Introduction of Object Oriented JavaScript

Jul 15, 2015Download as ODP, PDF2 likes421 views

This document provides an introduction to object oriented JavaScript. It covers key concepts like functions, objects, prototypes, inheritance, callbacks, and asynchronous programming. Functions are first class citizens that can be treated like variables. Objects can be created using constructors, literals, or built-in methods. Prototypes allow objects to inherit properties and are used with constructor functions for inheritance. Callbacks allow JavaScript to handle asynchronous operations without blocking, while patterns like promises help avoid callback hell with multiple nested async operations.

Object Oriented JavaScript
An Introduction
Gaurav Gupta

Agenda
●
Functions
●
Objects
●
Prototypal Inheritance
●
Callbacks
●
Async Programming
●
Some Exercises

Functions
●
Functions are first class members of
JavaScript
●
They can be used just like variables
function someFunction(arg1, arg2) {
return arg1 + arg2;
}

Functions
●
JavaScript has Function scope, i.e only
Functions define the scope and nothing else
●
A function has access to all the variables
and methods in the scope in which it is
defined
Exampl
e

Objects
●
In JavaScript almost everything is an Object
●
Multiple ways to create an Object
○
Object Constructor var obj = new Object()
○
Object Literal var obj = {}
○
Inbuilt Method var obj = Object.create()
○
Constructor function var obj = new Person()
Exampl
e

Constructor Function
●
Constructor function is similar to the notation
of a Class
function Person(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
Exampl
e

Prototypes
●
Objects inheriting from other Objects
●
Prototype is an object used to construct new
objects
●
we can assign properties to prototypes to
inherit them
Prototypes are used with Constructor Functions

Prototypal Chain
●
All Objects inherit from Object class
●
If certain property is not available on current
object, it is looked on prototype, then
Parent’s prototype and so on … until the
property or null is found
o → o.prototype …→ → Object.prototype → null

Inheritance
●
Inheriting properties and methods
●
Prototypes are used for inheritance
●
Two ways
○
Inherit from Constructor Functions (Class)
○
Inherit from another Objects
Exampl
e

Call & Apply
●
Call/Apply both are used to call a function with
the ability to change the this reference
●
Only difference between the two is syntax
○
Call takes arguments as a list
functionName.call(obj, arg1, arg2);
○
Apply takes an array of Arguments
functionName.apply(obj, [arg1, arg2]);
Exampl
e

Callbacks
●
Callbacks are basically functions passed on
as arguments to another operation
●
This allows us to cope with Asynchronous
nature of JavaScript
●
We don’t have to block the browser for
results
Exampl
e

Async Programming
●
Callbacks really help in maintaining the
sanity in Asynchronous operations
●
But, what if there are huge no of async
operations depending on each other, nested
inside each other..
●
This is referred to as Callback hell..

Callback Hell
asyncOp1(function(result) {
asyncOp2(function(result1) {
asyncOp3(function(result2) {
...
asyncOp1476(function(result3) {
//phew! got my result
});
});
});
});

Async Flow Control
●
Callback hell can be avoided by controlling
the program flow
●
Async.JS is an excellent library to control the
callback flow
●
Promises Pattern can be very useful with
Async Operations

Async Flow Control
Exampl
e
async.parallel([
function(callback) {
callback(null, “data”);
},
function(callback) {
callback(null, “data2”);
}
],
//optional callback
function(err, results) {
//results: [“data”, “data2”]
});
async.waterfall([
function(callback) {
callback(null, “data”);
},
function(arg1, callback) {
//arg1: “data”
callback(null, “data2”);
}
],
//optional callback
function(err, result) {
//result: “data2”
});

Tips & Tricks
●
use + to convert expressions to a number
○
+new Date() gives Timestamp
●
use !! to convert any expression to a
boolean
●
Append array to another array
○
a = [1,2,3]; b= [4,5,6]
○
Array.prototype.push.apply(a,b)

Exercises
●
Add a loop() method to the Prototype of
Array
●
Implement basic Inheritance with an
example of Employee
●
print numbers 1..5, such that every number
is printed after 500ms

Over recent years, JavaScript has increasingly gained popularity, partly due to libraries that are developed to make JavaScript apps/effects easier to create for those who may not have fully grasped the core language yet. While in the past it was a common argument that JavaScript was a basic language and was very ‘slap dash’ with no real foundation; this is no longer the case, especially with the introduction of high scale web applications and ‘adaptations’ such as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).

