Introduction to java programming with Fundamentals

Programming with Java
Instructor : Neelima Gupta

2
Introduction to Java
 What Is Java?
 Getting Started With Java Programming
– Create, Compile and Running a Java
Application

3
Characteristics of Java
 Java is simple
 Java is object-oriented
 Java is distributed
 Java is interpreted
 Java is robust
 Java is secure
 Java is architecture-neutral
 Java is portable
 Java’s performance
 Java is multithreaded
 Java is dynamic

4
Getting Started with Java
Programming
 A Simple Java Application
 Compiling Programs
 Executing Applications

5
A Simple Application
Example 1.1
//This application program prints Welcome
//to Java!
package chapter1;
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

6
Anatomy of a Java Program
 Comments
 Reserved words
 Modifiers
 Statements
 Blocks
 Classes
 Methods
 The main method
 The exit method

7
Comments
In Java, comments are preceded by
two slashes (//) in a line, or
enclosed between /* and */ in one
or multiple lines. When the
compiler sees //, it ignores all
text after // in the same line.
When it sees /*, it scans for the
next */ and ignores any text
between /* and */.

8
Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are words
that have a specific meaning to the
compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For
example, when the compiler sees the
word class, it understands that the
word after class is the name for the
class. Other reserved words in
Example 1.1 are public, static, and
void. Their use will be introduced
later.

9
Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called
modifiers that specify the properties of the
data, methods, and classes and how they
can be used. Examples of modifiers are
public and static. Other modifiers are
private, final, abstract, and protected. A
public datum, method, or class can be
accessed by other programs. A private
datum or method cannot be accessed by
other programs.

10
Statements
A statement represents an action
or a sequence of actions. The
statement
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!"); in the program in
Example 1.1 is a statement to
display the greeting "Welcome to
Java!" Every statement in Java
ends with a semicolon (;).

11
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program
forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Class block
Method block

12
Classes
The class is the essential Java
construct. A class is a template
or blueprint for objects.
A java program is defined by
using one or more classes.

13
Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a
collection of statements that performs a sequence
of operations to display a message on the console.
 It can be used even without fully understanding
the details of how it works.
It is used by invoking a statement with a string
argument. The string argument is enclosed within
parentheses. In this case, the argument is
"Welcome to Java!"
You can call the same println method with a
different argument to print a different message.

14
main Method
The main method provides the control
of program flow. The Java
interpreter executes the application
by invoking the main method.
The main method looks like this:
public static void main(String[]
args) {
// Statements;
}

15
The exit Method
Use Exit to terminate the program and
stop all threads.
When your program starts, a thread is
spawned to run the program. To
terminate the thread, you have to invoke
the exit method.

16
Primitive Data Types and Operations
 Introduce Programming with an Example
 Identifiers, Variables, and Constants
 Primitive Data Types
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
 Expressions
 Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand
Evaluation Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^,
&, |, +, -,
 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
 Case Studies (Computing Mortgage, and Computing Changes)
 Style and Documentation Guidelines
 Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic Errors

17
Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters
that consist of letters, digits,
underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter,
an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($).
It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,
“Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

18
Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

19
Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

20
Numerical Data Types (p.33)
byte 8 bits
short 16 bits
int 32 bits
long 64 bits
float 32 bits
double 64 bits

21
Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;
a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

22
Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;
 float f = 1.4;
Is this statement correct?

23
Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;

24
Operators
+, -, *, /, and %
5/2 yields an integer 2.
5.0/2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
5.0 % 2 is not defined : modulo is defined only for
integers.

25
NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point
numbers are approximated because these
numbers are not stored with complete
accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 -
0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1.
Integers are stored precisely. Therefore,
calculations with integers yield a
precise integer result.

