Introduction to linux

Jul 3, 2017Download as PPTX, PDF4 likes5,167 views

Linux is an open source operating system initially developed for Intel processors but now available on other platforms. The Linux kernel was created by Linus Torvalds and forms the core of any Linux distribution. Distributions package the kernel with other software and come in different categories for embedded systems, desktops, and servers. Common distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS. The command line interface provides power and flexibility, while the graphical user interface offers accessibility through desktop environments like GNOME.

Introduction to GNU/Linux
Operating Systems
By:
Ahiante Stephen Oriasotie

What is Linux?
Linux is an open source Operating System that was
initially developed for intel x86 processors. It has
however been ported to other platforms.
The Linux Kernel was created by Linus Torvalds.
The Linux Kernel is the brain of any GNU/Linux
operating system (distribution). The Kernel glues both
applications and hardware together.

Generally, A Linux System has two operatable modes:
 The Command Line Interface (CLI): provided by the
shell.
 The Graphical User Interface (GUI): provided by the X
server.
Every distribution that offers a GUI employs the X server
to provide a Desktop environment e.g GNOME D.E, KDE,
etc.
Linux

Linux
LINUX SYSTEM
X ServerSHELL
Command Line
Interface
Graphical User
Interface

What is a Distribution (Distro)?
A Distribution is the collection of software making
up a linux based operating system.
There are Literally over hundreds of Linux
Distributions; with some based on others.
The Linux Kernel is common to all Linux
Ditributions; else, it won't be a Linux Operating
system.

Examples of Linux Distros
• Debian
• Ubuntu (and its derivatives)
• Linux Mint, Linux Mint Debian Edition
• Kali Linux
• Linux lite
• Raspbian
• Tails OS
• Knoppix, etc
Debian based OS use the Debian Package
(dpkg) for managing software (.deb), -apt

Examples of Linux Distros
• Red Hat Linux
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
• Fedora
• CentOS
• EduLinux
• Scientific Linux, etc
These distros utilize the Redhat Package
Manager (.rpm), yum for managing software.

Examples of Linux Distros
• Arch Linux
• Antergos Linux
• ArchBang
• Manjaro
Arch Linux and the distributions based on it
utilize the pacman (package manager) for
managing software

Examples of Linux Distros
• Gentoo Linux
• Funtoo Linux
• Chromium OS
• Argent
• Pentoo
• Ututo, etc
These utilize the portage package manager
(emerge) for managing software.

Examples of Linux Distros
There are hundreds of Linux Operating system
with many developed for special Purposes

There are three basic categories of Linux Distributions:
 Embedded Distros
 Desktop Distros
 Server Distros
Categories of Linux Distributions

Embedded Distros
Embedded Linux Distributions are those Distributions
that run on embedded devices such as mobile phones,
some ATMs, IoT devices, etc.
Examples Include:
• Android
• Tizen
• Meizu's Ubuntu, etc

Desktop Distros
Desktop Distributions are Linux Distros that are
installed on Personal Computers and is used for user
defined purposes.
Examples Include:
• Ubuntu Desktop
• Linux Mint
• Fedora
• Linux Lite, etc

Server Distros
Server Distributions are Linux Distros that are installed
on Dedicated Computers.
Examples Include:
• Ubuntu Server
• CentOS
• RHEL
• openSUSE, etc.
Linux servers are usually installed without X; and even
if X is installed, it doesn't lauch during system startup.

A File system is a way of organizing files. Every thing in
Linux is a File.
Figure I Basic form of the FHS
Linux Filesystem

Linux relies heavily on command line tools. Using the
command line provides the following advantages:
 Basically, all tasks can be done using the CLI
 Tasks and series of procedures can be scripted
 Networked machines on the internet can be logged
on to remotely
 GUI apps can be launched from the CLI
CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

Examples of terminals include:
 bsh
 zsh
 bash
 ksh, etc
CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

Virtual terminals are full screen terminals that do not
run inside the X-window (the GUI). All GNU/Linux
systems possess virtual terminals even ones that do
not employ the X server.
They are usually accessed by pressing the Ctrl + alt +
Fn 1 - 6 keys, and then can be left by pressing the Ctrl
+ alt + Fn 7 or Fn 8 key (s); depending on the system.
CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

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GitHub Actions (GA) has become the de facto tool that developers use to automate software workflows, seamlessly building, testing, and deploying code. Yet when GA fails, it disrupts development, causing delays and driving up costs. Diagnosing failures becomes especially challenging because error logs are often long, complex and unstructured. Given these difficulties, this study explores the potential of large language models (LLMs) to generate correct, clear, concise, and actionable contextual descriptions (or summaries) for GA failures, focusing on developers’ perceptions of their feasibility and usefulness. Our results show that over 80% of developers rated LLM explanations positively in terms of correctness for simpler/small logs. Overall, our findings suggest that LLMs can feasibly assist developers in understanding common GA errors, thus, potentially reducing manual analysis. However, we also found that improved reasoning abilities are needed to support more complex CI/CD scenarios. For instance, less experienced developers tend to be more positive on the described context, while seasoned developers prefer concise summaries. Overall, our work offers key insights for researchers enhancing LLM reasoning, particularly in adapting explanations to user expertise. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16495

