introduction to data minining and unit iii

February 16, 2025
Data Mining: Concepts and
Techniques 1
Chapter 1. Introduction
 Motivation: Why data mining?
 What is data mining?
 Data Mining: On what kind of data?
 Data mining functionality
 Classification of data mining systems
 Top-10 most popular data mining algorithms
 Major issues in data mining
 Overview of the course

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Techniques 2
Why Data Mining?
 The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes

Data collection and data availability

Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society

Major sources of abundant data

Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …

Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …

Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
 We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—Automated
analysis of massive data sets

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Techniques 3
Evolution of Sciences
 Before 1600, empirical science
 1600-1950s, theoretical science

Each discipline has grown a theoretical component. Theoretical models often
motivate experiments and generalize our understanding.
 1950s-1990s, computational science

Over the last 50 years, most disciplines have grown a third, computational branch
(e.g. empirical, theoretical, and computational ecology, or physics, or linguistics.)

Computational Science traditionally meant simulation. It grew out of our inability to
find closed-form solutions for complex mathematical models.
 1990-now, data science

The flood of data from new scientific instruments and simulations

The ability to economically store and manage petabytes of data online

The Internet and computing Grid that makes all these archives universally accessible

Scientific info. management, acquisition, organization, query, and visualization tasks
scale almost linearly with data volumes. Data mining is a major new challenge!
 Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online Science, Comm.
ACM, 45(11): 50-54, Nov. 2002

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Techniques 4
Evolution of Database Technology
 1960s:
 Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS
 1970s:
 Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
 1980s:

RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)
 Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)
 1990s:
 Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases
 2000s

Stream data management and mining
 Data mining and its applications

Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems

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Techniques 5
What Is Data Mining?
 Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously
unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from
huge amount of data

Data mining: a misnomer?
 Alternative names
 Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data
dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc.
 Watch out: Is everything “data mining”?
 Simple search and query processing

(Deductive) expert systems

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Techniques 6
Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
 Data mining—core of
knowledge discovery
process
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
Data
Warehouse
Task-relevant Data
Selection
Data Mining
Pattern Evaluation

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Techniques 7
Data Mining and Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Business
Analyst
Data
Analyst
DBA
Decision
Making
Data Presentation
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining
Information Discovery
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting
Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems

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Techniques 8
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines
Data Mining
Database
Technology Statistics
Machine
Learning
Pattern
Recognition
Algorithm
Other
Disciplines
Visualization

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Techniques 9
Why Not Traditional Data Analysis?
 Tremendous amount of data
 Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes
of data
 High-dimensionality of data
 Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
 High complexity of data
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
 Software programs, scientific simulations
 New and sophisticated applications

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Techniques 10
Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 Data to be mined
 Relational, data warehouse, transactional, stream,
object-oriented/relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-
media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW
 Knowledge to be mined
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,
clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.
 Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
 Techniques utilized
 Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning,
statistics, visualization, etc.
 Applications adapted
 Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining,
stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.

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Techniques 11
Data Mining: Classification Schemes
 General functionality
 Descriptive data mining
 Predictive data mining
 Different views lead to different classifications
 Data view: Kinds of data to be mined
 Knowledge view: Kinds of knowledge to be
discovered
 Method view: Kinds of techniques utilized
 Application view: Kinds of applications adapted

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Techniques 12
Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
 Database-oriented data sets and applications
 Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
 Advanced data sets and advanced applications
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Object-relational databases
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
 Multimedia database
 Text databases
 The World-Wide Web

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Techniques 13
Data Mining Functionalities
 Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
 Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics,
e.g., dry vs. wet regions
 Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality
 Diaper  Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?)
 Classification and prediction
 Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish
classes or concepts for future prediction

E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
 Predict some unknown or missing numerical values

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Techniques 14
Data Mining Functionalities (2)
 Cluster analysis
 Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns
 Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing interclass similarity
 Outlier analysis
 Outlier: Data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
 Noise or exception? Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis
 Trend and evolution analysis
 Trend and deviation: e.g., regression analysis
 Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera  large SD memory

Periodicity analysis

Similarity-based analysis
 Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses

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Techniques 15
Top-10 Most Popular DM Algorithms:
18 Identified Candidates (I)
 Classification
 #1. C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan
Kaufmann., 1993.
 #2. CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone.
Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984.
 #3. K Nearest Neighbours (kNN): Hastie, T. and Tibshirani, R. 1996.
Discriminant Adaptive Nearest Neighbor Classification. TPAMI. 18(6)
 #4. Naive Bayes Hand, D.J., Yu, K., 2001. Idiot's Bayes: Not So Stupid
After All? Internat. Statist. Rev. 69, 385-398.
 Statistical Learning
 #5. SVM: Vapnik, V. N. 1995. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory.
Springer-Verlag.
 #6. EM: McLachlan, G. and Peel, D. (2000). Finite Mixture Models. J.
Wiley, New York. Association Analysis
 #7. Apriori: Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant. Fast
Algorithms for Mining Association Rules. In VLDB '94.
 #8. FP-Tree: Han, J., Pei, J., and Yin, Y. 2000. Mining frequent patterns
without candidate generation. In SIGMOD '00.