26
Example Program 1: Addition
public class addition {
// declare variables
int x, y, z;
// Specify values of x and y
x = 2;
y = 3;
z = x + y;
System.out.println("x has a value of " + x);
System.out.println("y has a value of " + y);
System.out.println("The sum of x + y is " + z);
System.exit(0);
}
}

27
Example Program 2 : Division
public class division {
public static void main ( String[] args) {
//declare variables
int x, y, z ;
x = 12;
y = 4;
z = x / y ;
System.out.println("x has a value of " + x);
System.out.println("y has a value of " + y);
System.out.println("x divided by y is " + z);
System.exit(0);
}
}

28
Download Java
 From www.java.sun.com/j2se
 Click on j2se 5.0
 See on your right (popular downloads) ..click on j2se 5.0
 Click on download jdk 5.0 update 3
 Accept the agreement and continue
 Download the version as per your platform
 For example, for Windows click on Windows offline
installation – this will download the required file .. This
will take a lot of time .. depending upon the speed of your
line .. Once downloaded ..run this file to install Java

29
Compiling and Running a Java
Program
 Java source code files (files with a .java extension)
are compiled into a format called bytecode (files with
a .class extension), which can then be executed by a
Java interpreter. Compiled Java code can run on most
computers because Java interpreters and runtime
environments, known as Java Virtual Machines
(VMs), exist for most operating systems, including
UNIX, the MACintosh OS, and Windows. Bytecode
can also be converted directly into machine language
instructions by a just-in-time compiler (JIT).

30
For Example
 Create a file named say .. addition.java using some
editor say wordpad.
 From the command line type the following
– javac addition.java (java code compiled to a bytecode)
 A file called addition.class(bytecode) is created,
 Now type
java addition (bytecode being executed by java
interpreter)
And you will get the results

31
Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that
appears directly in the program. For
example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are
literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long l = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

32
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer
variable as long as it can fit into the
variable. A compilation error would occur if
the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000
would cause a compilation error, because 1000
cannot be stored in a variable of the byte
type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int
type, whose value is between -231
(-2147483648)
to 231
–1 (2147483647). To denote an integer
literal of the long type, append it with the
letter L or l. L is preferred because l
(lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1
(the digit one).

33
Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written
with a decimal point. By default, a
floating-point literal is treated as
a double type value. For example, 5.0
is considered a double value, not a
float value. You can make a number a
float by appending the letter f or F,
and make a number a double by
appending the letter d or D. For
example, you can use 100.2f or 100.2F
for a float number, and 100.2d or
100.2D for a double number.

34
Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be
specified in scientific notation,
for example, 1.23456e+2, same as
1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456,
and 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to
0.0123456. E (or e) represents an
exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.

35
Arithmetic Expressions
)
9
4
(
9
)
)(
5
(
10
5
4
3
y
x
x
x
c
b
a
y
x 







is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x +
9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

36
Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i+=8 i = i+8
-= f-=8.0 f = f-8.0
*= i*=8 i = i*8
/= i/=8 i = i/8
%= i%=8 i = i%8

37
Increment and
Decrement Operators
x++; // Same as x = x + 1;
++x; // Same as x = x + 1;
x––; // Same as x = x - 1;
––x; // Same as x = x - 1;
suffix
prefix
suffix
prefix

38
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i=10;
int newNum = 10*i++; int newNum = 10*i;
i = i + 1;
Equivalent to
int i=10;
int newNum = 10*(++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10*i;
Equivalent to

39
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators
makes expressions short,
but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read.
Avoid using these operators in
expressions that modify multiple
variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i
+ i. Its not a good programming

40
public class assignment_operators {
int x = 10;
int y = 5;
int z = 3;
System.out.println("x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
x++; // x = x+1;
y += x; // y = y+x;
z *= x; // z = z*x;
System.out.println("Now x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
x--; // x = x-1;
y *= x; // y = y*x;
z %= x; // z = z%x;
System.out.println("And now x = "+x+", y = "+y+", z = "+z);
System.exit(0);
}
}

41
public class circle_area {
double radius, area;
// assign radius of the circle
radius = 3.00;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159 ;
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
System.exit(0);
}
}

42
public class circle_area_pi {
final double PI = 3.14159;
double radius, area;
// assign radius of the circle
radius = 3.00;
area = radius * radius * PI ;
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
System.exit(0);
}
}

43
Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be
used as statements. Since Java 2, only the
following types of expressions can be
statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -,
*, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

44
Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i*3+4;
double d = i*3.1+k/2;
int x = k; //(Wrong)
long k = x; //(fine,implicit casting)

45
Type Casting
 double
 float
 long
 int
 short
 byte

46
Type Casting, cont.
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
What is wrong? int x = 5/2.0;

47
Answer
 Needs explicit type cast
 int x = (int) 5/2.0;

48
Character Data Type
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = 'u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = 'u0034'; (Unicode)
Special characters
char tab = ‘t’;

