Introduction to Hadoop

Introductio
nto
Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
(CentreforKnowledgeTransfer)
institute

DiscussionTopics
• What is Hadoop?
• Need for Hadoop
• History of Hadoop
• Hadoop Overview
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Hadoop
• Hadoop Distributed File System
• Comparing: RDBMS vs. Hadoop
• Advantages and Disadvantages of HDFS
• Hadoop frameworks
• Modules of Hadoop frameworks
• Features of 'Hadoop‘
• Hadoop AnalyticsTools
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What is Hadoop?
• Hadoop is an open source software programming framework for storing a
large amount of data and performing the computation.
• Its framework is based on Java programming with some native code in C and
shell scripts.
• Hadoop is used for some advanced level of analytics, which includes
Machine Learning and data mining
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Need for Hadoop
• Redundant, Fault-tolerant data storage
• Parallel computation framework
• Job coordination
Programmers
Q: Where file is located?
Q: How to handle failures & data lost?
Q: How to divide computation?
Q: How to program for scaling?
No longer need to
worry about
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History of Hadoop
• Apache Software Foundation is the developers of
Hadoop, and it’s co-founders are Doug Cutting and Mike
Cafarella.
• It’s co-founder Doug Cutting named it on his son’s toy
elephant. In October 2003 the first paper release was
Google File System.
• In January 2006, MapReduce development started on the
Apache Nutch which consisted of around 6000 lines
coding for it and around 5000 lines coding for HDFS.
• In April 2006 Hadoop 0.1.0 was released.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hadoop
Advantages:
• Ability to store a large amount of
data.
• High flexibility.
• Cost effective.
• High computational power.
• Tasks are independent.
• Linear scaling.
Disadvantages:
• Not very effective for small
data.
• Hard cluster management.
• Has stability issues.
• Security concerns.
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Hadoop Distributed File System
• It has distributed file system known
as HDFS and this HDFS splits files
into blocks and sends them across
various nodes in form of large
clusters.
• Also in case of a node failure, the
system operates and data transfer
takes place between the nodes
which are facilitated by HDFS.
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Comparing: RDBMS vs. Hadoop
Traditional RDBMS Hadoop / MapReduce
Data Size Gigabytes (Terabytes) Petabytes (Hexabytes)
Access Interactive and Batch Batch – NOT Interactive
Updates Read / Write many times Write once, Read many times
Structure Static Schema Dynamic Schema
Integrity High (ACID) Low
Scaling Nonlinear Linear
Query Response
Time
Can be near immediate Has latency (due to batch processing)
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Advantages of HDFS:
• It is inexpensive, immutable in nature, stores data reliably, ability to tolerate
faults, scalable, block structured, can process a large amount of data
simultaneously and many more.
Disadvantages of HDFS:
• It’s the biggest disadvantage is that it is not fit for small quantities of
data. Also, it has issues related to potential stability, restrictive and
rough in nature.
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Some common frameworks of Hadoop
• Hive- It uses HiveQl for data structuring and for writing complicated
MapReduce in HDFS.
• Drill- It consists of user-defined functions and is used for data exploration.
• Storm- It allows real-time processing and streaming of data.
• Spark- It contains a Machine Learning Library(MLlib) for providing
enhanced machine learning and is widely used for data processing. It also
supports Java, Python, and Scala.
• Pig- It has Pig Latin, a SQL-Like language and performs data transformation
of unstructured data.
• Tez- It reduces the complexities of Hive and Pig and helps in the running of
their codes faster.
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Modules of Hadoop frameworks
Hadoop framework is made up of the following modules:
1. Hadoop MapReduce- a MapReduce programming model for handling and
processing large data.
2. Hadoop Distributed File System- distributed files in clusters among nodes.
3. HadoopYARN- a platform which manages computing resources.
4. Hadoop Common- it contains packages and libraries which are used for other
modules.
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Suitable for Big Data Analysis
• As Big Data tends to be distributed and unstructured in nature, HADOOP
clusters are best suited for analysis of Big Data.
• Since it is processing logic (not the actual data) that flows to the computing
nodes, less network bandwidth is consumed.
• This concept is called as data locality concept which helps increase the
efficiency of Hadoop based applications.
Features of 'Hadoop'
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Scalability
• HADOOP clusters can easily be scaled to any extent
by adding additional cluster nodes and thus allows
for the growth of Big Data.
• Also, scaling does not require modifications to
application logic.
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• HADOOP ecosystem has a provision to replicate the input data on to other
cluster nodes.
• That way, in the event of a cluster node failure, data processing can still
proceed by using data stored on another cluster node.
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Scales to
Petabytes or
more easily
Parallel data processing
Suited for particular types
of big data problems

