Introduction to arduino

Line follower competition.
Introduction to...
Arduino

Contents:
 Introduction [20 min]:
1. What is Micro-Controller?
2. What is Arduino?
3. Types of Arduino.
4. Arduino UNO board.
5. Sensors:
- Digital, Analog sensors.
- Light sensors [IR sensor, Photo-Resistor].
 Coding structure and examples [30 min]:
1. Data types and operators.
2. What is “Function”?
3. Control statements [if, if… else, switch case.].
4. Loop statements[while, for, do… while.].
5. Common functions.
 Workshop[20 min] DC motor control:

Introduction
Design, organize, and collaborate

Famous microcontroller
manufacturers are MicroChip,
Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and
more.
[list]
It is a micro-computer. As any
computer it has internal CPU, RAM,
IOs interface.
It is used for control purposes, and
for data analysis.
Micro-Controller:

Arduino. What is Arduino?
A microcontroller board, contains on-board power supply, USB
port to communicate with PC, and an Atmel microcontroller
chip.
It simplify the process of creating any control system by
providing the standard board that can be programmed and
connected to the system without the need to any sophisticated
PCB design and implementation.
It is an open source hardware, any one can get the details of its
design and modify it or make his own one himself.

Arduino boards:
UNO Mega LilyPad
Arduino BT Arduino Nano Arduino Mini

Arduino UNO:
Digital output
~: PWM.
0,1: Serial port.
In circuit Serial
programming
Atmel
MicroController
Analog input.
Power Supply
USB port
Power input

Digitalandanalog. Digital or Analog?
All physical quantities are analog.
Analog means that the quantity can take any value between its
minimum value and maximum value.
Digital means that the quantity can take specific levels of values
with specific offset between each other.
Ex: 1- Digital:
English alpha consists of 26 letter, there is no letter between A
and B.
- Square waves are Digital.
Ex.: 2- Analog:
Temperature, can take any value[-1,12.8,25.002,… etc.].
- Sine waves are analog.

Sensors Sensors:
A device that transforms the physical quantity into electrical
value.
Ex.: Light sensor transduce the light into change in voltage or
resistance.

Sensors Light sensors:
- Photo-Resistor [photo-cell].
- Photo-Diode.
- Photo-Transistor.

Sensors Photo Resistor:
- The value of the resistance depends on
the incident light density.
- 1 K-Ohm at light, 10 K-Ohm at
darkness.
Photo Diode:
- The current is controlled by the incident light density.
Photo Transistor:
- Base-emitter junction is controlled
by the incident light density, has an
amplification effect.

Arduino Coding.
Stylize, edit, and animate your media

Integer: used with integer variables with value between
2147483647 and -2147483647.
Ex: int x=1200;
Character: used with single character, represent value from -
127 to 128.
Ex. char c=‘r’;
Long: Long variables are extended size variables for number
storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
Ex. long u=199203;
Floating-point numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38
and as low as -3.4028235E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4
bytes) of information.
Ex. float num=1.291; [The same as double type]
Data Types and operators
You may need to know about these typed: Array, Boolean, byte, etc. here.

Statement represents a command, it ends with ;
Ex:
int x;
x=13;
Operators are symbols that used to indicate a specific
function:
- Math operators: [+,-,*,/,%,^]
- Logic operators: [==, !=, &&, ||]
- Comparison operators: [==, >, <, !=, <=, >=]
Syntax:
; Semicolon, {} curly braces, //single line
comment, /*Multi-line comments*/
Statement and operators:

Compound Operators:
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
+= (compound addition)
-= (compound subtraction)
*= (compound multiplication)
/= (compound division)
Statement and operators:

If Conditioning:
if(condition)
{
statements-1;
…
Statement-N;
}
else if(condition2)
{
Statements;
}
Else{statements;}
Control statements:

Switch case:
switch (var) {
case 1:
//do something when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when var equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}
Control statements:

Do… while:
do
{
Statements;
}
while(condition); // the statements are run at least once.
While:
While(condition)
{statements;}
for
for (int i=0; i <= val; i++){
statements;
}
Loop statements:
Use break statement to stop the loop whenever needed.

Void setup(){}
Used to indicate the initial values of system on starting.
Void loop(){}
Contains the statements that will run whenever the
system is powered after setup.
Code structure:

Led blinking example:
Used functions:
pinMode();
digitalRead();
digitalWrite();
delay(time_ms);
other functions:
analogRead();
analogWrite();//PWM.
Input and output:

Motor control using Arduino:
Make a motor rotate 2 sec clockwise, and 5 sec counter-
clockwise in an infinite loop;
Time: 10 min.
Workshop:

References…
Start learning Arduino from here…

You can download the Arduino IDE
(The program used to write code and
uploading it to arduino boards) from:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
Arduino IDE:

Here you can learn how to program Arduino and what each code
means and do, from here:
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage
Arduino Reference:

VLSI EGY- I.GEEK – S3Geeks
Thanks for coming 

Introduction to arduino

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