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TestMigrationsInPy: A Dataset of Test Migrations from Unittest to Pytest (MSR...Andre Hora

Unittest and pytest are the most popular testing frameworks in Python. Overall, pytest provides some advantages, including simpler assertion, reuse of fixtures, and interoperability. Due to such benefits, multiple projects in the Python ecosystem have migrated from unittest to pytest. To facilitate the migration, pytest can also run unittest tests, thus, the migration can happen gradually over time. However, the migration can be timeconsuming and take a long time to conclude. In this context, projects would benefit from automated solutions to support the migration process. In this paper, we propose TestMigrationsInPy, a dataset of test migrations from unittest to pytest. TestMigrationsInPy contains 923 real-world migrations performed by developers. Future research proposing novel solutions to migrate frameworks in Python can rely on TestMigrationsInPy as a ground truth. Moreover, as TestMigrationsInPy includes information about the migration type (e.g., changes in assertions or fixtures), our dataset enables novel solutions to be verified effectively, for instance, from simpler assertion migrations to more complex fixture migrations. TestMigrationsInPy is publicly available at: https://github.com/altinoalvesjunior/TestMigrationsInPy.

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Introduction to linux

1. Introduction to GNU/Linux Operating Systems By: Ahiante Stephen Oriasotie

2. What is Linux? Linux is an open source Operating System that was initially developed for intel x86 processors. It has however been ported to other platforms. The Linux Kernel was created by Linus Torvalds. The Linux Kernel is the brain of any GNU/Linux operating system (distribution). The Kernel glues both applications and hardware together.

3. Generally, A Linux System has two operatable modes:  The Command Line Interface (CLI): provided by the shell.  The Graphical User Interface (GUI): provided by the X server. Every distribution that offers a GUI employs the X server to provide a Desktop environment e.g GNOME D.E, KDE, etc. Linux

4. Linux LINUX SYSTEM X ServerSHELL Command Line Interface Graphical User Interface

5. What is a Distribution (Distro)? A Distribution is the collection of software making up a linux based operating system. There are Literally over hundreds of Linux Distributions; with some based on others. The Linux Kernel is common to all Linux Ditributions; else, it won't be a Linux Operating system.

6. Examples of Linux Distros • Debian • Ubuntu (and its derivatives) • Linux Mint, Linux Mint Debian Edition • Kali Linux • Linux lite • Raspbian • Tails OS • Knoppix, etc Debian based OS use the Debian Package (dpkg) for managing software (.deb), -apt

7. Examples of Linux Distros • Red Hat Linux • Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) • Fedora • CentOS • EduLinux • Scientific Linux, etc These distros utilize the Redhat Package Manager (.rpm), yum for managing software.

8. Examples of Linux Distros • Arch Linux • Antergos Linux • ArchBang • Manjaro Arch Linux and the distributions based on it utilize the pacman (package manager) for managing software

9. Examples of Linux Distros • Gentoo Linux • Funtoo Linux • Chromium OS • Argent • Pentoo • Ututo, etc These utilize the portage package manager (emerge) for managing software.

10. Examples of Linux Distros There are hundreds of Linux Operating system with many developed for special Purposes

11. Examples of Linux Distros There are hundreds of Linux Operating system with many developed for special Purposes

12. There are three basic categories of Linux Distributions:  Embedded Distros  Desktop Distros  Server Distros Categories of Linux Distributions

13. Embedded Distros Embedded Linux Distributions are those Distributions that run on embedded devices such as mobile phones, some ATMs, IoT devices, etc. Examples Include: • Android • Tizen • Meizu's Ubuntu, etc

14. Desktop Distros Desktop Distributions are Linux Distros that are installed on Personal Computers and is used for user defined purposes. Examples Include: • Ubuntu Desktop • Linux Mint • Fedora • Linux Lite, etc

15. Server Distros Server Distributions are Linux Distros that are installed on Dedicated Computers. Examples Include: • Ubuntu Server • CentOS • RHEL • openSUSE, etc. Linux servers are usually installed without X; and even if X is installed, it doesn't lauch during system startup.

16. A File system is a way of organizing files. Every thing in Linux is a File. Figure I Basic form of the FHS Linux Filesystem

17. Linux relies heavily on command line tools. Using the command line provides the following advantages:  Basically, all tasks can be done using the CLI  Tasks and series of procedures can be scripted  Networked machines on the internet can be logged on to remotely  GUI apps can be launched from the CLI CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

18. Examples of terminals include:  bsh  zsh  bash  ksh, etc CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

19. Virtual terminals are full screen terminals that do not run inside the X-window (the GUI). All GNU/Linux systems possess virtual terminals even ones that do not employ the X server. They are usually accessed by pressing the Ctrl + alt + Fn 1 - 6 keys, and then can be left by pressing the Ctrl + alt + Fn 7 or Fn 8 key (s); depending on the system. CLI: Terminals & Virtual Terminals

20. Introduction to bash

Introduction to linux

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