49
Unicode Format
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace b u0008
Tab t u0009
Linefeed n u000a
Carriage return r u000d

50
Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to u007f

51
ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to u007f

52
Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

53
The boolean Type and Operators
boolean lightsOn = true;
boolean lightsOn = false;
boolean b = (1 > 2);
 && (and) (1 < x) && (x < 100)
 || (or) (lightsOn) || (isDayTime)
 ! (not) !(isStopped)

54
Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

55
Boolean Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or

56
Truth Table for Operator !
Truth Table for Operator !
Operand !Operand
true false
false true

57
Truth Table for Operator &&
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 &&
Operand2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true

58
Truth Table for Operator ||
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ||
Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true

59
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - ++i

60
Operator Precedence
 var++, var--
 +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
 (type) Casting
 ! (Not)
 *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and modulus)
 +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
 <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
 ==, !=; (Equality)
 & (Unconditional AND)
 ^ (Exclusive OR)
 | (Unconditional OR)
 && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
 || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

61
Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same
precedence are evaluated, the
associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All
binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a –
b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-
associative. Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a =
(b += (c = 5))

62
Operand Evaluation Order
The precedence and associativity
rules specify the order of the
operators, but do not specify the
order in which the operands of a
binary operator are evaluated.
Operands are evaluated from left to
right in Java.
The left-hand operand of a binary
operator is evaluated before any
part of the right-hand operand is
evaluated.

63
Operand Evaluation Order, cont.
If no operands have side effects that
change the value of a variable, the order
of operand evaluation is irrelevant.
Interesting cases arise when operands do
have a side effect. For example, x becomes
1 in the following code, because a is
evaluated to 0 before ++a is evaluated to
1.
int a = 0;
int x = a + (++a);
But x becomes 2 in the following code,
because ++a is evaluated to 1, then a is
evaluated to 1.
int a = 0;
int x = ++a + a;

64
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - ++i
Lets parenthisize
(3 + (4 * 4) ) > ( (5 * (4 + 3)) – (++i ) )
This is evaluates to
19 > (35 – (++i))
This evaluates to true if the value of i just before this
expression is > 15

65
Getting Input from Input
Dialog Boxes
String string =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompt Message”, “Dialog
Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the
prompting message and y is a
string for the title of the input
dialog box.

66
Convertting Strings to
Integers
The input returned from the input dialog box
is a string. If you enter a numeric value such
as 123, it returns “123”. To obtain the input
as a number, you have to convert a string into
a number.
To convert a string into an int value, you can
use the static parseInt method in the Integer
class as follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
where intString is a numeric string such as
“123”.

67
Convertting Strings to
Doubles
To convert a string into a double
value, you can use the static
parseDouble method in the Double class
as follows:
double doubleValue
=Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string
such as “123.45”.

68
Example 2.2
Entering Input from
Dialog Boxes
This program first prompts the
user to enter a year as an int
value and checks if it is a
leap year, it then prompts you
to enter a double value and
checks if it is positive.
A year is a leap year if it is
divisible by 4 but not by 100,
or it is divisible by 400.

69
Example 2.4
Computing Changes
This program lets the user enter the amount in
decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.

70
Programming Style and
Documentation
 Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles

71
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of
the program to explain what the program
does, its key features, its supporting
data structures, and any unique
techniques it uses.
Include your name, class section,
instruction, date, and a brief
description at the beginning of the
program.

72
Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

73
Naming Conventions, cont.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each
word in the name. For example, the
class name ComputeArea.
 Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants.
For example, the constant PI.

74
Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.
 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

75
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
public class Test {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
Next-line
style

76
Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

77
Compilation Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors
{
public static void
main(String[] args) {
i = 30
System.out.println(i+4);
}

78
Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors
{
public static void
main(String[] args) {
int i = 1 / 0;
}
}

79
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
// Determine if a number is between 1 and 100
inclusively
// Prompt the user to enter a number
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Please enter an integer:",
"ShowLogicErrors", JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
int number = Integer.parseInt(input);
// Display the result
System.out.println("The number is between 1 and
100, " +
"inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number <
100)));
System.exit(0);
}
}

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