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1. Object Oriented JavaScript An Introduction Gaurav Gupta

2. Agenda ● Functions ● Objects ● Prototypal Inheritance ● Callbacks ● Async Programming ● Some Exercises

3. Functions ● Functions are first class members of JavaScript ● They can be used just like variables function someFunction(arg1, arg2) { return arg1 + arg2; }

4. Functions ● JavaScript has Function scope, i.e only Functions define the scope and nothing else ● A function has access to all the variables and methods in the scope in which it is defined Exampl e

5. Objects ● In JavaScript almost everything is an Object ● Multiple ways to create an Object ○ Object Constructor var obj = new Object() ○ Object Literal var obj = {} ○ Inbuilt Method var obj = Object.create() ○ Constructor function var obj = new Person() Exampl e

6. Constructor Function ● Constructor function is similar to the notation of a Class function Person(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } Exampl e

7. Prototypes ● Objects inheriting from other Objects ● Prototype is an object used to construct new objects ● we can assign properties to prototypes to inherit them Prototypes are used with Constructor Functions

8. Prototypal Chain ● All Objects inherit from Object class ● If certain property is not available on current object, it is looked on prototype, then Parent’s prototype and so on … until the property or null is found o → o.prototype …→ → Object.prototype → null

9. Inheritance ● Inheriting properties and methods ● Prototypes are used for inheritance ● Two ways ○ Inherit from Constructor Functions (Class) ○ Inherit from another Objects Exampl e

10. Call & Apply ● Call/Apply both are used to call a function with the ability to change the this reference ● Only difference between the two is syntax ○ Call takes arguments as a list functionName.call(obj, arg1, arg2); ○ Apply takes an array of Arguments functionName.apply(obj, [arg1, arg2]); Exampl e

11. Callbacks ● Callbacks are basically functions passed on as arguments to another operation ● This allows us to cope with Asynchronous nature of JavaScript ● We don’t have to block the browser for results Exampl e

12. Async Programming ● Callbacks really help in maintaining the sanity in Asynchronous operations ● But, what if there are huge no of async operations depending on each other, nested inside each other.. ● This is referred to as Callback hell..

13. Callback Hell asyncOp1(function(result) { asyncOp2(function(result1) { asyncOp3(function(result2) { ... asyncOp1476(function(result3) { //phew! got my result }); }); }); });

14. Async Flow Control ● Callback hell can be avoided by controlling the program flow ● Async.JS is an excellent library to control the callback flow ● Promises Pattern can be very useful with Async Operations

15. Async Flow Control Exampl e async.parallel([ function(callback) { callback(null, “data”); }, function(callback) { callback(null, “data2”); } ], //optional callback function(err, results) { //results: [“data”, “data2”] }); async.waterfall([ function(callback) { callback(null, “data”); }, function(arg1, callback) { //arg1: “data” callback(null, “data2”); } ], //optional callback function(err, result) { //result: “data2” });

16. Tips & Tricks ● use + to convert expressions to a number ○ +new Date() gives Timestamp ● use !! to convert any expression to a boolean ● Append array to another array ○ a = [1,2,3]; b= [4,5,6] ○ Array.prototype.push.apply(a,b)

17. Exercises ● Add a loop() method to the Prototype of Array ● Implement basic Inheritance with an example of Employee ● print numbers 1..5, such that every number is printed after 500ms

18. Thank You ! Gaurav Gupta

Introduction of Object Oriented JavaScript

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