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Techniques 16
The 18 Identified Candidates (II)
 Link Mining
 #9. PageRank: Brin, S. and Page, L. 1998. The anatomy of a
large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. In WWW-7, 1998.
 #10. HITS: Kleinberg, J. M. 1998. Authoritative sources in a
hyperlinked environment. SODA, 1998.
 Clustering
 #11. K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification
and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley
Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967.
 #12. BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishnan, R., and Livny, M. 1996.
BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large
databases. In SIGMOD '96.
 Bagging and Boosting
 #13. AdaBoost: Freund, Y. and Schapire, R. E. 1997. A decision-
theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application
to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55, 1 (Aug. 1997), 119-139.

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Techniques 17
The 18 Identified Candidates (III)
 Sequential Patterns
 #14. GSP: Srikant, R. and Agrawal, R. 1996. Mining Sequential Patterns:
Generalizations and Performance Improvements. In Proceedings of the
5th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, 1996.
 #15. PrefixSpan: J. Pei, J. Han, B. Mortazavi-Asl, H. Pinto, Q. Chen, U. Dayal
and M-C. Hsu. PrefixSpan: Mining Sequential Patterns Efficiently by
Prefix-Projected Pattern Growth. In ICDE '01.
 Integrated Mining

#16. CBA: Liu, B., Hsu, W. and Ma, Y. M. Integrating classification and
association rule mining. KDD-98.
 Rough Sets
 #17. Finding reduct: Zdzislaw Pawlak, Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of
Reasoning about Data, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1992
 Graph Mining
 #18. gSpan: Yan, X. and Han, J. 2002. gSpan: Graph-Based Substructure
Pattern Mining. In ICDM '02.

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Techniques 18
Top-10 Algorithm Finally Selected at
ICDM’06
 #1: C4.5 (61 votes)
 #2: K-Means (60 votes)
 #3: SVM (58 votes)
 #4: Apriori (52 votes)
 #5: EM (48 votes)
 #6: PageRank (46 votes)
 #7: AdaBoost (45 votes)
 #7: kNN (45 votes)
 #7: Naive Bayes (45 votes)
 #10: CART (34 votes)

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Techniques 19
Major Issues in Data Mining
 Mining methodology
 Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio,
stream, Web
 Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability
 Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem
 Incorporation of background knowledge

Handling noise and incomplete data
 Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods
 Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion
 User interaction
 Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining
 Expression and visualization of data mining results
 Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction
 Applications and social impacts
 Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining
 Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy

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Techniques 20
A Brief History of Data Mining Society
 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.
Frawley, 1991)
 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G.
Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
 Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
 ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
 More conferences on data mining
 PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), etc.
 ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007

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Techniques 21
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
 KDD Conferences
 ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on
Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining
(KDD)

SIAM Data Mining Conf.
(SDM)

(IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data
Mining (ICDM)
 Conf. on Principles and
practices of Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining
(PKDD)

Pacific-Asia Conf. on
Knowledge Discovery and
Data Mining (PAKDD)
 Other related conferences
 ACM SIGMOD
 VLDB
 (IEEE) ICDE
 WWW, SIGIR
 ICML, CVPR, NIPS
 Journals
 Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
 IEEE Trans. On Knowledge
and Data Eng. (TKDE)
 KDD Explorations
 ACM Trans. on KDD

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Techniques 22
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google
 Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)

Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.

Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
 Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
 Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
 AI & Machine Learning

Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.

Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems,
IEEE-PAMI, etc.
 Web and IR

Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
 Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
 Statistics

Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.

Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
 Visualization
 Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
 Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.

February 16, 2025
Techniques 23
Recommended Reference Books
 S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan
Kaufmann, 2002
 R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
 T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003
 U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and
Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996
 U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001
 J. Han and M. Kamber. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd
ed., 2006
 D. J. Hand, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT Press, 2001
 T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and
Prediction, Springer-Verlag, 2001
 B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006.
 T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
 G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991
 P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005
 S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
 I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java
Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd
ed. 2005

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Techniques 24
Summary
 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts
of data
 A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
 A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
 Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories
 Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
 Data mining systems and architectures
 Major issues in data mining

