have side effects) Live in the Core of the application Domain Services Result Value Object Entity 2 Entity 1 Service
- 55. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Examples of Services in Different Layers UI Layer & Application Layer InfrastructureDomain (“Application Core”) Message Sending Message Processing XML Parsing UI Services Transfer Between Accounts Process Order Send Email Log to a File
- 56. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Repository Palaeoclimate archives: Core repository of AWI Hannes Grobe/AWI Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
- 57. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) A repository represents all objects of a certain type as a conceptual set…like a collection with more elaborate querying capability. —Eric Evans Domain-Driven Design
- 58. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Repository Benefits Provides common abstraction for persistence Promotes Separation of Concerns Communicates Design Decisions Enables Testability Improved Maintainability
- 59. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Client code can be ignorant of repository implementation …but developers cannot N+1 Query Errors Inappropriate use of eager or lazy loading Fetching more data than required Common Repository Blunders
- 60. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Enforce proper Aggregate usage by only creating Repositories for Aggregates Use Marker Interfaces to identity Aggregate Roots Constrain generic repository implementations to work with Aggregate Root types only Repositories and Aggregates
- 61. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Avoid returning IQueryable results Initially, use separate methods for specialized queries and commands Address method explosion, SRP violation, and too much Repository complexity with the Specification pattern Repository Method Tips
- 62. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Domain Events (one of my favorites) Specification Learn more about these from my Pluralsight courses: • DDD Fundamentals • Design Patterns Library Also check out Jimmy Bogard’s DDD talk at 12:15 today in Nile More Patterns (we don’t have time for)
- 63. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Or tweet me @ardalis and I’ll answer later. Let me know if I can help your team get up to speed with DDD, Clean Architecture, and/or .NET Core. Questions?
- 64. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) No Content Here (Reserved for Course Previews) Thanks! Follow us: /DevIQPage DevIQ.com/updates @deviq • full-length courses • samples • member-only events Enroll in DevIQ for access to: DevIQ.com/enroll Ardalis.com @ardalis | [email protected] Steve Smith
- 65. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Decoupling with Domain Events Domain-Driven Design
- 66. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Repositories ✓ Factories ✓ Services ✓ Entities ✓ Value Objects ✓ Aggregates ✓ Oh yeah, Domain Events Usually the last kid picked from the DDD patterns I’m right here!
- 67. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Domain Events not covered in original DDD book (2004) Covered by Martin Fowler in 2005 Evans published article on them in 2010 Domain-Driven Design
- 68. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Application Events Page Load, Button Click, Window Scroll System Events Restart, Backup Completed Domain Events Appointment Confirmed, Checkout Completed, Analysis Finished Kinds of Events
- 69. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Given a customer has created an order When the customer completes their purchase Then the customer receives an email confirmation An example scenario
- 70. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) OrderService Checkout(Order order) - Save pending order in database - Send confirmation email An example solution
- 71. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) So far, so good
- 72. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Given a customer has created an order When the customer completes their purchase Then the customer’s card is charged And if it fails, send a different message to the customer Then inventory is checked to ensure the order can be fulfilled And if not a different message is sent to the customer More requirements
- 73. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) OrderService Checkout(Order order) oAttempt to process payment oIf payment fails, send notification email; exit oSave pending order in database oConfirm inventory is available oIf insufficient email, send notification email; exit oSend successful order confirmation email An example solution
- 74. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Complexity is growing Must change with each new requirement Open/Closed Principle Checkout’s responsibilities are growing Single Responsibility Principle Potentially different abstraction levels (emails, order processing rules) Analysis
- 75. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) The Hollywood Principle “Don’t Call Us, We’ll Call You” See also Inversion of Control Events allow other code to respond to something happening Code initiating change doesn’t need to know about all follow-on activities
- 76. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) OrderService Checkout(Order order) - Dispatch new OrderCompletedEvent(order) Event Handlers: OrderPaymentHandler OrderInventoryHandler OrderNotificationHandler An event-driven solution
- 77. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) An Event Something that happened …that other parts of the application may need to know about It’s a message …which should be immutable, since it represents the past Usually asynchronous …especially across process boundaries Event-Driven Programming
- 78. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) Model something that happens which is of interest to a domain expert May lead to (or result from) a state change in a domain object Are part of the domain model Are usually handled synchronously within the application (but may themselves raise events outside of the application) Domain Events
- 79. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) An event is raised Handlers within the current process handle the event If external applications need to be notified, specific handlers can adapt and send events to these applications as well If unknown or future external applications will need to respond to events, a service bus can be implemented Event Processing
- 80. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) How do you add logic to entities that affects multiple entities? Example: When a customer’s total amount purchased exceeds $1000, notify a salesperson to contact them. Common Scenario
- 81. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) How do you add logic to entities that affects multiple entities? Don’t solve this by using Dependency Injection on your entities. You should be able to easily instantiate entities without dependencies. Avoid: Injecting Dependencies into Entities
- 82. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) How do you add logic to entities that affects multiple entities? Don’t move logic that belongs within an entity into a service just because other entities are interested in what’s happening. This leads to the anemic domain model antipattern. Only do this if the behavior spans multiple aggregates, in which case, the logic doesn’t belong to a particular entity or aggregate. Avoid: Shifting Entity logic to Services
- 83. No Content Here (Reserved for Watermark) How do you add logic to entities that affects multiple entities? Raise a domain event to represent the action that took place. Handle the domain event in a handler that collaborates with other entities. Alternately, have the Aggregate Root register for events raised by members of its Aggregate. Use Domain Events (and perhaps Aggregates)