Introduction to databases
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This document introduces databases and database management systems. It discusses the disadvantages of file-based systems, including data duplication, incompatible formats, and fixed queries. A database was created to address these issues by centralizing data storage and control. A database management system provides tools to define, create, maintain and control access to a database. Common examples of databases include those for supermarkets, credit cards, travel agencies, libraries, insurance, and universities.
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Continunous and Breakthrough technologies
Continunous and Breakthrough technologiesAashima Wadhwa This document discusses continuous technology versus breakthrough technology and provides examples of each. Continuous technology refers to incremental improvements made to existing infrastructures, knowledge, markets, and involves convergent thinking. Breakthrough technology involves the discovery of new knowledge and can reshape businesses and industries. Some examples provided include cars replacing horses and kerosene replacing lighting. The document argues that breakthrough technologies are occurring rapidly in many industries and nations, presenting both opportunities and threats that are difficult to predict. It recommends an "open source" approach to launching breakthrough energy technologies by making the core technology and plans widely available without patents or licensing to encourage global participation in improving the technology.
System Software vs.Application Software
System Software vs.Application SoftwareAashima Wadhwa System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters. It manages and controls hardware so that application software can perform tasks. Application software includes programs that do real work for users, like word processors, spreadsheets, graphic presentations, and database management systems. System software is designed to operate computer hardware and provide a platform for running application software, while application software is for specific tasks like document creation, data analysis, presentations, and data storage. Examples of system software include Windows, Linux, compilers from C to machine code, and loaders that load programs into memory, while examples of application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access.
Protocols
ProtocolsAashima Wadhwa This document compares the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport, and application layer. The OSI model is a generic standard while TCP/IP is its implementation for internet. Key differences are that OSI has strict layering and reliably delivers all packets, while TCP/IP has loose layering and TCP reliably delivers packets while IP does not.
Search engine optimization
Search engine optimizationAashima Wadhwa The document provides an outline for a presentation on search engine optimization, defining SEO as making a site relevant for search engines and users, and describing how search engines work by using crawlers to gather content and build indexes to rank websites based on various on-page optimization techniques like keywords, links, titles, and meta descriptions. It also lists some SEO tools and techniques to use, as well as techniques to avoid, for improving a site's ranking in organic search results.
Understanding creativity
Understanding creativityAashima Wadhwa This document discusses creativity and how to nurture it. It defines creativity as possessing newness and transforming existing domains. Creativity involves four stages: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. Creativity leads to innovation, which Drucker defined as endowing resources with new wealth-creating capacity. Nurturing creativity involves encouraging challenge, activity-based projects, teamwork, using various creativity techniques and tools, presenting familiar information unfamiliar ways, and making programs exciting and fun with humor. Educational institutions play a key role in enhancing individual and team creative skills to enrich entrepreneurial culture.
Disruptive technology
Disruptive technologyAashima Wadhwa This document discusses disruptive and emerging technologies. It begins by providing examples of famous incorrect predictions about new technologies like the automobile, telephone, radio, and computers. It then defines sustaining technologies as steady improvements to existing technologies, while disruptive technologies introduce new approaches that can transform an industry. Examples of disruptive technologies provided include the personal computer and digital photography. The document discusses how disruptive technologies appeal to new customer segments before disrupting incumbents. It introduces the concept of the innovator's dilemma, where established companies may not invest in disruptive technologies that do not meet current customer needs. Finally, it discusses models for technology adoption like the technology adoption lifecycle curve and the 2/10 rule.
Feasibility anaylsis
Feasibility anaylsisAashima Wadhwa A feasibility study is conducted after exploratory work to assess whether a larger project is advisable. It aims to determine the probable market and income for products and show contributions to society. Market feasibility studies involve testing locations for real estate developments and determining the best location and alternative land uses. They assess the importance of the business in the selected area. A technical feasibility study assesses whether the needed technology exists and is not too difficult to build, and if the firm has experience using that technology. It also estimates volumes of data and frequency of updating to determine if a new system will perform adequately. A schedule feasibility study involves questions about the time and resources available to build the new system and potential interference with business operations. An economic feasibility study determines
Global E- business
Global E- businessAashima Wadhwa Global e-business faces important challenges related to globalization, culture, and language. Companies engaged in the global market can increase revenues but must ensure their websites respect various cultures. Effective global e-business requires considering issues like cultural differences, providing translations into multiple languages using machine or human translators, determining profitability in new markets, pricing in local currencies, and navigating tariffs and quotas set by governments. Proper understanding of these challenges is key to removing geographic barriers and successfully expanding business internationally online.