February 16, 2025
Techniques 25

February 16, 2025
Techniques 26
Supplementary Lecture Slides
 Note: The slides following the end of chapter
summary are supplementary slides that could be
useful for supplementary readings or teaching
 These slides may have its corresponding text
contents in the book chapters, but were omitted
due to limited time in author’s own course lecture
 The slides in other chapters have similar
convention and treatment

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Techniques 27
Why Data Mining?—Potential Applications
 Data analysis and decision support
 Market analysis and management

Target marketing, customer relationship management
(CRM), market basket analysis, cross selling, market
segmentation
 Risk analysis and management

Forecasting, customer retention, improved underwriting,
quality control, competitive analysis
 Fraud detection and detection of unusual patterns (outliers)
 Other Applications
 Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web mining
 Stream data mining
 Bioinformatics and bio-data analysis

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Techniques 28
Ex. 1: Market Analysis and Management
 Where does the data come from?—Credit card transactions, loyalty cards,
discount coupons, customer complaint calls, plus (public) lifestyle studies
 Target marketing

Find clusters of “model” customers who share the same characteristics: interest,
income level, spending habits, etc.
 Determine customer purchasing patterns over time
 Cross-market analysis—Find associations/co-relations between product
sales, & predict based on such association
 Customer profiling—What types of customers buy what products (clustering
or classification)
 Customer requirement analysis
 Identify the best products for different groups of customers
 Predict what factors will attract new customers
 Provision of summary information

Multidimensional summary reports
 Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation)

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Techniques 29
Ex. 2: Corporate Analysis & Risk Management
 Finance planning and asset evaluation

cash flow analysis and prediction

contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets
 cross-sectional and time series analysis (financial-ratio, trend
analysis, etc.)
 Resource planning
 summarize and compare the resources and spending
 Competition
 monitor competitors and market directions

group customers into classes and a class-based pricing procedure

set pricing strategy in a highly competitive market

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Techniques 30
Ex. 3: Fraud Detection & Mining Unusual Patterns
 Approaches: Clustering & model construction for frauds, outlier analysis
 Applications: Health care, retail, credit card service, telecomm.

Auto insurance: ring of collisions
 Money laundering: suspicious monetary transactions

Medical insurance

Professional patients, ring of doctors, and ring of references

Unnecessary or correlated screening tests

Telecommunications: phone-call fraud

Phone call model: destination of the call, duration, time of day or
week. Analyze patterns that deviate from an expected norm
 Retail industry

Analysts estimate that 38% of retail shrink is due to dishonest
employees
 Anti-terrorism

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Techniques 31
KDD Process: Several Key Steps
 Learning the application domain

relevant prior knowledge and goals of application
 Creating a target data set: data selection
 Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!)
 Data reduction and transformation

Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant
representation
 Choosing functions of data mining

summarization, classification, regression, association, clustering
 Choosing the mining algorithm(s)
 Data mining: search for patterns of interest
 Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation

visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc.
 Use of discovered knowledge

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Techniques 32
Are All the “Discovered” Patterns Interesting?
 Data mining may generate thousands of patterns: Not all of them
are interesting

Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused mining
 Interestingness measures
 A pattern is interesting if it is easily understood by humans, valid on
new or test data with some degree of certainty, potentially useful,
novel, or validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm
 Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures

Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g.,
support, confidence, etc.

Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness,
novelty, actionability, etc.

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Techniques 33
Find All and Only Interesting Patterns?
 Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness
 Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? Do
we need to find all of the interesting patterns?
 Heuristic vs. exhaustive search
 Association vs. classification vs. clustering
 Search for only interesting patterns: An optimization problem
 Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns?
 Approaches

First general all the patterns and then filter out the
uninteresting ones

Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query
optimization

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Techniques 34
Other Pattern Mining Issues
 Precise patterns vs. approximate patterns

Association and correlation mining: possible find sets of precise
patterns

But approximate patterns can be more compact and
sufficient

How to find high quality approximate patterns??
 Gene sequence mining: approximate patterns are inherent

How to derive efficient approximate pattern mining
algorithms??
 Constrained vs. non-constrained patterns
 Why constraint-based mining?
 What are the possible kinds of constraints? How to push
constraints into the mining process?

