INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO and sensors for arduino.pptx

INTRO TO ARDUINO
Lorlie B. Andres, MECOE

ARDUINO
 Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-
to-use hardware and software.
 It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred
to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is
used to write and upload the computer code to the physical
board.

BOARD TYPES
Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are
programed through the Arduino IDE.
The differences are based on the number of inputs and
outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use
on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form factor etc.
Some boards are designed to be embedded and have no
programming interface (hardware), which you would need to
buy separately.
Some can run directly from a 3.7V battery, others need at least
5V.

DIFFERENT COMPONENTS ON THE ARDUINO
BOARD.

3 MAIN PARTS OF ARDUINO PROGRAM
Structure
Values (variables and constants)
Functions

TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS OF SOFTWARE
STRUCTURE
Setup( ) function
The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to
initialize the variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc.
The setup function will only run once, after each power up
or reset of the Arduino board.
Loop( ) function
loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and
loops consecutively, allowing your program to change
and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

Structure
• Software structure consist of
two main functions:
• Setup( ) function
• Loop( ) function

pinMode() function
 The pinMode() function is used to configure a specific pin to
behave either as an input or an output.
 pinMode() Function Syntax
pinMode (pin , mode);
pin − the number of the pin whose mode you wish to
set
mode − INPUT, OUTPUT.

SAMPLE SKETCH
int button = 5 ; // button connected to pin 5
int LED = 6; // LED connected to pin 6
void setup () {
pinMode(button , INPUT);
// set the digital pin as input
pinMode(LED , OUTPUT);
// set the digital pin as output
}

digitalWrite() function
 the digitalWrite() function is used to write a HIGH or a LOW
value to a digital pin.
 If the pin has been configured as an OUTPUT with pinMode(),
its voltage will be set to the corresponding value: 5V (or 3.3V
on 3.3V boards) for HIGH, 0V (ground) for LOW.
 If the pin is configured as an INPUT, digitalWrite() will enable
(HIGH) or disable (LOW) the internal pullup on the input pin.

digitalWrite() function syntax
Syntax:
digitalWrite (pin ,value);
Parameters:
pin − the number of the pin whose mode you wish to set
value − HIGH, or LOW.

SAMPLE SKETCH
void loop () {
If (digitalRead(button ) == LOW) // if button pressed {
digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); // turn on led
delay(500); // delay for 500 ms
digitalWrite(LED,LOW); // turn off led
}
}

digitalRead() function
 digitalRead is used to read the status of any digital Pin in Arduino.
 Syntax
digitalRead(pin)
 Parameters
pin: the Arduino pin number you want to read
 Returns
HIGH or LOW

SAMPLE SKETCH
int button = 5 ; // button connected to pin 5
int LED = 6; // LED connected to pin 6
void setup () {
pinMode(button , INPUT);
// set the digital pin as input
pinMode(LED , OUTPUT);
// set the digital pin as output
}
void loop () {
X=digitalRead(7);
If (digitalRead(button ) == LOW) // if button pressed {
digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); // turn on led
digitalWrite(LED,LOW); // turn off led
}
}

analogRead( ) function
 Arduino is able to detect whether there is a voltage applied to one of its pins and
report it through the digitalRead() function.
 There is a difference between an on/off sensor (which detects the presence of an
object) and an analog sensor, whose value continuously changes.
 In the lower-right part of the Arduino board, you will see six pins marked “Analog In”.
 These special pins not only tell whether there is a voltage applied to them, but also
its value.
 By using the analogRead() function, we can read the voltage applied to one of the
pins.
 This function returns a number between 0 and 1023, which represents voltages
between 0 and 5 volts.
 For example, if there is a voltage of 2.5 V applied to pin number 0, analogRead(0)
returns 512

analogRead() function syntax
 analogRead(pin);
pin − the number of the analog input pin to read from (0
to 5 on most boards, 0 to 7 on the Mini and Nano, 0 to 15 on the
Mega)

SAMPLE SKETCH
int analogPin = 3;//potentiometer wiper (middle terminal)
// connected to analog pin 3
int val = 0; // variable to store the value read
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // setup serial
}
void loop() {
val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the input pin
Serial.println(val); // debug value
}

BLINKING LED
It is as simple as
turning a light on
and off.
Pin Configuration of
LED

BLINKING LED CIRCUIT CONNECTION

SOURCE CODE
int LED_OUTPUT_PIN = 3;
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_OUTPUT_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_OUTPUT_PIN, HIGH); // turn LED on (output 5V)
delay(1000); // wait one second
digitalWrite(LED_OUTPUT_PIN, LOW); // turn LED off (output 0V)
delay(1000); // wait another second
}

WHAT IS A SENSOR?
A sensor is a device that detects and
responds to some type of input from the
physical environment.
 The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure or any number of other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is
converted to a human-readable display at the
sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

REAL TIME APPLICATION OF SENSORS
(Autopilot System In Aircrafts)

CLASSIFICATION OF SENSOR
Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e.,
a continuous output signal (usually voltage but
sometimes other quantities like Resistance
etc.) with respect to the quantity being
measured.
Digital Sensors work with discrete or digital
data. The data in digital sensors, which are
used for conversion and transmission, is digital
in nature.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
 The Soil Moisture Sensor measures soil moisture
grace to the changes in electrical conductivity
of the earth ( soil resistance increases with
drought ).
 The electrical resistance is measured between
the two electrodes of the sensor. A comparator
activates a digital output when a adjustable
threshold is exceeded.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR CIRCUIT
CONNECTION

ARDUINO SKETCH FOR SOIL MOISTURE
SENSOR
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
Serial.println("Analog Value : ");
Serial.println(sensorValue);

WATER LEVEL SENSOR
 This sensor can be used to measure the water
level, monitor a sump pit, detect rainfall or
detect leakage.
 The series of exposed parallel conductors,
together act as a variable resistor (just like a
potentiometer) whose resistance varies
according to the water level.
 The change in resistance corresponds to the
distance from the top of the sensor to the surface
of the water.

WATER LEVEL SENSOR CIRCUIT
CONNECTION

ARDUINO SKETCH FOR WATER LEVEL
SENSOR
void setup() {
pinMode(sensorPower, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(sensorPower, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int level = readSensor();
Serial.print("Water level: ");
Serial.println(level);
}

FINAL ACTIVITY
Develop an Arduino program that monitors
the soil moisture level using a sensor. If the
measured soil moisture falls below the
threshold value of 25, the program should
activate a LED and make it blink five times.
Conversely, if the soil moisture reading is equal
to or above 25, the LED should remain off.

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