Information system
Information systemAashima Wadhwa The document introduces information concepts such as data, information, and knowledge. It explains that data are raw facts, information is organized data that has additional meaning, and knowledge is understanding based on information. It also discusses the characteristics of valuable information for organizations and decision making as well as the components of computer-based information systems.
Object concepts
Object conceptsAashima Wadhwa This document provides an overview of basic object-oriented concepts in C++. It discusses how objects contain both data and methods, and how an object's data represents its state. Classes are described as templates that define an object's fields and methods. The document also covers how objects inherit characteristics from their superclass in a hierarchy, how objects must be instantiated to be used, and how access modifiers control access to an object's fields and methods.
Domain Name System
Domain Name SystemAashima Wadhwa The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. A domain name represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource ultimately identifiable by a numeric IP address. DNS servers store records that map domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. The DNS hierarchy consists of root name servers at the top, authoritative name servers for top-level domains and their subdomains below them. When a user enters a domain name, the DNS server first checks its cache and if it doesn't find a match, it queries authoritative name servers to resolve the IP address associated with the domain name.
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Life CycleAashima Wadhwa The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear model consisting of requirements, design, implementation, testing, installation, and maintenance phases. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
- The spiral model adds risk analysis and prototyping to the waterfall model. Each cycle consists of planning, risk evaluation, development, and planning for the next phase. It allows for early risk assessment and feedback.
- The incremental model prioritizes requirements and implements them in groups, delivering an operational product in each release. It lowers costs but requires good planning.
- The rapid application development (RAD) model emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools. It delivers functionality
Database admiistration
Database admiistrationAashima Wadhwa The document discusses the responsibilities of a database administrator (DBA). It begins by defining a DBA as a resource that supervises both the database and use of the database management system. It then lists some of the key responsibilities of a DBA, including formulating and implementing access and security policies, planning for disaster recovery, managing archives of removed data, and maintaining the data dictionary. Additional responsibilities mentioned are training users, supporting the database management system, designing the database, and tuning the design to improve performance.
Data independence
Data independenceAashima Wadhwa This document discusses data independence in databases. It defines database schemas, including the internal, conceptual, and external schemas that make up the three-schema architecture. The database state and valid state are also defined. Logical data independence allows changes to the conceptual schema without changing external schemas or applications. Physical data independence allows changes to the internal schema without changing the conceptual schema. Both help ensure that changes to lower-level schemas do not require changes to higher-level schemas and applications.
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Introduction to databases
- 1. Ashima Wadhwa Assistant Professor (IT) Amity University , Noida Introduction to Databases
- 2. Characteristics of file-based systems. Problems with file-based approach. Meaning of the term database. Some common uses of database systems. Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS). Objectives
- 3. A file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. File systems may use a storage device such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve maintaining the physical location of the files. Each program defines and manages its own data. File-Based Systems
- 4. File-Based Processing :Example File Based System
- 5. Separation and isolation of data Each program maintains its own set of data. Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data Same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item. Disadvantages of simple file system
- 6. • Data dependence • File structure is defined in the program code. • Incompatible file formats • Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each other’s files. • Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program. Disadvantages of simple file system
- 7. Arose because: Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs. Result: the database and Database Management System (DBMS). Need of Database Approach
- 8. Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data independence. Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization’s information. Database
- 9. A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database. (Database) application program: a computer program that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS. Database Management System (DBMS)
- 10. Database Management System (DBMS) : Example
- 11. Purchases from the supermarket Purchases using your credit card Booking a holiday at the travel agents Using the local library Taking out insurance Renting a video Using the Internet Studying at university Examples of Database Applications
- 12. Questions ?
Editor's Notes
- #4: Characteristics of File Processing System : It is a group of files storing data of an organization. • Each file is independent from one another. • Each file is called a flat file. • Each file contained and processed information for one specific function, such as accounting or inventory. • Files are designed by using programs written in programming languages such as COBOL, C, C++.
- #8: Case Study In case of college database, there may be the number of applications like General Office, Library, Account Office, Hostel etc. There are some common data items of the student which has to be mentioned in each application, like Rollno, Name, Class, Father_Name, Address, Phone_No, Date_of_birth etc. which are stored repeatedly in file system in each application. It will cause the problem of redundancy which results in wastage of storage space and difficulty in maintenance. So, we should look for a solution to these types of redundancies. The database approach discussed below will help us to provide the solution for above problems.