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Techniques 35
A Few Announcements (Sept. 1)
 A new section CS412ADD: CRN 48711 and its
rules/arrangements
 4th
Unit for I2CS students
 Survey report for mining new types of data
 4th
Unit for in-campus students
 High quality implementation of one selected (to be
discussed with TA/Instructor) data mining algorithm
in the textbook
 Or, a research report if you plan to devote your
future research thesis on data mining

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Techniques 36
Why Data Mining Query Language?
 Automated vs. query-driven?
 Finding all the patterns autonomously in a database?—
unrealistic because the patterns could be too many but
uninteresting
 Data mining should be an interactive process
 User directs what to be mined
 Users must be provided with a set of primitives to be used to
communicate with the data mining system
 Incorporating these primitives in a data mining query language
 More flexible user interaction
 Foundation for design of graphical user interface
 Standardization of data mining industry and practice

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Techniques 37
Primitives that Define a Data Mining Task
 Task-relevant data
 Database or data warehouse name

Database tables or data warehouse cubes

Condition for data selection

Relevant attributes or dimensions

Data grouping criteria
 Type of knowledge to be mined
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,
prediction, clustering, outlier analysis, other data mining tasks
 Background knowledge
 Pattern interestingness measurements
 Visualization/presentation of discovered patterns

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Techniques 38
Primitive 3: Background Knowledge
 A typical kind of background knowledge: Concept hierarchies
 Schema hierarchy
 E.g., street < city < province_or_state < country
 Set-grouping hierarchy
 E.g., {20-39} = young, {40-59} = middle_aged
 Operation-derived hierarchy
 email address: hagonzal@cs.uiuc.edu
login-name < department < university < country
 Rule-based hierarchy
 low_profit_margin (X) <= price(X, P1) and cost (X, P2) and (P1 - P2)
< $50

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Techniques 39
Primitive 4: Pattern Interestingness Measure
 Simplicity
e.g., (association) rule length, (decision) tree size
 Certainty
e.g., confidence, P(A|B) = #(A and B)/ #(B), classification
reliability or accuracy, certainty factor, rule strength, rule
quality, discriminating weight, etc.
 Utility
potential usefulness, e.g., support (association), noise
threshold (description)
 Novelty
not previously known, surprising (used to remove redundant
rules, e.g., Illinois vs. Champaign rule implication support ratio)

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Techniques 40
Primitive 5: Presentation of Discovered Patterns
 Different backgrounds/usages may require different forms of
representation
 E.g., rules, tables, crosstabs, pie/bar chart, etc.
 Concept hierarchy is also important
 Discovered knowledge might be more understandable when
represented at high level of abstraction
 Interactive drill up/down, pivoting, slicing and dicing provide
different perspectives to data
 Different kinds of knowledge require different representation:
association, classification, clustering, etc.

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Techniques 41
DMQL—A Data Mining Query Language
 Motivation
 A DMQL can provide the ability to support ad-hoc and
interactive data mining
 By providing a standardized language like SQL

Hope to achieve a similar effect like that SQL has on
relational database

Foundation for system development and evolution

Facilitate information exchange, technology transfer,
commercialization and wide acceptance
 Design
 DMQL is designed with the primitives described earlier

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Techniques 42
An Example Query in DMQL

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Techniques 43
Other Data Mining Languages &
Standardization Efforts
 Association rule language specifications
 MSQL (Imielinski & Virmani’99)
 MineRule (Meo Psaila and Ceri’96)
 Query flocks based on Datalog syntax (Tsur et al’98)
 OLEDB for DM (Microsoft’2000) and recently DMX (Microsoft
SQLServer 2005)
 Based on OLE, OLE DB, OLE DB for OLAP, C#
 Integrating DBMS, data warehouse and data mining
 DMML (Data Mining Mark-up Language) by DMG (www.dmg.org)
 Providing a platform and process structure for effective data mining
 Emphasizing on deploying data mining technology to solve business
problems

February 16, 2025
Techniques 44
Integration of Data Mining and Data Warehousing
 Data mining systems, DBMS, Data warehouse systems coupling

No coupling, loose-coupling, semi-tight-coupling, tight-coupling
 On-line analytical mining data
 integration of mining and OLAP technologies
 Interactive mining multi-level knowledge
 Necessity of mining knowledge and patterns at different levels of
abstraction by drilling/rolling, pivoting, slicing/dicing, etc.
 Integration of multiple mining functions
 Characterized classification, first clustering and then association

February 16, 2025
Techniques 45
Coupling Data Mining with DB/DW Systems
 No coupling—flat file processing, not recommended
 Loose coupling
 Fetching data from DB/DW
 Semi-tight coupling—enhanced DM performance

Provide efficient implement a few data mining primitives in a
DB/DW system, e.g., sorting, indexing, aggregation, histogram
analysis, multiway join, precomputation of some stat functions
 Tight coupling—A uniform information processing
environment
 DM is smoothly integrated into a DB/DW system, mining query
is optimized based on mining query, indexing, query
processing methods, etc.

February 16, 2025
Techniques 46
Architecture: Typical Data Mining System
data cleaning, integration, and selection
Database or Data
Warehouse Server
Data Mining Engine
Pattern Evaluation
Graphical User Interface
Know
ledge
-Base
Database
Data
Warehouse
World-Wide
Web
Other Info
Repositories

introduction to data minining and unit iii

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