Hadoop AnalyticsTools
• There is a wide range of analytical tools available in the market that help
Hadoop deal with the astronomical size data efficiently.
• Let us discuss some of the most famous and widely used tools one by one.
Below are the top 10 Hadoop analytics tools for big data.
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• Apache spark in an open-source processing engine that is designed for ease of
analytics operations.
• It is a cluster computing platform that is designed to be fast and made for general
purpose uses.
• Spark is designed to cover various batch applications, Machine Learning, streaming
data processing, and interactive queries.
Features of Spark:
• In memory processing
• Tight Integration Of component
• Easy and In-expensive
• The powerful processing engine makes it so fast
• Spark Streaming has high level library for streaming process
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• MapReduce is just like an Algorithm or a data structure that is based on the
YARN framework.
• The primary feature of MapReduce is to perform the distributed processing in
parallel in a Hadoop cluster, which Makes Hadoop working so fast Because
when we are dealing with Big Data, serial processing is no more of any use.
Features of Map-Reduce:
• Scalable
• FaultTolerance
• Paraller Processing
• Tunable Replication
• Load Balancing
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• Apache Hive is a Data warehousing tool that is built on top of the Hadoop, and Data
Warehousing is nothing but storing the data at a fixed location generated from various
sources.
• Hive is one of the best tools used for data analysis on Hadoop.
• The one who is having knowledge of SQL can comfortably use Apache Hive.
• The query language of high is known as HQL or HIVEQL.
Features of Hive:
• Queries are similar to SQL queries.
• Hive has different storage type HBase, ORC, Plain text, etc.
• Hive has in-built function for data-mining and other works.
• Hive operates on compressed data that is present inside Hadoop Ecosystem.
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• Apache Impala is an open-source SQL engine designed for Hadoop.
• Impala overcomes the speed-related issue inApache Hive with its faster-processing speed.
• Apache Impala uses similar kinds of SQL syntax, ODBC driver, and user interface as that of
Apache Hive.
• Apache Impala can easily be integrated with Hadoop for data analytics purposes.
Features of Impala:
• Easy-Integration
• Scalability
• Security
• In Memory data processing
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• The name Mahout is taken from the Hindi word Mahavat which means the
elephant rider.
• Apache Mahout runs the algorithm on the top of Hadoop, so it is named Mahout.
• Mahout is mainly used for implementing various Machine Learning algorithms on
our Hadoop like classification, Collaborative filtering, Recommendation.
• Apache Mahout can implement the Machine algorithms without integration on
Hadoop.
Features of Mahout:
• Used for Machine Learning Application
• Mahout hasVector and Matrix libraries
• Ability to analyze large datasets quickly
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• This Pig was Initially developed byYahoo to get ease in programming.
• Apache Pig has the capability to process an extensive dataset as it works on top of the Hadoop.
• Apache pig is used for analyzing more massive datasets by representing them as dataflow.
• Apache Pig also raises the level of abstraction for processing enormous datasets.
• Pig Latin is the scripting language that the developer uses for working on the Pig framework
that runs on Pig runtime.
Features of Pig:
• EasyTo Programme
• Rich set of operators
• Ability to handle various kind of data
• Extensibility
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• HBase is nothing but a non-relational, NoSQL distributed, and column-oriented
database. HBase consists of various tables where each table has multiple numbers
of data rows.
• These rows will have multiple numbers of column family’s, and this column family
will have columns that contain key-value pairs.
• HBase works on the top of HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System).
• We use HBase for searching small size data from the more massive datasets.
Features of HBase:
• HBase has Linear and Modular Scalability
• JAVA API can easily be used for client access
• Block cache for real time data queries
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• Sqoop is a command-line tool that is developed by Apache.
• The primary purpose of Apache Sqoop is to import structured data i.e.,
RDBMS(Relational database management System) like MySQL, SQL Server,
Oracle to our HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System).
• Sqoop can also export the data from our HDFS to RDBMS.
Features of Sqoop:
• Sqoop can Import DataTo Hive or HBase
• Connecting to database server
• Controlling parallelism
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• Tableau is a data visualization software that can be used for data analytics and
business intelligence.
• It provides a variety of interactive visualization to showcase the insights of the data
and can translate the queries to visualization and can also import all ranges and
sizes of data.
• Tableau offers rapid analysis and processing, so it Generates useful visualizing
charts on interactive dashboards and worksheets.
Features ofTableu:
• Tableau supports Bar chart, Histogram, Pie chart, Motion chart, Bullet chart, Gantt
chart and so many
• Secure and Robust
• Interactive Dashboard and worksheets
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• Apache Storm is a free open source distributed real-time computation system build using
Programming languages like Clojure and java.
• It can be used with many programming languages.
• Apache Storm is used for the Streaming process, which is very faster.
• We use Daemons like Nimbus, Zookeeper, and Supervisor inApache Storm.
• Apache Storm can be used for real-time processing, online Machine learning, and many
more. Companies likeYahoo, Spotify,Twitter, and so many uses Apache Storm.
Features of Storm:
• Easily operatable
• each node can process millions of tuples in one second
• Scalable and FaultTolerance
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Companies Using Hadoop
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Common Hadoop Distributions
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• Open Source
• Apache
• Commercial
• Cloudera
• Hortonworks
• MapR
• AWS MapReduce
• MicrosoftAzure HDInsight (Beta)

Introduction to Hadoop

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